STATE OF MAHARASHTRA vs. INDIAN HOTEL & RETAURANTS ASSN.

- 1 - REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO.2705 OF 2006

VERSUS Indian Hotel & Restaurants Assn. & Ors. ...Respondents WITH CIVIL APPEAL NO.2704 OF 2006 State of Maharashtra & Ors. Etc. Etc. ..Appellants VERSUS Ramnath Vishnu Waringe Etc. Etc. ...Respondents WITH JUDGMENT CIVIL APPEAL NO._5504_____ OF 2013 [Arising out of S.L.P. (C) No.14534 of 2006] Ghar Hakka Jagruti Charitable Trust ...Appellant VERSUS State of Maharashtra & Ors. ...Respondents J U D G M E N T Page 1 - 2 - SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR,J. 1. Leave granted in SLP (C) No.14534 of 2006. 2. These civil appeals seek to challenge common judgment

2005 and W.P.No.2587 of 2005 passed by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay, whereby Section 33A of the Bombay Police Act, 1951 as inserted by the Bombay Police (Amendment) Act, 2005 has been declared to be ultra vires Articles 14 and 19(1)(g) of the Constitution of India. Summary of Facts – 3. Brief facts leading to the filing of the aforesaid writ petitions are – The Bombay Police Act, 1951 (hereinafter ‘the Act’) was JUDGMENT enacted in the year 1951 with the object of consolidating and amending the law relating to the regulation of the exercise of powers and performance of the functions by the State Government for maintenance of public order. Section 33 of the Act authorises the State Government to frame rules regulating places of public amusement and entertainment. By virtue of Section 33 of the Act, the “Rules for Licensing and Controlling Places of Public Amusement (other than Page 2 - 3 - Cinemas) and Performances for Public Amusement including Melas & Tamashas, 1960” (hereinafter ‘the Rules’) were enacted to regulate and maintain discipline in places of public amusement, melas etc. 4. In 1986, orchestra and dance in hotels was permitted to be performed pursuant to the Rules and such institutions functioned under terms and conditions laid down therein. However, several cases relating to violation of the terms and conditions of performance licences came to be registered. It is claimed that 20,196 cases were registered under Section 33(w), 110 and 117 of the Act from the year 2000 till 2005. Also, various cases of minor girls being rescued from dance bars were reported during the said period 2002-2005. The appellants have referred to the JUDGMENT case histories from the Government Special Rehabilitation Centre for Girls (Special Home) of 10 girl children rescued from such establishments under Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 by Mumbai Police, which according to the appellants, correctly depict the prevailing situation. The Government of Maharashtra, Home Department, th on 10 December, 2002 passed resolution No. REH 012002/153/SE-5, noting therein : Page 3 - 4 - "It has come to notice that prostitution rackets are being run through pick up points in hotel establishments in which dance programmes are being conducted (Dance Bars) and that dance forms being presented therein are horrid and obscene and that criminals are being sheltered in such hotels. Such undesirable practices going on in hotel establishments have an adverse effect on society."

suggestions for amending the rules to deal with: a) Remedial measures to check other undesirable practices going on in hotel establishments presenting dance programmes. b) To prevent prostitution in hotel establishments c) Remedial measures to see that criminals are not sheltered in hotel establishments; d) To frame a code specifying what type of dance forms should be presented in hotel establishments. e) Creating a roving squad to check undesirable practices in hotel establishments and take strict JUDGMENT action against owner of those establishments. 5. Pursuant to the aforesaid resolution, the Committee submitted its recommendations which were incorporated and circulated to all the concerned authorities through the letter of the Home Department No. REH 012002/153/SB-5 th dated 16 July, 2004. In this letter, the suggested regulations were summarized as follows: Page 4 - 5 - a. There should be restrictions on the attire of the dancers. b. Dancing area must have a railing 3 feet high around it, and customer seats should be at least 5 feet away from the railing.

d. Customer rewards for dancing are to be routed through management of the establishment and customers are banned from going near the dancers or “showering money”. e. Names of dancers are to be registered with the establishment, a record kept of their employment, including details of identity/citizenship and place of residence. 6. This letter instructed all Judicial Magistrates and Police Commissioners to implement these recommendations with immediate effect. JUDGMENT th 7. On 6 August, 2004 the Chairperson of the Maharashtra State Commission for Women wrote to the State Government about the ongoing racketeering to lure girls to work in dance bars and their consequent acts of prostitution and immoral trafficking stating: “ Number of rackets indulging into physical and financial exploitation of girls working in dance bars by forcibly bringing them into this profession are found to be increasing alarmingly. In the metropolis Page 5 - 6 - of Mumbai, the problems of the bar girls have acquired grave dimensions and have resulted even into death of many bar girls. These women are forcibly induced into prostitution leading to total destruction of their life.”…. Further

“In the future this problem in all the probability would spoil our social health by acquiring increasingly grave dimensions, not confined only to Mumbai but extending to the National and even International levels.” 8. The letter went on to recommend a ban on such establishments by stating: “ I therefore, request you that the system of issuing permits to the Bar Girls by various departments of Government should be stopped forthwith, thereby relieving the women from their physical, sexual and financial exploitation in the future.” JUDGMENT 9. According to the appellant, the seriousness of the issues involved is well documented of which the Home Department was fully aware. The material available before the Home Department was as under: a. Copies of case history of 10 girl children rescued from dance bar(s) under Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956. b. Copies of complaints of victims’ families against illicit relations with bar dancers. Page 6 - 7 - c. Copies of complaints of Social Organizations against dance bars. d. Copies of FIRs of cases registered in relation to dance bars. e. Summary of cases registered under the Immoral

u/s 33(w) & 110 of Bombay Police Act, 1951 during the period 2000-2005 regarding dance bars. 10. Apart from this, a study of the socio-economic situation and rehabilitation needs of the women in dance bars was conducted by PRAYAS (a field action project of the Tata Institute of Social Sciences) in 2005. This study pointed out the relevant facts regarding exploitation of minor girls in dance bars. The study also pointed out that there was presence of the element of human trafficking in the entire JUDGMENT process; and that the environment of the dance bars was found to have negative impact on the physical and mental health of the minor girls. The study also pointed out that the atmosphere in the dance bars increased the vulnerability of the minor children to sexual exploitation. It is also the case of the appellants that independent of registration of offences under Bombay Police Act and PITA Act as well as IPC, several complaints had been received from various segments of society urging the State Page 7 - 8 - Government to take steps for closure of the dance bars by legislative action. 11. Taking into consideration the aforesaid material, the

on youth and dignity of women. The Assembly further felt that the existing measures were insufficient to tackle the subject. Just at that time, a ‘Call Attention Motion’ was tabled by Shri Vivek Patil in the State Legislative Assembly th on 30 March, 2005. A detailed reply was given by Shri st R.R. Patil, Hon’ble Dy. Chief Minster to the same, on 21 July, 2005. Taking stock of the entire situation, the State Government came to a tentative opinion that performance of dances in eating houses, permit rooms or beer bars in JUDGMENT an indecent manner is derogatory to the dignity of women and is likely to deprave, corrupt and/or injure public morality. It was evident on the basis of the material available to the Government that permit rooms or beer bars licensed under the relevant rules, were indulging in exploitation of women by permitting the performance of dances in an indecent obscene or vulgar manner. The Government, therefore, considered it expedient to prohibit Page 8 - 9 - such dance performances in eating houses or permit rooms or beer bars. 12. It was emphasised that even prior to the aforesaid

their ill- effects on the society in general, including ruining of some families. The dance bars were also used as meeting points by criminals and pick up joints of girls indulging in immoral activities. Young girls desirous of earning easy money were being attracted to such dance bars and getting involved in immoral activities. The decision was, therefore, taken by the State Government to prohibit performance of dance in eating houses or permit rooms or beer bars by suitably amending the Bombay JUDGMENT Police Act, 1951. 13. The State Government took a conscious decision upon consideration of the various factors to add Sections 33A and 33B to the Bombay Police Act. The necessary amendment was introduced in Maharashtra Legislative th Assembly on 14 July, 2005. The Bill was passed by the st Legislative Assembly on 21 July, 2005 and by the Page 9 - 10 - rd Legislative Council on 23 July, 2005. The amended Act No. 35 of 2005, incorporating Sections 33A & 33B in the Bombay Police Act, 1951, came into force after receiving the assent of the Governor of the Maharashtra by

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It was contended: • That the State of Maharashtra does not have the legislative

• That the impugned amendment was not reserved for the assent of the President and therefore is unconstitutional under Article 254 of the Constitution and also that the State does not have the power to implement international conventions and hence this enactment amounts to fraud on the Constitution. • That the enactment results in interference with the independence of judiciary as no reasons are provided under S. 33A(2) of the Act for awarding lesser punishments. • That the affidavit filed by Youraj Laxman Waghmare was not in compliance with Order 19 Rule 3 of the Civil Procedure Code as no verification clause was provided. JUDGMENT • That the establishment of the petitioners is a place of public amusement as defined under S. 2(10) and 2(9) entertainment and public respectively and not an "eating place" under S.2(5A) of the Bombay Prohibition Act, 1951 and hence the provisions do not bind the petitioners. • That S. 33A and 33B are arbitrary under Article 14 as they provide for different standards of morality to institutions with similar activities and that the activities in S. 33A establishments are less obscene but nonetheless the classification bears no nexus to the object of the Amendment. • That S. 33A is violative of Article 15 on the basis of gender discrimination as the dancers are mainly women. • That there is violation of Article 19 (1)(a) as dance is a form of Page 11 - 12 - expression and that the impugned enactment is an unreasonable restriction and it is not by protected by Article 19(2). • That there is an unreasonable restriction on right to freedom of profession as the State Government permitted and granted licenses for running such establishments being

their profession. • That right to life under Article 21 is infringed as right to livelihood and that the State has not provided for any life includes right to rehabilitation. 15. The State of Maharashtra defended the challenge to enactment as follows: • That the impugned enactment is covered by the List II. Entries 1- Public Order, 2- Police, 6- Public Order, 8- Intoxicants, 33- Entertainment or Amusement, 64- Offences against laws. • That the 'eating houses' are covered in the impugned public entertainment places, as license is issued enactment as they would fall in JUDGMENT to an eating house, which enjoys an additional facility to serve liquor, wine and beer. • That there is no violation of Article 19(1)(a) as the dance being conducted is not an expression but a profession where restrictions can be imposed. • That there is no violation of Article 15 as the ban on obscene dance applies to men and women. • That the several minor girls danced to get rewarded with led to a competition between performers cash by enticing customers, that leading to greatest rewards reserved for the greatest indignities which escalated prostitution which lead to registration of several cases under Prevention of Immoral Trafficking Act and under Bombay Police Act. That this led the legislatures to make an independent Page 12 - 13 - classification of these establishments to safeguard the dignity of women, and public morality. That there are only six exempted establishments and that obscene performances are not permitted in such exempted establishments. Hence there is no violation of Article 14. • That with regard to Article 19(I) (g) there is no absolute profession and that the same is subject to public right to conduct trade or order, decency and morality and hence the restriction is reasonable and justified.

been constituted by Women and Child Welfare Department to train and assist the "bar girls" in availing benefits of the various Government Schemes for employment and providing alternative dignified vocations. 16. After considering the aforesaid arguments of both the sides, the High Court has, inter alia , held that the type of dancing in both categories of establishments differs and while the difference is not capable of precise legislative definition, it is sufficient to constitute intelligible differentia. However, the fact of different types of dancing being performed bears no nexus with the object sought to be achieved, which, as understood by the Bombay High Court, was limited to the exploitation of women dancers. Consequently, the operation of the impugned enactment is discriminatory. 17. With these observations, the High Court declared that JUDGMENT Sections 33A and 33B of the Bombay Police Act, 1951 are ultra vires Articles 14 and 19(1)(g) of the Constitution of India. 18. We have heard the learned counsel for the parties at some length. But before we notice the submissions at this stage it would be appropriate to reproduce the provisions in Sections 33A and 33B of the Bombay Police Act, 1951. Sections 33A and 33B of the Bombay Police Act: Page 13 - 14 - 19. The provisions read as under:

(a) holding of a performance of dance, of any kind or type, in any eating house, permit room or beer bar is prohibited; (b) all performance licences, issued under the aforesaid rules by the Commissioner of Police or the District Magistrate or any other officer, as the case may be, being the Licensing Authority, to hold a dance performance, of any kind or type, in an eating house, performance, of any kind or type, in an eating house, permit room or beer bar shall stand cancelled. (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 131, any person who holds or causes or permits to be held a dance performance of any kind or type, in an eating house, permit room or beer bar in contravention of Sub-section (1) shall, on conviction, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and with fine which may extend to rupees two lakhs: Provided that, in the absence of special and adequate reasons to the contrary to be mentioned in the judgment of the Court, such imprisonment shall not be less than three months and fine shall not be less than rupees fifty thousand. JUDGMENT (3) If it is, noticed by the Licensing Authority that any person, whose performance licence has been cancelled under Sub-section (1), holds or causes to be held or permits to hold a dance performance of Page 14

33B. Subject to the other provisions of this Act, or any other law for the time being in force, nothing in section 33A shall apply to the holding of a dance performance in a drama theatre, cinema theatre and auditorium; or sports club or gymkhana, where entry is restricted to its members only, or a three starred or above hotel or in any other establishment or class of establishments, which, having regard to (a) the tourism policy of the Central or State Government for promoting the tourism activities in the State; or (b) cultural activities, the State Government may, by special or general order, specify in this behalf. JUDGMENT Explanation.--For the purposes of this section, "sports club" or "gymkhana" means an establishment registered as such under the provisions of the Bombay Public Trusts Act, 1950, or the Societies Registration Act, 1860 or the Companies Act, 1956, or any other law for the time being in force.” Page 15 - 16 - Statement of Objects and Reasons 20. The Statement of Objects and Reasons clause appended to Bill No. LX of 2005 as introduced in the

reads as under: (1) The Commissioner of Police, District Magistrates or other officers, being Licensing Authorities under the Rules framed in exercise of the powers of Sub- section (1) of Section 33 of the Bombay Police Act, 1951 have granted licences for holding dance performance in the area under their respective charges in the State. The object of granting such performance licence is to hold such dance performance for public amusement. It is brought to the notice of the State Government that the eating houses or permit rooms or beer bars to whom licences to hold dance performance, have been granted are permitting the performance of dances in JUDGMENT an indecent, obscene or vulgar manner. It has also been brought to the notice of the Government that such performance of dances are giving rise to exploitation of women. The Government has received several complaints regarding the manner of holding such dance performances. The Government considers that the performance of dances in eating houses, permit rooms or beer bars in an indecent manner is derogatory to the dignity of women and is likely to deprave, corrupt or injure the public morality or morals. The Government considers it expedient to Page 16

