WALCHANDNAGAR INDUSTRIES LTD. vs. THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 04-02-2022

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Full Judgment Text

REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NOS. 2671­2672 of 2016 WALCHANDNAGAR INDUSTRIES LTD.          ... APPELLANT (S)   VERSUS THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA & ANR.         ... RESPONDENT(S)   J U D G M E N T V. Ramasubramanian, J. 1. Challenging a common Judgment rendered by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay in two appeals, modifying the award of the   Reference   Court   passed   under   Section   18   of   the   Land Signature Not Verified Acquisition Act,1894, the claimant­landowner has come up with Digitally signed by Jayant Kumar Arora Date: 2022.02.04 16:25:42 IST Reason: 1 these civil appeals. 2. We have heard Mr. Gopal Sankaranarayanan, learned senior advocate   appearing   for   the   appellant;   Mr.   Sachin  Patil,   learned advocate appearing for the first respondent­State and Mr. Deepak Nargolkar,   learned   senior   advocate   appearing   for   the   second respondent­beneficiary. 3. The   appellant   is   a   company   incorporated   under   the Companies   Act.     It  has   established   a   township   in   a  vast   area measuring about 16000 acres of land, located 136 kms. away from Pune. The nearest railway station to the township is at Bhigwan, located 36 kms. away from Walchandnagar Township. 4. For the purpose of transporting sugarcane and other goods, the appellant had laid trolley lines covering a distance of 50 kms. inside its estate. The appellant has also set up a 36 km. narrow gauge   trolley   line   from   Walchandnagar   to   Bhigwan   for transportation of heavy engineering goods. 5. In the year 1967, the Government of Maharashtra approved 2 the BHIMA (Ujjani) Irrigation Project.  As part of the project, a 18 feet   height   dam   across   the   Bhima   River   was   proposed   to   be constructed at Ujjani about 1½ kms. upstream from Hingangaon bridge  on Pune­Sholapur  National Highway.  Before  undertaking the construction of the dam, a general survey was carried out, which revealed that a section of the trolley line may get submerged. Therefore,   a   spate   of   correspondence   and   personal   discussions ensued   between   the   officials   of   the   Government   and   the representatives   of   the   appellant   for   exploring   the   possibility   of diverting the trolley line. 6. It   is   the   case   of   the   appellant   that   they   wanted   the Government to invoke the urgency clause for the acquisition of some other land for diverting the trolley line. But it is the case of the   respondents   that   the   appellant   had   by   then   abandoned transportation   through   trolley   line   and   switched   over   to   road transport. 7. Be that as it may, a notification under Section 4 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 was published on 26.10.1972. The proposal 3 included the land on which a section of the trolley line passed. The extent of land covered by the trolley line that was expected to be submerged was measured to be 6 hectares 7 ares.  Since the total land acquired for the project, included the lands of the appellant, which were located in different villages, a series of awards were passed. 8. For   our   present   purpose,   it   may   be   noted   that   the   Land Acquisition Officer passed an award on 9.12.1981. The claim of the appellant in the Award Enquiry was not only for the market value of   the   land,   but   also   for:   (i)   compensation   for   the   loss;   and (ii)  compensation for the injurious affection due to the trolley line becoming obsolete. The claim of the appellant also included a claim for   the   loss   sustained   by   the   appellant   on   account   of   the unacquired portion being rendered useless. 9. By his Award dated 9.12.1981, the Land Acquisition Officer awarded : (i)   Rs.15,329 for the acquired portion of land;   Rs.39032.94 for embankments, rails, bullies, sleepers;  (ii) 4 (iii)   Rs.43,491.12 for C.D. works;    Rs.12,754.17 towards labour charges for removing rails (iv) and steel sleepers; and  (v)   Rs.16,591.08 for solatium. 10. In   effect,   the   Land   Acquisition   Officer   awarded   total compensation   of   Rs.1,27,198.31/­   and   rejected   the   claim   of Rs.1,49,85,251/­ for the unacquired portion. 11. Not satisfied with the award, the appellant sought a reference under Section 18 on 12.01.1982. It was referred to the District Court,   Pune,   which   took   the   same   on  file   as   Land   Acquisition Reference No.6 of 1982. 12. Before   the   Reference   Court,   the   appellant   claimed enhancement of compensation for the land acquired. In addition, the   appellant   also   claimed   compensation   for   severance   and compensation   for   injurious   affection.   The   claim   under   different heads was summarized by the Reference Court in paragraph 14 of its award and it is reproduced for easy appreciation as follows:­ SUMMARY OF CLAIM FOR COMPENSATION 5 I. Land in Acquisition in Kumbhargaon village
1Lands acquired50,325­00
2Embankment63,850­00
3C.D. Works68,200­00
4Trees360­00
1,82,735­00
5Solatium @ 15%27,410­00
Total2,10,145­00
6 SEVERANCE AND INJURIOUS AFFECTION II. SEVERANCE
ALand6,03,800­00
BDiminution in value of lands in<br>Walchandnagar Township8,64,000­00
CEmbankment, C.D. Works and<br>buildings18,85,200­00
DTrees27,000­00
Total33,80,000­00
III. INJURIOUS AFFECTION
ERails Sleepers etc.42,45,000­00
FGirders (remove)Nil
GTelephone line16,000­00
HRolling Stocks22,17,600­00
IIncrease in transportation costs80,07,180­00
JRemodeling of Bhigwan Yard4,72,100­00
KLoss of earnings (profits)35,62,000­00
LRetrenchment compensation1,00,000­00
Total for injurious affection1,86,19,700­00
Total for Severance and Injurious affection II + III (Rs.33,80,000 + 1,86,19,700 = 2,19,99,700) IV. TOTAL COMPENSATION
ILand2,10,145­00
IISeverance33,80,000­00
IIIInjurious Affection1,86,19,700­00
TotalRs.2,22,09,845­00
IVLess : Compensation as<br>awarded by S.L.A.O No.1, Pune<br>on 9th December 19811,27,198­00
VNet amount of enhancement2,20,82,647­00
VIInterest on total compensation
7
from the date of possession to<br>date of payment of<br>compensation @ 4% per annum<br>under Section 34 of L.A. Act is<br>to be paid by Government to<br>the Claimant
