T.J. PARAMESHWARAPPA @ PARAMESHWARAPPA @ J.T. PARAMESHWARAPPA @ TALALKENA GOWDRA PARAMESHWARAPPA vs. THE BRANCH MANAGER NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD.

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 18-11-2022

Preview image for T.J. PARAMESHWARAPPA @ PARAMESHWARAPPA @ J.T. PARAMESHWARAPPA @ TALALKENA GOWDRA PARAMESHWARAPPA vs. THE BRANCH MANAGER NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD.

Full Judgment Text

REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NOS.8598­8599 OF 2022 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (C) Nos.11730­11731 of 2021) T. J. PARAMESHWARAPPA @ PARAMESHWARAPPA @  J.T. PARAMESHWARAPPA @ TALALKENA GOWDRA PARAMESHWARAPPA        .....APPELLANT VERSUS THE BRANCH MANAGER,  NEW   INDIA   ASSURANCE   CO.   LTD.   &   ORS. …..RESPONDENT(S) J  U  D  G  M  E  N  T NAGARATHNA J.  Leave granted. 2. These appeals assail the correctness of the judgment and award Signature Not Verified passed by the High Court of Karnataka at Bengaluru in M.F.A. No.48 Digitally signed by VISHAL ANAND Date: 2022.11.18 17:48:53 IST Reason: of   2017   connected   with   M.F.A.   No.7972   of   2016   (MV)   dated 1 16.10.2020. M.F.A. No.48 of 2017 was filed by the insurer – New India Assurance Co. Ltd., while M.F.A. No.7972 of 2016 (MV) was filed by the   insured   claimant,   both   being   aggrieved   by   the   judgment   and award dated 16.09.2016 passed by the Ist Addl. Senior Civil Judge & IVth MACT at Chitradurga in MVC No.1091 of 2015.   By the said judgment   and   award,   the   Motor   Accidents   Claims   Tribunal (hereinafter referred to as “the Tribunal”, for the sake of convenience) awarded a sum of Rs.21,08,400/­ (Rupees Twenty­one lakhs eight thousand and four hundred only) with interest at 8% p.a. from the date of filing of the claim petition till date of deposit. This was in respect   of   an   accident   that   occurred   on   15.05.2015   in   which   the appellant­ claimant was injured. Being aggrieved by the reduction in the total compensation by the High Court from Rs.21,08,400/­ to Rs.7,37,604/­ with interest at the rate of 6% p.a. from the date of petition   till   its   realization,   the   injured­   claimant   has   filed   these appeals.  3. It is no longer in dispute that on 15.05.2015 at about 03:35 p.m. appellant­ claimant was travelling in the Tanker Lorry bearing No.KA­ 01­AG­2266 as a cleaner from Kidlike to Hassan along with driver P. Jagadeesh. Near the RTO Office, Chitradurga, on NH­4 flyover, the driver of the tanker lorry drove the same in a rash and negligent manner and with high speed and dashed into the hind portion of 2 another   lorry   bearing   No.KA­16­B­6247,   as   a   result   of   which, appellant­ claimant sustained comminuted fracture of tibia bones of both legs and other injuries on his body. He was shifted to B.M.C. Hospital and Research Centre, Chitradurga where he took treatment as an inpatient from 15.05.2015 to 13.06.2015 and thereafter took follow­up treatment as an outpatient. During treatment, he underwent surgery of both legs and rod and screws were inserted.   4. It is contended by the appellant that as a result of the accident he became permanently disabled and due to fracture of tibia bones of both legs and other injuries, he is unable to discharge his duties as a cleaner in the tanker lorry and hence, he has suffered both financially and physically.   That he is also unable to perform his daily routine activity   as   he   has   sustained   permanent   disability.     That   he   was working as a cleaner in a tanker lorry and was earning Rs.18,000/­ per month and due to the disability, he is unable to earn any income. He therefore, filed the claim petition seeking compensation of Rs.20 lakhs on account of the injuries sustained by him in the road traffic accident.  On contest, the Tribunal by its judgment and award dated 16.09.2016, awarded a sum of Rs.21,08,400/­ together with interest at 8% p.a. from the date of petition till date of deposit, under the following heads: “Sl. No. Description  Amount in Rs. 1.   Pain and suffering  5,00,000/­ 3 2.   Medical and incidental Expenses  4,00,000/­ 3.   Permanent disability  (40% of Rs.6,500 x 12 x 17) 5,30,400/­ 4.   Future Medical Expenses 2,00,000/­ 5.   Conveyance and attendant Charges  2,00,000/­   6.   