GIREESAN NAIR vs. THE STATE OF KERALA

Case Type: Criminal Appeal

Date of Judgment: 11-11-2022

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Full Judgment Text

REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NOS. 1864­1865 OF 2010 GIREESAN NAIR & ORS. ETC.                ...APPELLANT(S) VERSUS STATE OF KERALA             ...RESPONDENT(S) J U D G M E N T PAMIDIGHANTAM SRI NARASIMHA, J.  1. These appeals are directed against the judgment of the High Court of Kerala upholding the conviction of Accused Nos. 1­7, 9­ 12, 14, 16 and 18 under Sections 143, 147, 148 of the Indian 1 Penal Code, 1860 , and Sections 3(2)(e) of Prevention of Damages 2 to Public Property Act, 1984 , read with Section 149 of the IPC. A sentence of four years of rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 3   10,000, as imposed by the Trial Court , was also upheld by the High Court. 
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1 2. Facts:   The facts of the present case can be traced back to the year 2000 when the State of Kerala decided to delink pre­ degree courses from colleges and start plus­two courses at the school level. There were protests against the implementation of the said policy. During one of the protests on 12.07.2000, it is alleged   that   the   police   officials   were   harsh,   and   several protesters, including girl students, were injured. To avenge the police atrocity, it is alleged that Accused Nos. 1­2 and 25­33 hatched a conspiracy to launch a protest the next day to create fear and terror in the city.  3. In   furtherance   of   the   alleged   conspiracy,   on   13.07.2000, about 1500 protestors armed with weapons proceeded towards the   Government   Secretariat.   When   the   group   was   met   with resistance from the police force, they became violent and caused damage to as many as 81 buses belonging to the Kerala State 4 Road Transport Corporation . A few protestors even went inside the  garage   of  KSRTC,   and   when  the   KSRTC   workers   repelled them, the protestors turned even more violent, leading to the death of one Mr. Rajesh, a bus conductor with KSRTC.  4  hereinafter referred to as ‘the KSRTC’.  2 4. In the aftermath of this event, based on the statement given by   Rajesh,   an   FIR   was   registered   by   PW­72   (head   constable) under Sections 143, 147, 148, 307, 149 of the IPC, Section 3(2)(e) of   the   PDPP   Act   and   Sections   3   and   5   of   the   Explosive Substances Act, 1908. As per the FIR, Accused Nos. 1­2 and 25­ 33   hatched   a   conspiracy   and   abetted   acts   of   rioting.   The Appellants herein and Accused Nos. 17 and 19 being part of the mob, formed an unlawful assembly which resulted in riots and wide­scale destruction of public property. Further, Accused Nos. 17 and 19 were also alleged to have caused the death of Rajesh.  5. Investigation: Pursuant to the lodging of the FIR, PW­78,   Circle­inspector, Fort P.S., as the investigating officer, arrested Accused   Nos.   1­16   on   13.07.2000.   Two   days   later,   the investigation was handed over to PW­76. After taking over the baton, PW­76 was informed that Rajesh had succumbed to the injuries.   Immediately   upon   receiving   that   information,   PW­76 proceeded to the hospital to conduct an inquest. After concluding that   the   death   was   homicidal,   he   approached   the   concerned court, which had taken cognizance of the matter to alter the charge under   Section  307  to  that   of   Section   302   of   the   IPC. 3 Considering   the   gravity   of   the   subject   and   wide­scale repercussions,   the   Director   General   of   Police   constituted   a Special Investigation Team headed by PW­84, the then Dy. S.P., Narcotic   and   Economic   Offences   Cell,   CBCID, Thiruvananthapuram.  After taking charge  of  the  investigation, PW­84 arrested Accused Nos. 17­18 on 01.08.2000 and Accused Nos.   19   on   04.08.2000.   It   is   PW­84   who   completed   the investigation   and   filed   a   charge   sheet   before   the   Trial   Court. However, before getting into the details of the charges levelled and the consequent decision of the Sessions Court, it is essential to mention the two Test Identification Parades conducted by PW­ 47, Judicial Magistrate First Class – IV, Thiruvananthapuram, which have a direct bearing on the final decision in this matter. st 6. 1   Test   Identification   Parade:   Conducting   a   Test 5 Identification Parade   was crucial for the prosecution as there were more than 1500 people who were part of the mob, and only a handful of them were arrested and charge­sheeted. It is for this reason that the IO (PW­84) submitted a report before the Chief 6 Judicial   Magistrate   and   sought   the   consent   of   the   CJM   for conducting a TIP. The CJM accepted this request and, by his 5  hereinafter referred to as ‘TIP’. 6  hereinafter referred to as ‘CJM’. 4 order   dated   24.07.2000,   directed   PW­47   (JMFC­   IV, Thiruvananthapuram)   to   conduct   a   TIP.   Accordingly,   PW­47 decided to conduct the TIP on 31.07.2000 for the identification of Accused Nos. 1­16.  7. To protect the sanctity of the TIP, the Judicial Magistrate (PW­47) is said to have instructed the IO (PW­84) to ensure that the witnesses (who were later examined as PWs 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) earmarked for the TIP do not get any opportunity to see the Accused   before   the   TIP.   For   conducting   the   TIP,   the   Judicial Magistrate   (PW­47)   directed   the   IO   (PW­84)   to   arrange   forty civilians   as   non­suspects.   The   IO   (PW­84)   could,   however, arrange only for thirty non­suspects being twenty police officers and ten civilians. In addition to these thirty non­suspects, the Judicial Magistrate (PW­47) is said to have shortlisted twenty­one undertrials to participate in the TIP. However, PW­47 decided to go ahead with only twenty­one undertrials and ten civilians. It is his version that he made an effort to fetch more undertrials for the TIP, but to no avail. Ultimately, he conducted the TIP by mixing the sixteen accused with the thirty­one non­suspects.  5 8. The TIP began with the Judicial Magistrate (PW­47) taking note of the name, address, and other details of the non­suspects. After   that,   the   suspects   and   non­suspects   were   mixed,   and witnesses were asked to identify the Accused.   