MANOJ PARIHAR vs. THE STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR

Case Type: Special Leave To Petition Civil

Date of Judgment: 27-06-2022

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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (C) NO. 11039 OF 2022 MANOJ PARIHAR & ORS. ……PETITIONER(S) VERSUS STATE OF JAMMU & KASHMIR & ORS. .....RESPONDENT(S) O R D E R 1. This petition seeking leave to appeal under Article 136 of the Constitution   is   at   the   instance   of   unsuccessful   original respondents in a   writ application filed before the High Court of Jammu & Kashmir (Judicial Officers) and is directed against the judgment and order passed by a Division Bench of the High Court dated 27.05.2022 in the SWP No. 1350/2011 by which the High Court allowed the Writ Petition filed by the Respondents No. 3 to Signature Not Verified 19 herein (original writ applicants). Digitally signed by VISHAL ANAND Date: 2022.07.04 14:17:09 IST Reason: [1] 2. The facts giving rise to this special leave petition may be summarized as under: 2.1 At the outset, we may state that this is a 2nd round of litigation before this Court on the issue relating to   fixation of the seniority of the Munsiffs (Batch of 2003) for promotion to the post of Sub­Judge in the State of Jammu & Kashmir (Now Union Territory). 2.2 This   Court   in   the   1st   round   of   litigation   took notice of the fact that the respondents herein (original writ   applicants)   qualified   at   the   Jammu   and   Kashmir Civil   Services   (Judicial)   Examinations   2002   and   were appointed as the Judicial Magistrates in 2002­03. They were   placed   higher   in   the   merit   list   compared   to   the petitioners   herein.   However,   the   gradation   list   was prepared by applying the roster for direct recruitment as provided   under   Rule   5   of   the   Jammu   and   Kashmir Reservation Rules, 2005. This in effect led to the reserved category   petitioners   displacing   the   general   category respondents in the gradation list. A Writ Petition was filed seeking   to   quash   the   gradation   list   of   the   Judicial Magistrates and for a direction to prepare the gradation [2] list based on merit. 3. The High Court held as under:  “16. The  issue  raised  in the  present  petition squarely falls within the judgment rendered by the Division  Bench   in  Ashok  Kumar   Sharma’s   case. Though petitioners do not assail the Gradation List and the consequent promotion order on the ground that these are not constitutionally permissible and therefore ultra vires Constitution yet the law laid down in Indra Sawhney’s case and relied upon in Ashok Sharma’s case cannot go unnoticed, while dealing   with   present   case   as   it   touches constitutionally   of   the   Reservation   Rules whereupon the impugned Gradation List is based and   therefore,   validity   of   the   High   Court   orders promoting private respondents on the basis of this placement in Gradation List. The Gradation List in question and promotion orders made on the basis thereof,   in   favour   of   private   respondents,   in implementation of reservation policy, are therefore, liable to be set aside on this ground alone. The conclusion so drawn, ordinarily, would clinches the matter. However, it would be, if not necessary, but appropriate   to   deal   with   the   issues,   other   that constitutionality   of   Reservation   in   promotion scheme, raised in the petition.…. 25. For the reasons discussed above, we find merit   in   challenge   to   Gradation   List   dated 01.06.2010 issued by respondent No. 2 as also order   promoting   respondents   3   and   4   as   Civil Judge   (Senior   Division)   on   the   basis   of   their placement in the Gradation List. Challenge to such other orders passed on the basis of the impugned Gradation List, allowing the private respondents, [3] belonging to different Reserved Categories to steal march over the petitioners, is also to succeed. We are   told   that   Petitioner   1   to   10   stand   already promoted as Civil Judges (Senior Division) and so are   respondents   3   to   12   and   14   and   15.   The interest   of   petitioners   1   to   10   is,   therefore, restricted to their placement at appropriate place in the seniority list of Civil Judges (Senior Division) maintained by respondent No. 2…… 26. Petitioners 11 to 16 and Mis Mir Afroz (on deputation)   Abdul   Qayoom   Mir   and   Manzoor Ahmad Zargar figuring at S.No. 19 to 27 in order of merit in the Merit List rank senior to respondents 4, 5, 7 to 12 at S. Nos. 32, 37, 31, 33, 34, 41, 38, 30 in the Merit List, and already promoted as Civil Judges (Senior Division) vide different High Court Orders including High Court order No. 252 dated 04.07.2015.   Petitioners   11   to   16   and   M/s.   