THE SECRETARY TO GOVT. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (PRIMARY) vs. BHEEMESH ALIAS BHEEMAPPA

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 16-12-2021

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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION Civil Appeal No. 7752  of 2021 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (C) No.1564 of 2021) THE SECRETARY TO GOVT. DEPARTMENT  OF EDUCATION (PRIMARY) & ORS.      ... Appellant (s) Versus BHEEMESH ALIAS BHEEMAPPA       ... Respondent(s) J U D G M E N T V. Ramasubramanian, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. Aggrieved by the order passed by Karnataka State Administrative Tribunal which was also confirmed by the High Court, directing them to consider the case of the respondent for appointment on compassionate grounds, the State has come up with the above appeal. Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by Jayant Kumar Arora Date: 2021.12.16 16:27:16 IST Reason: 1 3. We have heard Sh. V. N. Raghupathy, learned counsel appearing for the appellants and  Sh. Jayanth Muthraj, learned senior counsel appearing for the respondent. 4. Admittedly, the respondent’s sister who was employed as Assistant Teacher in a Government School, died in harness on 8.12.2010, leaving behind   her   surviving,   her   mother,   two   brothers   and   two   sisters. Claiming that the deceased was unmarried and that the mother, two brothers and two sisters were entirely dependent on her income, the respondent sought appointment on compassionate grounds. The claim was   rejected   by   the   competent   authority   by   an   Order   dated 17/21.11.2012,   on   the   ground   that   the   amendment   made   to   the th Karnataka Civil Services (Appointment on Compassionate Grounds) (7 amendment)   Rules,   2012   on   20.06.2012,   extending   the   benefit   of compassionate appointment to the unmarried dependant brother of an unmarried female employee, will not be applicable to the case of the respondent.  5. Aggrieved by the said order of rejection, the respondent moved the Karnataka State Administrative Tribunal by way of an application in 2 Application No.9099 of 2014. The said application was allowed by the Tribunal   by   an   Order   dated   10.11.2017,   on   the   ground   that   the amendment   made   to   the   Rules   on   20.06.2012   would   apply retrospectively covering the case of the respondent, though his sister died in harness on 8.12.2010. 6. Challenging the Order of the Karnataka Administrative Tribunal, the   State   filed   a   writ   petition   before   the   High   Court   of   Karnataka, Dharwad Bench. The writ petition was dismissed by the High Court by an Order dated 20.11.2019, on the basis of the decision of another Division Bench of the Court, which held that the amendment to the Rules was retrospective in nature. It is against the said Order that the State has come up with above appeal. 7. As held by this Court repeatedly, every appointment to a post or service must be made strictly by adhering to the mandate of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. Appointment on compassionate grounds, is an exception to the regular mode of recruitment, as it is intended to provide succor to the family of the deceased Government servant, which is thrown out of gear both financially and otherwise, due to the sudden 3 death of the Government servant in harness. 8. Admittedly,   the   appointment   on   compassionate   grounds   in   the State of Karnataka is governed by a set of Rules known as Karnataka Civil Services (Appointment on Compassionate grounds) Rules, 1996, issued in exercise of the powers conferred by Section 3(1) read with Section 8 of the Karnataka State Civil Services Act, 1978. The Rules as they stood, on the date on which the sister of the respondent died in harness, did not include an unmarried brother, within the definition of the expression “dependant of a deceased Government servant” under Rule 2(1)(a) of the said Rules   vis­a­vis   a deceased female unmarried Government servant. But it was only by way of an amendment proposed under   a   draft   Notification   dated   20.06.2012   which   was   given   effect under the final Notification bearing No. DPAR 55 SCA 2012, Bangalore dated   11.07.2012   that   an   unmarried   brother   of   a   deceased   female unmarried   Government   servant   was   included   within   the   definition. There is no dispute about the fact that the sister of the respondent died as an unmarried female Government servant, but on 8.12.2010, before the amendment was made to the Rules. 4 9. To hold that the amendment will have retrospective application, the High Court  as   well  as  the   Tribunal  relied  upon  a  Judgment  of  the Division Bench of the High Court of Karnataka in  State of Karnataka vs.   Akkamahadevamma  and others , decided on 18.11.2010 in Writ Petition Nos.20914 of 2010 etc. But it should be pointed out at the outset that the Judgment of the High Court in   Akkamahadevamma arose out of an amendment to the Karnataka Civil Services (General th Recruitment) (57  Amendment) Rules, 2000. By the Amendment made on 30.03.2010 to the said Rules, grandson, unmarried granddaughter, daughter in law, widowed daughter and widowed granddaughter were included within the definition of the expression “ members of the family ” under   Explanation­2   of   Rule   9.   