Future Prospects  78,000/­ (12 Months x 6,500) 7.   Marriage prospects  2,00,000/­ ___________ Total  21,08,400/­” In fact, the compensation awarded by the Tribunal was over and above   what   was   sought   by   the   appellant   –   claimant   in   the   claim petition i.e. Rs.20,00,000/­.  5. Being aggrieved by the said award, both the insurer as well as insured claimant filed the aforementioned appeals before the High Court. The High Court noted that the claimant had suffered lacerated rd wound over his forehead and fracture of mid 1/3  tibia of right and left legs, as per Exhibit­P6. The High Court also noted that the award of   compensation   was   on   the   higher   side   and   hence,   High   Court reduced   the   compensation   to   Rs.7,37,604/­   under   the   following heads: ­  Sl. No. Description  Amount   in Rs. 1.   Permanent disability  (20% of Rs.9,000 x 12 x 17) 3,67,200/­ 4 2.   Pain and suffering    50,000/­ 3.   Medical and incidental Expenses        1,20,404/­ 4.   Future Medical Expenses    50,000/­ 5.   Conveyance charges     30,000/­ 6.          Income during laid up period             45,000/­ 7.   Loss of amenities    75,000/­ __________ Total  7,37,604/­ No   compensation   was   awarded   towards   loss   of   marriage prospects  and loss  of  future  prospects.  Consequently,  the appeals were disposed of in the above terms by the High Court.   6. We have heard the learned counsel for the appellant­ claimant and respondent – insurer and perused the material on record.  7. The sum and substance of the contention of learned counsel for the appellant is that the assessment of permanent physical disability should be at 54% but the High Court had erroneously reduced it at 20%  which was 34%  less and  therefore,  these appeals  have  been preferred. It was further contended that the appellant was earning Rs.18,000/­ per month as a cleaner of the tanker lorry but the High Court has assessed his notional  income as Rs.9,000/­ per month only, which is on the lower side. It was further contended that owing to the fracture of both legs, the appellant is unable to carry out his 5 duties as a cleaner of the tanker lorry and the percentage of disability has been erroneously assessed at 20% while the doctor had assessed the permanent disability of 54%. Hence, the appellant has sought enhancement of compensation. 8. Per   contra ,   learned   counsel   for   the   respondent   –   insurer supported the judgment of the High Court and submitted that these appeals ought to be dismissed as being devoid of merit.            Before proceeding to consider the appeals on merits, it would be useful to refer to the judgment of this Court in  Raj Kumar vs. Ajay Kumar and Another (2011) 1 SCC 343,  authored by Raveendran, J. wherein   the   general   principles   relating   to   compensation   in   injury cases; assessment of loss of future earnings on account of permanent disability;  assessment of  compensation  in  injury   cases,  have  been discussed at length. The relevant paragraphs of the said judgment are extracted as under:   
“5.The provision of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (“the
Act”, for short) makes it clear that the award must be
just, which means that compensation should, to the
extent possible, fully and adequately restore the
claimant to the position prior to the accident. The
object of awarding damages is to make good the loss
suffered as a result of wrong done as far as money can
do so, in a fair, reasonable and equitable manner. The
court or the Tribunal shall have to assess the damages
objectively and exclude from consideration any
speculation or fancy, though some conjecture with
reference to the nature of disability and its
consequences, is inevitable. A person is not only to be
compensated for the physical injury, but also for the
6
loss which he suffered as a result of such injury. This
means that he is to be compensated for his inability to
lead a full life, his inability to enjoy those normal
amenities which he would have enjoyed but for the
injuries, and his inability to earn as much as he used
to earn or could have earned. [SeeC.K. Subramania
Iyerv.T. Kunhikuttan Nair[(1969) 3 SCC 64 : AIR
1970 SC 376] ,R.D. Hattangadiv.Pest Control
(India) (P) Ltd.[(1995) 1 SCC 551 : 1995 SCC (Cri)
250] andBakerv.Willoughby[1970 AC 467 :
(1970) 2 WLR 50 : (1969) 3 All ER 1528 (HL)].