Mir Afroz   (on   deputation)   Abdul   Qayoom   Mir   and Manzoor Ahmad Zargar, therefore, had a right to be   considered   for   promotions   as   Civil   Judges (Senior Division) ahead of respondents 4, 5, 7 to 12. The respondent No. 2 by ignoring petitioners claim and failure to accord consideration to their claim   has   infringed   their   fundamental   rights guaranteed  under Article  16  of   the  Constitution. However,   M/s.   Mir   Afroz   (on   deputation)   Abdul Qayoom Mir and Manzoor Ahmad Zargar, have not joined as petitioners in present petition. Petitioners have  not questioned the  orders  whereby private respondents 4, 5, 7 to 12 were promoted including High   Court   order   No.   252   dated   04.07.2015. Respondents 4, 5, 7 to 12 presumably have been working   as   Civil   Subordinate   Judges,   Senior Division   for   quite   sometime.   We   do   not   have definite information about the posts of Civil Judges (Senior Division) lying vacant as on date so as to [4] examine whether petitioners 11 to 16 and M/s. Mir Afroz   (on   deputation)   Abdul   Qayoom   Mir   and Manzoor Ahmad Zargar, directed to be considered for   promotion   as   Civil   Judges   (Senior   Division) against such post without disturbing respondents 4, 5, 7 to 12 and thereafter placed in the seniority list of Civil Judges (Senior Division) to be prepared by respondent   No. 2  strictly in  accordance   with merit. We, therefore, refrain from setting aside the orders whereby respondents 4, 5, 7 to 12 have been promoted as Civil Judges (Senior Division). We   direct   respondent   No.   2   to   undertake   an exercise   to   find   out   whether   any   posts   of   Civil Judge (Senior Division) are lying vacant as on date so   that   consideration   is   accorded   to   petitioners promotion   against   available   posts.   Let   such exercise   be   completed   with   three   months   from today. In the event, no such posts (s) is/ are found lying   vacant   or   less   than   the   posts   required   to consider petitioners 11 to 16 are lying vacant, the order (s) whereby respondents 4, 5, 7 to 12 have been promoted as Civil Judges (Senior Division), to the   extent   necessary   to   accord   consideration   to petitioners 11 to 16, shall stand set aside on expiry of   three   months   from   today   and   consideration accorded to the petitioners’ promotion against the available vacancies. On completion of the exercise either   way   respondent   No.   2   shall   reframe   and notify the seniority list in accordance with merit.” 4. The petitioners herein being dissatisfied with the aforesaid judgment  and  order  passed  by  the   High  Court   challenged  the same before this Court by way of the Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 3786 of 2016.  Leave   was   granted.   The   Special   Leave Petition got culminated in the Civil Appeal No. 6928 of 2021. The [5] Civil Appeal No. 6928 of 2021 ultimately came to be disposed of by this Court holding as under: “10.  The   main   issue   in   the   writ   proceedings before the High Court is whether the seniority for the purpose of the gradation list can be founded on the   basis   of   roster   points   and   this   issue   would depend upon the view which is taken by the High Court on the legal position. As noted above, Mr. Gaurav   Pachnanda,   learned   senior   counsel   has stated that the High Court has accepted the view that the gradation list is invalid. The High Court on its Administrative side is not precluded from taking a   considered   decision   on   this   aspect   of   the matter….. 11. Consequently,   the   impugned   judgment and order of the High Court dated 27 November, 2015 is set aside. The writ petition is restored to the file of the High Court  for a decision afresh. Having regard to the pendency of the proceedings, we would request the High Court to dispose of the petition, on remand, preferably within a period of two months from the date of receipt of a certified copy of this order. In the meantime, pending the decision of the High Court, it would be appropriate if   consequential   directions   on   the   basis   of   the gradation list for the batch of 2003 are held in abeyance so as to abide by the final result of the proceedings before the High Court. The High Court is at liberty on the administrative side to take a decision in the meantime…. 12. The appeal is accordingly disposed of in the above terms.” 5. In view of the aforesaid, the High Court re­heard the matter [6] and took the view that the seniority should be fixed in accordance with the merit determined by the Public Service Commission and not in accordance with the roster points. We quote the relevant observations made by the High Court including the operative part of the impugned judgment and order as under: “13. In the past, while it may be true that the High   Court   had   been   maintaining   the   seniority based upon the roster points, as mentioned under Rule 14 of the Reservation Rules of 1994 may be on the strength of the ratio of the judgment in P.S. Ghalaut, yet it cannot  be ignored that  the Apex Court on 10.03.2003 having declared the decision in   P.S.   