STATE OF ORISSA vs. DASARATHI MEHER

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 27-09-2018

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Full Judgment Text

1 REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO.  7362  OF 2013
STATE OF ORISSA…APPELLANT(S)
Versus
DASARATHI MEHER…RESPONDENT(S)
WITH
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 10066 OF 2018
(@SLP (C) No. 13172 OF 2015)
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 10061 OF 2018
(@SLP (C) No. 13169 OF 2015)
CIVIL APPEAL NO.7363 OF 2013
CIVIL APPEAL NO.10065 OF 2018
(@SLP (C) No. 13171 OF 2015)
J U D G M E N T Deepak Gupta, J. Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by SANJAY KUMAR Date: 2018.09.27 16:28:37 IST Reason: Leave granted in SLP (C) No. 13172 of 2015, SLP (C) No. 13169 of 2015 and SLP (C) No. 13171 of 2015. 2
2.Whether the tribe mentioned as “Kulis” in the Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976 in Schedule II in Part XII at Item No. 42 includes persons belonging to the “Kuli” community, is the issue which needs to be decided in the present group of cases.  
3.Article 342 of the Constitution of India reads as follows:
342. Scheduled Tribes. ­ (1) The President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor thereof, by   public   notification,   specify   the   tribes   or   tribal communities   or   parts   of   or   groups   within   tribes   or tribal communities which shall for the purposes of this Constitution   be   deemed   to   be   Scheduled   Tribes   in relation to that State or Union territory, as the case may be. (2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Tribes specified in a notification issued under clause (1) any tribe or tribal community or   part   of   or   group   within   any   tribe   or   tribal community, but save as aforesaid a notification issued under   the   said   clause   shall   not   be   varied   by   any subsequent notification.”  
4.It would be pertinent to mention that the aforesaid article is
almost identical to Article 341 relating to Scheduled Castes.  The only difference being that Article 341 deals with “castes, races or tribes   or   parts   of   or   groups   within   castes,   races   or   tribes” whereas  Article 342 deals only with “tribes or tribal communities 3 or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities”.  This small difference will not have any effect while interpreting the two articles on the facts of these cases. 
5.The stand of the appellant, the State of Odisha (formerly
known   as   ‘Orissa’)   and   the   intervenor   is   that   since   in   the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Order, the tribe which has   been   declared   to   be   a   Scheduled   Tribe   is   “Kulis”,   the members of the “Kuli” community cannot take benefit of being declared as Scheduled Tribes.   It is further submitted that no court including this Court has the power to change or modify what is stated in the Presidential Order and later in the Act of Parliament and, therefore, the High Court erred in holding that “Kulis” would include “Kuli”.
6.Before dealing with the factual aspect of the matter it would
be pertinent to reiterate the legal position and the limits of the power   of   the   court   while   dealing   with   these   issues.     A   bare perusal of clause (1) of Article 342 of the Constitution clearly shows   that   the   President   with   respect   to   any   State,   after consultation   with   the   Governor   thereof,   may   by   public notification specify the tribes or tribal communities or parts of or 4 groups thereof, which shall for the purposes of the Constitution, be deemed to be Scheduled Tribes in relation to that State.  After the President issues an Order under Article 341 or 342, the said Order cannot be amended, modified, added to or any caste or tribe deleted therefrom by the State or by any court or tribunal. It is only the Parliament, which can enact a law to include or exclude from the lists of Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes any caste, race or tribe.  The power to alter the Presidential Order lies only with Parliament and no other authority.  Therefore, the notification issued by the President is final for all purposes and for all times except if modified by a law made by Parliament. 