Page 17 - 18 - 3. The Bill is intended to achieve the following objectives.” Preamble “Whereas the Commissioners of Police, District Magistrates and certain other Officers, have granted performance

licences is to hold such dance performance for public amusement; And whereas it is brought to the notice of the State Government that the eating houses, permit rooms or beer bars to whom licences to hold a dance performance have been granted are permitting performance of dances in an indecent, obscene or vulgar manner; And whereas it has also been brought to the notice of the Government that such performance of dances are giving rise to exploitation of women; And whereas the Government has received several JUDGMENT complaints regarding the manner of holding of such dance performance; And whereas the Government considers that such performance of dances in eating houses, permit rooms or beer bars are derogatory to the dignity of woken and are likely to deprave, corrupt or injure the public morality or morals. And whereas the Government considered it expedient to prohibit such holding of performance of dances in eating houses, permit rooms and beer bars.” Page 18 - 19 - Legal Submissions: 21. Mr. Harish N. Salve, Mr. Gopal Subramanium and

appellants. Mr. Gopal Subramanium has supplemented the oral submissions by written submissions. The common submissions are noted with the appellation of learned senior counsel, referring to all the aforesaid learned senior counsel. 22. Learned senior counsel have made submissions confined only to the issue as to whether Sections 33A and 33B of the Bombay Police Act infringe Article 14 and with regard to the provisions being ultra vires Article 19(1)(g) of JUDGMENT the Constitution as all the other issues raised by the respondents were rejected by the High Court. The High Court had specifically rejected the challenge to the vires of the provisions under Article 15(1), 19(1)(a) and Article 21. 23. Learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the classification made by the impugned enactment is based on intelligible differentia, having a nexus with the object Page 19 - 20 - sought to be achieved. It is submitted that the impugned order suffers from flawed reasoning. The classification made between establishments under Sections 33A and 33B is not solely on the basis of the different kinds of

dance performances and surrounding circumstances including the customers. Therefore according to Mr. Gopal Subramanium, the establishments must be understood in broader terms than is understood by the High Court. According to Mr. Harish Salve and Mr. Gopal Subramanium, the judgment of the High Court is too restrictive. 24. It was emphasised by the learned senior counsel that JUDGMENT the High Court has failed to understand the distinction between the two provisions and the object sought to be achieved. Mr. Gopal Subramanium has listed the differences factored into the classification made by the impugned enactment. According to the learned senior counsel, the impugned enactment is based on intelligible differentia which could be categorized under the following broad heads: Page 20 - 21 - (i) Type of dance; (ii) Form of remuneration; (iii) Demand for vulnerable women; (iv) Degree of Harm; (v) Regulatory feasibility. 25. It was submitted that in the banned establishments, the

taken this profession when they had no other option. Further, the dance is vulgar and obscene. Women are showered with money when they are dancing, which does not happen in the exempted establishments. Learned senior counsel further submitted that the classification based on type of dance need not be scientifically perfect but ought not to be palpably arbitrary. According to the learned senior counsel, in the present case, it is not just that the type of dance performed is different but the JUDGMENT surrounding circumstances are also different. In the exempted establishments, the distance between the dancing platform and the audience is greater than at the banned establishments. This, according to the learned senior counsel, is sufficient to justify the classification between the exempted establishments and the banned establishments. Therefore, it cannot be said that the classification is palpably arbitrary . In support of the Page 21 - 22 - submissions, the learned senior counsel relied on the observations made by this Court in Shashikant Laxman 1 Kale & Anr. Vs. Union of India & Anr. wherein this Court observed as follows :-

26. Reliance was also placed Welfare Association, A.R.P., Maharashtra & Anr. Vs. Ranjit P. Gohil & 2 Ors. , wherein this Court observed that: “…………..It is difficult to expect the legislature carving out a classification which may be scientifically perfect or logically complete or which may satisfy the expectations of all concerned, still the court would respect the classification dictated by the wisdom of the legislature and shall interfere only on being convinced that the classification would result in pronounced inequality or palpable arbitrariness on the touchstone of Article 14.” JUDGMENT 27. With regard to the form of remuneration, learned senior counsel submitted that remuneration to dancers in banned establishments is generally made out of the money which is showered on them. This creates an unhealthy competition between the dancers to attract the attention of the customers. Therefore, each dancer tries to outdo her competitors in terms of sexual suggestion through 1 (1990) 4 SCC 366 2 (2003) 9 SCC 358 Page 22 - 23 - dance. This, in turn, creates an unsafe atmosphere not just for the dancers, but also for the other female employees of such establishments.

from outside the State of Maharashtra. These girls are lured into bar dancing on false pretext. Supporting this submission, the following observations are pointed out in the same report: “Some unmarried girls have entered the world of bars just because of its glamour. Not a few have come of their own free will. Many less educated girls are attracted to a livelihood that makes them quick money”. 29. On the basis of the aforesaid, learned senior counsel submitted that the activities that are carried out in JUDGMENT establishments covered under Section 33A i.e. not just the dance itself but the surrounding circumstances of the dance are calculated to raise the illusion of access to women, irrespective of the consent or dignity of women, in men who are often in an inebriated condition. In this context, learned senior counsel relied on the case history of girl children rescued from the dance bar(s) under Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956; complaints of Page 23 - 24 - victims family against illicit relations with bar dancers; complaints of social organizations against dance bars; copies of First Information Reports of cases registered in relation to dance bars; summary of cases registered under

2000-2005 regarding dance bars. 30. It is submitted by the learned senior counsel for the appellants that by comparison such complaints have been minimal in the case of exempted establishments. The same kind of behaviour is not seen as a norm. Learned senior counsel submitted that undesirable, anti social and immoral traffic is directly relatable to certain kind of dancing activities performed in prohibited establishments which are not performed in exempted establishments. Therefore, there is a rational distinction between the exempted JUDGMENT establishments and the prohibited establishments. In support of the submissions, reliance was placed on the judgment of this Court in the case of Stat e of Uttar 3 Pradesh Vs. Kaushailiya & Ors. , wherein the Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act, 1956 was constitutional validity of called in question. This Court upheld the validity of the classification between a prostitute who is a public nuisance and one who is not. 3 AIR 1964 SC 416 Page 24 - 25 - 31. Taking up the next head on which the classification has been sought to be justified as intelligible differentia, i.e. “the demand for vulnerable women,” learned senior counsel relied on certain observations made by one Cathatine Mackinnon (1993) in an article entitled “ Prostitution and Civil Rights” which appeared in Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, Volume I : 13-31 . The argument given by the author therein was that: “If prostitution is a free choice, why are the women with the fewest choices the ones most often found doing it?... The money thus acts as a form of force, not as a measure of consent. It acts like physical force does in rape.” 32. Taking cue from the aforesaid comments, learned senior counsel submitted that the dancing that takes place in the banned establishments has a similar effect on the JUDGMENT psyche of the woman involved, and functions within the same parameters of the understanding of consent. It was emphasised that as a general rule, dancing in a dance bar is not a profession of choice, but of necessity, and consequently, there is a demand not for women of means and options, but vulnerable women, who may not have families and communities to turn to and are completely dependent on their employers. In support of the aforesaid Page 25 - 26 - submissions, reliance was placed upon Prayas and Shubhada Chaukar Reports. 33. It was submitted that the High Court erroneously

34. Now coming to the next head: “Justifying the classification on the criterion of “Degree of Harm.” The appellants emphasised that the characteristics of the dancing that is sought to be prohibited have, to a greater degree than the activities that may be comparable at first blush, created an atmosphere where physical and emotional violence to women was both profitable and normalized. It is, therefore, rational to classify these establishments as a separate class based on the degree of JUDGMENT harm that they trigger. Support for this submission is sought from the observations made by this Court in Ram 4 Krishna Dalmia Vs. Justice S.R. Tendolkar wherein it was observed as follows: “The decisions of this Court further establish – (d) that the legislature is free to recognize degrees of harm and may confine its restrictions to those cases where the need is deemed to be the clearest.” 35. Reliance was also placed on the observations made in 4 AIR 1958 SC 538 Page 26 - 27 - the case of Joseph Patsone Vs. Commonwealth of 5 Pennsylvania . This was a case whereby an Act in Pennsylvania made it unlawful for unnaturalised foreign born residents to kill wild game, except in defence of

challenged as being unconstitutional under due process th and equal protection provisions of the 14 Amendment of the United States Constitution. The Court upheld the Act as constitutional and observed as follows: "The discrimination undoubtedly presents a more difficult question, but we start with the general consideration that a State may classify with reference to the evil to be prevented, and that if the class discriminated against is or reasonably might be considered to define those from whom the evil mainly is to be feared, it properly may be picked out. A lack of abstract symmetry does not matter. The question is a practical one dependent upon experience. The demand for symmetry ignores the specific difference that experience is supposed to have shown to mark the class. It is not enough to invalidate the law that others may do the same thing and go unpunished, if as a matter of fact, it is found that the danger is characteristic of the class named. Lindsley v. Natural Carbonic Gas Co., 220 U.S. 61,80,81. The State ‘may direct its law against what it deems the evil as it actually exists without covering the whole field of possible abuses’…….. The question therefore narrows itself to whether this court can say that legislature of Pennsylvania was not warranted in assuming as its premise for the law that resident unnaturalised aliens were the peculiar source of the evil that it desired to prevent. Barrett v Indiana, 229 U.S. 26, 29. JUDGMENT 5 232 U.S. 138 (1914) Page 27 - 28 - Obviously the question so stated is one of local experience on which this court ought to be very slow to declare that the stale legislature was wrong in its facts. Adams v Milwaukee, 228 US. 572, 583. If we might trust popular speech in some states it was right - but it is enough that this Court has no such knowledge of local conditions as to be able to say that it was manifestly wrong."

6 Keokee Consolidated Coke Co. Vs. Taylor , which are as follows: "It is more pressed that the act discriminates unconstitutionally against certain classes. But while there are differences of opinion as to the degree and kind of discrimination permitted by the Fourteenth Amendment, it is established by repeated decisions that a statute aimed at what is deemed an evil, and hitting it presumably where experience shows it to be most felt, is not to be upset by thinking up and enumerating other instances to which it might have been applied equally well, so far as the court can see. That is for the legislature to judge unless the case is very clear." 37. The next judgment relied upon by the appellants is JUDGMENT 7 Radice Vs. People of the State of New York , in which the New York Statute was challenged, as it prohibited employment of women in restaurants in cities of first and second class between hours of 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. The Court upheld the legislation in the following words : “Nor is the statute vulnerable to the objection that it constitutes a denial of the equal protection of the laws. The points urged under this head are (a) that the act discriminates between cities of the first and second class and other cities and communities; and 6 234 U.S.224 (1913) 7 264 U.S. 292 (1924) Page 28 - 29 - (b) excludes from its operation women employed in restaurants as singers and performers, attendants in ladies' cloak rooms and parlors, as well as in lunch rooms or restaurants conducted by employees solely for the benefit of their employees.

JUDGMENT The U.S. Court then relied upon the observations made in Joseph Patsone’s case (supra), Keokee Consolidated Coke Co. case (supra) which we have already noticed. 38. Further, learned counsel supported the submissions by relying upon the case of Mohd. Hanif Quareshi Vs. 8 State of Bihar , wherein the court held as under:

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39. On the basis of the aforesaid extracts, learned counsel submitted that the classification between the exempted establishments and prohibited establishment is also based on “Degree of Harm”. The legislature is the best judge to measure the degree of harm and make reasonable classification. JUDGMENT 40. Coming to the next factor– Regulatory Feasibility , which, according to the learned senior counsel, supports the validity of the classification. It was submitted that the import of the impugned enactment is not that, what is prohibited in establishments under Section 33A is to be permitted in establishments under Section 33B. It is submitted by the appellants that the acts which are degrading, dehumanising and facilitating of gender violence in society do not cease to be so simply by virtue Page 30 - 31 - of it being made exclusively available to an economically stronger sections of society. It is the submission of the appellants that the State has already made extensive regulatory provisions under various enactments. This

regulatory measures are with a view to cure social evils. The impugned enactment, according to the appellants, is a form of an additional regulation. It is justified on the ground that the existing system of licenses and permits is not sufficient to deal with the problem of ever increasing "dance bars". Relying on the observations made by this 9 Court in S.P. Mittal Vs. Union of India & Ors. it was submitted by the appellants that it is the prerogative of the Government to decide if certain forms of regulation are JUDGMENT insufficient, to provide for additional regulation. Reliance was also placed on the observations made in the case of Radice Vs . People of the State of New York (supra) which are as under :- "The basis of the first contention is that the statute unduly and arbitrarily interferes with the liberty of two adult persons to make a contract of employment for themselves. The answer of the state is that night work of kind prohibited, so injuriously threatens to impair their peculiar and natural functions, and so exposes them to the dangers and menaces incident to night life in large cities, that a statute prohibiting 9 (1983) 1 SCC 51 Page 31 - 32 - such work falls within the police power of the state to preserve and promote the public health and welfare.