Ghalaut   as   not   laying   good   law   on   the subject, none of the authorities, including the High Court   could   have   proceeded   to   make   the   roster points as the basis for determining the seniority and further make that a basis for promotions to the post of SubJudges. It needs to be reiterated that in the   present   case   appointments   of   the   selected officers   were   made   in   terms   of   Rule   42   of   the Jammu   &   Kashmir   Civil   Services   (Judicial) Recruitment  Rules, 1967 vide  Government Order dated   06.08.2003,   i.e.   much   after   the pronouncement   of   the   judgment   in   Bimlesh Tanwar’s case. It was precisely for that reason that the counsel representing the High Court had admitted before the Apex Court that the gradation list was invalid, which   is   the   subject­matter   of   challenge   in   the present petitions…. 14. We are told that both the petitioners and the private respondents have since been promoted [7] as   Sub­Judges   and,   therefore,   even   when   there was   an   initial   challenge   to   the   promotion   of respondent   Nos.   3   &   4   in   the   writ   petition,   no promotions would be effected if the seniority was directed to be fixed as per merit…. 15. Having considered the matter in the light of the facts and the law discussed hereinabove, we hold as under:­ a. The gradation list dated 01.06.2010 to   the   extent,   and   insofar   as,   it pertains   to  the  selection   made  by the   Public   Service   Commission   for the post of Munsiffs in reference to Notification   No.   PSC/Ex­2001/64 dated 04.12.2001, is quashed. b. The respondent No. 2 is directed to re­frame the seniority list in regard to the selection process for the post of   Munsiffs,   pertaining   to notification   dated   04.12.2001, strictly   in   accordance   with   merit obtained by the selected candidates in the examination conducted by the Public Service Commission. c. Such   of   the   candidates,   including the petitioners, who on account of the   impugned   gradation   list   were not   promoted   on   time   and, therefore,   could   not   gain   the requisite experience for appearing in the limited competitive examination in terms of the Jammu & Kashmir Higher Judicial Service Rules, 2009, would be held eligible to take such an   examination,   if   another   Civil Judge in the same post but lower in [8] the   reframed   seniority   list   was eligible   to   take   such   an examination. 16. The   writ   petitions   are,   accordingly, disposed of.” 6. Being dissatisfied with the aforesaid, the petitioners are once again before this Court with the present petition. 7. Mr. Ranjit Kumar, the learned Senior Counsel appearing for the   petitioners   vehemently   submitted   that   the   High   Court committed a serious error in passing the impugned order. The learned Senior Counsel vehemently submitted that it cannot be argued as an absolute proposition of law that for the purposes of fixing seniority only merit is to be considered and not the roster points. He would submit that it should be left to the authorities such as the High Court in the case on hand to evolve a fair and just principle, more particularly, whether the Rules governing the seniority are absent. He would submit that since the Recruitment Rules 1967 are silent with regard to the procedure of promotion of Munsiffs to the posts of Sub­Judges as well as the manner of determination of their inter­se seniority. The High Court on its administrative side in exercise of powers under Article 111 of the Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir which is      with pari materia [9] Article 235 of the Constitution of India had decided in its Full Court Resolution dated 04.12.1994 to adopt the Reservation Rules 1994 for the purpose of fixing the inter­se seniority of recruits for the post of Munsiff and this practice was followed consistently between 1995 and 2003. 8. Mr. Ranjit Kumar pointed out that the High Court adopted the methodology of fixing the seniority in accordance with the roster   since   1995.   First,   it   was   applied   to   the   11   Munsiffs appointed   in   the   year   1995,   thereafter   to   the   10   Munsiffs appointed   in   the   year   1997,   thereafter   to   the   32   Munsiffs appointed   in   the   year   2000,   thereafter   to   the   17   Munsiffs appointed in the year 2001 and in the last 47 Munsiffs appointed in   the   year   2003   which   included   the   petitioners   and   the respondents herein before this Court. 9. The learned Senior Counsel laid much emphasis on the fact that  neither  the  petitioners  herein   nor  the  respondents  herein thought fit to challenge either the Reservation Rules 1994 or the Full Court Resolution dated 04.12.1994 on the basis of which the candidates   were   appointed   and   their   seniority   was   fixed   in accordance with the roster. Both   the   sides   were   aware   and [10] conscious that the fixation of seniority in accordance with the roster was based on the decision of the Full Court and, more particularly, for the reason that the 2003 batch was not the first batch where roster was applied in terms of the Reservation Rules 1994. 