7.These provisions have been considered in a number of
cases.  We need not refer to all, except three Constitution Bench judgments of this Court.  The first Constitution Bench judgment
was rendered inB. Basavalingappav.D.Munichinnappa
this   case   the   issue   was   whether   a   person   belonging   to   the “Voddar” caste could claim that he belonged to the “Bhovi” caste which had been notified as a Scheduled Caste.  This Court held that normally it is not open for any court or tribunal to go into this question or to take evidence that “Voddar” caste is the same
1 (1965) 1SCR 316
5 as “Bhovi” caste.  The Court held it to be a settled position of law that   it   is   not   open   to   any   court   or   tribunal   to   make   any modification in the Presidential Order by referring to evidence to show that though caste “A” alone is mentioned in the order, caste “B” is also part of caste “A” and, therefore, must be deemed to be included in caste “A”.  It was noted by this Court that wherever there is one caste or one tribe having more than one name then in   the   Presidential   Order,   the   other   name(s)   is   normally mentioned in brackets.  Having held so, this Court, in the facts of the case, found that it was necessary to go into the question because it was not disputed that there was no caste known as “Bhovi” in the Mysore State before its reorganisation in 1956. Following observations of the Court are relevant: “.........The difficulty in the present case arises from the fact (which was not disputed before the High Court) that   in   the   Mysore   State   as   it   was   before   the   re­ organisation   of   1956   there   was  no   caste   known   as Bhovi   at all.   The Order refers to a scheduled caste known as  Bhovi   in the Mysore State as it was before 1956 and therefore it must be accepted that there was some caste which the President intended to include after consultation with the Rajpramukh in the Order, when   the   Order   mentions   the   caste   Bhovi   as   a scheduled   caste.     It   cannot   be   accepted   that   the President included the caste  Bhovi  in the Order though there was no such caste at all in the Mysore State as it existed before 1956........” 6 Thereafter, this Court referred to the material placed before it  and   came   to   the   conclusion   that   “Bhovi”   caste   was   earlier known as the “Voddar” caste.  It appeared that at a Conference of the Voddar Caste, held in July, 1944, it was resolved that the name   of   that   caste   be   changed   from   “Voddar”   to   “Bhovi”. Eventually, the Government also accepted the said Resolution by passing an order.   The   matter   does   not   end   here.     The   Government   Order directed that the community known as ‘Vodda’ would in future be called as ‘Boyi’ in all Government communications and records. This   Court   also   considered   the   issue   of   change   in   spellings wherein ‘Boyi’ was mentioned in the Government Order but the caste   declared   to   be   a   Scheduled   Caste   was   “Bhovi”. Furthermore, the Government Order refers to ‘Vodda’ and not to “Voddar”.     Dealing   with   the   issue   of   different   spellings   the Constitution Bench held as follows: “......Here again there is force in the contention that where   the   same   caste   was   spelt   differently,   the different spellings have been provided in the Order as illustrated   already.     But   the   same   difficulty   which faced us in considering the question whether   Voddar 7 caste was meant by the caste   Bhovi   included in the Order   arises   when   we   consider   the   difference   in spellings, for it is not in dispute that there was no caste known as  Bhovi  in the Mysore State as it existed in 1950 when the Order was passed.  As the President could not have included in the Order a non­existent caste it means the word ‘ Bhovi’  relates to some caste in Mysore as it was before 1956 and we have therefore to establish the identity of that caste and that can only be   done   by   evidence.     In  that   connection   the   High Court has held that ever since the Order of 1946, the Voddar   caste has been variously spelt as   Boyi, Bovi and  Bhovi  in English, though the Kanada equivalent is one and the same.  The High Court therefore has not attached any importance to the change in the English spelling   in   the   peculiar   circumstances   of   this case........”
8.The second Constitution Bench judgment is in the case of
Bhaiya Lalv.Harikishan Singh
claimed that he belonged to ‘Dohar’ caste, which was a sub­caste of ‘Chamar’ caste.  The Constitution Bench held that an inquiry of such a kind was not permissible.  
