KACHCHH JAL SANKAT NIVARAN SAMITI vs. STATE OF GUJARAT

REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2957 OF 2013

VERSUS STATE OF GUJARAT & ANR. …RESPONDENTS JUDGMENT CHANDRAMAULI KR. PRASAD,J. Appellant no. 1, Kachchh Jal Sankat Nivaran Samiti, claims to be a non-political organization JUDGMENT established with the object amongst others to work to alleviate the District of Kutch of its perennial water scarcity and to mitigate the resultant problems faced by the inhabitants and the residents. Other appellants have also interest in the cause espoused by appellant no. 1. Aggrieved Page 1 2 by the meager allocation of water from Sardar Sarovar Project to the District of Kutch they approached the Gujarat High Court in a public

appropriate writ, order or direction directing the respondent, the State of Gujarat and its functionaries to allocate more water from Sardar Sarovar Project to the District of Kutch. By the impugned order the prayer made by the appellants has been rejected and against the dismissal of the writ petition they are before us with the leave of the Court. Water is essential for survival of universe. JUDGMENT It is not available for human use in plenty and hence disputes existed between various States for its sharing. In the year 1969, the Government of India in exercise of its power under Section 4 of the Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956 constituted Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (hereinafter referred to as “the Tribunal”), to Page 2 3 decide the Inter-State dispute of sharing of water of river Narmada. The Tribunal handed over its th award on 16 of August, 1978. As provided under

of India and the States of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan made references. Those references were heard by the Tribunal which gave th its final award on 7 of December, 1979. It was th published on 12 of December, 1979 in the Extraordinary Gazette of the Government of India. While giving the award, the Tribunal considered the issue pertaining to allocation of water, height of the dam, hydrology and other related issues. As regards the issue of allocation of Narmada water at JUDGMENT Sardar Sarovar Dam site, the Tribunal allocated 9.00 Million Acre Feet (for short “MAF”) to the State of Gujarat whereas 18.25 MAF, 0.50 MAF and 0.25 MAF were allocated to the States of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra respectively. It is relevant here to state that the State of Gujarat laid claim for 20.73 MAF of water out of Page 3 4 the total demand of 22.02 MAF of water before the Tribunal, which included 6.57 MAF water for reclaiming and/or irrigating 12.17 lakh acres of

of Gujarat was turned down by the Tribunal on its finding that these areas are barren and sparsely populated. Its soil is highly saline having very low permeability and vertical permeability of nearly nil. It has high ground water table and impervious layer near the ground water surface, high evaporation and low rainfall. In this way the Tribunal rejected the claim of State of Gujarat for irrigating 11 lakh acres of land in Banni and Ranns areas and as stated, allocated 9.00 MAF of water. JUDGMENT How the water allocated to each of the States shall be utilised was left to the choice of the State Government. As it was not a case of plenty, the State Government of Gujarat out of 9.00 MAF water, allocated 7.94 MAF water for irrigation and 1.06 MAF water for domestic and industrial use and because of the limited water allocation, the Page 4 5 proportionate water requirement for Kutch region was worked out as 0.15 MAF.

the State Government has not distributed the water keeping in mind the Directive Principles of the State Policy as enshrined under Article 39(b) of the Constitution of India which inter alia obliges the State to make the policy in such a way that the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good. Appellant further contended that by meager allocation of water, the State Government also did not carry out its obligation as mandated under JUDGMENT Article 38(2) of the Constitution which casts a duty on it to strive to minimise the inequalities in income and make an endeavour to eliminate inequalities in the status, facilities and opportunity amongst individuals and groups of people residing in different areas of the State. The plea of the State Government is that out of the Page 5 6 limited water allocated to it by the Tribunal, it had made the best use of that. It has also been pointed out that the allocation complained of is