13. Eventually by a Judgment dated 14.03.1990, the Reference Court,   enhanced the compensation for the acquired part of the (i) land to Rs.55,893.23; and  (ii)  fixed an amount of Rs.80,09,725 as compensation on account of severance and injurious affection. 14. Aggrieved  by   such  enhancement and  fixation,   the   State of Maharashtra filed an appeal in First Appeal No.653 of 1991. Not satisfied with the quantum fixed, the appellant also filed an appeal in First Appeal No.709 of 1991. Both the appeals were disposed of by a Division Bench of the Bombay High Court by a Judgment dated 19.11.2008. By this Judgment the High Court awarded:  (i)   a   compensation   of   Rs.20,62,006/­   towards   severance (unacquired trolley line) payable with solatium at 30% working   out   to   Rs.6,18,601.80,   thus   totaling   to Rs.26,80,607.80;  (ii)   a compensation of Rs.7,39,280/­ for injurious affection, payable together with solatium at 30% working out to 8 Rs.2,21,784/­, thus, totaling to Rs.9,61,064/­; and    a   compensation   of   Rs.1,23,231.25   towards   acquired (iii) trolley line together with solatium at 30% working out to Rs.36,969.37, thus, totaling to Rs.1,60,200.62. The High Court also held that the claimant company (appellant) will be entitled to interest under Section 28 as well as 34, on the entire amount of compensation as well as solatium from March­1976 till the date of deposit.   15. It is against the aforesaid Judgment dated 19.11.2008 passed in   First   appeal   Nos.653   and   709   of   1991   that   the   claimant (landowner) has come up with the above appeals. The State does not appear to have filed any appeal. 16. As observed by the High Court, the award of the Reference Court was in two parts. The first part dealt with the claim for compensation on account of severance and injurious affection in respect   of   the   trolley   line   running   across   28   kms.   in   the unacquired portion of the land measuring abut 60.38 hectares. The second part of the award was in respect of the trolley line spread over about 7 kms. in the area submerged in water. For a better understanding of the arithmetic , it will be useful to present in a 9 tabulation, the different heads of claim, the amount claimed by the appellant, the amount awarded by the Reference Court and the amount to which the compensation was reduced by the High Court:-
Heads of claimAmount<br>claimed by<br>appellantAmount awarded<br>by Reference<br>CourtAmount<br>granted by<br>High Court
Severance
1Land6,03,8001,50,9501,50,950
2Diminution in<br>value8,64,000NilNil
3Embankments,<br>C.D. Works etc.18,85,20020,16,01919,11,056
4Trees27,000NilNil
Injurious<br>Affection
1Rails Sleepers etc.48,45,00031,21,8166,08,942
2Telephone Line16,000NilNil
3Rolling stocks22,17,60017,79,884Nil
4Increase in<br>transportation<br>costs80,07,1808,00,718Nil
5Remodelling of<br>Bhigwan Yard4,72,1001,30,3381,30,338
6Loss of earnings<br>(profits)35,62,000NilNil
7Retrenchment<br>compensation1,00,00010,000Nil
17. As could be seen from the above tabulation, the appellant suffered a huge set back before the High Court, mainly under three heads of claims, which relate to severance and injurious affection in respect of the trolley line running in the unacquired portion of land. These three items are   rails and sleepers;   rolling stocks; (i) (ii) 10 and  (iii)  increase in transportation cost. At the cost of repetition, we will once again present in a tabulation, the amount claimed by the appellant, the amount awarded by the Reference Court and the amount to which the award was reduced by the High Court under these three heads, so that we have a better focus.
HeadsAmount claimedAwarded by<br>Reference<br>CourtAwarded by<br>High Court
Rails &<br>Sleepers48,45,00031,21,8166,08,942
Rolling Stocks22,17,60017,79,884Nil
Increase in<br>transportation<br>cost80,07,1808,00,718Nil
Total1,50,69,7805,702,4186,08,942
18. Insofar   as   rails   and   sleepers   which   became   obsolete   are concerned, the claim of the appellant was that they could not be sold as such, in view of the fact that the railways had switched over to broad gauge.   Though the appellant had to spend huge money for the removal of the rails and sleepers, they had to be sold only as scrap. According to the appellant, the Government turned down the proposal for a new line and hence they were entitled to be compensated to the extent of the value of the rails and sleepers 11 which became obsolete. 19. The Reference Court found as a matter of fact that the entire track   had   become   completely   useless   and   that   the   rails   and sleepers   had   to   be   sold   only   as   scrap.   Though   the   appellant examined a qualified valuer by name Shri Talim, as a witness to show the loss sustained by them, the Reference Court could not go entirely   by   his   evidence,   as   he   admitted   to   have   no   personal knowledge, but went by the information supplied by the appellant. The Reference Court found that the trolley line was laid in the year 1946   and   the   valuation   was   made   as   of   the   year   1976.   The Reference Court, therefore, applied depreciation @ 35% and arrived at the figure of Rs.31,21,816. 20. The   High   Court   set   aside   the   compensation   awarded   in respect of the rails and sleepers in the unacquired portion of the land, but confirmed the compensation for the acquired portion of the land on the ground that the appellant did not take effective steps to lay an alternative trolley line. The High Court disbelieved 12 the case set up by the appellant that the Government was not responsive to their demand for invocation of the urgency clause to acquire the land needed for alternative trolley line. The High Court found, from the balance sheets that the appellant had not suffered any loss on account of being compelled to switch over to road transportation. 21. Insofar   as   rolling   stock   is   concerned,   the   Reference   Court accepted the evidence of Mr. Kamat, a qualified valuer examined as PW­13. The Reference Court took the life of locomotives to be 20 years and the life of wagons to be 35 years, on the basis of the guidelines   issued   by   National   Council   of   Applied   Economic Research. After accepting the evidence of PW­13 that the estimated cost of the rolling stock would be Rs.48,49,618/­, the Reference Court   applied   an   arithmetical   formula   with   reference   to   the residual life and the total life of the locomotives and three wagons and arrived at the depreciated value as Rs.22,36,424.70.   From this amount the Reference Court deducted the scrap value and arrived at the compensation of Rs.17,79,884/­.   13 22. However, the High Court rejected the report of Mr. Kamat (PW­13), on the ground that he started valuation only after the year 1983 and that his valuation was based on 1986 prices. The High Court also found that the appellant continued to use the rolling stocks for the trolley line to a length of 14 kms. till the year 1983 and that, therefore, the appellant was not entitled to any compensation on this count. 