JANGIR SINGH vs. THE STATE OF PUNJAB

Case Type: Criminal Appeal

Date of Judgment: 31-10-2018

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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL No. 2499 OF 2009 JANGIR SINGH       … APPELLANT Versus THE STATE OF PUNJAB     …RESPONDENT J U D G M E N T N.V. RAMANA, J. 1.   This appeal arises out of the impugned judgment dated 07.04.2008, passed by the High Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh in Criminal Appeal No. 160­DBA/1994, whereby the High Court has reversed the judgment of acquittal passed by the Sessions Judge, Faridkot dated 14.05.1993, and convicted the appellant­accused under Section 302 IPC and Section 27 of the Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by SATISH KUMAR YADAV Date: 2018.11.20 17:26:33 IST Reason: Arms Act. 1 2.   The   Sessions   Judge,   Faridkot   vide   Judgment   dated 14.05.1993 acquitted the appellant from the offences punishable under Section 302 I.P.C. and Section 27 of the Arms Act on the ground   that   the   appellant   fired   gunshot   at   the   deceased   in exercise of his right to private defence of his body. Thus, he was exonerated from the liability under Section 302 of IPC.  However, on appeal, the High Court reversed the findings of the Sessions Judge on the ground that the right to private defence at the part of the appellant was not made out. Aggrieved by the Judgment of the High Court, this appeal is preferred under Section 379 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. 3.   Facts   of   the   case   in   a   nutshell   are   such   that   the incident in question took place on 05.06.1991 at around 7.30 P.M. wherein the appellant shot down Jaswant Singh (hereinafter referred to as “ ”) by his Self Loading Rifle of Bore the deceased 303.  The appellant and the deceased were working together as Punjab Home Guard Volunteers. The incident took place when the deceased demanded Rs.100/­ from the appellant, which was borrowed by the appellant previously.  The appellant got enraged due to the fact that the borrowed money was demanded in front of the other Punjab Home Guard colleagues and it was insulting 2 for   the   appellant.   The   appellant   had   an   altercation   with   the deceased for around 15 minutes, pursuant to which the appellant fired at him and consequently, he died. 4.   Learned counsel for the appellant­accused vehemently contended that the High Court has reversed the well­reasoned and   detailed   judgment   of   acquittal   of   the   trial   court   by   re­ appreciating evidence in a different manner and taking a different view.   According to the learned counsel, it was a clear case of right to private defence, thus, sentencing under Section 302 IPC by the High Court is unwarranted. 5.   On the other hand, learned counsel for the respondent­ State submitted that the present appeal by the appellant is not based on any cogent reasons rather the same has been filed on surmises and conjectures. Further, it has also been submitted that   all   the   material   evidence   and   testimonies   of   relevant witnesses   viz. ,   P.W.­3   and   P.W.­4   have   been   taken   into consideration, in the well­reasoned judgment of the High Court and the same does not call for interference by this Court.  6.   After perusing the material placed before this Court, we are of the considered view, that the conviction by the High Court is solely based on the evidence of P.W.­3(ASI Sukhdev Singh), 3 who is a witness to the incident. Therefore, evidence of P.W.­3 calls for the examination by this Hon’ble Court. 7.   The evidence of PW­3 clarifies that the deceased had 303 bore rifle with him at the time of occurrence. So also, the accused had the rifle. PW­3 was standing at a distance of about 60 feet from the appellant and the deceased where the incident has taken place. It is admitted by him in cross­examination that he looked at the accused and the deceased only when he heard the sound of gunshot.   He did not notice as to who was the aggressor and as to whether the altercation between the accused and the deceased had taken place or not. Looking at the trend of answers given by PW­3 in the cross­examination, it is clear that he did not see as to how the incident started and continued. Thus, there can be no categorical deduction from the evidence of PW­3 that the accused fired at the deceased with premeditation. 8.   On the other hand, the evidence of PW­4 specifies that the deceased had aimed a rifle at the accused, obviously because of an altercation between them, pursuant to which the accused also used his gun to fire at the deceased suddenly, without any premeditation.   The evidence of PW­4 corroborates the defence taken by the accused as found in his statement under Section 4 313 of the Cr.P.C. 9.   The evidence of PWs 3 and 4 collectively would show that though the incident has taken place because of the gunshot fired by the accused towards the deceased and the deceased lost his life, but the act of the accused will fall under Exception II to Section 300 of the IPC, in as much as the fire by the accused was due   to   the   aforementioned   fact   of   the   deceased   pointing   gun towards   the   accused,   i.e.,   because   of   the   threat   perception created by the deceased in the mind of the accused.    10.   Before proceeding any further, it is essential to put­ forth things that are to be considered by the Courts, while giving benefit of right to private defence to the accused, as per Exception II to Section 300 of IPC, to determine the ‘ quantum ’ of this right. This Court in the case of   Vidhya Singh v. State of Madhya 1 Pradesh ,  observed that­ 
“7. … The right of self­defence is a very valuable<br>right. It has a social purpose. That right should
not be construed narrowly.”