10. He would submit that both the sides since their appointment in the year 2003 never questioned the legality and validity of the methodology adopted by the High Court for the purpose of fixation of seniority in accordance with the roster. 11. The learned Senior Counsel vehemently submitted that the High Court committed a serious error in applying the Jammu & Kashmir Reservation Rules 2005 which in turn came to be framed under the Jammu & Kashmir Reservation Act 2004 and notified on 21.10.2005 for the purpose of fixation of the inter­se seniority. The argument of the learned Senior Counsel is that the Act and the   Rules   framed   thereunder,   do   not   have   any   retrospective operation and they could not have been made applicable to fix the seniority of the appointees of the year 2003. Mr. Ranjit Kumar invited the attention of this Court to the proviso to Rule 37 which mandates that the Rules shall not apply to the vacancies or posts [11] in   respect   of   which   advertisement   have   been   issued   or   the selection process have been initiated before coming into force of the Rules  2005. In  short,  the argument  of the  learned Senior Counsel is that there cannot be any prospective operation of the Rules 2005. In the last, the learned Senior Counsel submitted that why should the petitioners suffer for no fault on their part as the 2003 batch is the last one to whom the Rules of 2005 are sought to be made applicable. In other words, the argument is that if the seniority   is   to   be   fixed   in   accordance   with   the   merit   of   the appointees of the batch of 2003 and not on the basis of the roster points then many of the petitioners would have no chances of any further promotion. 12. In such circumstances referred to above, the learned Senior Counsel prays that there would be merit in his petition. Leave may be granted and the appeal may be admitted. 13. On   the   other   hand,   this   petition   has   been   vehemently opposed   by   the   respective   learned   Counsel   appearing   for   the private respondents, the High Court of Jammu & Kashmir and also the State of Jammu & Kashmir. All the learned Counsel in one voice submitted that no error, not to speak of any error of law [12] could be said to have been committed by the High Court in taking the view that the seniority should be fixed in accordance with the merit determined by the Public Service Commission and not in accordance with the roster points. All the learned Counsel would submit that the law in this regard is no longer  res integra  and is well settled. 14. In   such   circumstances   referred   to   above,   all   the   learned Counsel appearing for the respondents pray that no case is made out for grant of leave and the petition may be dismissed. Analysis 15. Having heard the learned Counsel appearing for the parties and   having   gone   through   the   materials   on   record   the   only question that falls for our consideration is whether the inter­se seniority of the Munsiffs appointed by way of direct recruitment on the   recommendations   of   the   State   Public   Service   Commission should be fixed/ determined on the basis of the roster points or in terms  of  the   order   of   their  inter­se  merit   at  the   time  of  their selection? 16. The first and the foremost aspect, we would like to clarify, is that in the case of direct recruitment, the preparation of  inter se [13] merit   list   of   the   selected   candidates   is   inevitable,   even   in   the absence   of   an   explicit   provision   in   the   rule   or   policy,   the recruitment authority cannot place the candidates  in the inter se  select list under the rule of thumb or by adopting the methodology which is inconsistent with the spirit of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. The  inter se  merit list of the selected candidates can be prepared as a combined effect of several factors like written test,   objective   test,   viva­voce   and/or   other   parameters   as   may have been prescribed keeping in view the special requirement of service. Similarly, though not concerned in the present case, even in a case of promotion based on merit­cum­seniority, seniority by itself is not the only qualification for promotion to a selection post. If   the   criteria   for   promotion   is   merit­cum­seniority,   the comparative merit has to be evaluated in which seniority will be one   of   the   factors   only.   However,   in   the   case   of   merit­cum­ seniority even a junior most person may steal a march over his seniors and jump the queue for accelerated promotion. 