9. After   the   conclusion   of   the   identification   process   for Accused Nos. 1­16, the non­suspects were asked to leave, and when the suspects were alone, they were asked if they had any complaints about how the TIP was conducted. It is alleged that all of them replied in the negative. However, when questioned if they had anything else to say, Accused No. 2, on behalf of all the accused, stated that,  when the suspects were in police custody from 20.07.2000 to 22.07.2000, they were all photographed and video­graphed and were also shown to all the six witnesses from the cabin of the IO (PW­84). All this is evident from the “ Report of the   Identification   Parade   of   the   16   Accused   Persons   dated 31.07.2000”.  nd 10.1 2   Test   Identification   Parade: In   the   previous   TIP,   six     witnesses   identified   accused   1­16.   But   as   mentioned   earlier, st Accused Nos. 17­19 were arrested after the completion of the 1 nd TIP. In that view of the matter, permission to conduct the 2  TIP 6 was sought from the CJM by the IO (PW­84) to facilitate the st identification of the Accused in three phases – (i) In the 1  Phase to   identify   Accused   Nos.   17­19   by   those   very   witnesses   who st identified Accused Nos. 1­16 in the 1  TIP (PWs 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and nd 7); (ii) In the 2  Phase to identify Accused Nos. 1­16 by PW’s 10, rd 11, 12 and 15; and (iii) In the 3  Phase to identify Accused Nos. 1­19 by PW’s 8, 9 and 33. After receiving the request from the IO (PW­84), the CJM granted permission and directed the Judicial nd Magistrate (PW­47) to conduct the 2   TIP. Accordingly, PW­47 nd decided to conduct the 2  TIP on 26.08.2000. The conduct of the TIP in each of the phases is as under.   st 10.2  In the 1  Phase of this TIP, Accused Nos. 17­19, who were to   be   identified,   were   mixed   with   sixteen   under­trial   non­ suspects.   After   the   identification   process   culminated,  Accused No.19, for himself and the other two accused, stated that while they   were   in   police   custody,   they   were   shown   to   the   six witnesses, PWs 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Further, he also stated that they were all photographed and video­graphed and that they were allowed to be seen by all the witnesses when they were taken to court for extending their remand.   7 nd 10.3  In the 2  Phase of the TIP, Accused Nos. 1­16 who were to be identified were mixed with 45 non­suspects, with thirty­one of them   being   under­trials   and   the   remaining   being   civilians. Thereafter,   PWs   10,   11,   12   and   15   proceeded   with   the identification.  rd 10.4  In the 3  Phase of the TIP, Accused Nos. 1­19 were to be identified by PWs 8, 9 and 33. For identification, the Accused were mixed with the pre­existing 45 non­suspects. After the end of the identification process, Accused No. 2, on behalf of others, stated  that   when   Accused   Nos.   1­19   were   taken   to   court  for remand, and the presence of all the witnesses was arranged in the court by the police. He reiterated that while they were in police custody, they were photographed and video­graphed and were   also   made   to   be   seen   by   all   the   witnesses   from   the chamber/cabin of the IO (PW­84). All the Accused collectively stated that they were wearing the very same dress, straight from their arrest, till the date of the TIP. All this is evident from the “ Report of the Identification Parade of the 19 Accused Persons dated 26.08.2000”.  8 11. Thus,   it   can   be   seen   that   from   the   very   beginning,   the Accused had objected to how the TIP was conducted and the events preceding it, which inter­alia included – (i) the Accused being shown to the witnesses from the cabin of the IO (PW­84); (ii) the Accused being photographed and video­graphed while they were in police custody; (iii) securing the presence of the witnesses in court while the accused were produced for extension of their remand; and (iv) the Accused wearing the same dress straight from their arrest till the date of the TIP.  12. Upon completion of the investigation, including the TIP as indicated above, charge sheet was filed on 23.09.2000, and the case   was   committed   to   the   Court   of   Additional   District   and Sessions Judge (Fast­track Court – I), Thiruvananthapuram, on 27.10.2000.  13. Sessions Court and High Court:  On 26.05.2005, the Sessions Court framed charges under Sections 120B, 143, 147, 148, 324, 427, 506, 302, 109 and 111 r/w 149 of the IPC and Sections 3(2) (e) of the PDPP Act against Accused Nos. 1­33. The prosecution examined 85 witnesses and marked 134 documents as exhibits. Thereafter, the defence examined 3 witnesses and marked 24 9 documents as exhibits. After hearing the matter in detail, the Sessions Court framed 12 points for consideration, which can be broadly   classified   into   three   issues   (i)   conspiracy   hatched   by Accused Nos. 1­2 and 25­33; (ii) the murder of Rajesh; and (iii) the destruction of KSRTC buses and other public properties.  14. Re: Conspiracy hatched by Accused No. 1­2 and 25­33 : To establish a conspiracy  case against Accused Nos. 1­2 and 25­33 , the   prosecution   examined   PW­68   and   PW­85.   PW­68,   who deposed before the court that he had overheard the conversation between the  Accused hatching the conspiracy. PW­85, on the other hand, turned hostile. Therefore, based on the deposition of PW­68, the Sessions Court convicted Accused Nos. 1­2 and 25­33 under Sections 120B of the IPC r/w Section 3(2)(e) of the PDPP Act, Sections 109 and 111 of the IPC, and sentenced them to four years of imprisonment. In appeal, the High Court disbelieved PW­ 68 and consequently set aside the conviction of Accused Nos. 1­2 and 25­33 under the abovementioned provisions. The decision of the High Court on the issue of conspiracy against Accused Nos. 1­2 and 25­33 has attained finality as the State has not preferred an appeal.  10 15.  