9.The third Constitution Bench judgment is in the case of the
State of Maharashtrav.Milind
Scheduled Tribe was Halba/Halbi.  The High Court, relying upon certain material held that “Halba­Koshti” was included in “Halba”
2AIR 1965 SC 1557
8 or Halbi”.   This Court held that it was not permissible for the courts to do so.  After discussing the entire law, this Court held as follows: “ 36 . In the light of what is stated above, the following positions emerge: 1 . It is not at all permissible to hold any inquiry or let in any evidence to decide or declare that any tribe or tribal community or part of or group within any tribe or tribal community is included in the general name even though it is not specifically mentioned in the   entry   concerned   in   the   Constitution   (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950. 2 . The Scheduled Tribes Order must be read as it is.  It is not even permissible to say that a tribe, sub­ tribe, part of or group of any tribe or tribal community is synonymous to the one mentioned in the Scheduled Tribes Order if they are not so specifically mentioned in it. 3 . A notification issued under clause (1) of Article 342,   specifying   Scheduled   Tribes,   can   be   amended only by law to be made by Parliament.  In other words, any   tribe   or   tribal   community   or   part   of   or   group within any tribe can be included or excluded from the list   of   Scheduled   Tribes   issued   under   clause   (1)   of Article 342 only by Parliament by law and by no other authority. 4 . It is not open to State Governments or courts or tribunals or any other authority to modify, amend or alter   the   list   of   Scheduled   Tribes   specified   in   the notification issued under clause (1) of Article 342. 5 . Decisions of the Division Benches of this Court 4 in   Bhaiya Ram Munda v. Anirudh Patar   and   Dina v. 5 Narain Singh  did not lay down law correctly in stating that the inquiry was permissible and the evidence was 4 (1970) 2 SCC 825 5 38 ELR 212; (1968) 8 DEC 329 9 admissible   within   the   limitations   indicated   for   the purpose of showing what an entry in the Presidential Order was intended to be.   As stated in Position (1) above no inquiry at all is permissible and no evidence can be let in, in the matter.”
It would be pertinent to mention that inMilind’scase
(supra), the Constitution Bench reaffirmed the ratio of the earlier two Constitution Bench judgments.
10.It is thus obvious that the power of the Court is very limited
and the Court cannot modify, alter, add to or subtract from the Presidential Order or the notification issued by Parliament.   At the same time, the Court has to ensure that the order is read in such   a   manner   that   no   caste   or   tribe,   which   is   intended   by President or by Parliament to be included, is actually excluded.  
11.Mr. Shibashish Misra, learned counsel appearing for the
State submits that in view of the judgment delivered inMilind’s
case (supra), no court or authority has any jurisdiction to add any tribe or caste.  According to him, since the tribe, which has been   declared   to   be   a   Scheduled   Tribe   is   “Kulis”,   the   courts cannot give an interpretation that persons belonging to “Kuli” community   are   also   entitled   to   the   benefit   of   being   declared 10 Scheduled Tribe.  On the other hand Mr. V. Giri, learned senior counsel submits that it is but obvious that “Kulis” is only a plural for “Kuli” and not a separate caste.
12.Coming to the facts of the present case, the first Order
which has been placed on record is the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 and in Part VI the Schedule, dealing with the State   of   Odisha   at   Item   No.   31,   the   tribe   “Kulis”   has   been declared to be a Scheduled Tribe for the entire State of Odisha. The   next   relevant   document   is   the   Scheduled   Castes   and Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) Order, 1956 and in Part IX of Schedule I, dealing with the State of Odisha, “Kuli” has been declared to be a Scheduled Caste in Sambalpur district only.  In the very same order in Part IX of Schedule III, “Kulis” continued to be declared  to be  a Scheduled  Tribe  throughout  the  State of Odisha.  
13.The Parliament replaced the Presidential Orders by the
Scheduled   Castes   and   Scheduled   Tribes   Orders   (Amendment) Act, 1976.   This Act was enacted for the purposes of inclusion and exclusion from the lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes of certain castes and tribes.  The Presidential Orders were 11 replaced by this Act.  In Schedule I at Part XIII dealing with the State of Odisha, the caste “Kuli” no longer finds mention.   In Schedule II at Part XII dealing with the Scheduled Tribes, the tribe “Kulis” is notified to be a Scheduled Tribe for the whole of the State of Odisha.   The Hindi version of this Order describes
the tribe “Kuli” (ककलल
14.Persons belonging to the “Kuli” community have for long
been claiming that they are part of the “Kulis” tribe and the High Court of Odisha has always held that the term “Kulis” is nothing but a plural for the term “Kuli” and has consistently held that “Kuli” are part and parcel of “Kulis” tribe.  The first judgment in
this regard was delivered inSebaram Meherv.The State of
6 Orissa .  A Division Bench of the High Court held that there is no difference between the terms “Kuli” and “Kulis” because it was not   disputed   that   there   is   no   separate   community   known   as “Kulis” in the State of Odisha.  This view was followed in a large number of judgments including the judgment under appeal.  The State of Odisha did not challenge the earlier judgments.  Those
658 (1984) CLT 562
12 judgments   became   binding   as   far   as   the   State   of   Odisha   is concerned.  