17. Keeping   the   aforesaid   fundamental   principle   of   service jurisprudence, we now proceed to consider the case law on the subject governing the rights of the parties before us as under. 18. In  , (1995) 2 SCC 745, R.K. Sabharwal v. State of Punjab [14] this Court said as follows: “5. We see considerable force in the second con­ tention raised by the learned counsel for the peti­ tioners. The reservations  provided under the  im­ pugned Government instructions are to be operated in accordance with the roster to be maintained in each Department. The roster is implemented in the form of running account from year to year. The pur­ pose of “running account” is to make sure that the Scheduled Castes/Schedule Tribes and Backward Classes get their percentage of reserved posts. The concept of “running account” in the impugned in­ structions has to be so interpreted that it does not result in excessive reservation. “16% of the posts …”   are   reserved   for   members   of   the   Scheduled Castes   and   Backward   Classes.   In   a   lot   of   100 posts those falling at Serial Numbers 1, 7, 15, 22, 30, 37, 44, 51, 58, 65, 72, 80, 87 and 91 have been reserved and earmarked in the roster for the Scheduled Castes. Roster points 26 and 76 are re­ served for the members of Backward Classes. It is thus   obvious   that   when   recruitment   to   a   cadre starts then 14 posts earmarked in the roster are to be filled from amongst the members of the Sched­ uled Castes. To illustrate, first post in a cadre must go to the Scheduled Caste and thereafter the said class is entitled to 7th, 15th, 22nd and onwards up to 91st post. When the total number of posts in a cadre are filled by the operation of the roster then the result envisaged by the impugned instructions is achieved. In other words, in a cadre of 100 posts when the posts  earmarked in the roster for the Scheduled Castes and the Backward Classes are filled the percentage of reservation provided for the reserved categories is achieved. We see no justifi­ cation to operate the roster thereafter. The “running account” is to operate only till the quota provided [15]
under the impugned instructions is reached and<br>not thereafter. Once the prescribed percentage of<br>posts is filled the numerical test of adequacy is sat­<br>isfied and thereafter the roster does not survive.<br>The percentage of reservation is the desired repre­<br>sentation of the Backward Classes in the State<br>Services and is consistent with the demographic<br>estimate based on the proportion worked out in re­<br>lation to their population. The numerical quota of<br>posts is not a shifting boundary but represents a<br>figure with due application of mind. Therefore, the<br>only way to assure equality of opportunity to the<br>Backward Classes and the general category is to<br>permit the roster to operate till the time the respec­<br>tive appointees/promotees occupy the posts meant<br>for them in the roster. The operation of the roster<br>and the “running account” must come to an end<br>thereafter. The vacancies arising in the cadre, after<br>the initial posts are filled, will pose no difficulty. As<br>and when there is a vacancy whether permanent<br>or temporary in a particular post the same has to<br>be filled from amongst the category to which the<br>post belonged in the roster. For example the Sched­<br>uled Caste persons holding the posts at roster<br>points 1, 7, 15 retire then these slots are to be filled<br>from amongst the persons belonging to the Sched­<br>uled Castes. Similarly, if the persons holding the<br>post at points 8 to 14 or 23 to 29 retire then these<br>slots are to be filled from among the general cate­<br>gory. By following this procedure there shall nei­<br>ther be shortfall nor excess in the percentage of<br>reservation.”
19. In Bimlesh Tanwar v. State of Haryana, (2003) 5 SCC<br>604, this Court stated thus:
“19. It was submitted that having regard to the in­<br>structions issued by the Haryana Government in
[16]
its circular letter dated 27­4­1972, roster points<br>cannot be considered as seniority points and fur­<br>ther having regard to the fact that these instruc­<br>tions have been followed by the High Court for a<br>long time, there is absolutely no reason as to why<br>such a practice should be deviated from. The<br>learned counsel contended that this Court in Ajit<br>Singh (II) 5 having categorically held that roster<br>points are not intended to determine seniority be­<br>tween general candidates and reserved candi­<br>dates, the impugned judgment cannot be faulted<br>with.
24. The Rules, therefore, indisputably lay empha­<br>sis on merit. It for all intent and purport excludes<br>the applicability of rule of appointment in terms of<br>roster points.
33. The question as to whether the determination<br>of inter se seniority would depend upon the filling<br>up of the vacancies so far as the reserved cate­<br>gories are concerned, having regard to the roster<br>points, in our opinion, is no longer res integra.