Re: Charge of the murder of Rajesh against Accused 17 and 19 : In so far as the issue relating to the   charge of murder of   is   concerned;   the Rajesh   against   Accused   Nos.   17   and   19 prosecution relied upon the evidence of PWs 5, 6 and 8. These witnesses deposed that while Accused No. 17 beat Rajesh with an iron pipe, Accused No. 19 beat him with a wooden reaper. Based on the deposition of PWs 5, 6 and 8, the Sessions Court convicted Accused Nos. 17 and 19 under Sections 302 r/w 34 of the IPC for life. The  High Court, in  appeal,  set aside this  conviction and instead found them guilty under Section 326 r/w 34 of the IPC and sentenced them to 7 years of rigorous imprisonment. The finding of the High Court on this issue has also attained finality as   the   State   has   not   appealed   before   this   Court   against   the altered   conviction   and   the   reduced   sentence.   In   fact,   even Accused   Nos.   17   and   19   have   not   appealed   since   they   had already served a sentence of seven years. 16. Given the findings of the Trial and the High Court on the issue   of   conspiracy   and   murder   attaining   finality,   the   only question that falls for consideration is the issue relating to the destruction of public property. In fact, this is the only question 11 that was raised and argued before us. We will now proceed to examine this aspect in detail.  17.  Re:   Charge   of   the   destruction   of   public   property   against Accused Nos. 1­7, 9­12, 14, 16 and 18 under Sections 143, 147, 148 of the IPC and Sections 3(2)(e) of the PDPP Act r/w Section 149 of the IPC : To establish the charge of destruction of public property, the prosecution relied upon the evidence of PWs 5, 6, 8, 31 and 33, as eye­witnesses to the crime. To prove the presence of these witnesses, the prosecution had to necessarily rely on the TIP   proceedings.   The   defence   questioned   the   TIP   on   various grounds, among other things, the presence of IO (PW­84) at the time of conducting the TIP, the accused being photographed and video­graphed while they were in police custody, among others.  18. The Sessions Court rejected all the objections to the legality and credibility of the TIP by holding that (i) the IO (PW­84) was just present and did not influence the TIP in any manner; (ii) the imbalance in the ratio between suspects and non­suspects in the TIP is not the Judicial Magistrate’s (PW­47) or the IO’s (PW­84) fault, because they tried their best to fetch more non­suspects; (iii) the IO (PW­84) took steps to prevent disclosure of identity of 12 accused to witnesses before the TIP by covering the side of the vehicle in which they were brought to the court for extension of remand, though, he also stated that he did not put a mask on them; (iv) there is no material to show that photographs or video­ graphs of the Accused were taken and shown to the witnesses prior to the TIP; and (v) even though PW­3 and PW­4 admitted in cross­examination  before  the   Court that  some   of  the   accused were shown to them before the TIP, during re­examination, both of them frankly admitted that after the incident, they had seen the miscreants for the first time during the TIP. In view of its conclusions   on   the   TIP,   the   Trial   Court   proceeded   to  convict Accused Nos. 1­7, 9­12, 14, 16­19 under Sections 143, 147, 148 IPC and 3(2)(e) of PDPP Act r/w 149 of the IPC and sentenced them to four years of imprisonment.  19. The   High   Court   has,   while   exercising   criminal   appellate jurisdiction, failed to consider any of the submissions made by the Appellants on the legality or the integrity of the TIP. The following passage is the only discussion on this argument: “43.   …..  The   Court   below   has   made   its   finding regarding   the   offence   punishable   under   Ss.143,   147 and 148 IPC and S.3(2)(e) of the PDPP Act, based on the identification   of   the   various   witnesses   in   court.   The matter has been dealt with elaborately by the Court 13 below. It is idle for the appellants to say that there was no proper identification and so, it was not possible to say, who had caused obstruction to the KSRTC buses. Moreover, when a group of persons cause damage to public properties, each one of that illegal group will be held liable for the acts of the other members in the group also.” In view of the above, the High Court upheld the conviction of Accused Nos. 1­7, 9­12, 14, 16­19 under Sections 143, 147, 148 IPC and 3(2)(e) of PDPP Act r/w 149 of the IPC and also the sentence of four years imprisonment imposed upon them by the Sessions Court.  Therefore, the learned counsel for the Appellants were   justified   in   contending   that   the   High   Court   has   not considered the submissions of the Appellants on law and on fact. The High Court, while exercising criminal appellate jurisdiction under Section 386 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, has to necessarily assess the evidence on record with a view to satisfy itself that the appreciation of evidence by the Trial Court is not vitiated   by   any   illegality   and   is   not   palpably   erroneous.   The dismissal of appeal without considering an appellant’s contention is a serious infirmity, which will result in no legal judgment in 7 the eye of law .  7  Sohan and Anr. v. State of Haryana and Anr. (2001) 3 SCC 620; State of Rajasthan v. Hanuman (2001) 1 SCC 337; Badri and Ors. v. State of Rajasthan (2000) 10 SCC 246. 14 20. Submissions   of   the   Parties :   Ms.   Sonia   Mathur,   learned Senior Advocate appearing for Accused Nos. 1­7, 9, 14, 16 and 18, at the very outset, contended that the High Court has not rendered any independent finding on the issue of destruction of public   property   and   has   merely   reiterated   what   the   Sessions Court had held.  21. Be   that   as   it   may,   the   central   thrust   of   Ms.   Mathur’s submission was on the manner in which the TIP was conducted. According to her, the TIP was of utmost importance, considering that this was a case where criminal liability was fastened only against a few protestors. She raised questions over the integrity of the TIP by contending that (i) the ideal ratio of suspects to non­ suspects as laid down by the Kerala High Court in  Pradeepan v. 8 State of Kerala ,    has not been followed; (ii) the presence of IO (PW­84)   in   the   premises   of   central   jail   during   both   the   TIPs vitiates the TIP in its entirety; (iii) the IO (PW­47) in both the TIPs did not record physical features, age etc. of the non­suspects. The   learned   senior   counsel   gave   an   example   by   stating   that Accused No. 7 had a long beard, but there were no non­suspects having   a   long   beard;   (iv)   the   IO   (PW­84)   has   admitted   that 8  (2005) 3 KLT 1075. 