15.Mr. Misra submits that since those judgments were
rendered before the Constitution Bench judgment inMilind’s
case (supra), they were not challenged by the State of Odisha.
This submission is wholly without merit. InMilind’scase
(supra)   this   Court   has   only   reiterated   what   was   said   in
Basavalingappa’scase and inBhaiya Lal’scase (supra) and
many other cases.  Therefore, we cannot accept the explanation of the State in this regard.  
16.We have even otherwise gone into the merits of the matter.
Despite pointed queries put by the Court, learned counsel for the appellant and the intervenor could not place any material before us to show that there is a separate community by the name “Kulis”.  Time and again, the documents which were referred to were   the   documents   relating   to   the   period   when   “Kuli”   were declared   to   be   Scheduled   Caste   in   the   district   Sambalpur whereas “Kulis” were declared to be a tribe in the entire State. 13 The documents referred to by both the parties which are more in the  nature   of   reports,   indicate   that   “Kuli”   is   a  community   of weavers who were earlier forest dwellers.   This community is engaged in the weaving of very coarse type of cloth.  In none of the documents could we find any material to show that “Kuli” or “Kulis”   are   two   different   castes   or   tribes   dealing   with   some different vocations.   In all the documents they have been dealt with synonymously.  
17.In 1962, in a study conducted by the Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute, the following remarks were made: “The Kuli As a Tribe – The Kuli are fully integrated with the caste hierarchy of the Hindu society.   They accept the superiority of the Brahman, have functional relationship with other castes and have a rigidly fixed caste occupation. They worship the gods of the Hindus and have no separate gods or goddesses.  They do not take such food and indulge in such practices which are prohibited for Hindus.   Rather they behave like high castes in this respect. Conclusion – On the basis of the above findings the following conclusions may be drawn:­ (1) There   is   no   reason   to   justify   the   Kuli   being treated as a tribe. (2) The Kuli have the status of a Scheduled Caste but   in   that   capacity   they   occupy   a   position 14 superior  to  other  Scheduled   Castes.    A  slight stigma   of   untouchability   is   now   attached   to them but they are likely to be cleared up of this in near future. Recommendation – It is therefore recommended that the   Kulis   should be treated as a Scheduled Caste in both Sambalpur and Bolangir districts.  They may be descheduled after a period of five years by which time they would have achieved a status equivalent to Other Backward Classes”. (emphasis supplied)
18.In 1979, in another study, the following observations were
made: “ The Kulis  till now follow the traditional occupation of weaving.   They have absolutely no other occupation except a few families who practice cultivation.  1% of the Kuli own land and in no case the holding is more than 2 acres.   The   Kulis   have been hard hit because they specialize in coarse and inferior type of clothing which   is   generally   used   by   the   poorer   section. Moreover,   hand   woven   cloth   has   gradually   been replaced by the mill made cloth.  As a result they live on hand to mouth economy.   xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx It   is   therefore   recommended   that   Kuli   should neither   be   treated   as   Scheduled   Caste   nor   as Scheduled Tribe in Orissa .  However they should be provided   with   all   the   benefits   by   the   Govt.   as   an economically backward class.” (emphasis supplied) 15
19.In a communication sent to the Government in 1979
mentioned that the Census of 1971 distinguishes the “Kuli” caste from “Kuli” tribe in different districts as follows;  
Sl.<br>No.DistictPopulation
Kuli CasteKuli Tribe
1.Sambalpur3554936
2.Balangir522657
3.Phulbani10172
4.Kalahandi­2
5.Ganjam­40
6.Dhenkanal­19
7.Mayurbhanj­37
8.Sundargarh­29
Total40861892
20.In 1981, a communication was sent by the Commissioner
and Secretary of the Harijan and Tribal Welfare Department of the Government of Odisha to the Union of India, making some proposals on behalf of the State of Odisha for amendments to the list of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.   In respect of “Kulis”, it was mentioned that they are weavers by profession, 7 Vide Letter No.1489 dated 26.07.1979 16 mainly found in Bolangir, Sambalpur and Phulbani districts.  It was submitted   that  they  do  not  possess   tribal  characteristics and, therefore, may be deleted from the list of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
21.Relying upon these documents, it is urged that the “Kulis”