40. An affirmative action in terms of Article 16(4) of<br>the Constitution is meant for providing a represen­<br>tation of a class of citizenry who are socially or eco­<br>nomically backward. Article 16 of the Constitution<br>of India is applicable in the case of an appoint­<br>ment. It does not speak of fixation of seniority. Se­<br>niority is, thus, not to be fixed in terms of the roster<br>points. If that is done, the rule of affirmative action<br>would be extended which would strictly not be in<br>consonance of the constitutional schemes. We are<br>of the opinion that the decision in P.S. Ghalaut<br>does not lay down a good law.”
20. In G.P. Doval v. Govt. of U.P., (1984) 4 SCC 329, this Court<br>stated as follows:
[17] “16.  A  grievance  was   made   that  the  petitioners have moved this Court after a long unexplained de­ lay and the Court should not grant any relief to them. It was pointed out that the provisional se­ niority list was drawn up on March 22, 1971 and the petitions have been filed in the year 1983. The respondents   therefore   submitted   that   the   Court should throw out the petitions on the ground of de­ lay, laches and acquiescence. It was said that pro­ motions granted on the basis of impugned seniority list were not questioned by the petitioners and they have acquiesced into it. We are not disposed to ac­ cede to this request because Respondents 1 to 3 have not finalised the seniority list for a period of more than 12 years and are operating the same for further promotion to the utter disadvantage of the petitioners. Petitioners went on making representa­ tions after representations which did not yield any response, reply or relief. Coupled with this is the fact that the petitioners belong to the lower eche­ lons of service and it is not difficult to visualise that they may find it extremely difficult to rush to the court. Therefore, the contention must be rejected. 17. In view of the discussion, these petitions suc­ ceed and are allowed and a writ in the nature of certiorari is issued quashing the impugned senior­ ity list dated March 22, 1971 in respect of Khand­ sari  Inspectors. The  Respondents  1  to  3  are  di­ rected to draw up a fresh seniority list based on the principle of length of continuous officiation reck­ oned from the date of first appointment if the ap­ pointment   is   followed   by   confirmation   i.e.   selec­ tion/approval by the State Public Service Commis­ sion.   We   order   accordingly,   but   in   the   circum­ stances of the case, there will be no order as to costs.” [18]
21. In Kuldip Chand v. Union of India, (1995) 5 SCC 680, this<br>Court stated thus:
“4. It is next contended by Mr. M.M. Kashyap,<br>learned counsel for the appellant, that Ashok Ku­<br>mar disputed the correctness of the seniority list<br>made on 23­12­1982 in his representations dated<br>10­1­1983 and 1­8­1983 which were duly consid­<br>ered and rejected. He allowed it to become final as<br>he did not challenge the same till post of accoun­<br>tant became vacant. When it was rejected, he filed<br>the writ petition in the High Court. There is a con­<br>siderable delay in claiming his seniority over the<br>appellant. It is true that the seniority list was pre­<br>pared as early as on 23­12­1982 but no vacancy<br>had arisen thereafter and, therefore, the mere re­<br>jection of the claim for seniority does not disentitle<br>him to claim his seniority over the appellant for<br>consideration by the respondent­Union.
5. When the aforesaid facts are taken into consid­<br>eration, it would be obvious that the preparation of<br>seniority list per se was illegal. Therefore, the mere<br>fact that he did not challenge the seniority list,<br>which was illegally prepared, till he was aggrieved<br>for non­consideration of the claim to the post of ac­<br>countant, his legitimate right to be considered can­<br>not be denied. Under these circumstances, the de­<br>lay is of no consequence for considering the claims<br>of Ashok Kumar for the post of accountant.”