15 Accused Nos. 1­16 were in his custody when he questioned the eyewitnesses in his office; (v) PW­3 and PW­4 have admitted that they had seen the Accused while they were at the Police Station; (vi)   PW­1,   PW   8­12   and   PW­33   have   admitted   that   they   had identified the Accused in the TIP based on the pictures they saw in the newspaper; (vii) the Accused had complained that while they were in police custody, they were photographed and shown to the witnesses from the cabin of PW­84; (viii) Remand Report dated 14.07.2000   clearly   stated   that   Accused   Nos.   1­16   were shown to the eye­witnesses; (ix) there has been a delay in holding in   the   TIP   which   is   fatal,   in   light   of   the   decision   in 9 Acharaparambath  Pradeepan and Anr.   v.   State of Kerala , Lal 10 Singh and Ors.  v.  State of UP   and  Shaikh Umar Ahmed Shaikh 11 and Anr.  v.  State of Maharashtra ; and (x) no importance can be given to the identification made in the TIP when the same witness fails   to   identify   the   same   accused   before   the   court.   For   this purpose, reliance was placed on the judgement of this Court in 12 Lalli alias Jagdeep Singh  v.  State of Rajasthan Independent of her submissions on the aspect of TIP, the learned senior advocate 9  (2006) 13 SCC 643 10  (2003) 12 SCC 554 11  (1998) 5 SCC 103 12  (2003) 12 SCC 666 16 also relied upon the decision of the Delhi High Court in  Capitol
Art House (P) Ltdv.Neha Datta
,where it was held that re­
examination of  witnesses should  not be allowed, especially to facilitate   them   to   rectify   their   mistakes.   This   submission  was made in the context of PW­3 and PW­4s contradictory statements made in the chief examination and the re­examination.  22. Shri Vinay Navare, learned Senior Advocate appearing for Accused Nos. 10­12 contended that the statements given by PW­ 5, PW­6 and PW­8 could not form the basis of conviction because (i) PW­5 had stated in his deposition that he was not present at the   time   of   the   incident   and   that   he   reached   the   place   of occurrence only after the incident; (ii) PW­6 could only identify Accused Nos. 17 and 19 and could generally identify the other accused as the agitators; (iii) PW­8 had stated in his deposition that he identified the Accused on the basis of the images he saw in a newspaper.   23. Shri Navare  also raised questions  over how the  TIP  was conducted by submitting that (i) the purpose of conducting a TIP fails when pictures of the accused are published in newspapers. He   relied   upon   the   decision   of   this   Court   in   Ravi   alias 13  (2022) SCC OnLine Del 1746 17 14 Ravichandran v. State represented by Inspector of Police ,   where this Court had held that no importance could be attached to a TIP where the photos of the alleged suspects were making rounds in newspapers and also when the witnesses had a chance to look at   the   accused   while   the   accused   were   in   police   custody. Additionally, he also placed reliance on the judgement of this Court   in   Shaikh   Umar   Ahmed   Shaikh   and   Anr.   v.   State   of Maharashtra (supra)  to bolster his submission on the same point; st (ii) the ratio of suspects to non­suspects was improper in the 1 TIP; (iii) the IO (PW­84) was present in the hall where both the TIPs took place; (iv) there was a delay of over one month between the date of the incident and the dates of the TIP, which facilitated the investigation officer to acclimatise the witnesses to the way the Accused’s look. He relied upon the decision of this Court in 15 Suresh Chandra Bahri v. State of Bihar   where it has been held that   a   TIP   has   to   be   conducted   at   the   earliest   possible opportunity; and (v) the identification made by PW­5, PW­6 and PW­8 are of no consequence as they are not an independent witness.  14  (2007) 15 SCC 372 15  (1995) Supp 1 SCC 80 18 24. Shri Harshad V. Hameed, learned counsel appearing for the State, countered the submissions made regarding the conduct of the TIP by contending that – (i) the decision in  Pradeepan  v.  State 16 of Kerala , is not binding. The same were mere guidelines which could be adjusted based on the facts and circumstances of a case. Reliance was also placed on the decision of the Kerala High 17 Court in  Mohanan Nair v. State of Kerala to support the same point; (ii) a TIP can be accepted as a piece of evidence based on the subjective satisfaction of a court, which has occurred in this case; (iii) if there were concerns about the manner in which the TIP   was   conducted,   then   the   TIP   itself   should   have   been challenged. In that view of the  matter, it was submitted that when it has not been challenged, then under Section 80 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, a presumption arises that the TIP Report is a valid proof of evidence; (iv) the JFMC (PW­47) took every measure within his reach to ensure smooth conduct of the TIP; (v) the IO (PW­84) took all possible measures to ensure that the   TIP  is   conducted   at   the   earliest   possible   opportunity;   (vi) reliance was placed on the decision of this Court in the case of 16    Supra  No. 8 17  (1989) Cr.L.J. 2106 (Ker) 19 18 Munna Kumar Upadhyay   v.   State of Andhra Pradesh ,   where it was   held   that   if   pictures   of   the   suspects   were   circulated   in newspapers   months   before   the   TIP   is   conducted,   then   the circulation   would   have   lost   its   effect   on   the   minds   of   the witnesses;   (vii)   the   Sessions   Court   has   only   convicted   those accused, who were identified both before the Court as well as in the TIP. The testimony of these eyewitnesses never suffered from any infirmities; and (viii) the evidence of PW­5, PW­6 and PW­8, which was relied upon by the Trial Court, was not biased.  25. Analysis :   Heard   the   learned   counsel   for   the   parties   and perused the case records. We may, at the outset, note that the eyewitnesses questioned by the prosecution did not give out the names or identities of the Accused participating in the riot and involved in the destruction of public property. Therefore, the IO (PW­84)   had   to   necessarily   conduct   a   TIP.  The   object   of
conducting a TIP is threefold.First, to enable the witnesses to
satisfy themselves that the accused whom they suspect is really the one who was seen by them in connection with the crime.