6. The heads under which compensation is awarded in<br>personal injury cases are the following:
Pecuniary damages (Special damages)
(i) Expenses relating to treatment,<br>hospitalisation, medicines, transportation,<br>nourishing food, and miscellaneous<br>expenditure.
(ii) Loss of earnings (and other gains)<br>which the injured would have made had<br>he not been injured, comprising:
(a) Loss of earning during the period of<br>treatment;
(b) Loss of future earnings on account<br>of permanent disability.
(iii) Future medical expenses.
Non­pecuniary damages (General<br>damages)
(iv) Damages for pain, suffering and<br>trauma as a consequence of the injuries.
(v) Loss of amenities (and/or loss of<br>prospects of marriage).
(vi) Loss of expectation of life (shortening<br>of normal longevity).
7 In routine personal injury cases, compensation will be awarded only under heads ( i ), ( ii )( a ) and ( iv ). It is only in   serious   cases   of   injury,   where   there   is   specific medical   evidence   corroborating   the   evidence   of   the claimant, that compensation will be granted under any of the heads ( ii )( b ), ( iii ), ( v ) and ( vi ) relating to loss of future earnings on account of permanent disability, future medical expenses, loss of amenities (and/or loss of prospects of marriage) and loss of expectation of life.  Assessment   of   pecuniary   damages   under   Item   (i) 7. and under Item (ii)(a) do not pose much difficulty as they involve reimbursement of actuals and are easily ascertainable   from   the   evidence.   Award   under   the head of future medical expenses—Item (iii)—depends upon   specific   medical   evidence   regarding   need   for further treatment and cost thereof. Assessment of non­ pecuniary  damages—Items  (iv),  (v)  and  (vi)—involves determination of lump sum amounts with reference to circumstances   such   as   age,   nature   of injury/deprivation/disability suffered by the claimant and the effect thereof on the future life of the claimant. Decisions of this Court and the High Courts contain necessary guidelines for award under these heads, if necessary. What usually poses some difficulty is the assessment of the loss of future earnings on account of permanent disability—Item (ii)(a). We are concerned with that assessment in this case. Assessment   of   future   loss   of   earnings   due   to permanent disability 8.  Disability refers to any restriction or lack of ability to   perform   an   activity   in   the   manner   considered normal for a human being. Permanent disability refers to the residuary incapacity or loss of use of some part of the body, found existing at the end of the period of treatment   and   recuperation,   after   achieving   the maximum   bodily   improvement   or   recovery   which   is likely to remain for the remainder life of the injured. Temporary disability refers to the incapacity or loss of use of some part of the body on account of the injury, which will cease to exist at the end of the period of treatment and recuperation. Permanent disability can be either partial or total. Partial permanent disability refers to a person's inability to perform all the duties 8 and bodily functions that he could perform before the accident, though he is able to perform some of them and is still able to engage in some gainful activity. Total permanent disability refers to a person's inability to   perform   any   avocation   or   employment   related activities as a result of the accident. The permanent disabilities   that   may   arise   from   motor   accident injuries, are of a much wider range when compared to the physical disabilities which are enumerated in the Persons   with   Disabilities   (Equal   Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 (“the   Disabilities   Act”,   for   short).   But   if   any   of   the disabilities   enumerated   in   Section   2(i)   of   the Disabilities Act are the result of injuries sustained in a motor accident, they can be permanent disabilities for the purpose of claiming compensation. 9.  The percentage of permanent disability is expressed by the doctors with reference to the whole body, or more   often   than   not,   with   reference   to  a  particular limb.   When   a   disability   certificate   states   that   the injured             has suffered permanent disability to an extent of 45%   of the left lower limb, it is not the same as   45%   permanent   disability   with   reference   to   the whole body. The          extent of disability of a limb (or part of the body)                expressed in terms of a percentage of the total functions of that limb, obviously cannot be assumed to be the    extent of disability of the   whole   body.   If   there   is   60%               permanent disability   of   the   right   hand   and   80% permanent disability of left leg, it does not mean that the extent of permanent disability with reference to the whole body is 140% (that is 80% plus 60%). If different parts of the body have suffered different percentages of disabilities, the sum total thereof expressed in terms of the permanent disability with reference to the whole body cannot obviously exceed 100%. 