JUDGMENT 41. Relying on the aforesaid, it is submitted that exempted establishments as understood by Section 33B are gymkhanas, three starred or above hotels. In order to be considered three stars or above establishments, such establishments have to meet greater degrees of scrutiny, both from Government and from private associations (hoteliers, reviewers etc). In fact, such establishments generally maintain standards higher than the standards Page 32 - 33 - expected of them under the regulation. Therefore, the regulation of such establishments is significantly easier, as opposed to the prohibited establishments. These establishments function, according to the appellants, to a

the exempted establishments, which at present are six in number, than attempting to police the much greater number of prohibited establishments. It is also pointed out that in cases where an exempted establishment is found carrying out activities prohibited in S.33A, it is incumbent on the relevant authority to revoke the permission for such acts. Therefore, it was submitted that the significant difference in feasibility of regulation is another basis for classifying prohibited establishments. The High Court, JUDGMENT according to the counsel, failed to examine the two provisions in a proper perspective. 42. The next submission of the appellants is that “the objective of the Act is an expression of the Obligation on the State to secure safety, social order, public order and dignity of women.” It is submitted that a bare perusal of the Preamble of the amending Act and the Statement of Page 33 - 34 - Objects and Reasons would make it clear that the State enacted the legislation only after receipt of complaints from various social organizations as well as from various individuals. The Preamble makes it clear that the

exploitation of women, and further that the performance of dances in eating houses, permit rooms or beer bars are derogatory to the dignity of women and are likely to deprave, corrupt or injure the public morality or morals. The High Court ought to have considered the Statement of Objects and Reasons and Preamble of the Act to discern the true intention of the legislature. In support of the submission that the Court ought to have looked at the objects and reasons, reliance is placed on the observations JUDGMENT of this Court in Shashikant Laxman Kale (supra), wherein it is observed as follows: “It is first necessary to discern the true purpose or object of the impugned enactment because it is only with reference to the true object of the enactment that the existence of a rational nexus of the differentia on which the classification is based, with the object sought to be achieved by the enactment, can be examined to test the validity of the classification….” Page 34 - 35 - 43. It was reiterated that the High Court has given a very restrictive interpretation to the phrase “exploitation of women”. The expression would include not only the women who dance in the prohibited establishments but

relations of not just the bar dancer, but for the women around the area. The High Court, according to the appellants, failed to take into account the object that the statutory provisions are in respect of an activity of exploitation of women conducted for financial gain by bar owners and their intermediaries. It is emphasised that the issue involved in this matter is not merely about dancing in the bars, but involves larger issues of dignity of women, the destruction of environments and circumstances where JUDGMENT it is profitable to keep women vulnerable. In such circumstances, the law is being used as a tool for dealing with the evils of human trafficking and prostitution, rather than simply prohibiting such activity without the administrative resources to effectively implement such prohibition. It is further submitted that the State is bound by this duty to protect the interest of its citizens especially its weaker sections under the Constitution. The legislation Page 35 - 36 - is sought to be justified on the touchstone of Article 23, Article 39(e) and Article 51A(e) of the Constitution. The action of' the Government is also justified on the ground that it is necessary to emancipate women from male

dancing is obscene, vulgar and casts considerable amount of negative influence on institutions like family, society, youth etc. 44. Mr. Gopal Subramanium also emphasised that the State cannot shut its eyes to the larger social problems arising out of bar dancing which is uncontrolled and impossible to regulate. He sought to justify the aforesaid submission by taking support from some observations made in Paris JUDGMENT Adult Theatre I Et. Al Vs. Lewis R. Slaton, District 10 Attorney, Atlanta Judicial Circuit, Et. Al . This case provides, according to the learned senior counsel, a discussion on relation with obscenity and pornography and the duty of the state to regulate obscenity. Reliance is placed on the following observations at pp 58, 60, 63, 64 and 69. 10 413 U.S. 49 [1973] Page 36 - 37 - “It is not for us to resolve empirical uncertainties underlying state legislation, save in exceptional Case where that legislation plainly impinges upon rights protected by the Constitution itself.” ………………

………………… “The sum of experience, including that of the past two decades, affords an ample basis for legislatures to conclude that a sensitive, key relationship of human existence, central to family life, community welfare, and the development of human personality, can be debased and distorted by crass commercial exploitation of sex. Nothing in the Constitution prohibits a state from reaching such a conclusion and action on it legislatively simply because there is no conclusive evidence or empirical data.” ………………………… “The states have the power to make a morally neutral judgment that public exhibition of obscene material or commerce in such material has a tendency to injure community as a whole, to endanger the public safety or to jeopardise in Mr. Chief Justice Warren's words, the States' "right ... to maintain a decent society". Jacobellis v Ohio 378 US at 199 (dissenting opinion)" JUDGMENT 45. It is further pointed out that the decision to ban obscene dancing is also in consonance with Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEADAW). Learned senior counsel further Page 37 - 38 - submitted that establishments covered by Section 33A have a greater direct and indirect effect on the exploitation of women, and the resultant and causative violence against women. It is submitted that the degree of

attributable to exempted establishments. 46. In any event, exempted establishments will also not be permitted to carry out such performances, but are left to the operation of parallel regulation simply because they are significantly fewer in number and their very nature facilitates effective regulation. Therefore, according to the learned senior counsel, the impugned enactment is not discriminatory as it makes a reasonable legislative classification which has a direct nexus with the object JUDGMENT sought to be achieved by the Act. In support of the proposition that there is a reasonable classification and that the State has the power to make such classification, reliance is placed on the observations made by this Court in Kedar Nath Bajoria & Anr. Vs. The State of West 11 Bengal which are as follows: "Now it is well settled that the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution does not mean that all laws must be general in 11 1954 SCR 30 Page 38

47. Reliance is also placed on the observations of this Court in Ram Krishna Dalmia Vs . Justice S.R. Tendolkar (supra) for outlining the scope and ambit of Article 14 of the Constitution of India. 48. Finally, it is submitted that the Government had various JUDGMENT documents and reports based on which they felt it important to regulate the menace of trafficking and to uphold the dignity of women. On the basis of the aforesaid material, it is submitted that the Government of Maharashtra enacted the amendment in good faith and knowledge of existing conditions after recognizing harm, confined the restrictions to cases where harm to women, public morality etc. was the highest. The High Court has failed to appreciate all the documentary evidence placed Page 39 - 40 - and gave a narrow meaning to the object of the Act which is in the larger interest of the women and society. Article 19(1)(g) -

senior counsel that the fundamental right under Article 19(1)(g) to practice any profession, trade or occupation is subject to restrictions in Article 19(6). Therefore, by prohibiting dancing under Section 33A, no right of the bar owners are being infringed. The curbs imposed by Sections 33A and 33B only restrict the owners of the prohibited establishments from permitting dances to be conducted in the interest of general public. The term “interest of general public” is a wide concept and embraces public JUDGMENT order and public morality. The reliance in support of this proposition was placed on State of Gujarat Vs. Mirzapur 12 Moti Kureshi Kassab Jamat & Ors. Reference was also made to Municipal Corporation of the City of Ahmedabad & Ors. Vs. Jan Mohammed Usmanbhai & 13 Anr. , wherein this Court gave a wide meaning to “interest of general public” and observed as follows : 12 AIR 2006 SC 212 13 (1986) 3 SCC 20 Page 40 - 41 - “The expression in the interest of general public' is of wide import comprehending public order, public health, public security, morals, economic welfare of the community and the objects mentioned in Part IV of the Constitution.”

bars show that they are not set up with an intention to propagate art, exchange ideas or spread knowledge. It is submitted that the dance performances in these prohibited establishments were conducted in obscene and objectionable manner to promote the sale of liquor. Therefore, the main activity conducted in these prohibited establishments is not a fundamental right. There is no fundamental right in carrying business or sale in liquor and Government has power to regulate the same. There is also JUDGMENT overwhelming evidence on record to show that girls have not opted for this profession out of choice but have been brought into this by middle men or other exploitative factors. There is no free and informed choice being made by the bar dancers. This is sought to be supported by the observations in the Prayas Report where it is stated : “In conclusion, the study has shown that most women did not know the nature of their employment at the time of getting into dance bars for work, and they were brought into this work through middle men. The basic elements of trafficking were found to Page 41 - 42 - be present in the process of entry, though it may not have been in its overt form. Having come here and seeing no other options, they had no choice but to continue in this sector……”. 51. The SNDT Report also shows that only 17.40% of the

have been exploiting the girls by sharing the tips received and also capitalizing on their performance to serve liquor and improve the sales and business. Again reliance is placed on the observations made in Prayas Report at page 47 which is as under : "The women working as either dancers or waiters were not paid any salary, but were dependant on tips given by customers in the bar, which varies from day-to-day and from women to another. This money is often shared with the bar owner as per a fixed ratio ranging from 30 to 60 percent." 52. The same conclusion is also found in Shubadha JUDGMENT Chaukar Report where it is stated that : "Tips given by enamoured customers are the main income of girls working in the bars. Normally dancers do not get a salary as such. The bar owner makes it look like he is doing a favour by allowing them to make money by dancing. So he does not give them a salary. On the contrary a dancer has to hand over to the owner 30 to 40 per cent of what she earns. This varies from bar to bar.” 53. On the basis of the above, it was submitted that the bar owners with a view to attract customers introduced dance Page 42 - 43 - shows where extremely young girls dance in an indecent, obscene and vulgar manner which is detrimental to the dignity of women and depraves and corrupt the morality.

parlour owners from running their respective establishments i.e. restaurant business, beer parlours etc. What is being prohibited is only the dancing as a form of entertainment in such establishments. The bar owners can still conduct entertainment programmes like music, orchestras etc which are not prohibited. It is submitted that loss of income cannot be a reason for the bar owners to claim that their right to trade and profession is being infringed. This submission is sought to be supported by the JUDGMENT observations of this Court in T.B. Ibrahim Vs. Regional 14 Transport Authority, Tanjore . In this case it is observed by this Court as follows: “………………..There is no fundamental right in a citizen to carry on business wherever he chooses and his right must he subject to any reasonable restriction imposed by the executive authority in the interest of public convenience. The restriction may have the effect of eliminating the use to which the stand has been put hitherto but the restriction cannot be regarded as being unreasonable if the authority imposing such restriction has power to do so. Whether the abolition of stand was conducive to 14 [1953] 4 SCR 290 Page 43 - 44 - public convenience or not is a matter entirely for the transport authority to judge, and it is not open to the court to substitute its own opinion for the opinion of the Authority, which is in the best position, having regard to its knowledge of local conditions to appraise the situation".

concluded that the activity of young girls/women being introduced as bar dancers is not Res Extra Commercium . Such activity by the young girls is a dehumanising process. In any event, trafficking the girls into bar dancing completely lacks the element of conscious selection of profession. An activity which has harmful effects on the society cannot be classified as a profession or trade for protection under Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution. Such dances which are obscene and immoral would have to be considered as an activity which is 'Res Extra JUDGMENT Commercium '. The High Court has wrongly concluded otherwise. Reliance is also placed on the observations made by this Court in the case of State of Bombay Vs. 15 R.M.D. Chamarbaugwala & Anr. In this case, it was observed by this Court that activity of gambling could not be raised to the status of trade, commerce or intercourse and to be made subject matter of a fundamental right guaranteed by Article 19(1)(g). Similarly, in this case the 15 AIR 1957 SC 699 Page 44 - 45 - dance bars having negative impact on family, women, youth and has been augmenting the crime rate as well as trafficking and exploitation of women. Reference was again made to the various reports and studies to show the

placed on the judgment of this Court in Khoday Distilleries Ltd. & Ors. Vs. State of Karnataka & 16 Ors. , in support of the submission that the trading in liquor is not a fundamental right. This Court further observed that trafficking in women or in slaves or in counterfeit coins or to carry on business of exhibiting or publishing pornographic or obscene films and literature is not a fundamental right as such activities are vicious and pernicious. Reliance was placed on the following JUDGMENT observations: “ The correct interpretation to be placed on the expression "the right to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business" is to interpret it to mean the right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business which can be legitimately pursued in a civilised society being not abhorrent to the generally accepted standards of its morality. ………This is apart from the fact that under our Constitution the implied restrictions on the right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business are made explicit in clauses (2) to (6) of Article 19 of the Constitution and the State is permitted to make law for imposing the said restrictions .” 16 (1995) 1 SCC 574 Page 45

17 Anr. Relying on the aforesaid observations, it was submitted that in the banned establishments, the dance is performed amidst consumption of liquor and the State has every right and duty to regulate the consequence emanating from such circumstances. In support of this submission, the appellants relied on the judgment of the United States Supreme Court in New York State Liquor JUDGMENT Authority Vs. Dennis BELLANCA, DBA The Main 18 Event, Et Al. . In this case, the question raised was about the power of a State to prohibit topless dancing in an establishment licensed by State to serve liquor. It was claimed that the prohibition was violative of United States Constitution. U.S. Supreme Court, upon consideration of the issue, observed as follows: 17 (2004) 11 SCC 26 18 452 U.S. 714 (1981) Page 46

57. It was also submitted that in the present case the dance is conducted in an obscene manner and further the dance bars eventually happen to be pick up locations that also propagate prostitution in the area, which is sought to be prevented by the legislation. The appellants also relied on JUDGMENT 19 the judgment in Regina Vs. Bloom . In this case, the appellants were proprietors of the clubs who were charged with keeping a disorderly house, which arose out of matters that occurred in course of strip tease performances. The Court of Criminal Appeal (England) held that as regards the cases in which indecent performances or exhibition are alleged, a disorderly house is a house conducted contrary to law and good order in that matters 19 1961 3 W.L.R. 611 Page 47 - 48 - performed or exhibited are of such a character that their performance or exhibition in a place of common resort amounts to an outrage of public decency or tends to corrupt or deprave the dignity of women and public

public order and morality has banned dances in such establishments where regulation is virtually impossible. Since the obscene and vulgar dancing is a res extra commercium , the establishments cannot claim a fundamental right to conduct dance therein. 58. It is further submitted that the legislation also does not infringe any fundamental right of the bar dancers. The prohibition contained under Section 33A is not absolute JUDGMENT and the dancers can perform in exempted establishments. This apart, the dancers are also free to dance in auditoriums, at parties, functions, musical concerts, etc. According to the appellants, another important facet of the same submission is that the rights of the bar girls to dance are subject to the right of the bar owners to run the establishment. In other words, the right of the bar girls are derivative and they do not have absolute right to dance as Page 48 - 49 - a vocation or profession in the dance bars. This right would be automatically curtailed in case the dance bar is closed for economic reasons or as a result of licence being cancelled. In support of the submission, the appellants

JUDGMENT 59. Relying on the above, it is submitted that there is no absolute right for the bar girls to be employed in the dance bars and that the right to work would be subject to the continuation of the establishment. Hence, it is a derivative right emanating from the right of the dance bar owners to run the establishments subject to restrictions imposed. 20 AIR 1981 SC 344 Page 49 - 50 - 60. It is next submitted that the right to trade and profession is subject to reasonable restriction under Article 19(6) of the Constitution. The decision to impose the ban was to defend the weaker sections from social injustice

state interest in matters like safety, public health, crimes traceable to evils, material welfare, disruption of cultural pattern, fostering of prostitution, problems of daily life and multiplicity of crimes. Learned senior counsel for the appellants strongly relied upon the Statement of Objects and Reasons and the Preamble of the amending Act to reiterate that the State is enjoined with the duty to protect larger interest of the society when weaker sections are being exploited as objects of commerce and when there is JUDGMENT issue of public order and morality involved. 61. The appellants have relied on a number of judgments of this Court to illustrate the concept of “reasonable restriction” and the parameters within which the court will examine a particular restriction as to whether it falls within the ambit of Article 19(6). Reference was made to the 21 State of Madras Vs. V.G. Row , B.P. Sharma Vs. 21 AIR 1952 SC 196 Page 50 - 51 - 22 Union of India & Ors. , M.R.F. Ltd. Vs. Inspector 23 Kerala Govt. & Ors. . Since the principles are all succinctly defined, we may notice the observations made by this Court in B.P. Sharma’s case (supra) .