Second, to satisfy the investigating authorities that the suspect is
the real person whom the witnesses had seen in connection with 18  (2012) 6 SCC 174 20
the said occurrence.Third,to test the witnesses’ memory based
on first impression and enable the prosecution to decide whether all or any of them could be cited as eyewitnesses to the crime 19 ( Mulla and Anr.  v.  State of U.P. ). 26. TIPs belong to the stage of investigation by the police.  It assures that investigation is proceeding in the right direction. It is a rule of prudence which is required to be followed in cases where   the   accused   is   not   known   to   the   witness   or   the
complainant(Matru alias Girish Chandrav.State of U.P.
C. Muniappan and Ors.v.
22 State of Tamil Nadu ). The evidence of a TIP is admissible under Section   9   of   the   Indian   Evidence   Act.   However,   it   is   not   a substantive piece of evidence. Instead, it is used to corroborate the evidence given by witnesses before a court of law at the time of trial. Therefore, TIPs, even if held, cannot be considered in all the cases as trustworthy evidence on which the conviction of an
accused can be sustained (State of H.P.v.Lekh Raj and Anr.
andC. Muniappan and Orsv.State of T.N.
).
(1971) 2 SCC 75 (Para 17)
Supra No.19(Paras 41 and 43).
(2010) 9 SCC 567 (Para 42)
(2000) 1 SCC 247 (Para 3)
21 27. It is a matter of great importance both for the investigating agency   and   for   the   accused   and   a   fortiori   for   the   proper administration of justice that a TIP is held without avoidable and unreasonable delay after the arrest of the accused. This becomes necessary to eliminate the possibility of the accused being shown to the witnesses before the test identification parade. This is a very common plea of the accused, and therefore, the prosecution has to be cautious to ensure that there is no scope for making such an allegation. If, however, circumstances are beyond control and there is some delay, it cannot be said to be fatal to the prosecution. But reasons should be given as to why there was a 25 delay ( Mulla and Anr.  v.  State of U.P.  and  Suresh Chandra Bahri
v.State of Bihar
ncases where the witnesses have had ample opportunity to
see the accused before the identification parade is held, it may adversely affect the trial. It is the duty of the prosecution to establish before the court that right from the day of arrest, the accused was kept “baparda” to rule out the possibility of their face being seen while in police custody. If the witnesses had the 25  Supra No.19 (Para 45) 26  Supra No.15 22 opportunity to see the accused before the TIP, be it in any form, i.e., physically, through photographs or via media (newspapers, television etc…), the evidence of the TIP is not admissible as a
valid piece of evidence (Lal Singh and Orsv. State of U.P.
Suryamoorthi and Anr.v.Govindaswamy and Ors.
).
29. If identification in the TIP has taken place after the accused is shown to the witnesses, then not only is the evidence of TIP inadmissible,   even  an  identification  in   a  court  during   trial  is meaningless ( Shaikh Umar Ahmed Shaikh and Anr.   v.   State of  29 ). Even a TIP conducted in the presence of a police Maharashtra officer  is   inadmissible   in   light   of  Section   162   of   the   Code   of
Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Chunthuramv.State of Chhattisgarh
andRamkishan Mithanlal Sharmav.State of Bombay
30. It   is   significant   to   maintain   a   healthy   ratio   between suspects and non­suspects during a TIP. If rules to that effect are provided in Prison Manuals or if an appropriate authority has issued guidelines regarding the ratio to be maintained, then such rules/guidelines shall be followed. The officer conducting the TIP
(2020) 10 SCC 733
(1955) 1 SCR 903
23 is under   a  compelling   obligation   to  mandatorily   maintain   the prescribed ratio. While conducting a TIP, it is a  sine­qua­non  that the non­suspects should be of the same age­group and should also have similar physical features (size, weight, color, beard, scars, marks, bodily injuries etc.) to that of the suspects. The concerned   officer   overseeing   the   TIP   should   also   record   such physical features before commencing the TIP proceeding. This gives credibility to the TIP and ensures that the TIP is not just an
Rajesh Govind Jageshav.State of Maharashtra
andRaviv.State
31. It is for the prosecution to prove that a TIP was conducted in   a   fair   manner   and   that   all   necessary   measures   and precautions   were   taken   before   conducting   the   TIP.   Thus,   the burden is not on the defence. Instead, it is on the prosecution
(Rajesh Govind Jageshav.State of Maharashtra
32.We will now consider the three major contentions raised by
the   Appellants   before   us,   being   (i)   the   credibility   of   the   eye­ witnesses who participated in the TIP to identify the accused; (ii) delay in conducting the TIP; and (iii) legality of the TIP and the
32<br>33<br>34(1999) 8 SCC 428
Supra No.14
Supra No.32 (Para 4
24 presence of the IO during the conduct of the TIP.  We will now consider each of these submissions.