23. As   regards   “ increase   in   transportation   cost ”,   the   Reference Court found: that the appellant was forced to discontinue the most (i) convenient and economical mode of transport; (ii) that even if the appellant had resorted to an alternative route   for   the   trolley   line,   the   same   would   have been longer by 12 kms, warranting an expenditure of Rs.1.50 crores; (iii) that   the   Government   could   not   have   invoked   the urgency clause, for  acquiring land for alternative trolley line, as the acquisition could not have been considered as one for public purpose but rather for the benefit of a company. (iv) that the appellant was able to prove through credible 14 evidence that the cost of transporting 35,000 tones of goods p.a. increased from Rs.0.20 per km. to Rs.0.80 per km. that, therefore, the appellant should be compensated for (v) the increase in transportation cost. 24. The Reference Court agreed with the appellant that the loss of earnings for the appellant, in this regard, was Rs.80,07,180/­, but awarded compensation only for one year as against the claim of the appellant for a period of 10 years. The Reference Court awarded a sum of Rs.8,00,718/­. 25. The   High   Court   set   aside   the   amount   awarded   by   the Reference Court under this head on  the ground that the appellant did not suffer any loss of profit on account of the increase in the transportation cost, as the same would have been passed on to the customers. The High Court observed that the balance sheets for the period 1972­78 did not show any loss. The High Court went by the presumption that transportation cost is always factored into the manufacturing cost of the goods. 26. In the light of the manner in which the High Court interfered 15 with the award of the Reference Court, it was contended by Mr. Gopal Sankaranarayanan, learned senior counsel for the appellant: that the appellant cannot be blamed for not finding an (i) alternative   route   to   lay   the   trolley   line   and   for   not insisting   on   the   Government   to   invoke   the   urgency clause for the acquisition of some other land for laying trolley line, as the provisions of Section 17 could not have been invoked for the benefit of a company; (ii) that in any case an alternative trolley line would have admittedly cost Rs.1.50 cores and the same would have been 12 kms. longer than the existing line, resulting in an increase in the operational cost; that the appellant was able to prove by cogent evidence (iii) that the cost of transportation by road was higher; that the High Court failed to note that the profit of the (iv) appellant went down from Rs.96.07 lakhs  in 1975­76 to Rs.40.80 lakhs in 1976­77; (v) that   there   was   neither   any   pleading   nor   evidence   to show that the transportation cost was passed on to the customers; (vi) that the High Court failed to note that the acquisition of land  on which a trolley line  to a distance of 6 kms. passed, led to the investment on 28 kms. of trolley line 16 in the unacquired portion being rendered useless;   that about 3 diesel locomotives and over 100 wagons (vii) were rendered useless due to the acquisition; that the High Court misread the evidence of PW­13 as (viii) though he took the price as of the year 1986; that despite best efforts, the appellant could sell only (ix) some of the locomotives, on account of there being no market for them; and  that, therefore, the High Court was completely in error (x) in rejecting the claim of the appellant and also reducing the amount awarded by the Reference Court. 27. In response, it is contended by Mr. Deepak Nargolkar, that the appellant set up a bogey of a claim about the trolley line in the unacquired portion of land becoming redundant and that having admittedly   switched   over   to   road   transportation   way   back   in September   1972,   the   appellant   was   not   entitled   to   claim   any compensation for the purported increase in transportation cost. Placing reliance upon the decision of this Court in  vs. Wazir   State 1 of Haryana , it was contended by Mr. Deepak Nargolkar that the 1 (2019) 13 SCC 101 17 additional component of compensation in terms of clause “ thirdly ” under Section 23(1) of the Act is to be granted only when the value of the left over land is effectively diminished in terms of quality. Therefore, it is his contention that severance charges in cases of this nature cannot be allowed. 28. We have carefully considered the rival contentions.   As the dispute now stands confined only to three heads of claims, namely, (i)   rails   and   sleepers;   (ii)   rolling   stocks;   and   (iii)   increase   in transportation cost, we shall deal with them item­wise.  Law on compensation for severance and injurious affection 29. Before we consider the aforesaid three heads of claim item­ wise, it may be useful to take note of the legal principles on the basis of which these claims are to be tested. 30. Sections 23 and 24 of The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 provide two   lists   of   matters   respectively,   namely   (i)   matters   to   be considered in determining compensation; and     matters to be (ii) neglected in determining compensation. Section 23(1), which alone is relevant for our present purposes, is extracted as follows:­ 18 “23.   Matters   to   be   considered   in   determining compensation­   (1)   In   determining   the   amount   of compensation to be awarded for land acquired under this Act, the Court shall take into consideration­
first,the market­value of the<br>land at the date of the<br>publication of the<br>notification under<br>section 4, sub­section<br>(1);
secondly<br>,the damage sustained<br>by the person<br>interested, by reason of<br>the taking of any<br>standing crops trees<br>which may be on the<br>land at the time of the<br>Collector's taking<br>possession thereof;
thirdly,the damage (if any)<br>sustained by the person<br>interested, at the time of<br>the Collector's taking<br>possession of the land,<br>by reason of severing<br>such land from his<br>other land;
fourthly,the damage (if any)<br>sustained by the person<br>interested, at the time of<br>the Collector's taking<br>possession of the land,<br>by reason of the<br>acquisition injuriously<br>affecting his other<br>property, movable or<br>immovable, in any other<br>manner, or his<br>earnings;
fifthly,in consequence of the<br>acquisition of the land
19
by the Collector, the<br>person interested is<br>compelled to change his<br>residence or place of<br>business, the<br>reasonable expenses (if<br>any) incidental to such<br>change; and
sixthly,the damage (if any)<br>bona fide resulting from<br>diminution of the profits<br>of the land between the<br>time of the publication<br>of the declaration under<br>section 6 and the time<br>of the Collector's taking<br>possession of the land.”