and   the   “Kuli”   are   separate   and   members   of   the   “Kuli” community cannot be treated as “Kulis”.  We fail to understand how this can be deduced from the aforesaid documents.  In the statement   showing   the   population,   both   communities   are described   as   “Kuli”   but   while   describing   the   occupation,   the members of the community are described as “Kulis” and it has been   recommended   that   “Kuli”   should   neither   be   treated   as Scheduled Caste nor as Scheduled Tribe.  This shows that there was only one community known as “Kuli”, which was treated as Scheduled Caste for some time in the district of Sambalpur but was treated as Scheduled Tribe for the entire State of Odisha.  In none of the documents placed before us by the State, there is any indication to show that there is a separate caste or tribe by the name “Kulis”. 17
22.We may now refer to the 24thReport of the Commissioner for
Scheduled   Castes   and   Scheduled   Tribes.     In   this   Report, prepared in December, 1977, dealing with the State of Odisha, it 8 has been observed  as follows: “.....In case of  Orissa , the Kuli community which was earlier   declared   as   Scheduled   Caste   in   Sambalpur district  has been deleted  from  the list as Kulis are already declared as Scheduled Tribes throughout the State.....” In   this   Report,   it   is   clearly   indicated   that   the   “Kuli” community has been deleted from the list of Scheduled Castes in Sambalpur as “Kulis” are already declared as Scheduled Tribe throughout   the   State.     This   clearly   indicates   that   the Commissioner was of the view that “Kuli” community which was one   of   the   communities   declared   to   be   Scheduled   Castes   in Sambalpur   district,   would   now   fall   in   the   category   of Scheduled Tribe.  
23.The State has failed to show that there is any community
caste or tribe, known as “Kulis”.   The community is known as “Kuli”.  Further, it is apparent that the term “Kulis” used in the 8 At Para 2.8, Page 16 18 Order is in the nature of plural for “Kuli”.   This becomes even more apparent   from   the   various   documents   referred   to  above wherein   the   terms   “Kulis”   and   “Kuli”   have   been   used interchangeably and though the caste or tribe has been described as   “Kuli”,   the   members   of   the   community,   when   dealt   with together, have been described as “Kulis”.   Furthermore, in the Hindi version of the Amendment Act of 1976, the Scheduled Tribe has been described as “Kuli” and not “Kulis”.  
24.InBasavalingappa’scase, the Constitution Bench of this
Court held that caste “Bhovi” includes people of the “Voddar” caste mainly on the ground that prior to reorganisation of the State of Mysore, there was no caste “Bhovi” and, therefore, the Presidential Order could not be set at naught by excluding what was intended to be included in the list of Scheduled Castes.  The present case is very similar.  As held above, the State has failed to place any material on record to show that there is any caste or tribe by the name “Kulis”.  It is, therefore, apparent that both in the Presidential Order and in the Act, the term “Kulis” was used as plural for the term “Kuli”. 19
25.
this Court.  We cannot add to alter or modify the notified list of Schedules Castes and Scheduled Tribes.  We are also aware that we cannot take into consideration any evidence in this regard.  At the same time, we are of the considered view that we cannot give such an interpretation to a Caste or Tribe mentioned  in the list of notified Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes which would have the effect of nullifying the intention of the Parliament.   In the present case, earlier the President and later Parliament had included “Kulis” in the list of Scheduled Tribe.  It has been found that there is no community by the name “Kulis” in the State of Odisha.   The only community is “Kuli”.   If we do not include “Kuli”   in   “Kulis”,   the   net   result   would   be   that   we   would   be deleting a Tribe from the list of Scheduled Tribes.  This also no Court or Tribunal is entitled to.  We have to read the entries in the list in a manner which is consistent with the intention of the Parliament.     According   to   us,   earlier   the   President   and   later Parliament while using the term “Kulis” only intended it to be used  as   plural   for   the   word   “Kuli”.     Any   other   interpretation would   mean   that   nobody   would   be   able   to   take   benefit   of belonging to “Kulis” tribe. 20
26.Taking all the above facts into consideration, in the peculiar
facts and circumstances of the case, we are of the view that the term “Kulis” in the English version will include members of the “Kuli”   community.     The   appeals   are   accordingly   dismissed. Application   for   intervention   is   also   dismissed.   Pending application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of. ….……………………..J. (MADAN B. LOKUR) .….…………………….J. (DEEPAK GUPTA) New Delhi September 27, 2018