33.
Credibility of the eyewitnesses who participated in the
TIP to identify the accused:   34. PW­3, in his deposition before the Sessions Court, stated that:   “ Prior to the date of identification parade, I had been to the Cr i me   Branch office on different days (Q).  Were there 10­18 accused at t i me of first parade. (A). So many people were there. (Q). Were some of the accused shown to you from the crime branch office  (A). They were shown   (Q). Were some more of the accused were shown to you nd before going to the 2  parade (A) .  Yes” 35 . PW­4,   in   his   deposition   before   the   Sessions   Court,   has stated that: “I went to Crime Branch office for giving statement. That was 8­10 days prior to the first parade . (Q). When you went there to give your next statement did they show you some of the accused  (A) They were there   (Q). After the first parade  have given statement to   the nd Crime Branch. That was before 2   parade. Did they show you the accused at   that time  (A) .   They   were   there.   Thus,   those   persons   I   saw   or shown  to  me were identified at the time of parade. ”  25 36. Both   these   witnesses,   during   their   re­examination,   have, however, contradicted themselves by  stating that they saw the Accused for the first time during the TIP.  37. In so far as PW­5 is concerned, his presence at the scene of the offence and seeing the Accused committing the offence is in serious doubt. During his cross­examination, he stated that  “(Q).  Did you go and see the place of incident. (A)   I went there at the place of occurrence after the incident. Then I saw three employees. Altogether, there were 10­20 persons including who stood outside the office and at the place of occurrence.  (Q). Did you ask them about the incident.  (A) No.  (Q).   Did   you   reach   there   only   after   accused   left   the place.  (A). Yes”  38. PW­6,   whose   evidence   has   been   relied   upon   by   the prosecution, has also stated that he had visited the crime branch st office eleven days prior to the 1   TIP, i.e., on 20.07.2000. This date coincided with the date when the Accused were also taken into police custody. On the other hand, PW­8, whose evidence has also been relied upon by the prosecution, has stated in his deposition that he identified the Accused in the TIP based on the pictures published in a newspaper.  26 39. PW­31, an employee of KSRTC, has deposed only on the financial loss caused to KSRTC because of the destruction. His deposition is not helpful to fasten any liability on the Accused.  40. The last witness relied upon by the prosecution to prove the charge of destruction of public property was PW­33. However, this witness turned hostile. Therefore, his deposition takes us nowhere.  41. Proceeding to the deposition of the Judicial Magistrate (PW­ 47), he was asked, if   before commencing the  parade, he had asked   any   of   the   witnesses   whether   they   had   any   prior acquaintance with the suspects or non­suspects or whether the suspects or non­suspects were shown to them by the IO (PW­84). PW­47   stated   that   he   did   not   ask   any   such   question   to   the suspects before commencing the parade.  However, he said that he asked the suspects at the end of the parade if they had any objection to the manner in which the TIP was conducted. It may be recounted that Accused No. 2 had objected that they were shown to the witnesses while they were in police custody.  27
Budhsen and Anr.v.State of UP
,had
directed that sufficient precautions have to be taken to ensure that the witnesses who are to participate in the TIP do not have an opportunity to see the accused before the TIP is conducted.  In
Lal Singhv.State of U.P.
,this Court had held that a trial would
be adversely affectedwhen the witnesses have had ample
opportunity to see the accused before the identification parade is held. It was held that the prosecution should take precautions and establish before the court that right from the day of his arrest, the accused was kept “baparda” to rule out the possibility of   his   face   being   seen   while   in   police   custody.   Later,   in
Lalliv.State of Rajasthan
andMaya Kaur Baldevsingh Sardar
and Anr.v.State of Maharashtra
,this Court has categorically
held that where the accused has been shown to the witness or even his photograph has been shown by the investigating officer prior to a TIP, holding an identification parade in such facts and circumstances remains inconsequential. Another crucial decision was rendered by this Court in  Shaikh Umar Ahmed Shaikh and  39 Anr.  v.  State of Maharashtra , where it was held:
35(1970) 2 SCC 128
28
8.….But, the question arises: what value could be
attached to the evidence of identity of accused by the
witnesses in the Court when the accused were possibly
shown to the witnesses before the identification parade
in the police station. The Designated Court has already
recorded a finding that there was strong possibility that
the suspects were shown to the witnesses.Under such
circumstances, when the accused were already shown
to the witnesses, their identification in the Court by the
witnesses was meaningless. The statement of
witnesses in the Court identifying the accused in the
Court lost all its value and could not be made the basis
for recording conviction against the accused. The
reliance of evidence of identification of the accused in
the Court by PW 2 and PW 11 by the Designated Court,
was an erroneous way of dealing with the evidence of
identification of the accused in the Court by the two
eyewitnesses and had caused failure of justice. Since
conviction of the appellants have been recorded by the
Designated Court on wholly unreliable evidence, the
same deserves to be set aside.”
43. In so far as evidence of PW­8 is concerned, who has stated that   he   identified   the   accused   in   the   TIP   based   on   pictures published in newspapers, the position of law is clear. This Court
Suryamoorthiv. Govindaswamy
10.Two identification parades were held in the course
of investigation. At the first identification parade PW 1
identified all the seven accused persons whereas PW 2
identified three of them, namely, Accused 2, 6 and 7
alone.It is, however, in evidence that before the
identification parades were held the photographs of the
accused persons had appeared in the local daily
newspapers. Besides, the accused persons were in the
lock­up for a few days before the identification parades
were held and therefore the possibility of their having
been shown to the witnesses cannot be ruled out
altogether.We do not, therefore, attach much
importance to the identification made at the
identification parades.”