Further, in the case of James Martin v. State of Kerala,2<br>following observations were made by this Court­
“18. … Situations have to be judged from the sub­<br>jective point of view of the accused concerned in
1 ( 1971) 3 SCC 244 2 (2004) 2 SCC 203 5 the surrounding excitement and confusion of the moment, confronted with a situation of peril and not by any microscopic and pedantic scrutiny. In adjudging the question as to whether more force than was necessary was used in the prevailing cir­ cumstances on the spot, it would be inappropriate, as held by this Court, to adopt tests by detached objectivity which would be so natural in a court­ room, or that which would seem absolutely neces­ sary to a perfectly cool bystander . The person fac­ ing a reasonable apprehension of  threat to himself cannot be expected to modulate his defence step by step   with   any   arithmetical   exactitude   of   only   that much which is required in the thinking of a man in ordinary times or under normal circumstances.” 3 Similarly, in the case of  Darshan Singh v. State of Punjab ,  this Court   went   further   and   gave   few   parameters   to   adjudge   the exercise of right to private defence in following terms­
“56. In order to find out whether the right of private<br>defence is available or not, the injuries received by<br>the accused, the imminence of threat to his
safety, the injuries caused by the accused and the
circumstances whether the accused had time to
have recourse to public authorities are all relevant
factors to be considered.”
(emphasis supplied)
11.   Further,   it is a settled law that the right to private defence cannot be claimed by the accused, if disproportionate harm   has   been   caused,   while   defending   himself   or   any   other 3 (2010) 2 SCC 333. 6 person. However, if the accused has not caused disproportionate harm, then the benefit of Exception II to Section 300 of IPC can be given to the accused. This proposition has been well explained 4 in the case of   Bhanwar Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh , wherein this Court made the following observations ­ “50.  The plea of private defence has been brought up by the appellants. For this plea to succeed in totality, it must be proved that there existed a right to private defence in favour of the accused, and that this right extended to causing death. Hence, if the court were to reject this plea, there are two possible ways in which this may be done. On one hand, it may be held that there existed a right   to   private   defence   of   the   body.   However, more harm than necessary was caused or, alter­ natively,   this   right   did   not   extend   to   causing death. Such a ruling may result in the applica­ which states that tion of Section 300, Exception 2,  culpable homicide is not murder if the offender, in the exercise in good faith of the right of private defence of person or property, exceeds the power given to him by law and causes the death of the person against whom he is exercising such right of defence without premedi­ tation, and without any intention of doing more harm than is necessary for the purpose of such defence. The other situation is where, on appreciation of facts, the right of private defence is held not to exist at all.               (emphasis supplied) 12.   Now,   to   consider   the   question   as   to   whether   the 4  (2008) 16 SCC 657. 7 exercise of right of private defence by the appellant­accused was legitimate or not, it is undisputed that the fateful incident at the hands   of   appellant   was   pursuant   to   an   altercation   with   the deceased   for   around   15   minutes,   in   the   presence   of   other colleagues. Both the deceased and the appellant­accused were altercating face­to­face and standing at a distance of 10 feet from each other. This shows that they could see the facial expressions of   each   other   clearly   and   comprehend   the   apprehending circumstances accordingly. Taking note of the fact that owing to the imminent danger perceived by the appellant from the aiming of rifle at him by the deceased, he fired at the deceased and killed him. This,   in our  opinion  comes   within  the   ambit  of   right  to private defence, however, it clearly traverses beyond the legitimate exercise of the same. The appellant­accused chose to shoot on a vital part of the body   i.e. , chest to safeguard himself from the imminent threat.   