22. The question as to whether the determination of inter­se seniority would depend upon the filling up of the vacancies so far as the reserved categories are concerned, having regard to the roster points, in our opinion, is no longer res integra. [19] 23. In  ,   (1999) 7 SCC 209, a five Ajit Singh v. State of Punjab Judge Bench of this Court has laid down the law in the following terms:  “40. “It must be noted that whenever a reserved candidate goes for recruitment at the initial level (say Level 1), he is not going through the normal process of selection which is applied to a general candidate but gets appointment to a post reserved for his group. That is what  is meant by “reservation”. That is the effect of “reservation”.  41. Now in a case where the reserved candidate has not opted to contest on his merit but has opted for the reserved post, if  a roster is  set  at  Level  1  for promotion of  the reserved candidate at various roster points to Level 2, the reserved candidate, if he is otherwise at the end of the merit list, goes to Level 2 without competing with general candidates and he goes up by a large number of places. In a roster with 100 places, if the roster points are 8, 16, 24 etc. at each of these points the reserved candidate if he is at the end of the merit list, gets promotion to Level 2 by side­stepping several general candidates. That is the effect of the roster­point promotion. 42. It deserves to be noticed that the roster points fixed at Level 1 are not intended to determine any seniority at Level   1   between   general   candidates   and   the   reserved candidates. This aspect we shall consider again when we come to Mervyn Continho v. Collector of Customs (1966) 3 SCR 600 lower down. The roster point merely becomes operative   whenever   a   vacancy   reserved   at   Level   2 becomes available. Once such vacancies are all filled, the roster   has   worked   itself   out.   Thereafter   other   reserved candidates can be promoted only when a vacancy at the reserved points already filled arises. That was what was decided in R.K. Sabharwal v. State of Punjab (1995) 2 SCC 745.”  24. In   Ajit   Singh   (II) ,   the   decision   of   this   Court   in   R.K. Sabharwal  case has, thus, been explained as under: [20] “P.S.  Ghalaut   v.  State  of   Haryana   [(1995)   5  SCC   625] relied upon by Dr. Chauhan, is a decision rendered by a two   Judge   bench.   In   that   case   Rule   13   of   the   Rules envisaged that the seniority inter se of members of the service shall be determined by the length of continuous service on any post in the service; provided further that in the   case   of   two   or   more   members   appointed   by   direct recruitment,   the   order   of   merit   determined   by   the Commission shall not be disturbed in fixing the seniority. Despite the said Rule, it was held as under:  “Take for instance Vacancies Nos. 1 and 6, as pointed out in the Chief Secretary's letter have admittedly been reserved for Scheduled Castes. Suppose   recruitment   was   made   to   fill   up   ten vacancies,   three   candidates   from   Scheduled Castes were selected on the basis of reserved quota.   The   question   is   whether   the   first candidate will be put in the quota allotted to the Scheduled   Castes   in   the   roster.   Having   been selected as a general candidate, though he is more   meritorious   than   the   second   and   third candidates, he will not get the placement in the roster, reserved for Scheduled Castes i.e. Nos. 1 and 6 points. Consequently candidates Nos. 2 and 3 will get the placement at Nos. 1 and 6 and the first candidate will get the placement in the order of merit along with the general candidates according to the order of merit maintained by the Selection   Committee   or   the   Public   Service Commission.   He   cannot   complain   that   having been selected in the merit, he must be placed in the placement reserved for Scheduled Castes at Point No. 1 in the roster. Equally, though general candidate   is   more   meritorious   in   the   order   of merit prepared by the Public Service Commission or   the   Selection   Committee,   when   the appointments are made and the vacancies are filled up according to the roster, necessarily and inevitably the reserved candidates though less meritorious in the order of merit maintained by the Public Service Commission would occupy the respective places assigned in the roster. Thereby [21] they   steal   a   march   over   some   of   the   general candidates   and   get  seniority  over  the   general candidates.   This   scheme   is,   therefore, constitutional, valid and is not arbitrary.” We have not been able to persuade ourselves to the aforesaid view.”  25.  It will be of interest to note that the hypothetical situation taken   up   by   this   Court   in   (supra)   where   two P.S.   Ghalaut   reserved category candidates were pitted against each other, was actually   extracted   by   this   Court   in   para   36   of   the   report   in Bimlesh Tanwar  (supra) and this Court recorded that the same was not correct. In para 40 of the report this Court eventually held as follows:­  “40. An affirmative action in terms of Article 16(4) of the   Constitution   is   meant   for   providing   a representation of class of citizenry who are socially or economically backward. Article 16 of the Constitution of India is applicable in the case of an appointment. It does not speak of fixation of seniority. Seniority is, thus, not to be fixed in terms of the roster points. If that is done, the rule of affirmative action would be extended which would strictly not be in consonance of the constitutional schemes. We are of the opinion that the decision in P.S. Ghalaut does not lay down a good law.”  26. What was done in  Bimlesh Tanwar  (supra) was actually a declaration   of   law.   