JUDGMENT "(1) While considering the reasonableness of the restrictions, the court has to keep in mind the directive principles of State policy. (2) Restrictions must not be arbitrary or of an excessive nature so as to go beyond the requirement of the interest of general public. (3) In order to judge the reasonableness of the restrictions, no abstract or general pattern or a fixed 22 (2003) 7 SCC 309 23 (1998) 8 SCC 227 Page 51 - 52 - principle can be laid down so as to be of universal application and the same will vary from case to case as also with regard to the changing conditions, values of human life, social philosophy of the Constitution, prevailing conditions and the surrounding circumstances.

(6) There must be a direct and proximate nexus or a reasonable connection between the restrictions imposed and the object sought to be achieved. If there is a direct nexus between the restrictions and the object of the Act, then a strong presumption in favour of constitutionality of the Act will naturally arise.” 62. Thereafter, Mr. Subramanium has cited State of Gujarat Vs. Mirzapur Moti Kureshi Kassab Jamat (supra) in support of the submission that Statement of Objects and Reasons would be relevant for considering as JUDGMENT to whether it is permissible to place a total ban under Article 19(6). After considering the principles laid down earlier, this court concluded as under:- “We hold that though it is permissible to place a total ban amounting to prohibition on any profession, occupation, trade or business subject to satisfying the test of being reasonable in the interest of general public, yet, in the present case banning slaughter of cow progeny is not a prohibition but only a restriction.” 63. Relying on the aforesaid, it was submitted that while Page 52 - 53 - considering the reasonableness, the court should consider the purpose of restriction imposed, extent of urgency, prevailing conditions at the time when the restriction was imposed. According to the appellants, in the instant case,

point. The tests laid down earlier were reiterated in M.J. 24 Sivani & Ors. Vs. State of' Karnataka & Ors. In this case, it is observed as follows : “18…………. In applying the rest of reasonableness, the broad criterion is whether the law strikes a proper balance between social control on the one hand and the right of individual on the other hand. The court must take into account factors like nature of the right enshrined, underlying purpose of the restriction imposed, evil sought to be remedied by the law, its extent and urgency, how far the restriction is or is not proportionate to the evil and the prevailing conditions at that time.” JUDGMENT 64. Relying on the aforesaid, it was submitted that the larger issue involved was the trafficking of young women and minors into dance bars and also incidentally leading to prostitution which could have been prevented to a large extent only by imposing the ban. In support of this, learned counsel have relied on the Prayas Report which shows that 6% of the women working in dance bars are minors and 87% are between the age of 18-30 years. 24 (1995) 6 SCC 289 Page 53 - 54 - Similarly, SNDT report states that minors constitute upto 6.80 % and those between 19 to 30 years of age constitute 88.20%. Prayas Report further states that "It was found that the women respondents did not find any

outsiders. They are often exposed to the sexual overtures of overenthusiastic customers and are aware of their vulnerability to get exploited". The appellants also relied on a number of complaints and the various cases of minor girls being rescued from dance bars during the period 2002-05 to buttress their submission that the young girls were subjected to human trafficking. Learned senior counsel also submitted that the High Court has erroneously concluded that if the women can safely work JUDGMENT as waitress in the Restaurants why can they not work as dancers. The learned senior counsel also submitted that the High Court wrongly proceeded on the basis that there was no evidence before the State or the Court in support of the legislation. On the basis of the above, it is submitted that the restrictions imposed are reasonable and the legislation deserves to be declared intra vires the constitutional provisions. Page 54 - 55 - 65. Further, it was submitted that the legislative wisdom cannot be gone into by the court. The Court can only invalidate the enactment if it transgresses the

best judge of what is good for the community. The legislation can only be declared void when it is totally absurd, palpably arbitrary, and cannot be saved by the court. It is reiterated that the principle of “Presumption of Constitutionality” has to be firmly rebutted by the person challenging the constitutionality of legislation. The United States Supreme Court had enunciated the principle of constitutionality in favour of a statute and that the burden is upon the person who attacks it to show that there has JUDGMENT been a clear transgression of any Constitutional provision. The appellants relied on the observations made in 25 Charanjit Lal Chowdhury Vs. Union of India & Ors. wherein this Court observed as follows : “It must be presumed that a legislature understands and correctly appreciates the need of its own people, that its laws are directed to problems made manifest by experience and that its discriminations are based on adequate grounds" 25 AIR 1951 SC 41 Page 55 - 56 - 66. The same principle was reiterated by this Court in 26 State of Bihar & Ors. Vs. Bihar Distillery Ltd. & Ors. in the following words :

67. On the basis of the above, it was submitted that the burden of proof is upon the Respondents herein to prove that the enactment/amendment is unconstitutional. Once the respondents prima facie convince the Court that the JUDGMENT enactment is unconstitutional then the burden shifts upon the State to satisfy that the restrictions imposed on the fundamental rights satisfy the test of or reasonableness. The High Court, according to the appellants, failed to apply the aforesaid tests. 68. Finally, it was submitted that in the event this Court is 26 (1997) 2 SCC 453 Page 56 - 57 - not inclined to uphold the constitutionality of the impugned provisions, it ought to make every effort to give the provision a strained meaning than what appears to be on the face of it. This is based on the principle that it is

been noticed by this Court in Government of Andhra 27 Pradesh & Ors. Vs. P. Laxmi Devi (Smt.) wherein it is observed as follows : "46. In our opinion, there is one and only one ground for declaring an Act of the legislature (or a provision in the Act) to be invalid, and that is if it clearly violates some provision of the constitution in so evident a manner as to leave no manner of doubt. This violation can, of course, be in different ways But before declaring the statute to be unconstitutional, the court must be absolutely sure that there can be no two views that are possible, one making the statute constitutional and the other making it unconstitutional, the former view must always be preferred. Also, the court must make every effort to uphold the constitutional validity of a statute, even if that requires giving strained construction or narrowing down its scope vide Rt. Rev. Msgr. Mark Netto v State of Kerala (1979) 1 SCC 23 para 6 . JUDGMENT 69. The same principle was reiterated in Kedar Nath 28 Singh Vs. State of Bihar which is as follows : “It is well settled that if certain provisions of law, construed in one way, would make them consistent with the Constitution and another interpretation 27 (2008) 4 SCC 720 28 AIR 1962 SC 955 Page 57 - 58 - would render them unconstitutional, the court would lean in favour of the former construction.” 70. On the basis of the above, it was submitted that this Court ought to read down the provision in the following manner: “All dance” found in Section 33A of the Police Act may be read down to mean that “dances which are obscene and derogatory to the dignity of women”. This would ensure that there is no violation of any of the rights of the girls who dance as well as that of the owners of the establishments. Still further, it was submitted that even if the reading of the provisions as mentioned above is not accepted, Section 33A can still be saved by applying the doctrine of severability. It is submitted that the intention of the legislature being to prohibit and ban obscene dance in the interest of society JUDGMENT and to uphold the dignity of women, by severing the exempting section, namely, Section 33B and the provision which is contained in Section 33A can be declared to be in accordance with the object of legislature. This would remove the vice of discrimination, as declared by the High Court. Respondents’ Submissions: Page 58 - 59 - 71. In response to the aforesaid elaborate submissions, learned senior counsel appearing for the respondents have also submitted written submissions. Mr. Mukul Rohatgi, learned senior counsel appeared for respondent – Indian

counsel, appeared on behalf of Bhartiya Bar Girls Union in C.A.No.2705 of 2006. Mr. Anand Grover, learned senior counsel, appeared for respondent Nos. 1 to 6 in W.P.No.2338/2005 and respondent No. 1 and 2 in W.P. No.2587 of 2005. 72. Since the High Court has accepted the submissions made on behalf of the respondents (writ petitioners in the High Court), it shall not be necessary to note the JUDGMENT submissions of the learned senior counsel as elaborately as the submissions of the appellants herein. Mr. Mukul Rohatgi submitted that, at the heart of the present case, the controversy revolved around the right to earn a livelihood more so than the right of a person to choose the vocation of their calling. It was submitted that apart from the reasoning given in the judgment of the High Court, the challenge to the impugned legislation can be sustained on Page 59 - 60 - other grounds also. He submits that a classification of the establishments into three stars and above, and below is not based on any intelligible differentia and is per se discriminatory and arbitrary. Bar dancers have a right to

the ban is violative of Articles 14, 19(1)(a) and 19(1)(g) and 21 of the Constitution. Relying on the observations made by this Court in the case of I.R. Coelho (Dead) by 29 LRs. Vs. State of T.N. , he submits that these articles are the very heart and soul of the Constitution and are entitled to greater protection by the Court than any other right. Mr. Rohatgi submits that the submissions made by the appellants with regard to the protecting the dignity of women and preventing trafficking in women are JUDGMENT misconceived. There are adequate measures in the existing provisions, licensing conditions which would safeguard the dignity of women. Relying on Sections 370 and 370A of the IPC, he submits that there are adequate alternate mechanisms for preventing trafficking in women. Elaborating on the submissions that dance is protected by Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution being a part of fundamental right of speech and expression, he relied 29 (2007) 2 SCC 1 Page 60 - 61 - upon the observations made by this Court in Sakal

also made a reference to some decisions of the High Court recognizing that dancing and cabaret are protected rights under Article 19(1)(a). He points out that it is always open to a citizen to commercially benefit from the exercise of the fundamental right. Such commercial benefit could be by a bar owner having dance performance or by the dancers themselves using their creative talent to carry on an occupation or profession. The impugned amendment prohibits the bar owners from carrying on any business or trade associated with dancing in these establishments and the bar girls from dancing in those premises. He then submits that the amendment violates Article 19(1)(g), by imposing restrictions by way of total prohibition of dance. JUDGMENT Even though the freedom under Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution is not absolute, any restriction imposed upon the same have to fall within the purview of clause 6 of Article 19. Therefore, the restriction imposed by law must be reasonable and in the interest of general public. It was also submitted that while such restriction may incidentally touch upon other subjects mentioned above, such as morality or decency, the same cannot be imposed only in 30 (1962) 3 SCR 842 Page 61 - 62 - the interest of morality or decency. Mr. Rohatgi then submitted that the reasons set out in the objects and reasons of the amendment are not supported by any evidence which would demonstrate that there was any

Association were indulging in human trafficking or flesh trade. Therefore, according to Mr. Rohatgi, the ban was not for the protection of any interests of the general public. In fact, Mr. Rohatgi emphasised that the Statement of Objects and Reasons does not refer to trafficking. The compilation of 600 pages given to the respondents by the appellants does not contain a single complaint about trafficking. All allegations relating to trafficking have been introduced only to justify the ban on dancing. He, JUDGMENT therefore, submits that the total ban imposed on dancing violates the fundamental right guaranteed under Article 19(1)(g). Learned senior counsel further submitted that dancing is not res extra commercium . He emphasised that if the dancing of similar nature in establishments, mentioned in Section 33B is permissible, the prohibition of similar dance performance in establishments covered under Section 33 cannot be termed as reasonable and or Page 62 - 63 - “in the interest of general public”. Therefore, according to Mr. Rohatgi, the restrictions do not fall within the scope of Article 19(6). He relied on the judgment of this Court in Anuj Garg & Ors. Vs. Hotel Association of India &

discriminatory and violative of Articles 14, 15, 19 and 21. In this case, it was held as under : “…….Women would be as vulnerable without State protection as by the loss of freedom because of the impugned Act. The present law ends up victimising its subject in the name of protection. In that regard the interference prescribed by the State for pursuing the ends of protection should be proportionate to the legitimate aims. The standard for judging the proportionality should be a standard capable of being called reasonable in a modern democratic society. Instead of putting curbs on women's freedom, empowerment would be a more tenable and socially wise approach. This empowerment should reflect in the law enforcement strategies of the State as well as law modelling done in this behalf. JUDGMENT Also with the advent of modern State, new models of security must be developed. There can be a setting where the cost of security in the establishment can be distributed between the State and the employer.” 73. Relying on the State of Gujarat Vs . Mirzapur Moti Kureshi Kassab Jamat (supra) , Mr. Rohatgi submitted that the standard for judging reasonability of restriction or restrictions which amounts to prohibition remains the 31 (2008) 3 SCC 1 Page 63 - 64 - same, excepting that a total prohibition must also satisfy the test that a lesser alternative would be inadequate. The State has failed to even examine the possibility of the alternative steps that could have been taken. He has also

the earlier part of the judgment. Therefore, it is not necessary to reiterate the same. However, coming back to Section 33B, Mr. Rohatgi submitted that dancing that is banned in the establishments covered under Section 33A is permitted under the exempted establishments under Section 33B. According to learned senior counsel, the differentia in Section 33A and 33B does not satisfy the requirement that it must be intelligible and have a rational nexus sought to be achieved by the statute. He submits JUDGMENT that the purported “immorality” gets converted to “virtue” where the dancer who is prohibited from dancing in an establishment covered under Section 33A, dances in an establishment covered under Section 33B. The discrimination, according to Mr. Rohatgi, is accentuated by the fact that for a breach committed by the licensees in the category of Section 33B only their licenses will be cancelled but the licensees of establishments covered Page 64 - 65 - under Section 33A would have to close down their business. He further submits that the provision contained in Section 33A is based on the presumption of the State Government that the performance of dance in prohibited

women. The State also presumed that dancing in such establishments is likely to deprave, corrupt or injure public morality. The presumption is without any factual basis. The entry of women in such establishments is not banned. There is also no prohibition for women to take up alternative jobs within such establishments. They can serve liquor and beer to persons but this does not lead to the presumption that it would arouse lust in the male customers. On the other hand, when women start dancing JUDGMENT it is presumed that it would arouse lust in the male customers. He emphasised the categorization of establishments under Sections 33A and 33B does not specify the twin criteria: (i) that the classification must be founded on an intelligible differentia which distinguishes those that are grouped together from others; and (ii) the differentia must have a rational nexus or relation to the object sought to be achieved by the legislation. He Page 65 - 66 - submits that there is a clear discrimination between the prohibited establishments and the exempted establishments. He points out that the only basis for the differentiation between the exempted and prohibited