31. In simple terms, the six items covered by Section 23(1), which are to be taken into consideration by the court in determining compensation, can be summarised as follows:­ The   market   value   of   the   land   on   the   date   of (i) publication of notification under Section 4(1); (ii) The damage to standing crops or trees, which are on   the   land   at   the   time   of   the   Collector   taking possession; (iii) The damage sustained by reason of severing such land from the unacquired land; The   damage   sustained   by   reason   of   the   acquisition (iv) injuriously   affecting   the   other   property,   movable   or immovable, in any other manner or the earnings, of the person interested; 20 (v) The   reasonable   expenses   incurred   by   the   person interested,   in   changing   his   residence   or   place   of business, when he is compelled to do so in consequence of the acquisition; (vi) The damage  bona fide  resulting from diminution of the profits of the land between the time of publication of the declaration   under   Section   6   and   the   time   of   the Collector’s taking possession. 32. The points arising for determination in these appeals revolve around   clauses   “ thirdly ”   and   “ fourthly ”   of   Section   23(1).   These clauses are referred to in common parlance as clauses concerning ‘ ’ and ‘  respectively. severance injurious affection’ 33. But clauses “ thirdly ” and “ fourthly ” of Section 23(1) cannot be considered in isolation. They have to be read together with Section 49 which reads as follows:­ “49.  Acquisition of part of house or building­. (1) The provisions of this Act shall not be put in force for the purpose of acquiring a part only of any house, manufactory or other building, if the owner desire that the   whole   of   such   house,   manufactory   or   building shall be so acquired: Provided that the owner may, at any time before the Collector has made his award under section 11, by no­ tice in writing, withdraw or modify his expressed de­ sire   that   the   whole   of   such   house,   manufactory   or building shall be so acquired: 21 Provided also that, if any question shall arise as to whether any land proposed to be taken under this Act does or does not form part of a house, manufactory or building within the meaning of this section, the Collec­ tor shall refer the determination of such question to the Court and shall not take possession of such land until after the question has been determined. In deciding on such a reference the Court shall have regard to the question whether the land proposed to be taken is reasonably required for the full and unim­ paired use of the house, manufactory or building. (2) if, in the case of any claim under section 23, sub­ section (1), thirdly, by a person interested, on account of the severing of the land to be acquired from his other land, the appropriate Government is of opinion that the claim is unreasonable or excessive, it may, at any time before the Collector has made his award, or­ der the acquisition of the whole of the land of which the land first sought to be acquired forms a part. (3) In the case last hereinbefore provided for, no fresh declaration or other proceedings under sections 6 to 10, both inclusive, shall be necessary; but the Collec­ tor shall without delay furnish a copy of the order of the appropriate Government to the person interested, and shall thereafter proceed to make his award under section 11.” 34 . It may be noted that clause   thirdly   of Section 23(1) relates only to land, as it speaks only about the severance of the acquired land from the unacquired land and the damage sustained as a consequence. In contrast, clause   fourthly   of Section 23(1) deals with the damage sustained by the person interested, due to the injurious affection,   of his other movable property;  of his other (i) (ii)  22 immovable property; and  (iii)  of his earnings. In other words what is injuriously affected at the time of Collector’s taking possession of the land, may either be the unacquired portion of the immovable property or other movable property or even the earnings of the person interested. 35. It   may   also   be   noted   that   the   expression   used   in   clause fourthly   is “earnings”, while the expression used in clause  sixthly is “profits”. But clause  sixthly  is confined only to diminution of the profits   of   the   land   between   the   time   of   publication   of   the declaration under Section 6 and the time of the Collector taking possession. 36. Coming to Section 49, it deals with two contingencies. They are,  (i)  cases where what is sought to be acquired is only a part of any house, manufactory or other building; and   cases where a (ii) claim for compensation under the head ‘severance’ under clause thirdly  of Section 23(1) arises. st 37. In so far as the 1   contingency is concerned there is a bar under sub­section(1) of Section 49 for the acquisition of a part only 23 of any house, manufactory or other building, if the owner desires that the whole of such house, manufactory or building shall be so acquired. nd 38. In so far as the 2  contingency is concerned, there is a choice given to the appropriate Government to order the acquisition of the whole of the land, if the appropriate Government is of the opinion that   the   claim   for   severance   compensation   is   un­reasonable  or excessive.   39. The distinction between the scope of sub­section (1) and the scope of sub­section (2) of Section 49 was brought out by this Court in  M/s   Harsook Das Bal Kishan Das    vs.   The First Land 2  as follows:­ Acquisition Collector and Others
12.The object of Section 49(1) of the Act is to give to
the owner the option whether he would like part to be
acquired. The Government cannot take the other part
under Section 49(1) of the Act unless the owner says
so. Section 49(2) of the Act has nothing to do with
Section 49(1) of the Act. Section 49(2) of the Act gives
the option to the Government only where the claim
under the third clause of Section 23(1) of the Act is
excessive. Reference to the third clause of Section
23(1) of the Act makes it clear that the claim under the
third clause of Section 23(1) is for severance. The
Government in such a case of acquisition of the
remaining portion of the land under Section 49(2) of
2 (1975) 2 SCC 256 24 the   Act   saves   the   public   exchequer   money   which otherwise   will   be   the   subject­matter   of   a   claim   for severance.” 40. In the case on hand, the provisions of Section 49(1) have no application. This is due to the fact that the appellant never desired that   the   whole   of   the   manufactory   shall   be   acquired   by   the Government.   In   fact,   the   total   extent   of   land   owned   by   the appellant was about 16000 acres, on which a township had come up. Therefore, there was no occasion for the appellant to exercise any   option   invoking   Section   49(1).   In   any   case,   the   appellant actually   requested   the   Government   to   acquire   land   from   other people, to divert the trolley line. Therefore, Section 49(1) has no application to the case on hand. 41. Section 49(2) also may not have any application for the reason that   the   appropriate   Government   did   not   think   fit   to   seek acquisition of the whole of the land on which the remaining portion of   the   trolley   line   existed,   on   the   ground   that   the   claim   for severance   compensation   was   un­reasonable   or   excessive. Therefore, it is enough for us to go back to clauses   thirdly   and 25 fourthly   of  Section 23(1) without the constraints of sub­section (1) or (2) of Section 49. 