10.  Where the claimant suffers a permanent disability as a result of injuries, the assessment of compensation under   the   head   of   loss   of   future   earnings   would 9 depend upon the effect and impact of such permanent disability on his earning capacity. The Tribunal should not mechanically apply the percentage of permanent disability as the percentage of economic loss or loss of earning capacity. In most of the cases, the percentage of   economic   loss,   that  is,   the   percentage   of   loss   of earning capacity, arising from a permanent disability will   be   different   from   the   percentage   of   permanent disability. Some Tribunals wrongly assume that in all cases, a particular extent (percentage) of permanent disability   would   result   in   a   corresponding   loss   of earning   capacity,   and   consequently,   if   the   evidence produced show 45% as the permanent disability, will hold that there is 45% loss of future earning capacity. In most of the cases, equating the extent (percentage) of loss of earning capacity to the extent (percentage) of permanent disability will result in award of either too low or too high a compensation. 11.  What requires to be assessed by the Tribunal is the effect of the permanent disability on the earning capacity of the injured; and after assessing the loss of earning   capacity   in   terms   of   a   percentage   of   the income it has to be quantified in terms of money, to arrive at       the future loss of earnings (by applying the   standard                     multiplier   method   used   to determine loss of                          dependency). We may however note that in some cases on appreciation of evidence and assessment, the               Tribunal may   find   that   the   percentage   of   loss   of earning   capacity   as   a   result   of   the   permanent disability is approximately the same as the percentage of                             permanent disability in which case, of course, the             Tribunal will adopt the said percentage for                           determination of compensation. (See for example, the           decisions of this Court in  Arvind Kumar Mishra v.    New India Assurance Co. Ltd. [(2010) 10 SCC 254 : (2010) 3 10
SCC (Cri) 1258 : (2010) 10 Scale 298] and Yadava<br>Kumar v. National Insurance Co.Ltd. [(2010) 10<br>SCC 341:(2010) 3 SCC (Cri) 1285: (2010) 8 Scale<br>567] )
12. Therefore, the Tribunal has to first decide whether<br>there is any permanent disability and, if so, the extent<br>of such permanent disability. This means that the<br>Tribunal should consider and decide with reference to<br>the evidence:
(i) whether the disablement is permanent<br>or temporary;
(ii) if the disablement is permanent, whether<br>it is permanent total disablement or<br>permanent partial disablement;
(iii) if the disablement percentage is<br>expressed with reference to any specific<br>limb,then the effect of such disablement of<br>the limb on the functioning of the entire<br>body, that is, the permanent disability<br>suffered by the person.
If the Tribunal concludes that there is no permanent<br>disability then there is no question of proceeding<br>further and determining the loss of future earning<br>capacity. But if the Tribunal concludes that there is<br>permanent disability then it will proceed to ascertain<br>its extent. After the Tribunal ascertains the actual<br>extent of permanent disability of the claimant based<br>on the medical evidence, it has to determine whether<br>such permanent disability has affected or will affect<br>his earning capacity.
13. Ascertainment of the effect of the permanent<br>disability on the actual earning capacity involves three<br>steps. The Tribunal has to first ascertain what<br>activities the claimant could carry on in spite of the<br>permanent disability and what he could not do as a
11
result of the permanent disability (this is also relevant<br>for awarding compensation under the head of loss of<br>amenities of life). The second step is to ascertain his<br>avocation, profession and nature of work before the<br>accident, as also his age. The third step is to find out<br>whether (i) the claimant is totally disabled from<br>earning any kind of livelihood, or (ii) whether in spite<br>of the permanent disability, the claimant could<br>still effectively carry on the activities and functions,<br>which he was earlier carrying on, or (iii) whether<br>he was prevented or restricted from discharging his<br>previous activities and functions, but could<br>carry on some other or lesser scale of activities<br>and functions so that he continues to earn or can<br>continue to earn his livelihood.
xxx
19. We may now summarise the principles discussed<br>above:
(i) All injuries (or permanent disabilities<br>arising from injuries), do not result in loss<br>of earning capacity.