Rohatgi, is not permissible under the Constitution. 74. The next submission of Mr. Rohatgi is that Article 21 guarantees the right to life which would include the right to secure a livelihood and to make life meaningful. Article 15(1) of the Constitution of India guarantees the fundamental right that prohibits discrimination against any citizen, inter alia , on the ground only of sex. Similarly Article 15(2) lays down that no citizen shall, on grounds JUDGMENT only of, inter alia, sex, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard, inter alia , to “access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment.” The provision in Article 15(3) is meant for protective discrimination or a benign discrimination or an affirmative action in favour of women and its purpose is not to curtail the fundamental rights of women. He relied Page 66 - 67 - on the observations made by this Court in Government 32 of A.P. Vs. P.B. Vijayakumar & Anr. :-

(Emphasis supplied) 75. He submits that the impugned legislation has achieved the opposite result. Instead of creating fresh job opportunities for women it takes away whatever job opportunities are already available to them. He emphasised that the ban also has an adverse social JUDGMENT impact. The loss of livelihood of bar dancers has put them in a very precarious situation to earn the livelihood. Mr. Rohatgi submitted that the dancers merely imitate the dance steps and movements of Hindi movie actresses. They wear traditional clothes such as ghagra cholis, sarees and salwar kameez . On the other hand, the actresses in movies wear revealing clothes: shorts, swimming costumes and revealing dresses. Reverting to 32 (1995) 4 SCC 520 Page 67 - 68 - the reliance placed by the appellants on the Prayas Report and Shubhada Chaukar Report, Mr. Rohatgi submitted that both the reports are of no value, especially in the case of Prayas Report which is based on interviews conducted with

dance bars. The girls’ interview, in fact, indicated that they came to the dance bars through family, community, neighbors and street knowledge. Therefore, according to the Mr. Rohatgi, the allegations with regard to trafficking to the dance bars by middlemen are without any basis. Most of the girls who performed dance are generally illiterate and do not have any formal education. They also do not have any training or skills in dancing. This clearly rendered them virtually unemployable in any other job. JUDGMENT He, therefore, submits that the SNDT Report is contradictory to the Prayas Report. Thus, the State had no reliable data on the basis of which the impugned legislation was enacted. Mr. Rohatgi further submitted that there are sufficient provisions in various statutes which empowered the Licensing Authority to frame rules and regulations for licensing/controlling places of public amusement or entertainment. By making a reference to Page 68 - 69 - Rules 120 and 123 framed under the Amusement Rules, 1960; he submits that no performers are permitted to commit on the stage or any part of the auditorium any profanity or impropriety of language. These dancers are

gesture whilst dancing. Similar provisions are contained under the Performance License. Although learned senior counsel has listed all the regulatory provisions contained under the Bombay Police Act, it is not necessary to notice the same. The submission based on this regulation is that there is wide amplitude of power available to the appellants for controlling any perceived violation of dignity of women through obscene dances. He submits that the respondents are being made a scapegoat for lethargy and JUDGMENT failure of police to implement the provisions of law which are already in place and are valid and subsisting. Failure of the appellants in not implementing the necessary rules and regulations would not justify the impugned legislation. Learned senior counsel has also submitted that the State Government, in its effort to regulate the conduct of dances, had formed a Committee to make suggestions for amendment of the existing Rules. The Committee had Page 69 - 70 - prepared its report and submitted the same to the State Government. However, the State Government did not take any steps for implementation of the recommendation which was supported by the Indian Hotel and Restaurant

76. Dr. Rajeev Dhawan, learned senior counsel, has also highlighted the same issues. He has submitted that the provisions contained in Section 33A(1) prohibit performance of dance of any kind or type. Since the Section contained the Non Obstante Clause, it is a stand alone provision absolutely independent of the Act and the Rules. He submits that the provisions are absolutely arbitrary and discriminatory. Under Section 33A(1), there JUDGMENT is an absolute provision which is totally prohibiting dance in eating houses, permit rooms or beer bars. On the other hand, Section 33B introduced the discriminatory provision which allows such an activity in establishments where entry is restricted to members only and three starred or above hotels. He also emphasised that the consequence of violation of Section 33A is punishment up to 3 years imprisonment or Rs. 2 lakhs fine or both and with a Page 70 - 71 - minimum 3 months and Rs.50,000/- fine unless reasons are recorded. The Section further contemplates that the licence shall stand cancelled. Section 33A(6) makes the offence cognizable and non-bailable. According to Dr.

Section 33A stand alone. Further Section 33A(1) is discretion less. It applied to all the establishments and covers all the activities, including holding of performance of dance of any kind or type in any eating house, permit room or beer bar. There is total prohibition in the aforesaid establishments. The breach of any condition would entail cancellation of licence. According to Dr. Dhawan, Section 33A is a draconian code which is discretion less overbroad, arbitrary with mandatory punishment for offences which JUDGMENT are cognizable and non-bailable. He then emphasised that the exemption granted to the establishment under Section 33B introduces blatant discrimination. He submits that the classification of two kinds of establishment is unreasonable. According to Dr. Dhawan, it is clear that Section 33B makes distinction on the grounds of “class of establishments” or “class of persons who frequent the establishment” and not on the form of dance. He Page 71 - 72 - reiterates the submission that if dance can be permitted in exempted institutions it cannot be banned in the prohibited establishments. He submitted that treating establishments entitled to a performance licence

considering the object of the Act and the same being violative of Article 14 of the Constitution of India. Answering the submission on burden of proof with regard to the reasonableness of the restriction, Dr. Dhawan submits that the burden of showing that the recourse to Article 19(6) is permissible lies upon the State and not on the citizen, he relies on the judgment of this Court in M/s. 33 Laxmi Khandsari & Ors. Vs. State of U.P. & Ors. JUDGMENT 77. Relying on the Narendra Kumar & Ors. Vs. Union of 34 India & Ors. , he submitted that the total prohibition in Section 33A must satisfy the test of Article 19(6) of the Constitution. Reliance is placed on a number of judgments to which we have made a reference earlier. Dr. Dhawan further emphasised that the reports relied upon by the State would not give a justification for enacting the 33 (1981) 2 SCC 600 34 (1960) 2 SCR 375 Page 72 - 73 - impugned legislation. He points out that the study conducted by Shubhada Chaukar for Vasantrao Bhagwat Memorial Fellowship entitled “Problems of Mumbai Bar girls” is based on conversations with 50 girls. According to

girls in Mumbai-Thane Region, therefore, interview of 50 girls would not be sufficient to generate any reliable data. The report also states that there are about 1000-1200 bars, but it is based on interaction with seven bar owners. Even then the report does not suggest complete prohibition but suggests a framework which “regulates” the functioning of bars, performances by singers, dancers etc. Similarly, the Prayas Report cannot be relied upon. The study was, in fact, done after the ban was imposed by JUDGMENT the State Government. Even this report indicates that after the ban there was urgent need to find alternate source of livelihood for these girls. There was no facility of education for the children. Even this report finds that the families from which these girls come are economically weak. Six percent of minor children comprise the dancing population. They are not provided any specialized training to be bar dancers. They do not live in self owned houses. Page 73 - 74 - The SNDT Report clearly states that the study is based on interaction with 500 girls from 50 bars. The report indicates that there are a number of prevalent myths which are without any basis. It is pointed out that,

countries. 2. 75% dancers are from Bangladesh. 3. Only 3% are dancers from Maharashtra. 4. Bar culture is against the tradition of Maharashtra. 5. Girls who dance are minors. 6. Bar Dancers hide their faces. 7. Girls don’t work hard. 8. Bar Girls can be rehabilitated in Call Centers. 9. Dancing in Bars is sexual exploitation. JUDGMENT 10. Girls are forced into sex work. 11. Dance bars are vulgar and obscene. 12. Ban will solve all these problems. 78. The study, in fact, recommends that the dance bars should not be banned. There should be regularization of working conditions of bar dancers. There should be monitoring and prevention of entry of children into these Page 74 - 75 - establishments. There should be protection against forced sexual relations and harassments. There should be security of earning, medical benefits and protection from unfair trade practices. The report recommends that there

the ban had an adverse impact in that respect. It will lead to women becoming forced sex workers. The second report of SNDT is based on empirical interviews. It recommends that the ban imposed should be lifted immediately. Dr. Dhawan has further elaborated the shortcomings of the Prayas Report. He has also emphasised that both the SNDT and Prayas Report substantiate the fact that dancers were the sole bread winners in their families earning approximately Rs.5,000/- JUDGMENT to Rs.20,000/- per month. They were supporting large families in Mumbai as well as in their native places. After the ban, these families are left without a source of income and have since then been rendered destitute. He also points out that the SNDT study indicates that many dancers came from environments/employments where they had been exploited (maid servants, factory workers, etc.). Most of these women had taken employment as Page 75 - 76 - dancers in view of the fact that it afforded them financial independence and security. The SNDT Report points out that not a single bar dancer has ever made any complaint about being trafficked. The reports, according to Dr.

79. Dr. Dhawan then submitted that the conclusions recorded by the High Court on equality and exploitation need to be affirmed by this Court. He has submitted that to determine the reasonableness of the restriction, the High Court has correctly applied the direct and inevitable effect test. He seeks support for the submission, by making a reference to the observations made by this Court 35 in Rustom Cavasjee Cooper Vs. Union of India and JUDGMENT 36 Maneka Gandhi Vs. Union of India & Anr. , he emphasised that the direct operation of the Act upon the rights forms the real test. The principle has been described as the doctrine of intended and real effect or the direct and inevitable effect, in the case of Maneka Gandhi (supra). Dr. Dhawan also emphasised that dancing is covered by Article 19(1)(a) even though it has been held 35 (1970) 1 SCC 248 36 (1978) 1 SCC 248 Page 76 - 77 - by the High Court that it is not an expression of dancers but their profession. He relied on the observations of this Court in Bharat Bhawan Trust Vs. Bharat Bhawan 37 Artists’ Association & Anr. wherein it is held that the

expression. 80. Illustrations submitted by Dr. Dhawan are that the legislation cannot be saved even by adopting the doctrine of proportionality which requires adoption of the least invasive approach. Dr. Dhawan has reiterated that the suggestions made by the Committee pursuant to the th resolution dated 19 December, 2002 ought to be accepted. According to Dr. Dhawan, acceptance of such JUDGMENT suggestions would lead to substantial improvement. If the State really seeks to control obscene bar dancing, he submitted that the solution can be based on ensuring that:- bar girls are unionized; there is adequate protection to the girls and more involvement of the workers in self improvement and self regulation. Dr. Dhawan does not agree with Mr. Gopal Subramanium that this should be 37 (2001) 7 SCC 630 Page 77 - 78 - treated as a case of trafficking with complicated crisis centric approach. 81. Mr. Anand Grover, learned senior counsel has rebutted

court that women who dance in the bar are trafficked or compelled to dance against their will and that the significant number of dancers are minor or under the age of 18 years; that the majority of dancers are from states outside Maharashtra which confirms the allegation of inter- state trafficking; that dancing in bars is a gateway to prostitution; that bar dancing is associated with crime and breeds criminality; that the conditions of dance bars are exploitative and dehumanizing for the women. Lastly, that JUDGMENT bar dancing contributes to social-ills and illicit affairs between dancers and the male visitors break up of family and domestic violence against wives of men visiting the dance bars. According to Mr. Grover, the aforesaid assertions are founded on incorrect, exaggerated or overstated claims. Learned senior counsel has also indicated that there is great deal of fudging of figures by police with regard to complaints and cases registered Page 78 - 79 - under the dance bars to substantiate their contentions. He has relied on the official data on the incidence of trafficking crimes from the National Crime Records Bureau report for the year 2004-2011 to show that there is no