42. As   we   have   indicated   earlier,   clause   thirdly   relates   to   the damage sustained by the person interested, by reason of severance of the   acquired   land  from  the   unacquired  land,   at  the  time of Collector’s   taking   possession   of   the   land.   In   contrast,   clause fourthly   of   Section   23(1)   deals   with   the   damage   sustained   by reason   of   the   acquisition   injuriously   affecting,       the   other (i) movable   property;   (ii)   the   other   immovable   property;   and/or (iii)  the earnings of the person interested. 43. The claim of the appellant before the Reference Court under clauses  thirdly  and   fourthly  of Section 23(1), presented a mix­up, with some items overlapping with others. This can be seen from paragraph 22 of the award of the Reference Court, where the claim of the appellant is extracted by the Reference Court as follows:­ “22. The main grievance of the Claimant Company is that   the   Special   Land   Acquisition   Officer   has   not considered   at   all   the   Claimant’   claim   for   damages suffered   by   the   Claimant   Company   on   account   of severance   and   injurious   affection.   Although   the opponent has acquired only 6 kilometers, i.e., about 26 20.74   Hectares   of   land   under   the   trolley   line,   this acquisition   has   rendered   the   remaining   portion   of about 30 Kilometers, i.e., 60.38 Hectares of the land under the trolley line totally useless.  In other words, the contention of the Claimant Company is that the acquisition of only 6 kilometers has not only deprived the Claimant Company of the use of the trolley line facility, but it has also rendered the remaining portion of the trolley line of 30 kilometers, i.e. 60.38 hectares of   land,   the   rolling   stock,   three   diesel   engines, buildings, telephone line and all other items connected with   the   trolley   line,   such   as,   civil   works, embankments,   C.D.   works,   culverts,   bridges,   totally redundant and obsolete.  The claim can be divided into two categories as follows: i) Enhancement of compensation in respect of the acquired portion of the land; and ii) The compensation for the damages suffered by the Claimant Company in respect of the unac­ quired portion of the trolley line on account of severance and injurious affection under the fol­ lowing head: 1) Unacquired portion of the land admeasur­ ing about 60.38 hectars. 2) The entire railway track of 36 kilometers comprising  of rails, sleepers, girders, etc. 3) Rolling   stocks,   various   types   of   wagons, tankers etc. 4) Diesel Engines three; 5) Telephone line and telephone poles, trees, wells, etc. Embankments, C.D. works, Bridges, Culverts   building,   non­operation   of   nearly   30 kilometers;   Diminution   in   the   value   of Walchandnagar  Township,   due   to   discontinu­ ance of the trolley line facility which was hith­ erto available to the said Industrial Complex, the Additional cost of transport for switching over from trolley line transport to road transport, the cost of remodeling the yard at Bhigwan Station in order to suit the trans­shipment of loading 27 and unloading by road transport; total retrench­ ment compensation for about 52 persons, spe­ cially trained and employed for the operation   of trolley line, who had come to be  absorbed   by the   Claimant   Company   on   humanitarian   grounds and loss of earnings.” 44. The second category of claim indicated in paragraph 22 of the award of the Reference Court, extracted above, contains a mix of claims that may fall under clauses   thirdly, fourthly and sixthly  of section 23(1). But fortunately the rejection of some of those claims are not taken up now by the appellant. In the appeals on hand, the claim is restricted only to three items namely,  (i)  the value of rails and sleepers;     the value of rolling stock; and     increase in (ii) (iii) transportation   costs.   These   items   are   covered   only   by   clause fourthly  of Section 23(1) and they do not fall under clause  thirdly . 45. Even within clause  fourthly , what we are concerned in these appeals is the injurious affection of,  (i)  movable property such as rails and sleepers and rolling stock; and     the loss of earnings (ii) due to increase in transportation costs. But unfortunately what the appellant did was to claim a sum of Rs.80,07,180/­ towards in­ crease   in   transportation   costs   and   a   separate   amount   of 28 Rs.35,62,000/­ towards loss of earnings. Even under the heading ‘loss of earnings’, what was claimed was actually loss of profits. The appellant did not realize that the diminution of profits fell un­ der clause  sixthly  of Section 23(1) and the claim under this head is restricted to the time between the date of publication of the decla­ ration under Section 6 and the time of Collector taking possession. Injurious affection to earnings is covered by clause  fourthly  and the statute has made a distinction between,                injurious affec­ (i) tion to earnings; and  (ii)  diminution of the profits between the time of publication of the declaration under Section 6 and the time of taking possession. 46. The Reference Court rejected the claim for compensation of Rs.35,62,000/­ towards loss of earnings, on the ground that it overlapped with the claim under the heading ‘increase in trans­ portation costs’. It is perhaps after realizing such overlapping of claim that the appellant has confined their claim in the present ap­ peals only to injurious affection,     to rails and sleepers;     to (i) (ii) 29 rolling stock; and  (iii)  to earnings due to increase in transportation costs, all of which fall under clause  fourthly  of Section 23(1).   47. One of the earliest cases to be decided on the question of inju­ rious affection, was a Division Bench decision of the Calcutta High Court in  R.H. Wernickle and Ors.     vs.     The Secretary of the 3   .   The said case arose out of the acquisition of State for India land which included a tea estate. The purpose of the acquisition was the extension of the rifle range of the Cantonment in the Vil­ lages of Lebong and Pandan at Darjeeling. A claim for injurious af­ fection was made by the owners of the tea estate on the ground that they were forced to stop work in the unacquired portion of the tea estate, during the time when firing was practiced in the rifle range. Dealing with the claim, Doss, J. opined, “ There can be no doubt that it is extremely unsafe to work on land situate behind the
loss of time must
inevitably increase the cost of cultivation ”. Therefore, Doss, J., held that the owners of the tea estate were entitled to compensation for the injurious affection of the 8 acres of tea land behind the butts. 3  2 Ind.Cas 562 30 Expressing concurrence with the view of Doss, J., Richardson, J.
It is said that the rifle range will interfere with the work­
ing of 8 acres of land behind the butts and I think that there can be no doubt as to this. It will not be safe to put coolies on the land when the range is being used”.   An argument was advanced by the Government that the contemplated injury was contingent and that it could arise only from the negligent use of the range and that the same would fall under the category of actionable nuisance. Reject­ ing the said argument, Richardson, J., opined:  But it is not clear that the injury which the claimants contemplate will amount to an actionable nuisance. The Government will have the right to use the land as a rifle range and no doubt it may be presumed that it will be so used with the greatest care and circumspection. But even so, no prudent owner would put his coolies on the land behind the butts while firing was going on”. 