increase. It has also been averred that while making allocation to Kutch District, the State Government has kept in view the interest of all concerned and also the factors relevant for the purpose. According to the respondent-State Government, it laid a claim for 20.73 MAF of water out of the total demand of 22.02 MAF water before the Tribunal which included 6.57 MAF for Kutch, but only 9.00 MAF water was allocated and the award of the Tribunal having been approved by the Supreme JUDGMENT Court, the State Government has to distribute the limited water allocated to it. It has also been pointed out that the allocation made for the District of Kutch has been increased in later years. Page 6 7 The High Court has analysed in detail the pleas raised by the parties and declined to interfere with the same, inter alia, on the grounds that the

manageable standard for adjudication for allocation of water in favour of any region within the State. While doing so, the High Court observed as follows: “In our opinion, the above observations would answer the submissions advanced by the learned counsel of the petitioners. We are not here to weigh the pros and cons of the policy or scrutinize it and test the degree of its beneficial or equitable disposition for the purpose of varying, modifying or annulling it, unless it is arbitrary or violative of any constitutional, statutory or any other provision of law. Needless to say that the petitioners have not challenged these decisions on the ground that as they are arbitrary nor have they pointed out that they are unconstitutional or violative of statutory or any other provisions of law. The Government, in the instant case, decided to accept the award of the NWDT which is based on the expert opinion and now we are asked to test the utility, beneficial effect etc. of the policy on the basis of the affidavit filed before us……” JUDGMENT Page 7 8 The High Court further observed that the issue raised requires determination of the choice of priorities and it is not subject to judicial

observed as follows: “29. Apart from that, determining the choice of priorities and formulating perspective thereof is a matter of policy and it is not within our domain to interfere with the sole question of efficacy or otherwise of such policy unless the same is “vitiated” of in violation of any provisions or the statute or Constitution of India.” Mr. Altaf Ahmed, Senior Counsel appears on behalf of the appellants and takes a stand that the JUDGMENT appellants do not seek determination of appropriate quantity of water for the District of Kutch but the plea is that the policy of distribution is based on irrelevant consideration and, therefore, subject to judicial review. According to him, it lacks transparency and exhibits extreme prejudice and discrimination against Kutch District. According Page 8 9 to him, while making the policy, the relevant factors were ignored and irrelevant and extraneous factors have been taken into account. He points

Tribunal relied heavily upon the need of Kutch District to get more water but after the award, did not stick to its stand after the allocation was made by the Tribunal. He has brought to our notice the comparative data regarding allocation of water to the various districts and points out that the same indicates discriminatory allocation of water to the Kutch area. Mr. Ahmed draws our attention to Article 39(b) of the Constitution of India and submits that the State while dealing with the JUDGMENT distribution of water did not respect the constitutional philosophy that the State shall distribute the material resources as best to subserve “common good”. It has also been contended that the natural resources are held by the Government as trustee for the benefit of the citizens and, therefore, the State Government is Page 9 10 required to manage and utilize them in the best interest of the society. While making distribution, according to Mr. Ahmed, the State

shall endeavor to minimize inequalities in the facilities and opportunities amongst people. On account of all these infirmities, the impugned policy deserves to be looked into by this Court in exercise of its power of judicial review, contends Mr.Ahmed. Reliance has been placed in support of aforementioned contention to a decision of this Court in the case of Tata Cellular vs. Our attention has Union of India (1994)6 SCC 651. JUDGMENT been drawn to the following passage from the said judgment: It cannot be denied that the “70. principles of judicial review would apply to the exercise of contractual powers by Government bodies in order to prevent arbitrariness or favouritism. However, it must be clearly stated that there are Page 10 11

Mr. Shyam Diwan, Senior Counsel representing the State of Gujarat states that the issue JUDGMENT regarding allocation of water to the districts of Gujarat is a matter of policy and the scope of judicial review in this regard is narrow. According to him, the policy has been framed after consulting technical experts in the best interest of the people and, therefore, does not call for any Page 11 12 interference by this Court in exercise of its power of judicial review.