Therefore,   the   same   will   have   retrospective effect. In  , (2007) 3 SCC 557, this P.V. George v. State of Kerala [22] Court held that  “the law declared by a court will have retrospective effect, if not otherwise stated to be so specifically”.  27. This Court was conscious of the fact, as could be seen from paragraph 19 of the report in  P.V. George  (supra), that when the doctrine of  stare decisis  is not adhered to, a change in the law may adversely affect the interest of the citizens. But still this Court held that the power to apply the doctrine of prospective overruling (so   as  to  remove   the  adverse  effect)  must  be  exercised  in   the clearest possible term.  28.  Therefore, it is clear that anything done as a consequence of the decision of this Court in   (supra), cannot stand P.S. Ghalaut since   this   Court   did   not   apply   the   doctrine   of   prospective overruling in   (supra) in express terms. It goes as Bimlesh Tanwar follows:­  “(i) In Union of India v. Virpal Singh [(1995) 6 SCC 684], this Court upheld the stand taken by the Railways that reserved category candidates who got   promotion   at   roster   points   would   not   be entitled to claim seniority at the promotional level as   against   senior   general   category   candidates who got promoted at a later point of time to the same level. The Court held that the State was entitled to provide, what came to be known in popular terms as the “catch up rule” enabling the [23] senior   general   category   candidates   who   got promoted later, to claim seniority over and above the   roster   point   promotee   who   got   promoted earlier.  (ii) The catch up rule formulated in Virpal was approved by a three member Bench in Ajit Singh Januja v. State of Punjab [(1996) 2 SCC 715]. This case came to be known as Ajit Singh (I). (iii)   But,   another   three   member   Bench   took   a different view in Jagdish Lal v. State of Haryana [(1997) 6 SCC 538] and held that while the rights of   the   reserved   candidates   under   Article   16(4) and 16(4­A) were fundamental rights, the right to promotion   was   a   statutory   right   and   that therefore, the roster point promotees have to be given seniority on the very same basis as those having continuous officiation in a post. (iv) Since Jagdish Lal took a view contrary to the views expressed in Virpal Singh and Ajit Singh (I),   the   State   of   Punjab   filed   Interlocutory Applications   before   this   Court,   seeking clarifications.   These   Interlocutory   Applications were   placed   before   a   Constitution   Bench comprising of 5 Judges, in view of the fact that two Benches of coordinate jurisdiction (both three member   Benches)   had   taken   diametrically opposite   views.   The   decision   rendered   by   the larger Bench of 5 Judges on these Applications came to be known as Ajit Singh (II), in Ajit Singh v. State of Punjab [(1999) 7 SCC 209]. (v) Eventually, the Constitution Bench held in Ajit Singh (II) that the roster point promotees cannot count   their   seniority   in   the   promoted   category, [24] from the date of their continuous officiation in the promoted   post,   vis­a­vis   the   general   category candidates who were senior to them in the lower category   and   who   were   later   promoted.   As   a consequence,   Virpal   and   Ajit   Singh   (I)   were declared   to   have   been   decided   correctly   and Jagdish Lal was declared to be incorrect.” 29. Thus, the principle of law discernible from all the aforesaid decisions of this Court is that the roster system is only for the purpose of ensuring that the quantum of reservation is reflected in the recruitment process. It has nothing to do with the inter­se seniority among those recruited. To put it in other words, the roster points do not determine the seniority of the appointees who gain simultaneous appointments; that is to say, those who are appointed   collectively   on   the   same   date   or   are   deemed   to   be appointed on the same date, irrespective when they joined their posts. The position of law as discussed about could be said to be prevailing   even   while   the   High   Court   of   Jammu   &   Kashmir decided by a Full Court Resolution to determine the seniority on the basis of roster points. [25] 30. We are not inclined to carve out an exception for the 2003 appointees that is the petitioners herein before us. The High Court in our view rightly applied the principle of law explained by this Court in the case of  Bimlesh Tanwar  (supra). 31. There is one another important aspect of this matter, we need to take notice of.  The High Court in its impugned judgment and order  has observed that  the appointments of the selected officers were made in terms of Rule 42 of the Jammu & Kashmir Civil   Services   (Judicial)   Recruitment   Rules   1967   vide   the Government   order   dated   06.08.2003   that   is   much   after   the pronouncement of the judgment in the case of  Bimlesh Tanwar (supra). It makes all the differences. 32. In the overall view of the matter, we are convinced that there is   no   jurisdictional   infirmity   or   any   other   infirmity   in   the impugned   judgment   passed   by   the   High   Court   warranting interference at our end [26] 33. In the result, this petition fails and is hereby dismissed. ………………………………………..J. (SURYA KANT) ………………………………………..J. (J.B. PARDIWALA) JUNE 27, 2022 NEW DELHI [27]