Section 33A and Section 33B of the Bombay Police Act violate Article 14 of the Constitution. He has relied on the judgment of this Court in D.S. Nakara & Ors. Vs. Union 38 of India . Learned senior counsel also reiterated that the classification between the establishment under Section 33A and Section 33B is unreasonable. 82. The High Court, according to the learned senior counsel, has wrongly accepted the explanation given by the JUDGMENT appellants in their affidavits that the classification is based on the type of dance performed in the establishments. This, according to learned senior counsel, is contrary to the provisions contained in the aforesaid sections. He reiterated the submissions that the distinction between the establishments is based not on the type of dance performance but on the basis of class of such establishments. He makes a reference to the affidavit in 38 (1983) 1 SCC 305 Page 79 - 80 - reply filed in Writ Petition No.2450 of 2005 at paragraph 33 inter alia stated as follows :-

submits that whereas Section 33A prohibits any kind or JUDGMENT type of dance performance in eating house, permit room or beer bar, i.e., dance bars, Section 33B allows all types and kinds of dances in establishments covered under Section 33B. Learned senior counsel further submits that the object of the impugned legislation is to protect women from exploitation by prohibiting dances, which were of indecent, obscene and vulgar type, derogatory to the 39 (1983) 1 SCC 147 Page 80 - 81 - dignity of women and likely to deprave, corrupt or injure the public morality, or morals. This is belied by the fact that all kinds of dances are permitted in the exempted establishments covered under Section 33B. He has also

than the clothes worn by the bar dancers. 84. Learned senior counsel further submitted that exploitation of women is not limited only to dance bar. Such exploitation exists in all forms of employment including factory workers, building site workers, housemaids and even waitresses. In short, he reiterated the submission that the legislation does not advance the objects and reasons stated in the amendment Act. Mr. JUDGMENT Grover further submitted that the impugned law violates the principle of proportionality. He has pointed out that gender stereotyping is also palpable in the solution crafted by the legislature. The impugned statute does not affect a man’s freedom to visit bars and consume alcohol, but restricts a woman from choosing the occupation of dancing in the same bars. The legislation, patronizingly, seeks to ‘protect’ women by constraining their liberty, Page 81 - 82 - autonomy and self-determination. Mr. Grover has also reiterated the submission that Section 33A is violative of Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution. According to Mr. Grover, restriction imposed on the freedom of expression

beer bars is not inherently dangerous to public interest. Therefore, restrictions on the freedom of speech and expression are wholly unwarranted. Mr. Grover also emphasised that dancing is not inherently dangerous or pernicious and cannot be treated akin to trades that are res extra commercium . Bar dancers, therefore, have a fundamental right to practice and pursue their profession/occupation of dancing in eating houses, beer bars and permit rooms. The social evils projected by the JUDGMENT appellants, according to Mr. Grover, are related to serving and drinking of alcohol and not dancing. Therefore, there was no rational nexus in the law banning all types of dances. He also emphasised that the women can be allowed to work as waitresses to serve liquor and alcoholic drinks. There could be no justification for banning the performance of dance by them. Mr. Grover also submitted that the ban contained in Section 33A violates Article 21 of Page 82 - 83 - the Constitution. He submits that the right to livelihood is an integral part of the right to life guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. The deprivation of right to livelihood can be justified if it is according to procedure

procedurally. The impugned law, according to Mr. Grover, does not meet the test of substantive due process. It does not provide any alternative livelihood options to the thousands of bar dancers who have been deprived of their legitimate source of livelihood. In the name of protecting women from exploitation, it has sought to deprive more than 75,000 women and their families from their livelihoods and their only means of subsistence. Mr. Grover has submitted that there is no viable rehabilitation or JUDGMENT compensation provision offered to the bar dancers, in order to tide over the loss of income and employment opportunities. According to learned senior counsel, in the last 7 years, the impact of the prohibition has been devastating on the lives of the bar dancers and their families. This has deprived the erstwhile bar dancers of a life with dignity. In the present context, the dignity of bar dancers (of persons) and dignity of dancing (work) has Page 83 - 84 - been conflated in a pejorative way. According to Mr. Grover, the bar dancing in establishments covered under Section 33A has been demeaned because the dancers therein hail from socially and economically lower castes

85. Lastly, he has submitted that the plea of trafficking would not be a justification to sustain the impugned legislation. In fact, trafficking is not even mentioned in the Statement of Objects and Reasons, it was mentioned for the first time in the affidavit filed by the State in reply to the writ petition. According to learned senior counsel, the legislation has been rightly declared ultra vires by the High Court. JUDGMENT 86. We have considered the submissions made by the learned senior counsel for the parties. We have also perused the pleadings and the material placed before us. 87. The High Court rejected the challenge to the impugned Act on the ground that the State legislature was not competent to enact the amendment. The argument was Page 84 - 85 - rejected on the ground that the amendment is substantially covered by Entries 2, 8, 33 and 64 of List II. The High Court further observed that there is no repugnancy between the powers conferred on the Centre

submissions that the proviso to Section 33A (2) amounts to interference with the independence of the judiciary on the ground that the legislature is empowered to regulate sentencing by enactment of appropriate legislation. Such exercise of legislative power is not uncommon and would not interfere with the judicial power in conducting trial and rendering the necessary judgment as to whether the guilt has been proved or not. The submission that the affidavit filed by Shri Youraj Laxman Waghmare, dated 1.10.2005, JUDGMENT cannot be considered because it was not verified in accordance with law was rejected with the observations that incorrect verification is curable and steps have been taken to cure the same. The submissions made in Writ Petition 2450 of 2005 that the amendment would not apply to eating houses and would, therefore, not be applicable in the establishments of the petitioners therein was also rejected. It was held that the “place of public Page 85 - 86 - interest” includes eating houses which serve alcohol for public consumption. It was further observed that the amendment covered even those areas in such eating houses where alcohol was not served. The High Court also

has been observed that dancing was not prohibited in the establishments covered under Section 33B only on the ground of sex. What is being prohibited is dancing in identified establishments. The Act prohibits all types of dance in banned establishments by any person or persons. There being no discrimination on the basis of gender, the Act cannot be said to violate Article 15(1) of the Constitution. JUDGMENT 88. The High Court has even rejected the challenge to the impugned amendment on the ground that the ban amounts to an unreasonable restriction, on the fundamental right of the bar owners and bar dancers, of freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a). The submission was rejected by applying the doctrine of pith and substance. It has been held by the High Court that dance performed by the bar dancers can Page 86 - 87 - not fall within the term “freedom of speech and expression” as the activities of the dancers are mainly to earn their livelihood by engaging in a trade or occupation. Similarly, the submission that the provision in Section 33A

not be appropriate for us to opine on the correctness or JUDGMENT otherwise of the aforesaid conclusions. 90. However in order to be fair to learned senior counsel for the respondents, we must notice that in the written submissions it was sought to be argued that in fact the amendments are also unconstitutional under Articles 15(1), 19(1)(a) and 21. Dr. Dhawan has submitted that the High Court has erroneously recorded the finding that the 40 (1989) 4 SCC 155 Page 87 - 88 - dancing in a bar is not an expression of dancers but their profession, and, therefore, it can not get the protection of Article 19(1)(a). Similarly, he had submitted that the High Court in the impugned judgment has erroneously held that

Court to examine the issue of “livelihood” under Article 142 of the Constitution of India being “question of law of general public importance. According to Dr. Dhawan, the High Court ought to have protected the bar dancers under Articles 19(1)(a) and 21 also. As noticed earlier, Mr. Rohatgi and Mr. Grover had made similar submissions. We are, however, not inclined to examine the same in these proceedings. No separate appeals have been filed by the respondents specifically raising a challenge to the JUDGMENT observations adverse to them made by the High Court. We make it very clear that we have not expressed any opinion on the correctness or otherwise of the conclusions of the High Court with regard to Sections 33A and 33B not being ultra vires Articles 15(1), 19(1)(a) and Article 21. We have been constrained to adopt this approach: 1) Because there was no challenge to the conclusions of the High Court in appeal by respondents. Page 88 - 89 - 2) The learned senior counsel of the appellants had no occasion to make submissions in support of the conclusions recorded by the High Court.

been caused to the respondents. Nor can it be said that the conclusions recorded by the High Court are palpably erroneous so as to warrant interference, without the same having been challenged by the respondents. We, therefore, decline the request of Dr. Rajeev Dhawan. 91. This now brings us to the central issue as to whether the findings recorded by the High Court that the impugned amendment is ultra vires Article 14 and 19(1)(g) suffers from such a jurisdictional error that they cannot be JUDGMENT sustained. Is the impugned legislation ultra vires Article 14? 92. Before we embark upon the exercise to determine as to whether the impugned amendment Act is ultra vires Article 14 and 19(1)(g), it would be apposite to notice the well established principles for testing any legislation before it can be declared as ultra vires. It is not necessary for us to make a complete survey of the judgments in Page 89 - 90 - which the various tests have been formulated and re- affirmed. We may, however, make a reference to the judgment of this Court in Budhan Choudhry Vs. State of 41 Bihar , wherein a Constitution Bench of seven Judges of

“It is now well established that while article 14 forbids class legislation, it does not forbid reasonable classification for the purposes of legislation. In order, however, to pass the test of permissible classification two conditions must be fulfilled, namely, ( i ) that the classification must be founded on an intelligible differentia which distinguishes persons or things that are grouped together from others left out of the group, and ( ii ) that that differentia must have a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved by the statute in question. The classification may be founded on different bases, namely, geographical, or according to objects or occupations or the like. What is necessary is that there must be a nexus between the basis of classification and the object of the Act under consideration. It is also well established by the decisions of this Court that Article 14 condemns discrimination not only by a substantive law but also by a law of procedure.” JUDGMENT 93. The aforesaid principles have been consistently adopted and applied in subsequent cases. In the case of Ram Krishna Dalmia (supra), this Court reiterated the principles which would help in testing the legislation on the touchstone of Article 14 in the following words : “(a) That a law may be constitutional even though it relates to a single individual if on account of some special circumstances or reasons applicable to him 41 AIR 1955 SC 191 Page 90 - 91 - and not applicable to others, that single individual may be treated as a class by himself (b) That there is always presumption in favour of the constitutionality of an enactment and the burden is upon him who attacks it to show that there has been a clear transgression of the constitutional principles;

(d) That the legislature is free to recognise degrees of harm and may confine its restrictions to those cases where the need is deemed to be the clearest; (e) That in order to sustain the presumption of constitutionality the court may take into consideration matters of common knowledge, matters of common report, the history of the times and may assume every state of facts which can he conceived existing at the time of the legislation; and (f) That while good faith and knowledge of the existing conditions on the part of the legislature are to be presumed, if there is nothing on the face of the law or the surrounding circumstances brought to the notice of the court on which the classification may be reasonably be regarded as based, the presumption of constitutionality cannot be carried to the extent of always holding that there must be some undisclosed and unknown reasons for subjecting certain individuals or corporations to hostile or discriminating legislation." JUDGMENT (Italics are ours) 94. These principles were reiterated by this Court in Shashikant Laxman Kale (supra). The relevant observations have already been noticed in the earlier part of the judgment. Page 91 - 92 - 95. The High Court has held that the classification under Sections 33A and 33B was rational because the type of dance performed in the establishments allowed them to be separated into two distinct classes. It is further observed

96. The High Court has, however, concluded that classification by itself is not sufficient to relieve a statute from satisfying the mandate of the equality clause of Article 14. The amendment has been nullified on the second limb of the twin test to be satisfied under Article 14 of the Constitution of India that the amendment has no nexus with the object sought to be achieved. Mr. Subramanium had emphasised that the impugned JUDGMENT enactment is based on consideration of different factors, which would justify the classification. We have earlier noticed the elaborate reasons given by Mr. Subramanium to show that the dance performed in the banned establishments itself takes a form of sexual propositioning. There is revenue sharing generated by the tips received by the dancers. He had also emphasised that in the banned establishment women, who dance are not Page 92 - 93 - professional dancers. They are mostly trafficked into dancing. Dancing, according to him, is chosen as a profession of last resort, when the girl is left with no other option. On the other hand, dancers performing in the

Such performers are not vulnerable and, therefore, there is least likelihood of any indecency, immorality or depravity. He had emphasised that classification to be valid under Article 14 need not necessarily fall within an exact or scientific formula for exclusion or inclusion of persons or things. [ See : Welfare Association, A.R.P., Maharashtra (supra) ] There are no requirements of mathematical exactness or applying doctrinaire tests for determining the validity as long as it is not palpably JUDGMENT arbitrary. ( See: Shashikant Laxman Kale & Anr. (supra) ). 97. We have no hesitation in accepting the aforesaid proposition for testing the reasonableness of the classification. However, such classification has to be evaluated by taking into account the objects and reasons of the impugned legislation; ( See: Ram Krishna Page 93 - 94 - Dalmia’s case supra ). In the present case, judging the distinction between the two sections upon the aforesaid criteria cannot be justified.

room or beer bar. This is a complete embargo on performance of dances in the establishment covered under Section 33(a)(i). Section 33(a) contains a non- obstante clause which makes the section stand alone and absolutely independent of the act and the rules. Section 33(a)(ii) makes it a criminal offence to hold a dance performance in contravention of sub-section(i). On conviction, offender is liable to punishment for 3 years, although, the Court may impose a lesser punishment of 3 JUDGMENT months and fine, after recording special reasons for the same. We are in agreement with the submission of Dr. Dhawan that it is a particularly harsh provision. On the other hand, the establishments covered under Section 33B enjoy complete exemption from any such restrictions. The dance performances are permitted provided the establishments comply with the applicable statutory provisions, Bye-Laws, Rules and Regulations. The Page 94 - 95 - classification of the establishments covered under Sections 33A and 33B would not satisfy the test of equality laid down in the case of State of Jammu and Kashmir 42 Vs. Shri Triloki Nath Khosa & Ors. , wherein it was

100. Learned senior counsel for the appellants have sought JUDGMENT to justify the distinction between two establishments, first of all as noticed earlier, on the basis of type of dance. It was emphasised that the dance performed in the prohibited establishments, itself takes a form of sexual propositioning. It was submitted that it is not only just the type of dance performed but the surrounding circumstances which have been taken into consideration in making the distinction. The distinction is sought to be 42 (1974) 1 SCC 19 43 (2005) 1 SCC 394 Page 95 - 96 - made under different heads which we shall consider seriatim. It is emphasised that in the banned establishments, the proximity between the dancing platform and the audience is larger than at the banned

in the exempted establishments as opposed to the easy access in the banned or prohibited establishments. Another justification given is that the type of crowd that visits the banned establishments is also different from the crowd that visits the exempted establishments. In our opinion, all the aforesaid reasons are neither supported by any empirical data nor common sense. In fact, they would be within the realm of “myth” based on stereotype images. We agree with the JUDGMENT submission made by the learned counsel for the appellant, Mr. Mukul Rohtagi and Dr. Dhawan that the distinction is made on the grounds of “classes of establishments” or “ classes of persons, who frequent the establishment.” and not on the form of dance. We also agree with the submission of the learned senior counsel for the respondents that there is no justification that a dance permitted in exempted institutions under Section 33B, if Page 96 - 97 - permitted in the banned establishment, would be derogatory, exploitative or corrupting of public morality. We are of the firm opinion that a distinction, the foundation of which is classes of the establishments and

supported under the constitutional philosophy so clearly stated in the Preamble of the Constitution of India and the individual Articles prohibiting discrimination on the basis of caste, colour, creed, religion or gender. The Preamble of the Constitution of India as also Articles 14 to 21, as rightly observed in the Constitutional Bench Judgment of this Court in I.R. Coelho (supra) , form the heart and soul of the Constitution. Taking away of these rights of equality by any legislation would require clear proof of the justification JUDGMENT for such abridgment. Once the respondents had given prima facie proof of the arbitrary classification of the establishments under Sections 33A and 33B, it was duty of the State to justify the reasonableness of the classification. This conclusion of ours is fortified by the observations in M/s. Laxmi Khandsari (supra) , therein this Court observed as follow: “ 14. We, therefore, fully agree with the contention advanced by the petitioners that where there is a Page 97