(ii) The percentage of permanent disability<br>with reference to the whole body of a<br>person, cannot be assumed to be the<br>percentage of loss of earning capacity. To<br>put it differently, the percentage of loss of<br>earning capacity is not the same as the<br>percentage of permanent disability (except<br>in a few cases, where the Tribunal on the<br>basis of evidence, concludes that the<br>percentage of loss of earning capacity is<br>the same as the percentage of permanent<br>disability).
(iii) The doctor who treated an injured<br>claimant or who examined him
12 subsequently to assess the extent of his permanent   disability   can   give   evidence only in regard to the extent of permanent disability. The loss of earning capacity is something that will have to be assessed by the Tribunal with reference to the evidence in entirety. ( iv )   The   same   permanent   disability   may result in different percentages of loss of earning   capacity   in   different   persons, depending upon the nature of profession, occupation   or   job,   age,   education   and other factors. 9. Applying the aforesaid principles to the instant case, it is noted that the appellant herein let in his evidence as PW­1 and his doctor (Dr. M.S. Rajesh) was examined as PW­2. He produced documents at Exhibit­P1 to Exhibit­P126 in support of their evidence. On the other hand, the respondents did not lead any evidence. However, a copy of the Exhibit ­R1, i.e., Insurance Policy was exhibited by consent.   10. It is noted that the appellant herein sustained comminuted bone fracture of tibia on both legs. He was operated upon twice and was hospitalized for thirty­six days cumulatively. As per PW­2 (the doctor who treated him), there was 54% disability despite the treatment given to the appellant herein. The appellant was treated as an inpatient from 15.05.2015 to 13.06.2015. He underwent wound debridement OR & IF with interlocking nail and on 26.05.2015 secondary suturing of   right   leg   was   done.   Later   in   the   year   2016   the   claimant   was 13 hospitalized   from   02.03.2016   to   07.03.2016   and   treated   with freshening of the ends of fractured fragments and cotico­cancellous bone   grafting   from   the   contra   lateral   iliac   crest   with   partial fibulectomy   done   on   03.03.2016.   He   also   took   treatment   as   an outpatient on 30.06.2015 and 30.12.2015.    11. PW­2­ doctor, who treated the appellant­ claimant has assessed permanent disability of 54% which we find is on the higher side. As the claimant sustained comminuted fracture of tibia bones of both legs, we assess the whole­body disability at 30%. We also propose to enhance the compensation under the heads of pain and suffering due to two surgeries undergone and future surgeries to be undergone. Also towards loss of future  amenities and towards loss of income during laid   up   period   for   a   period   of   twelve   months   compensation   is enhanced.  12.   In view of the aforesaid evidence let in by the claimant, we propose to reassess the compensation as under: Sl. No. Description  Amount   in Rs. 1.   Pain and suffering  1,00,000/­ 2.   Medical Expenses 1,20,405/­ 3.   Incidental hospital Expenses     35,000/­ 4.   Loss of future earning capacity  (30% of Rs.10,000 x 12 x 17) 6,12,000/­ 14 5.   Loss of income during laid up period   (Rs.10,000 x 12)     1,20,000/­ 6.   Loss of Future amenities  1,00,000/­ 7.   Conveyance and attendant Charges     30,000/­ 8.   Future medical expenses    50,000/­ ___________ Total       Rs.11,67,405/­ The aforesaid compensation shall carry interest at the rate of 6% per annum from the date of filing of the claim petition till realization.   13. In the result, the judgment and award passed by the High Court is modified by enhancing the award of compensation to the appellant herein   from   Rs.7,37,604/­   to   Rs.11,67,405/­which   shall     carry interest at the rate of 6% per annum from the date of filing of claim petition till realization.  The amount shall be deposited within a period of six weeks from the date of receipt of certified copy of this judgment. On deposit of the said amount, the Tribunal shall deposit a sum of Rs.3,00,000/­ in any nationalized bank for a period of five years. The appellant shall  be entitled  to  draw   periodical   interest  on  the  said deposit. The balance amount shall be paid to the appellant herein. 15 14. The appeals are allowed in part in the aforesaid terms. Parties to bear their respective costs. …………………………………….J [B.R. GAVAI] ……………………………………...J [B.V. NAGARATHNA] NEW DELHI; th 18  NOVEMBER, 2022. 16