the submission of Mr. Diwan. We are conscious of the fact that there is wide separation of powers between the different limbs of the State and, therefore, it is expected of this Court to exercise judicial restraint and not encroach upon the executive or legislative domain. What the appellants in substance are asking this Court to do is to conduct a comparative study and hold that the policy of distribution of water is bad. We are afraid, we do not have the expertise or wisdom to JUDGMENT analyse the same. It entails intricate economic choices and though this Court tends to believe that it is expert of experts but this principle has inherent limitation. True it is that the court is entitled to analyse the legal validity of the different means of distribution but it cannot and will not term a particular policy as fairer than Page 12 13 the other. We are of the opinion that the matters affecting the policy and requiring technical expertise be better left to the decision of those

that the policy is inconsistent with the Constitutional laws or arbitrary or irrational. Candidly speaking, we do not have the expertise to lay down policy for distribution of water within the State. It involves collection of various data which is variable and many a times policy formulated will have political overtones. It may require a political decision with which the Court has no concern so long it is within the JUDGMENT Constitutional limits. Even if we assume that this Court has the expertise, it will not encroach upon the field earmarked for the executive. If the policy of the Government, in the opinion of the sovereign, is unreasonable, the remedy is to disapprove the same during election. In respect of policy, the Court has very limited jurisdiction. A Page 13 14 dispute, in our opinion, shall not be appropriate for adjudication by this Court when it involves multiple variable and interlocking factors,

nd this very appeal by order dated 22 of July, 2011,

JUDGMENT We are in respectful agreement with the view aforesaid. The State of Gujarat emphasized the need of more water for the District of Kutch before the Tribunal and projected all those pleas which have been projected before us by the appellants but the Page 14 15 same did not find favour with the Tribunal and the Tribunal allocated 9.00 MAF water instead of 22.02 MAF water claimed before the Tribunal. Therefore,

been claimed by the appellants was allocated for the District of Kutch. The allocation of water is a matter of policy and how much water is to be released from the canal and for that matter a particular area or how much water is to be left with other regions, in our opinion, are matters which require delicate balancing and consideration of complex social and economic consideration. In our view, there being no judicially manageable standards, it shall be appropriate to leave it to JUDGMENT be decided by the experts of the irrigation management system and water resources management. The plea of the appellants that those factors which were projected by the State Government Page 15 16 itself before the Tribunal are not being adhered to and its action is arbitrary, does not appeal to us. The State Government also projected the need

Tribunal has got the seal of approval of this Court and the State Government having accepted the decision of the Tribunal, its action cannot be termed as arbitrary only on the ground that all those factors were not considered while making allocation to the district. As regards the complaint of the appellants that while making distribution, the State Government did not take into account the policy underlying Article 39(b) of the Constitution, we must observe that the JUDGMENT distribution of material resources is to be effected in the manner to subserve the “common good” and this expression is not to be confined for the Kutch District only but to the other regions of the State also. Page 16 17 The complaint of the appellants of non- adherence to the mandate of Article 38(2) of the Constitution is also misconceived. The State, in

inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities not only amongst individuals but also amongst group of people residing in different parts or engaged in different vocations. But this does not mean that for achieving that the State Government has to apply it on the basis of the number of people residing in different parts only. Other factors just cannot be forgotten. JUDGMENT We are in total agreement with the conclusion and reasoning given by the High Court and we reiterate that there being no judicially manageable standards for allocation of water, any interference by this Court would mean interference with the day- to-day functioning of the State Government. In view Page 17 18 of separation of powers, this Court cannot charter the said path.

without any order as to costs. ………………………………………………………………J (CHANDRAMAULI KR. PRASAD) ………..……….………………………………..J (V.GOPALA GOWDA) NEW DELHI, JULY 15, 2013. JUDGMENT Page 18 19 JUDGMENT Page 19