101. In our opinion, the appellants herein have failed to satisfy the aforesaid test laid down by this court. The Counsel for the appellant had, however, sought to highlight before us the unhealthy practice of the customers showering money on the dancers during the performance, in the prohibited establishments. This encourages the girls to indulge in unhealthy competition to create and sustain sexual interest of the most favoured customers. But such kind of behaviour is absent when the JUDGMENT dancers are performing in the exempted establishments. It was again emphasised that it is not only the activities performed in the establishments covered under Section 33 A, but also the surrounding circumstances which are calculated to produce an illusion of easy access to women. The customers who would be inebriated would pay little heed to the dignity or lack of consent of the women. This conclusion is sought to be supported by a number of Page 98 - 99 - complaints received and as well as case histories of girl children rescued from the dance bars. We are again not satisfied that the conclusions reached by the state are based on any rational criteria . We fail to see how exactly

lead to depravity if performed in the prohibited establishments. Rather it is evident that the same dancer can perform the same dance in the high class hotels, clubs, and gymkhanas but is prohibited of doing so in the establishments covered under Section 33A. We see no rationale which would justify the conclusion that a dance that leads to depravity in one place would get converted to an acceptable performance by a mere change of venue. The discriminatory attitude of the state is illustrated JUDGMENT by the fact that an infringement of section 33A(1) by an establishment covered under the aforesaid provision would entail the owner being liable to be imprisoned for three years by virtue of section 33A(2). On the other hand, no such punishment is prescribed for establishments covered under Section 33B. Such an establishment would merely lose the licence. Such blatant discrimination cannot possibly be justified on the criteria of reasonable Page 99 - 100 - classification under Article 14 of the Constitution of India. Mr. Subramaniam had placed strong reliance on the observations made by the Court in the State of Uttar Pradesh Vs. Kaushailiya & Ors. (supra) , wherein it was observed as follows: “ 7. The next question is whether the policy so disclosed offends Article 14 of the Constitution. It has been well settled that Article 14 does not prohibit reasonable classification for the purpose of legislation and that a law would not be held to infringe Article 14 of the Constitution if the classification is founded on an intelligible differentia and the said differentia has a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved by the said law. The differences between a woman who is a prostitute and one who is not certainly justify their being placed in different classes. So too, there are obvious differences between a prostitute who is a public nuisance and one who is not. A prostitute who carries on her trade on the sly or in the unfrequented part of the town or in a town with a sparse population may not so dangerous to public health or morals as a prostitute who lives in a busy locality or in an over- crowded town or in a place within the easy reach of public institutions like religious and educational institutions. Though both sell their bodies, the latter is far more dangerous to the public, particularly to the younger generation during the emotional stage of their life. Their freedom of uncontrolled movement in a crowded locality or in the vicinity of public institutions not only helps to demoralise the public morals, but, what is worse, to spread diseases not only affecting the present generation, but also the future ones. Such trade in public may also lead to scandals and unseemly broils. There are, therefore, pronounced and real differences between a woman who is a prostitute and one who is not, and between a prostitute, who does not demand in public interests any restrictions on her movements and a prostitute, whose actions in public places call for the imposition of restrictions on her movements and even deporation. The object of the Act, as has already been noticed, is not only to suppress immoral traffic in women and girls, but also to improve public morals JUDGMENT Page 100 - 101 - by removing prostitute from busy public places in the vicinity of religious and educational institutions. The differences between these two classes of prostitutes have a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved by the Act.”

based purely on the basis of the class of the performer and the so called superior class of audience. Our judicial conscience would not permit us to presume that the class to which an individual or the audience belongs brings with him as a necessary concomitant a particular kind of morality or decency. We are unable to accept the presumption which runs through Sections 33A and 33B that the enjoyment of same kind of entertainment by the upper classes leads only to mere enjoyment and in the case of poor classes; it would lead to immorality, JUDGMENT decadence and depravity. Morality and depravity cannot be pigeon-holed by degrees depending upon the classes of the audience. The aforesaid presumption is also perplexing on the ground that in the banned establishments even a non-obscene dance would be treated as vulgar. On the other hand, it would be presumed that in the exempted establishments any dance is non-obscene. The underlying presumption at once puts Page 101 - 102 - the prohibited establishments in a precarious position, in comparison to the exempted class for the grant of a licence to hold a dance performance. Yet at the same time, both kinds of establishments are to be granted

103. We, therefore, decline to accept the submission of Mr. Subramaniam that the same kind of dances performed in the exempted establishments would not bring about sexual arousal in male audience as opposed to the male audience frequenting the banned establishments meant for the lower classes having lesser income at their disposal. In our opinion, the presumption is elitist , which cannot be countenanced under the egalitarian philosophy JUDGMENT of our Constitution. Our Constitution makers have taken pains to ensure that equality of treatment in all spheres is given to all citizens of this country irrespective of their station in life. { See: Charanjit Lal Chowdhury Vs. Union of India & Ors. (supra), Ram Krishna Dalmia’s case (supra) and State of Uttar Pradesh Vs. Kaushailiya & Ors. (supra )}. In our opinion, sections Page 102 - 103 - 33A and 33B introduce an invidious discrimination which cannot be justified under Article 14 of the Constitution. 104. The High Court, in our opinion, has rightly declined to

render both the studies meaningless. As noticed earlier, the subsequent report submitted by SNDT University has substantially contradicted the conclusions reached by the other two reports. The situation herein was not similar to the circumstances which led to the decision in the case of Radice (supra) . In that case, a New York Statute was challenged as it prohibited employment of women in restaurants in cities of first and second class between hours of 10 p.m. and 6 a.m., on the ground of (1) due JUDGMENT process clause, by depriving the employer and employee of their liberty to contract, and (2) the equal protection clause by an unreasonable and arbitrary classification. The Court upheld the legislation on the first ground that the State had come to the conclusion that night work prohibited, so injuriously threatens to impair women’s peculiar and natural functions. Such work, according to the State, exposes women to the dangers and menaces Page 103 - 104 - incidental to night life in large cities. Therefore, it was permissible to enable the police to preserve and promote the public health and welfare. The aforesaid conclusion was, however, based on one very important factor which

substantially and especially detrimental to the health of women.” In our opinion, as pointed out by the learned counsel for the respondents, in the present case, there was little or no material on the basis of which the State could have concluded that dancing in the prohibited establishments was likely to deprave, corrupt or injure the public morality or morals. 105. The next justification for the so called intelligible JUDGMENT differentia is on the ground that women who perform in the banned establishment are a vulnerable lot. They come from grossly deprived backgrounds. According to the appellants, most of them are trafficked into bar dancing. We are unable to accept the aforesaid submission. A perusal of the Objects and the Reasons would show that the impugned legislation proceed on a hypothesis that different dance bars are being used as meeting points of Page 104 - 105 - criminals and pick up points of the girls. But the Objects and Reasons say nothing about any evidence having been presented to the Government that these dance bars are actively involved in trafficking of women. In fact, this plea

aforesaid plea seems to have been raised only on the basis of the reports which were submitted after the ban was imposed. We have earlier noticed the extracts from the various reports. In our opinion, such isolated examples would not be sufficient to establish the connection of the dance bars covered under section 33A with trafficking. We, therefore, reject the submission of the appellants that the ban has been placed for the protection of the vulnerable women. JUDGMENT 106. The next justification given by the learned counsel for the appellants is on the basis of degree of harm which is being caused to the atmosphere in the banned establishments and the surrounding areas. Undoubtedly as held by this Court in the Ram Krishna Dalmia’s case (supra) , the Legislature is free to recognize the degrees of harm and may confine its restrictions to those cases Page 105 - 106 - where the need is deemed to be clearest. We also agree with the observations of the U.S. Court in Joseph Patsone’s case (supra) that the state may direct its law against what it deems the evil as it actually exists without

general consensus shared by the majority of the population or on the basis of empirical data. In our opinion, the State neither had the empirical data to conclude that dancing in the prohibited establishment necessarily leads to depravity and corruption of public morals nor was there general consensus that such was the situation. The three reports presented before the High Court in fact have presented divergent view points. Thus, the observations made in the case of Joseph Patsone JUDGMENT (supra) are not of any help to the appellant. We are also conscious of the observations made by this court in case of Mohd. Hanif Quareshi (supra) , wherein it was held that there is a presumption that the legislature understands and appreciates the needs of its people and that its laws are directed to problems made manifest by experience and that its discriminations are based on adequate grounds . In the present case, the appellant has Page 106 - 107 - failed to give any details of any experience which would justify such blatant discrimination, based purely on the class or location of an establishment.

establishments and prohibited establishments on the basis of surrounding circumstances; or vulnerability. Undoubtedly, the legislature is the best judge to measure the degree of harm and make reasonable classification but when such a classification is challenged the State is duty bound to disclose the reasons for the ostensible conclusions. In our opinion, in the present case, the legislation is based on an unacceptable presumption that the so called elite i.e. rich and the famous would have JUDGMENT higher standards of decency, morality or strength of character than their counter parts who have to content themselves with lesser facilities of inferior quality in the dance bars. Such a presumption is abhorrent to the resolve in the Preamble of the Constitution to secure the citizens of India. “Equality of status and opportunity and dignity of the individual”. The State Government presumed that the performance of an identical dance item in the Page 107 - 108 - establishments having facilities less than 3 stars would be derogative to the dignity of women and would be likely to deprave, corrupt or injure public morality or morals; but would not be so in the exempted

108. Incongruously, the State does not find it to be indecent, immoral or derogatory to the dignity of women if they take up other positions in the same establishments such as receptionist, waitress or bar tender. The women that serve liquor and beer to customers do not arouse lust in customers but women dancing would arouse lust. In our opinion, if certain kind of dance is sensuous in nature and if it causes sexual arousal in men it cannot be said to be JUDGMENT more in the prohibited establishments and less in the exempted establishments. Sexual arousal and lust in men and women and degree thereof, cannot be said to be monopolized by the upper or the lower classes. Nor can it be presumed that sexual arousal would generate different character of behaviour, depending on the social strata of the audience. History is replete with examples of crimes of lust committed in the highest echelons of the society as Page 108 - 109 - well as in the lowest levels of society. The High Court has rightly observed, relying on the observations of this Court 44 in Gaurav Jain Vs. Union of India , that “prostitution in 5 star hotels is a licence given to a person from higher

minds are open to such immoral influences, cannot be distinguished on the basis as to whether they are performing in 5 star hotels or in dance bars. The judicial conscience of this Court would not give credence to a notion that high morals and decent behaviour is the exclusive domain of the upper classes; whereas vulgarity and depravity is limited to the lower classes. Any classification made on the basis of such invidious presumption is liable to be struck down being wholly JUDGMENT unconstitutional and particularly contrary to Article 14 of the Constitution of India. Is the impugned legislation ultra vires Article 19(1)(g) – 109. It was submitted by the learned counsel for the appellants that by prohibiting dancing under Section 33A, no right of the bar owners for carrying on a 44 (1997) 8 SCC 114 Page 109 - 110 - business/profession is being infringed [See: Fertilizer Corporation Kamgar Union (Regd.), Sindri & Ors. (supra)]. The curbs are imposed by Section 33A and 33B only to restrict the owners in the prohibited

in establishments covered under Section 33A were obscene, they would fall in the category of res extra commercium and would not be protected by the fundamental right under Article 19(1)(g). The submission is also sought to be supported by placing a reliance on the reports of Prayas and Subhada Chaukar. The restriction is also placed to curb exploitation of the vulnerability of the young girls who come from poverty stricken background and are prone to trafficking. In support of the submission, JUDGMENT the learned counsel relied on a number of judgments of this Court as well as the American Courts, including Municipal Corporation of the City of Ahmedabad (supra) , wherein it was held that the expression “in the interest of general public” under Article 19(6) inter alia includes protecting morality. The relationship between law and morality has been the subject of jurisprudential discourse for centuries. The questions such as: Is the Page 110 - 111 - development of law influenced by morals? Does morality always define the justness of the law? Can law be questioned on grounds of morality? and above all, Can morality be enforced through law?, have been subject

such studies by any of the learned senior counsel. Therefore, we shall not dwell on the same. 110. Upon analyzing the entire fact situation, the High Court has held that dancing would be a fundamental right and cannot be excluded by dubbing the same as res extra commercium . The State has failed to establish that the restriction is reasonable or that it is in the interest of general public. The High Court rightly scrutinized the JUDGMENT impugned legislation in the light of observations of this Court made in Narendra Kumar (supra) , wherein it was held that greater the restriction, the more the need for scrutiny. The High Court noticed that in the guise of regulation, the legislation has imposed a total ban on dancing in the establishments covered under Section 33A. The High Court has also concluded that the legislation has failed to satisfy the doctrine of direct and inevitable effect Page 111 - 112 - [ See: Maneka Gandhi’s case (supra) ] . We see no reason to differ with the conclusions recorded by the High Court. We agree with Mr. Rohatgi and Dr. Dhawan that there are already sufficient rules and regulations and

enumerated in the Preamble and Objects and Reasons of the impugned legislation. 111. The activities of the eating houses, permit rooms and beer bars are controlled by the following regulations: A. Bombay Municipal Corporation Act. B. Bombay Police Act, 1951. C. Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949. D. Rules for Licensing and Controlling Places of Public Entertainment, 1953. E. Rules for Licensing and controlling Places of Public JUDGMENT Amusement other that Cinemas. F. And other orders are passed by the Government from time to time. 112. The Restaurants/Dance Bar owners also have to obtain licenses/permissions as listed below: i. Licence and Registration for eating house under the Bombay Police Act, 1951. ii. License under the Bombay Shops and Establishment Act, 1948 and the Rules thereunder. Page 112 - 113 - iii. Eating House license under Sections 394, 412A, 313 of the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act, 1888. iv. Health License under the Maharashtra Prevention of Food Adulteration Rules, 1962. v. Health License under the Mumbai Municipal

vii. Premises license under Rules 109 of the amusement Rules; viii. License to keep a place of Public Entertainment under Section 33(1), clause (w) and (y) of the Bombay Police Act, 1951 and the said Entertainment Rules; ix. FL III License under the Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949 and the Rules 45 of the Bombay Foreign Liquor Rules, 1953 or a Form “E” license under the Special Permits & Licenses Rules for selling or serving IMFL & Beer. x. Suitability certificate under the Amusement Rules. 113. Before any of the licenses are granted, the applicant has to fulfil the following conditions : JUDGMENT (i) Any application for premises license shall accompanied by the site-plan indicating inter-alia the distance of the site from any religious, educational institution or hospital. (ii) The distance between the proposed place of amusement and the religious place or hospital or educational institution shall be more than 75 metres. (iii) The proposed place of amusement shall not have been located in the congested and thickly populated area. (iv) The proposed site must be located on a road having width of more than 10 metres. Page 113 - 114 - (v) The owners/partners of the proposed place of amusement must not have been arrested or detained for anti-social or any such activities or convicted for any such offenses. (vi) The distance between two machines which are to be

plan. radius of 75 metres. (b) The conditions mentioned in the license shall be observed throughout the period for which the license is granted and if there is a breach of any one of the conditions, the license is likely to be cancelled after following the usual procedure. 114. The aforesaid list, enactments and regulations are further supplemented with regulations protecting the dignity of women. The provisions of Bombay Police Act, 1951 and more particularly Section 33(1)(w) of the said JUDGMENT Act empowers the Licensing Authority to frame Rules ‘”licensing or controlling places of public amusement or entertainment and also for taking necessary steps to prevent inconvenience to residents or passers-by or for maintaining public safety and for taking necessary steps in the interests of public order, decency and morality.” 115. Rules 122 and 123 of the Amusement Rules, 1960 also prescribe conditions for holding performances. Page 114 - 115 - “ Rule 122 – Acts prohibited by the holder of a Performance Licence : No person holding a performance Licence under these Rules shall, in the beginning, during any interval or at the end of any performance, or during the course of any performance, exhibition, production, display or staging, permit or himself commit on the stage or any part of the auditorium :-