48.InBalammalvs.State of Madras
concerned   with   a   land   acquisition   under   the   provisions   of   the 4  AIR 1968 SC 1425 31 Madras   City   Improvement   Trust   Act,   Section   71   of   which authorized   the   Board   of   Trustees   to   acquire   land   under   the provisions of The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 with the previous sanction   of   the   Government.   When   the   dispute   relating   to determination of compensation ultimately landed up before this Court, the argument of one of the land owners was that a part of the compound of a cinema theatre was acquired compulsorily and that it deprived the owner of the land, of the facility of providing additional   amenities   to   the   patrons   of   the   theatre   and   also   of making constructions on the land expanding the business. The
claim was pitched in the alternative on clausesthirdly, fourthly
andsixthlyof Section 23(1). While agreeing on principle about the
entitlement of a person interested to compensation under these clauses, this Court rejected the claim in that case, on the ground that there was no evidence either to show any loss by reason of severance   or   to   show   that   the   remaining   land   was   injuriously affected by reason of acquisition or to show that the earnings of the owners were affected. 32
49.Therefore, keeping in mind the above legal principles, let us
now take up for consideration, the claim of the appellant in these appeals. Rails and Sleepers 50. It   was   the   claim   of   the   appellant   that   Walchandnagar Township is situate at a distance of 36 kms. from Bhigwan Railway Station on the Central Railway line and that with a view to provide a direct and rapid connection from Walchandnagar to Bhigwan, the appellant had provided its own trolley line with a private telephone line, goods yard with transshipment siding and other facilities. The trolley line was laid in the year 1946. According to the appellant, 35,000 tonnes of material used to get transported through this trolley line which included heavy machinery. Part of the trolley line got submerged  in the backwaters of Ujjani Dam and the remaining portion of the trolley line situate in the unacquired part of the land had become useless. According to the appellant, they had to spend Rs.1,90,000/­   for   the   removal   and   transport   of   the   material relating to trolley line.  The proposal for acquisition of alternative 33 land to lay a new trolley line did not materialize due to various problems, not attributable to the appellant.  In any case, the cost of such acquisition was estimated at Rs.1.5 crores even at that time. The rails and sleepers forming part of the trolley line to a length   of   28   kms.   had   thus   become   useless.   Therefore,   the appellant claimed a sum of Rs.50,08,328/­ towards compensation for rails and sleepers. 51. This claim was resisted by the respondents on the ground that the trolley line was laid in the year 1946 for the purpose of carrying material from the sugar industry and that the appellant started   manufacturing   heavy   machinery   only   from   1956.   The trolley line was actually a narrow gauge line, having a width of 2   feet   6   inches.   Therefore,   the   respondents   contended   that   no compensation was payable towards rails and sleepers, especially when   the   appellant   had   also   claimed   compensation   towards increase   in   transportation   costs   for   switching   over   from   rail transport to road transport. 52. Before the Reference Court, the Chief Administrative Manager 34 of the appellant, who was a qualified Civil Engineer was examined as PW­1, and a retired Director of Town Planning was examined as PW­15. Both these witnesses referred to the quotations given by Hindustan  Steels   Limited,   towards   estimated  cost  of   laying  the trolley line. After allowing depreciation and the value for which the material was sold and after adjusting transportation cost, these witnesses   estimated   the   cost   of   rails   and   sleepers   at Rs.50,08,288/­. 53. Though the respondents examined one Shri Mahajan, who also   produced   independent   calculations,   the   Reference   Court rejected   his   evidence   on   the   ground   that   it   did   not   inspire confidence.   Interestingly   the   Reference   Court   did   two   things, namely,   (i)   it   agreed   that   the   method   or   formula   adopted   by Shri Mahajan was proper and recognized by the standard authors and   yet   rejected   his   evidence;   and   (ii)   it   agreed   with   the submissions of the Government Pleader as to why the evidence of Shri Talim, retired Director of Town Planning should not be relied upon, but eventually held that the evidence of Shri Talim cannot 35 be discarded totally. Thereafter, the Reference Court proceeded to take   the   estimated   cost   of   rails   and   sleepers   at   Rs.2,41,053/­ per km., and applied a depreciation of 35% and arrived at the depreciated value at Rs.1,56,650/­ per km. Applying this rate for the trolley line of a distance of 35 kms. and after deducting the actual scrap value received by the appellant, the Reference Court arrived   at   the   compensation   for   rails   and   sleepers   at Rs.31,21,816/­.  54. Both   the   appellant   as   well   as   the   State   Government  were aggrieved by the compensation so fixed by the Reference Court and both of them were on appeal before the High Court. The High Court held that the appellant was not entitled to any compensation for rails and sleepers lying in the trolley line for a distance of 28 kms., since the appellant was at fault for not taking effective steps to lay alternative   trolley   line   to   a   distance   of   6   to   7   kms.   which   got submerged in the backwaters. The High Court held that in any case, the appellant did not suffer any loss, as was evident from the balance sheets placed on record upto the year 1978. The finding 36 recorded   by   the   High   Court   in   this   regard   may   be   usefully extracted as follows:­ “In   our   opinion,   the   company   cannot   be   granted compensation for rails and sleepers covering 28 kms. of the trolley line.  In the earlier part of this judgment we have held that the company was at fault in not taking due steps to lay the alternative trolley line for 6 to 7 kms. area submerged in the backwater.   It gave up this proposal by its own choice and the reasons put forward   before   the   Reference   Court   were   false   and fabricated.  Even otherwise the company did not suffer any   loss   after   the   trolley   line   was   discontinued   in 1976, as was evident from the balance–sheets placed on   record   upto   the   year   1978.     The   increase   in transport cost i.e. road transportation by trucks was offset by increasing the manufacturing cost which is so obvious from the fact that the company did not incur   any   losses   after   it   resorted   to   road transportation.   The company could not have prayed for injurious affection on account of discontinuation of the trolley line and claimed compensation for rails and sleepers spread over 28 kms. of the trolley line.  We do not find any justification that the company should be allowed to go with this compensation amount and have the double benefit.   It  would be  a premium  for  its inaction for laying the alternative trolley line.” 55. After rejecting the claim with regard to the rails and sleepers of the trolley line for a distance of 28 kms., on the basis of the reasons   extracted   above,   the   High   Court   proceeded   to   award compensation for the rails and sleepers in the trolley line to a distance of 7 kms. which got submerged in the backwaters.  This compensation, payable for the rails and sleepers in the trolley line 37 to a distance of 7 kms. which got submerged in the backwaters, was worked out, by accepting the depreciated cost fixed by the Reference Court at Rs.1,56,650/­ per km. For a distance of 7 kms., it worked out to Rs.10,96,550/­. From this amount the High Court deducted   the   scrap   value   of   Rs.4,87,608/­   and   arrived   at   the compensation payable under this heading at Rs.6,08,942/­ 56. But as rightly contended by Shri Gopal Sankaranarayanan, learned senior counsel for the appellant, the acquisition of land for laying alternative trolley line was not an easy task, especially when there were lot of land owners. The urgency clause under Section 17 of the Land Acquisition Act could not have been invoked, as the appellant is a company. 