However, the accused could have avoided the vital part of the deceased.  But, we do not find absence of good faith   in   exercise   of   right   of   private   defence.   However,   having regard to the situs of the injury (i.e. the chest of the deceased), it is clear that the accused has exceeded the power given to him in law and has caused the death of the deceased against whom he 8 exercised right of private defence without premeditation.   Thus, offence   committed   by   the   accused­appellant   will   fall   under Section 304 Part I of the IPC. 13.   The   law   on   this   aspect   of   causing   disproportionate harm and exceeding right to private defence is amply clear. In cases of disproportionate harm leading to death of the aggressor, sentence under Section 304 Part I is the appropriate sentence. This has been done by this Court in catena of cases. 14.   In the   case   of   Udaikumar   Pandharinath   Jadhav 5 Alias Munna v. State of Maharashtra ,  this Court acquitted the accused from charges under Section 302 IPC and modified the conviction   to   Section   304   Part   I   of   IPC,   as   per   the   following observations­ “5. We observe from the evidence that the deceased was not only a karate expert but also armed with a knife and it is not surprising that the appellant appre­ hended injury at his hands. We are therefore of the opinion that the best that can be said for the prosecu­ tion at this stage is that the appellant had exceeded the right of private defence.  We therefore partly al­ low the appeal, acquit the appellant of the charge under Section 302 IPC and modify his conviction to one under Section 304(1) IPC in the background that the fatal injury caused on the chest had pene­   We also impose a sen­ trated deep into the body. tence of 7 years' rigorous imprisonment on the appel­ 5  (2008) 5 SCC 214 9 lant; the other part of the sentence to remain as it is.” 15.   Further, in the case of   Trilok Singh v. State (Delhi 6 ,   this   Court   made   observations   regarding Administration) modification of conviction from Section 302 IPC to Section 304 Part I IPC and the same is as follows ­
“6. We have gone through the entire evidence of PW<br>24 and PW 25. The evidence of PW 24 is to the effect<br>that he saw the accused and the deceased were quar­<br>relling and he went to the house and informed PW 25.<br>… But the question is whether he could go to the<br>extent of causing the death. No doubt in a situa­
tion like this it cannot be expected that the ac­
cused has to modulate his right of self­defence.
But when he went to his house and brought a
knife and caused the death it cannot be said that
he did not exceed the right of private defence. We
cannot give the benefit to the appellant under
Section 100 IPC and the act committed by him
only attracts exception to Section 300 IPC. There­
fore the offence committed by him could be one
under Section 304 Part I IPC.”
(emphasis supplied)
16.   Similar   view   was   taken   by   this   Court   in   Pathubha 7 Govindji Rathod v. State of Gujarat ,  wherein   it was ruled that the accused exceeded his right to private defence. Thus, appeal was partly allowed, conviction under Section 302 was set aside 6  1995 SCC (Cri) 158. 7  (2015) 4 SCC 363 at Para 15, 17­18. 10 and the accused was convicted under Section 304 Part I of the IPC.  17.   Thus, taking into consideration all the material facts, discussions   and   observations   made   hereinabove,   we   deem   it proper   to   set   aside   the   conviction   under   Section   302   of   IPC passed by the High Court and convert the same to Section 304 Part­I of the IPC.  18.   Herein, it is brought to our notice that the appellant has undergone 10 years of actual imprisonment which amounts to   18   years   of   imprisonment   as   per   the   concerned   State   Jail Manual. As   the  maximum  sentence   prescribed  for  the   offence committed under Section 304 Part­I, IPC is 10 years and the appellant is stated to have already undergone 10 years of actual imprisonment, it is directed that he be released forthwith, if not required in any other case. 19.   Thus, the appeal stands disposed of, accordingly. .........................J.       (N.V.RAMANA) .........................J.  (MOHAN M.SHANTANAGOUDAR) EW ELHI N  D , O CTOBER  31, 2018. 11 12