(b) any indecency of dress, dance, movement or gesture; Similar conditions and restrictions are also prescribed under the Performance Licence : “The Licensee shall not, at any time before, during the course of or subsequent to any performance, exhibition, production, display or staging, permit or himself commit on the stage or in any part of the auditorium or outside it : (i) any exhibition or advertisement whether by way of posters or in the newspapers, photographs of nude or scantily dressed women; (ii) any performance at a place other than the place provided for the purpose; (iii) any mixing of the cabaret performers with the audience or any physical contact by touch or otherwise with any member of the audience; JUDGMENT (iv) any act specifically prohibited by the rules.” 116. The Rules under the Bombay Police Act, 1951 have been framed in the interest of public safety and social welfare and to safeguard the dignity of women as well as prevent exploitation of women. There is no material placed on record by the State to show that it was not possible to Page 115 - 116 - deal with the situation within the framework of the existing laws except for the unfounded conclusions recorded in the Preamble as well the Objects and Reasons. [ See: State of Gujarat Vs . Mirzapur Moti Kureshi Kassab Jamat

prohibition remains the same, except that a total prohibition must also satisfy the test that a lesser alternative would be inadequate]. The Regulations framed under Section 33(w) of the Bombay Police Act, more so Regulations 238 and 242 provide that the licensing authority may suspend or cancel a licence for any breach of the license conditions. Regulation 241 empowers the licensing authority or any authorised Police Officer, not below the rank of Sub Inspector, to direct the stoppage of JUDGMENT any performance forthwith if the performance is found to be objectionable. Section 162 of the Bombay Police Act empowers a Competent Authority/Police Commissioner/District Magistrate to suspend or revoke a license for breach of its conditions. Thus, sufficient power is vested with the Licensing Authority to safeguard any perceived violation of the dignity of women through obscene dances. Page 116 - 117 - 117. From the objects of the impugned legislation and amendment itself, it is crystal clear that the legislation was brought about on the admission of the police that it is

regulations. One of the submissions made on behalf of the appellants was to the effect that it is possible to control the performances which are conducted in the establishments fall within Section 33B; the reasons advanced for the aforesaid only highlight the stereotype myths that people in upper strata of society behave in orderly and moralistic manner. There is no independent empirical material to show that propensity of immorality or depravity would be any less in these high class JUDGMENT establishments. On the other hand, it is the specific submission of the appellants that the activities conducted within the establishments covered under Section 33A have the effect of vitiating the atmosphere not only within the establishments but also in the surrounding locality. According to the learned counsel for the appellants, during dance in the bars dancers wore deliberately provocative dresses. The dance becomes even more provocative and Page 117 - 118 - sensual when such behaviour is mixed with alcohol. It has the tendency to lead to undesirable results. Reliance was placed upon State of Bombay Vs. R.M.D. Chamarbaugwala & Anr. (supra), Khoday Distilleries Ltd. & Ors. Vs. State of Karnataka & Ors. (supra), State of Punjab & Anr. Vs. Devans Modern Breweries Ltd. & Anr. (supra), New York State Liquor Authority Vs. Dennis BELLANCA, DBA The Main Event, Et Al. (supra), Regina Vs. Bloom (supra) to substantiate the aforesaid submissions. Therefore, looking at the degree of harm caused by such behaviour, the State enacted the impugned legislation. 118. We are undoubtedly bound by the principles enunciated by this Court in the aforesaid cases, but these are not JUDGMENT applicable to the facts and circumstances of the present case. In Khoday Distilleries Ltd. (supra) , it was held that there is no fundamental right inter alia to do trafficking in women or in slaves or to carry on business of exhibiting and publishing pornographic or obscene films and literature. This case is distinguishable because the unfounded presumption that women are being/were trafficked in the bars. The case of State of Punjab & Page 118 - 119 - Anr. Vs . Devans Modern Breweries Ltd. & Anr. (supra) dealt with liquor trade, whereas the present case is clearly different. The reliance on New York State Liquor Authority (supra) is completely unfounded

licensed to serve liquor. Similarly, Regina Vs . Bloom (supra) dealt with indecent performances in a disorderly house. Hence, this case will also not help the appellants. Therefore, we are not impressed with any of these submissions. All the activities mentioned above can be controlled under the existing regulations. 119. We do not agree with the submission of Mr. Subramanium that the impugned enactment is a form JUDGMENT of additional regulation, as it was felt that the existing system of licence and permits were insufficient to deal with problem of ever increasing dance bars. We also do not agree with the submissions that whereas exempted establishments are held to standards higher than those prescribed; the eating houses, permit rooms and dance bars operate beyond/below the control of the regulations. Another justification given is that though it may be Page 119 - 120 - possible to regulate these permit rooms and dance bars which are located within Mumbai, it would not be possible to regulate such establishments in the semi-urban and rural parts of the Maharashtra. If that is so, it is a sad

120. The end result of the prohibition of any form of dancing in the establishments covered under Section 33A leads to the only conclusion that these establishments have to shut down. This is evident from the fact that since 2005, most if not all the dance bar establishments have literally closed down. This has led to the unemployment of over 75,000 women workers. It has been brought on the record that many of them have been compelled to take up prostitution JUDGMENT out of necessity for maintenance of their families. In our opinion, the impugned legislation has proved to be totally counter productive and cannot be sustained being ultra vires Article 19(1)(g). 121. We are also not able to agree with the submission of Mr. Subramanium that the impugned legislation can still be protected by reading down the provision. Undoubtedly, Page 120 - 121 - this Court in the case of Government of Andhra Pradesh & Ors. Vs. P. Laxmi Devi (Smt.) (supra) upon taking notice of the previous precedents has held that the legislature must be given freedom to do experimentations

observations are of no avail to the appellants in view of the opinion expressed by us earlier. It is not possible to read down the expression “any kind or type” of dance by any person to mean dances which are obscene and derogatory to the dignity of women. Such reading down cannot be permitted so long as any kind of dance is permitted in establishments covered under Section 33B. 122. We are also unable to accept the submission of JUDGMENT Mr. Subramanium that the provisions contained in Section 33A can be declared constitutional by applying the doctrine of severability. Even if Section 33B is declared unconstitutional, it would still retain the provision contained in Section 33A which prohibits any kind of dance by any person in the establishments covered under Section 33A. Page 121 - 122 - 123. In our opinion, it would be more appropriate that the State Government re-examines the recommendations made by the Committee which had been constituted by the State Government comprising of a Chairman of AHAR,

prepared a report and submitted the same to the State Government. The State Government had in fact sent a th communication dated 16 July, 2004 to all District Judicial Magistrates and Police Commissioner to amend the rules for exercising control on Hotel Establishments presenting dance programmes. The suggestions made for the amendment of the Regulations were as follows : (1) Bar girls dancing in dance bars should not wear clothes which expose the body and also there should be restriction on such dancers wearing JUDGMENT tight and provocative clothes. (2) There should be a railing of 3 ft. height adjacent to the dance stage. There should be distance of 5 ft. between the railing and seats for the customers. In respect of dance bars who have secured licences earlier, provisions mentioned above be made binding. It should be made binding on dance bars seeking new licences to have railing of 3 ft. height adjacent to the stage and leaving a distance of 5 ft. between the railing and sitting arrangement for customers. Page 122 - 123 - (3) Area of dance floor should be minimum 10 x 12 ft. i.e. 120 sq. ft. and the area to be provided for such dancer should be minimum of 15 sq. ft. so that more than 8 dancers cannot dance simultaneously on the stage having area of 12- sq. ft.

a ban on going near them or on showering money on them. Instead it should be made binding to collect the said money in the name of manager of the concerned dancer or to hand over to the manager. (5) Apart from the above, a register should be maintained in the dance bar to take entries of names of the girls dancing in the bar every day. Similarly, holders of the establishment should gather information such a name, address, photograph and citizenship and other necessary information of the dance girls. Holder of the establishment should be made responsible to JUDGMENT verify the information furnished by the dance girls. Also above conditions should be incorporated in the licences being granted. 124. Despite the directions made by the State Government, the authorities have not taken steps to implement the recommendations which have been submitted by AHAR. On the contrary, the impugned legislation was enacted in 2005. In our opinion, it would be more appropriate to bring Page 123 - 124 - about measures which should ensure the safety and improve the working conditions of the persons working as bar girls. In similar circumstances, this Court in the case of Anuj Garg (supra ) had made certain observations

socially wise approach. This empowerment should reflect in the law enforcement strategies of the State as well as law modeling done in this behalf. In our opinion, in the present case, the restrictions in the nature of prohibition cannot be said to be reasonable, inasmuch as there could be several lesser alternatives available which would have been adequate to ensure safety of women than to completely prohibit dance. In fact, a large number of imaginative alternative steps could be taken instead of JUDGMENT completely prohibiting dancing, if the real concern of the State is the safety of women. 125. Keeping in view the aforesaid circumstances, we are not inclined to interfere with the conclusions reached by the High Court. Therefore, we find no merit in these appeals and the same are accordingly dismissed. Page 124 - 125 - 126. All interim orders are hereby vacated. ………………………… CJI. [Altamas Kabir] ……………………………. J. [Surinder Singh Nijjar] New Delhi; July 16, 2013. JUDGMENT Page 125 126 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2705 OF 2006 State of Maharashtra & Anr. … Appellants Vs. Indian Hotel & Restaurants Assn. JUDGMENT & Ors. … Respondents WITH Civil Appeal No. 2704 of 2006 and Page 126 127 Civil Appeal No.5504 of 2013 [Arising out of S.L.P. (C) No. 14534 of 2006] J U D G M E N T ALTAMAS KABIR, CJI. 1. Having had an opportunity of going through the masterly exposition of the law in the crucible of facts relating to the violation of the provisions JUDGMENT of Articles 19(1)(a), 19(1)(g) and 21 of the Constitution read with the relevant provisions of the Bombay Police Act, 1951, I wish to pen down some of my thoughts vis-a-vis the problem arising in all these matters requiring the balancing of Page 127 128 equities under Articles 19(1)(g) and 21 of the Constitution. 2. The expression “the cure is worse than the disease” comes to mind immediately. 3. As will appear from the judgment of my learned Brother, Justice Nijjar, the discontinuance of bar dancing in establishments below the rank of three star establishments, has led to the closure of a large number of establishments, which has resulted in loss of employment for about seventy-five JUDGMENT thousand women employed in the dance bars in various capacities. In fact, as has also been commented upon by my learned Brother, many of these unfortunate people were forced into prostitution merely to survive, as they had no other means of survival. Page 128 129 4. Of course, the right to practise a trade or

with each other, but in a situation like the present one, such right cannot be equated with unrestricted freedom like a run-away horse. As has been indicated by my learned Brother, at the very end of his judgment, it would be better to treat the cause than to blame the effect and to completely discontinue the livelihood of a large section of women, eking out an existence by dancing in bars, who will be left to the mercy of other JUDGMENT forms of exploitation. The compulsion of physical needs has to be taken care of while making any laws on the subject. Even a bar dancer has to satisfy her hunger, provide expenses for her family and meet day to day expenses in travelling from her Page 129 130 residence to her place of work, which is sometimes even as far as 20 to 25 kms. away. Although, it

authorities that the bar dancers have taken to the profession not as an extreme measure, but as a profession of choice, more often than not, it is a Hobson's choice between starving and in resorting to bar dancing. From the materials placed before us and the statistics shown, it is apparent that many of the bar dancers have no other option as they have no other skills, with which they could earn a living. Though some of the women engaged in bar dancing may be doing so as a matter of choice, JUDGMENT not very many women would willingly resort to bar dancing as a profession. 5. Women worldwide are becoming more and more assertive of their rights and want to be free to Page 130 131 make their own choices, which is not an entirely uncommon or unreasonable approach. But it is

people in general not only by way of laws and other forms of regulations, but also by way of providing suitable amenities for those who want to get out of this trap and to either improve their existing conditions or to begin a new life altogether. Whichever way one looks at it, the matter requires the serious attention of the State and its authorities, if the dignity of women, as a whole, and respect for them, is to be restored. In that context, the directions given by my learned JUDGMENT Brother, Justice Nijjar, assume importance. 6. I fully endorse the suggestions made in paragraph 123 of the judgment prepared by my learned Brother that, instead of generating Page 131 132 unemployment, it may be wiser for the State to look into ways and means in which reasonable

without completely prohibiting or stopping the same. 7. It is all very well to enact laws without making them effective. The State has to provide alternative means of support and shelter to persons engaged in such trades or professions, some of whom are trafficked from different parts of the country and have nowhere to go or earn a living after JUDGMENT coming out of their unfortunate circumstances. A strong and effective support system may provide a solution to the problem. 8. These words are in addition to and not in Page 132 133 derogation of the judgment delivered by my learned Brother. ...................CJI. (ALTAMAS KABIR) New Delhi Dated: July 16, 2013. JUDGMENT Page 133