40  Supra No.28 29
Reiterating the same principle, this Court inRaviv.State
,has
again reaffirmed the aforesaid position by holding as follows:
17.Certain facts are not in dispute. The test
identification parade was held after ten days.It is also
not in dispute that the photographs of the accused were
taken at the police station. The investigation officer
allowed them to be published. Photographs of the
appellant and the said Udayakumar were not only
published, according to the prosecution witnesses, they
were shown to be the accused in the aforementioned
crime. Some of them admittedly were aware of the said
publication. The purported test identification parade
which was held ten days thereafter, in our opinion,
looses all significance, in the aforementioned fact
situation.
19.In a case of this nature, it was incumbent upon the
prosecution to arrange a test identification parade.
Such test identification parade wasrequired to be held
as early as possible so as to exclude the possibility of
the accused being identified either at the police station
or at some other place by the witnesses concerned or
with reference to the photographs published in the
newspaper. A conviction should not be based on a
vague identification.”
44. Having considered the evidence of crucial eye­witnesses and the material indicating the conduct of the TIP, we are of the opinion   that  the   witnesses   had   the   opportunity   of   seeing   the accused   before   the   conduct   of   the   TIP.     Not   only   have   the witnesses deposed that they had seen the suspects before the st TIP, even Accused No. 2, at the end of the 1  TIP, had raised a grievance that the suspects were all photographed, video­graphed and were shown to the witnesses from the cabin of the IO (PW­ 41  Supra No.14 30 nd 84). At the end of the 2   TIP, he had also stated that when Accused   Nos.   1­19   were   taken   to   court   for   the   purpose   of remand, and the presence of all the witnesses was arranged in the court by the police. In fact, all the Accused collectively stated that they were wearing the very same dress, straight from their arrest, till the date of the TIP to indicate that the TIP did not serve   its   purpose.   We   find   no   reason   to   disbelieve   the truthfulness of the statement of the Accused because they had raised   this   contention   right   from   the   beginning   and   have maintained it all along.    45. In view of the above, we are of the opinion that there existed no useful purpose behind conducting the TIP. The TIP was a mere formality, and no value could be attached to it. As the only evidence for convicting the appellants is the evidence of the eye­ witnesses in the TIP, and when the TIP is vitiated, the conviction cannot be upheld. We will now examine the other lapses while conducting the TIPs.  46. Re: Delay in conducting the TIP : Undue delay in conducting a   TIP has a serious bearing on the credibility of the identification process. Though there is no fixed timeline within which the TIP 31 must   be   conducted   and   the   consequence   of   the   delay   would 42 depend  upon the   facts  and   circumstances  of   the   case ,  it  is imperative to hold the TIP at the earliest. The possibility of the TIP witnesses seeing the accused is sufficient to cast doubt about their   credibility.   The   following   decisions   of   this   Court   on   the consequence of delay in conducting TIP have emphasised that the possibility of  witnesses seeing  the  accused by itself can be a
Suresh Chandra Bahriv.
,it was held that:
“It is a matter of great importance both for the
investigating agency and for the accused and a fortiori
for the proper administration of justice that such
identification is held without avoidable and
unreasonable delay after the arrest of the accused and
that all the necessary precautions and safeguards were
effectively taken so that the investigation proceeds on
correct lines for punishing the real culprit. It is in
adopting this course alone that justice and fair play can
be assured both to the accused as well as to the
prosecution. But the position may be different when the
accused or a culprit who stands trial had been seen not
once but for quite a number of times at different point of
time and places which fact may do away with the
necessity of a TIP.”
47.InBudhsen & Anr. v. State of UP
,this Court set aside the
conviction imposed on the appellant therein, on the ground that no conviction can be based by solely relying on the identification 42  Supra No.9 43  Supra No.15 44  Supra No. 35 32 made in a TIP. While holding that a 14­day delay by itself in conducting the TIP may not cause prejudice to the accused, it observed that there is a high chance of accused being seen by the
identifying witnesses outside the jail premises. InSubash and
Shiv Shankarv.State of U.P.
on the ground that the TIP was held three weeks after the arrest was made. This Court suspected that the delay in holding the TIP could have enabled the identifying witnesses to see the accused
therein in the police lock­up or in the jail premises. InState of
A.P.v.Dr M.V. Ramana Reddy and Ors.
,this Court acquitted
respondent nos. 2 and 3 therein on the ground that there was a delay of 10 days in conducting the TIP, and in those 10 days, there was a high likelihood of their photographs being shown to
the witnesses. InRajesh Govind Jageshav.State of
,a delay of about one month was viewed seriously
by this Court since there was a possibility of the accused being shown to the witnesses.   48. Returning to the facts of the present case, we have already noted   that   Accused   Nos.   1­16   were   arrested   on   13.07.2000.
45<br>46(1987) 3 SCC 331
(1991) 4 SCC 536
33 Instead   of   filing   an   application   for   conducting   a   TIP   at   the earliest, the IO (PW­84) filed a remand application, pursuant to which the Accused were remanded to police custody. There is strong evidence that the Accused were shown to the witnesses during their police custody period. The fact that an application for conducting a TIP was filed on 23.07.2000, i.e., the very next day after the police custody period ended, leads to the inevitable conclusion that the Accused were taken into police custody to facilitate their easy identification during the TIP. Otherwise, we see no reason why an application for conducting a TIP was not filed   immediately   after   the   arrest   of   the   Accused.   In   such circumstances, we firmly believe that the delay in holding the TIP coupled with other circumstances has cast a serious doubt on the credibility of the TIP witnesses. 49. Re: Legality of the TIP and the presence of the IO during the conduct   of   the   TIP :  A   three­judge   bench   of   this   Court   in
Chunthuramv.State of Chhattisgarh
,by relying onRamkishan
Mithanlal Sharmav.State of Bombay
,has held that any
identification made by witnesses in a TIP in the presence of a 48  Supra No.30 49  Supra No. 31 34 police officer tantamount to statements made to the police officer under Section 162 Cr.P.C. The Court held:  
“The infirmities in the conduct of the test identification
parade would next bear scrutiny. The major flaw in the
exercise here was the presence of the police during the
exercise. When the identifications are held in police
presence, the resultant communications tantamount to
statements made by the identifiers to a police officer in
course of investigation and they fall within the ban of
Section 162 of the Code.”