57. The fundamental flaw in the reasoning of the High Court is that the High Court presumed that it was enough if the land for relocating 7 kms. of trolley line was acquired. If trolley line to a distance of 7 kms., out of a total stretch of 35 kms. admittedly got submerged in the backwaters, the trolley line relating to the entire stretch would naturally become redundant. Railway line is not like 38 a roadway. Roads can take deviation easily, but not railway lines. Therefore, if land had to be acquired for relocating the trolley line, it should have been for the entire stretch of 35 kms. It is not possible to retain 28 kms. of trolley line and relocate the remaining 7 kms. stretch alone. Therefore, we are of the considered view that the High Court committed a gross error in reversing the finding of the Reference Court under this heading. Rolling Stocks 58. The claim of the appellant was that due to the entire trolley line becoming useless, three diesel locomotives, about 100 four wheeler   wagons,   few   8   wheeler   wagons   and   a   one   way   bridge became   redundant   and   that   they   are   entitled   to   compensation towards   the   loss   of   value/utility   of   these   rolling   stocks.   The appellant quantified the claim under this head at Rs.22,16,044/­.   59. This claim was resisted by the Government on the ground that the appellant was put on notice of the proposed acquisition way back in 1967 and that after showing inclination to lay an alternative   trolley   line   at   the   initial   stages,   the   appellant 39 abandoned the proposal in the year 1974 and that, therefore, the claim for compensation under this head was liable to be rejected. 60. The   appellant   examined   an   Industrial   Consultant   and   a registered valuer by name Shri Kamat, in support of this claim. His report containing the valuation of the rolling stock was filed as Exhibit­93.     This   witness   testified   that   before   preparing   the estimate, he obtained quotations from one Shahajhan Engineers and Suyog Electricals. 61. Though   the   respondents   relied   upon   the   evidence   of   the Executive Engineer, Mechanical Division, examined as DW­5, the Reference Court rejected his evidence on the ground that it was of no assistance. This witness had admitted that he never had any occasion to value any railway wagons or locomotives. 62. In   the   light   of   the   oral   and   documentary   evidence,   the Reference   Court   came   to   the   conclusion   that   the   life   of   the locomotives can be taken as 20 years and the life of wagons can be taken   as   35   years.     Applying   depreciation   on   a   straight   line formula, the Reference Court arrived at the depreciated value of 40 rolling   stock   as   Rs.22,36,424.70/­.     After   deducting   the   scrap value   of   Rs.4,56,540/­,   the   Reference   Court   fixed   the compensation payable for the rolling stock at Rs. 17,79,884.70/­. 63. The High Court, on re­appreciation of evidence found that the appellant company did not bring before the Court, the book value of the rolling stock. But the expert witness Shri Kamat examined as PW­13 admitted during cross­examination that as per the Asset Register maintained by the appellant relating to the year 1986, the value of the rolling stock was almost zero. By selling the rolling stock   as   scrap,   the   company   had   actually   earned   a   sum   of Rs.4,56,540/­. Moreover the High Court found from the evidence on record that within the company premises, the trolley line to a distance of 14 kms. was in operation till the year 1983.  This was a clear indication that the rolling stock was used at least till the year 1983.   Therefore,   the   High   Court   reversed   the   grant   of compensation made by the Reference Court in respect of the rolling stock. 64. Though it is contended on behalf of the appellant that the 41 evidence of PW­13 (Shri Kamat) was misread by the High Court and that due to good maintenance, the life of the rolling stock had increased, we do not think that the view taken by the High Court was completely out of sync with the evidence on record. The High Court   has   actually   extracted   one   portion   of   the   evidence   of Shri   Kamat   (PW­13).   He   has   clearly   admitted   that   though   he inspected the Assets Register in 1986 before preparing the report he did not record in his report, the book value of the asset.   He clearly stated   “it is possible that in book value, the assets might become zero value in the instant case.” 65. Therefore, no exception can be taken to the finding recorded by the High Court insofar as rolling stock is concerned. Increase in transportation cost 66. In simple terms, the claim of the appellant was that the cost of   transportation   through   trolley   line   was   Rs.0.20   per   km.  per tonne and that the cost of transportation by road was Rs.0.80 per km. per tonne.  Since a portion of the trolley line got submerged in the backwaters and as a consequence, the entire stretch of trolley 42 line became unusable, the company had to switch over to road transport, resulting in an increased cost of Rs.8,00,718/­ per year. Applying   a   multiplier   of   10,   the   appellant   made   a   claim   for Rs.80,07,180/­ under this head. 67. The appellant examined the Chief Administrative Manager as PW­1, the Planning Manager as PW­3 and a person working as a clerk in the transport Section of the company as PW­6. The Chief Accountant of the company was examined as PW­7 and a person who was carrying on road transport business under the name and style of Purohit Road Lines was examined as PW­12.   68. The Reference Court accepted the evidence adduced on the side of the appellant and came to a conclusion that the appellant was transporting about 35,000 tonnes of goods per year through the trolley line at the cost of Rs.0.20 per tonne per km and that the cost   of   road   transport   for   the   same   quantity   of   material   was Rs.0.80 per km. per tonne. The Reference Court thus arrived at the increase in the cost of transportation per year at Rs.8,00,718/­. 43 However, the Reference Court rejected the claim of the appellant in this regard for a total period of 10 years, on the ground that there is no basis for allowing such a claim for a total period of 10 years. Therefore   as   against   the   claim   of   the   appellant   for   a   sum   of Rs.80,07,180/­ (increase in cost for 10 years), the Reference Court awarded only Rs.8,00,718/­ (increase in cost for one year only). 69. The High Court reversed the finding of the Reference Court on the short ground that the appellant had not demonstrated to have suffered   any   loss   of   profits   on   account   of   the   increase   in   the transportation cost and that even the balance­sheets for the years 1972 to 1978 did not disclose any loss of profit. Therefore, the High Court opined that the increase in transportation cost, even if any, would have been absorbed in the price charged to the customers and that there was no case for allowing compensation under this head even for one year, when the appellant had not suffered any loss of profit. In fact, the appellant had made a claim separately for a sum of Rs.35,62,000/­ towards loss of profits, but the same was turned down by the Reference Court. Therefore, the High Court 44 held   that   the   Reference   Court   could   not   have   granted   any compensation under this heading ‘increase in transportation cost’. 70. The   objections   of  the   appellant  to  the   finding  of   the High Court   in   this   regard   are   two­fold   namely,   (i)   that   the   profits actually went down from Rs.96.07 lakhs in 1975­76 to Rs.40.80 lakhs in 1976­77; and   that without any evidence on record the (ii) High Court presumed that the increase in transportation cost was off­set and recovered from the buyers of the goods manufactured by the company. 71. Insofar as the first objection is concerned, we must point out at the outset that the Notification for acquisition under Section 4 was   published   in   the   Government   Gazette   on   26.10.1972.   The declaration   under   Section   6   was   published   in   the   Government Gazette on 01.08.1974. Notices under Sections 9(1) and 9(2) were published   in   September­1974   and   Feburary­1975.   Though   the exact date on which possession was taken is not mentioned by either of the parties, the appellant has stated in their synopsis that the Government took possession of the land in 1976. 45 72. The appellant has produced before us the copy of the balance­ sheets and profit & loss account for the years 1975­76 and 1976­ 77.   