50.The evidence of IO (PW­84) about the conduct of the Test
Identification Parade may be noted: ­ “(Q). Did  you make  any arrangement  to  prevent  the witness and the accused from seeing each other inside the jail? (A). I did not think it as something needed.” 
51.Further, when a question regarding the presence of the IO
(PW­84) was put to JMFC (PW­47), he stated that:
“...in the parade conducted on 31.07.2000, 31 non­
suspects were selected. The civilian were produced by
the IO.On that date also Dy. SP and CI were present in
the premises of the jail……
52.With respect to the 2ndTIP conducted on 26.08.2000, the
JMFC (PW­47) stated that:
On 26.08.2000 Dy. SP S.P. Joshwa was also present
in the central prison”.
53.Having considered the statement of the JMFC (PW­47) and
the evidence of the IO (PW­84) together, we are of the view that 35 the presence of the Investigating Officer at the time of the TIP cannot be ruled out. The Investigating Officer has stated that he has not taken any steps to ensure that the accused and the witnesses do not see each other. It is rather surprising to note that   Investigating   Officer   thinks   that   such   a   measure   is   not necessary. 
54.In this very context, we may also note the first TIP report
dated 31.07.2000 made by the JMFC (PW­47). The Magistrate recorded that the Accused had raised concerns over the manner in which the TIP was conducted. The relevant portion of the TIP report is noted hereunder: “21. Thereafter when the suspects alone were left in the hall,   they   were   asked,   whether   they   have   got   any complaints,   as   to   the   manner   of   the   conduct   of   the parade.   All   of   them   replied   in   the   negative.   When questioned, whether they have got anything else to say, they   unanimously   asked   Mr.   Padma   Kumar   (A2)   to state something. He then said that when the suspects were in Police custody, they were all, photographed and videographed and were also shown to all the 6 witness, who are made to identify them in the parade, from the cabin of the Dy. SP. Mr. Joshwa.”
55.Even the report of the second TIP dated 26.08.2000 as
recorded by the JMFC (PW­47) notes as hereunder: 
“22.When the accused persons along were left in the
hall, they were questioned, my whether they have got
any complaint regarding the manner of the conduct of
36
the parade. They all replied in the negative. When
queried further, whether they have got anything else to
say all of them wanted the second accused Padma
Kumar to make some comments. Thereupon, the second
accused stated that accused Nos. 1 to 16 were, before
their production in court, in police custody for three
days; that accused nos. 17 to 19 were similarly in
police custody for 6 days; that when all the 19 were
taken to the court on 24 and 25.8.2000 presence of all
the witnesses in the court were arranged by the Police,
so as to enable them to see all the accused persons;
and that while in Police custody all of them were
photographed and videographed and were also made
to be seen by all the witnesses, from the chamber of
Deputy Superintendent Of Police, the investigating
officer. All the accused had also stated that they were
wearing the very same dress, straight from their arrest
till date.”
56.In view of the evidence available on record, we are of the
opinion that the conduct of the TIP, coupled with the hovering presence of the police during the conduct of the TIP vitiated the entire process. The Trial Court as well as the High Court have committed a serious error in relying on the evidence of the TIP witnesses for convicting and sentencing the Appellants.  We are of   the   opinion   that   the   conviction   and   sentencing   are   not sustainable.     In   view   of   these   lapses   on   the   part   of   the prosecution, it is not necessary for us to consider various other grounds raised by the Appellants. 57. Conclusion :   Having   considered   the   matter   in   detail   and having noted the various discrepancies in the manner in which 37 both the TIPs were conducted, we believe that the prosecution has not established its case beyond reasonable doubt. Apart from the TIPs, we find no other evidence put forth by the prosecution to prove the guilt of the Accused for offences under Sections 143, 147, 148 IPC and 3(2)(e) of PDPP Act r/w 149 of the IPC.   58. For the reasons stated above, and in conclusion, we: ­ i. Allow Criminal Appeal Nos. 1864­1865 of 2010 arising out   of   the   judgment   of   the   High   Court   of   Kerala   in Criminal Appeal Nos. 384 and 385 of 2006, and   ii. Set aside the conviction and sentence of the Appellants under   the   judgment   of   the   High   Court   of   Kerala   in Criminal   Appeal   Nos.   384   and   385   of   2006   dated 14.01.2010 and the judgment of the Court of Additional District   and   Sessions   Judge   (Fast­track   Court   –   I), Thiruvananthapuram   in   Sessions   Case   Nos.   302   of 2001, 1786 of 2001 and 1313 of 2002 dated 15.02.2006 under   Sections   143,   147,   148   IPC   and   3(2)(e)   of Prevention of Damages to Public Property Act, 1984 r/w Section149 of the IPC. iii. The Appellants are acquitted of all the charges, and their bail   bonds,   if   any,   stand   discharged.   Pending 38 interlocutory applications, if any, stand disposed of in terms of the above order.  iv. Parties shall bear their own cost. ……………………………….J.                                                             [B.R. GAVAI] ……………………………….J. [PAMIDIGHANTAM SRI NARASIMHA] NEW DELHI; NOVEMBER 11, 2022                         39