From these balance­sheets and profit & loss accounts, it is sought   to   be   highlighted   that   the   appellant   made   a   profit   of Rs.96.07 lakhs during the year 1975­76 and that the profit went down to Rs.40.83 lakhs during the year 1976­77.  73. If this claim of the appellant is taken to be true, it would mean that the appellant suffered a reduction in profit to the tune of about Rs.55,00,000/­in one year immediately after possession of the land was taken. The balance sheets and profit & loss accounts produced by the appellant before us are as on 30.09.1976 and 30.09.1977. Even according to the appellant, the reduction in the profit   to   the   extent   of   nearly   Rs.55,00,000/­   was   not   wholly attributable to the increase in transportation cost.  The appellant claimed only a sum of Rs.8,00,718/­ per year towards increase in transportation cost. This constitutes only 15% of the total amount of reduction in profits. It is seen from the profit & loss account for the year ended 30.09.1977 that the sales turn over itself had come 46 down   from   Rs.22.09   crores   to   Rs.18.17   crores.     Even   the   raw material consumed had come down from 13.47 crores to Rs.9.32 crores.   There   had   also   been   a   substantial   down   slide   in   sub­ contract   and   process   charges.   Therefore,   the   contention   of   the appellant that the profits went down, may be a point in an answer to the adverse inference drawn by the High Court with regard to profits. But it cannot be used in support of the appellant’s case that the increase in the transportation cost accounted at least in part to a reduced margin of profit.    74. The impact of the increase in transportation cost, upon the profit margin of a seller of goods, would depend upon the terms and conditions of the contract. It may also vary from sea transport to   rail   transport   to   road   transport   to   air   transport.   Though   in shipping   contracts   there   are   standard   covenants   such   as   FOB (Free on Board), CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) etc., there are no such standard covenants in rail and road contracts. In any case, the trolley line of the appellant covered only a distance of 35 kms upto Bhigwan. Delivery of material had to be effected by the 47 appellant to its customers through some method of transport from Bhigwan. Nothing is on record to show that the goods were always dispatched to all customers through goods carriage railway line of the   Indian   Railways   beyond   Bhigwan.   In   the   absence   of   any evidence to show that the increase in the transportation cost due to the submerging of a part of the trolley line, had always to be absorbed only by the appellant, but could not have been passed on to its customers due to specific terms and conditions of contract, the Reference Court could not have accepted a claim in this regard. 48 75. Moreover there was a finding of fact in the Award passed on 09.12.1981   which   was   taken   note   of   by   the   High   Court.   The relevant portion of the Award reads as follows: “Further as per local enquiry it is told that the Trolley line was constructed years back mainly for bringing heavy   machinery   at   Walchandnagar After   this .   purpose was served, they were using it for movement of  goods  for  some  time. The  process  of moving   the goods on the  Trolley  line  became  uneconomical.  So they resorted to road and truck traffic which was quick and possibly economical. Thus the whole Trolley line was in disuse being uneconomical on the relevant date i.e.   27­9­72.   In   these   circumstances   the   claim   for severance and injurious affection has been rejected.” 76. Therefore, the decision of the High Court with regard to the claim for compensation towards increase in transportation cost appears to be reasonable and hence cannot be interfered with. CONCLUSION 77. The upshot of the above discussion is that the refusal of the High Court to award any compensation for the injurious affection to one set of movable property, namely, rolling stock cannot be found   fault   with,   for   the   reasons   stated   above.   Similarly,   the refusal of the High Court to award any compensation for increase 49 in   transportation   cost,   falling   under   the   category   of   “ injurious affection   to   earnings ”   cannot   also   be   faulted,   for   the   reasons indicated separately. However, the refusal of the High Court to grant compensation for the injurious affection sustained by the appellant   to   one   set   of   movable   property,   namely,   rails   and sleepers forming the trolley line for a distance of 28 kms., is clearly unsustainable especially when the grant of compensation for the injurious affection to rails and  sleepers  to a stretch of  7 kms. submerged in the backwaters, has been sustained by the High Court. In fact, the State has not come up on appeal against the grant of compensation for the injurious affection to the trolley line to a distance of 7 kms which got submerged in back waters. That the remaining portion of the trolley line to a distance of 28 kms has been rendered useless after the acquisition, is not in dispute.  78. A question may arise as to whether the reasoning given by us for rejecting the claim for loss of earnings in the form of increase in transportation   costs,   will   not   apply   ipso   facto   to   the   claim   for compensation  for  the rails and sleepers also, since the appellant  50 had switched over to road transport in the year 1972 itself. But our answer   would   be   that   clause     of   Section   23(1),   uses   a fourthly significant   phrase   viz.,   “injuriously   affecting   his   other property, movable or immovable, in any other manner, or his earnings”.  Therefore, injurious affection to property, in any other manner, may stand on a different footing from injurious affection to earnings. While there is no evidence on record to connect the drop in the level of profits from 1975­76 to 1976­77, with the increase in transportation costs, there is acceptable evidence to show that movable property became useless after the acquisition. Therefore, both stand on different footings. 79. Therefore, the appeals are partly allowed, setting aside that portion of the findings and conclusions reached by the High Court in the impugned judgment (para 22), whereby the award of the Reference Court relating to compensation for injurious affection to rails   and   sleepers,   was   reversed   by   the   High   Court.   As   a consequence, the award of the Reference Court granting a sum of Rs.31,21,860/­ towards compensation for rails and sleepers shall 51 stand   restored.   In   respect   of   all   other   claims,   the   impugned judgment is not interfered with.  80. Before parting we are obliged to bring one important fact on record.   It appears that at the time of filing of the First Appeal before the High Court of Judicature at Bombay, the respondents deposited on 17.07.1992, the award amount of Rs.2,72,25,680/­. By virtue of an order passed subsequently, the appellant withdrew the said amount apparently after furnishing bank guarantee.  But by the impugned judgment dated 19.11.2008, the High Court of Bombay allowed the appeal of the respondents and reduced the award amount.  When the Special Leave Petitions out of which the present appeals arise, came up for admission, this Court passed an order dated 16.03.2009 which reads as follows:­ “Issue notice.  If the petitioner has furnished any bank guarantee in regard to the amount already drawn, there shall be interim stay of enforcement of the guarantee by the respondent subject to the petitioner extending validity of the bank guarantee till disposal of this matter.” We hope that the bank guarantee is kept alive as per the above order of this Court dated 16.03.2009.  Now that the judgment of 52 the Bombay High Court is modified by us, the appellant will be entitled to retain so much of the amount as they would be entitled to, by virtue of this judgment and the appellant shall pay the respondents the excess amount, within four weeks.  In case the bank   guarantee   furnished   by   the   appellant   is   alive,   the   Land Acquisition Officer may prepare fresh calculations and enforce the bank guarantee only to the extent of disallowed portion.   There will be no order to costs. …..…………....................J.        (Hemant Gupta) .…..………......................J.      (V. Ramasubramanian) New Delhi February  4, 2022 53