But   the   amendment   so   made   on 30.03.2010 expanding the definition of the expression  “members of the family”   was   triggered   by   an   Order   of   the   Tribunal   which   held   the unamended rule to be unconstitutional. It is in that context that the amendment made on 30.03.2010 to the Rules issued on 23.11.2000 was held by the High Court to be retrospective in nature. It must also be 5 remembered that the expanded definition was with respect to project displaced persons. The right conferred upon a project displaced person stands on a different footing from the entitlement of a person to seek appointment on compassionate grounds. In any case an amendment brought  forth,   on   the   basis   of   a   Judgment   of   a   Court   or   Tribunal, holding the exclusion of certain categories of persons to be violative of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution, may receive an interpretation such as the one proposed by the High Court in  . Akkamahadevamma But the same may not be applicable to amendments of the nature that we are concerned with in this case. 10. Incidentally we must point out that the High Court may not be correct   in   holding   in     that   the   insertion   of Akkamahadevamma additional words in an existing provision would make those additions part of the original provision with effect from the date on which the original provision came into force. The rules of interpretation relating to ‘substitution’ are not to be applied to the case of ‘insertion of additional words’.   6 11. Be that as it may, Sh. Jayanth Muthraj, learned senior counsel appearing   for   the   respondent   pleaded   that   there   are   two   lines   of Judgments of this Court, one taking the view that the Rules/Scheme in force on the date of death of the Government servant would govern the field and the other holding that the Rules/scheme in force on the date of consideration of the claim would govern the field. Unable to reconcile this conflict, a two Member Bench of this Court, by its Order dated 1 08.02.2019 in   vs. , has State Bank of India     Sheo Shankar Tewari referred the matter for consideration by a larger Bench. Sh. Jayanth Muthraj,   learned   senior   counsel   therefore   made   a   request   that   the present appeal may either be placed along with the reference or await a decision on the above reference. 12. But we do not consider it necessary to do so. It is no doubt true that there   are,   as   contended   by  the   learned   senior   Counsel  for  the respondent,   two   lines   of   decisions   rendered   by   Benches   of   equal strength. But the apparent conflict between those two lines of decisions, was on account of the difference between an amendment by which an 1 (2019) 5 SCC 600 7
existing benefit was withdrawn or diluted and an amendment by which<br>the existing benefit was enhanced. The interpretation adopted by this<br>Court varied depending upon the nature of the amendment. This can be<br>seen by presenting the decisions referred to by the learned senior<br>counsel for the respondent in a tabular column as follows:
CitationScheme in force<br>on the date of<br>death of the<br>Government<br>servantModified<br>Scheme which<br>came into force<br>after deathDecision of this<br>Court
State Bank<br>of India vs.<br>Jaspal Kaur<br>(2007) 9 SCC<br>571<br>[a two<br>member<br>Bench]The Scheme of the<br>year 1996, which<br>made the financial<br>condition of the<br>family as the main<br>criterion, was in<br>force, on the date of<br>death of the<br>employee in the year<br>1999.The 1996 Scheme<br>was subsequently<br>modified by policy<br>issued in 2005,<br>which laid down<br>few parameters<br>for determining<br>penury. One of<br>the parameters<br>was to see if the<br>income of the<br>family had been<br>reduced to less<br>than 60% of the<br>salary drawn by<br>the employee at<br>the time of death.<br>Therefore, the<br>wife of the<br>deceasedRejecting the<br>claim of the wife<br>of the deceased<br>employee, this<br>Court held that<br>the application of<br>the dependant<br>made in the year<br>2000, after the<br>death of the<br>employee in the<br>year 1999, cannot<br>be decided on the<br>basis of a Scheme<br>which came into<br>force in the year<br>2005.
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employee claimed<br>the consideration<br>of the application<br>on the basis of<br>parameters laid<br>down in the policy<br>of the year 2005.
State Bank<br>of India Vs.<br>Raj Kumar<br>(2010) 11 SCC<br>661<br>[a two<br>member<br>Bench]The employee died<br>on 1.10.2004 and<br>the applications for<br>compassionate<br>appointment were<br>made on 6.06.2005<br>and 14.06.2005. On<br>the date of death<br>and on the date of<br>the applications, a<br>Scheme known as<br>compassionate<br>appointment Scheme<br>was in force.But with effect<br>from 04.08.2005<br>a new Scheme for<br>payment of ex­<br>gratia lump­sum<br>was introduced in<br>the place of the<br>old Scheme. The<br>new Scheme<br>contained a<br>provision to the<br>effect that all<br>applications<br>pending under<br>the old Scheme<br>will be dealt with<br>only in<br>accordance with<br>the new Scheme.This Court held<br>that the<br>application could<br>be considered<br>only under the<br>new Scheme, as it<br>contained a<br>specific provision<br>relating to<br>pending<br>applications.
MGB Gramin<br>Bank vs.<br>Chakrawarti<br>Singh<br>(2014) 13 SCC<br>583<br>[a two<br>member<br>Bench]The employee died<br>on 19.04.2006 and<br>the application for<br>appointment made<br>on 12.05.2006. A<br>scheme for<br>appointment on<br>compassionate<br>grounds was in force<br>on that date.However, a new<br>Scheme dated<br>12.06.2006 came<br>into force on<br>6.10.2006,<br>providing only for<br>ex gratia payment<br>instead of<br>compassionate<br>appointment.This Court took<br>the view that the<br>new Scheme alone<br>would apply as it<br>contained a<br>specific provision<br>which mandated<br>all pending<br>applications to be<br>considered under<br>the new Scheme.
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Canara<br>Bank vs. M.<br>Mahesh<br>Kumar<br>(2015) 7 SCC<br>412<br>[a two<br>member<br>Bench]The employee died<br>on 10.10.1998 and<br>the application for<br>appointment on<br>compassionate<br>grounds, was made<br>under the Scheme of<br>the year 1993. It was<br>rejected on<br>30.06.1999. The<br>1993 Scheme was<br>known as “Dying in<br>Harness Scheme.”The 1993 Scheme<br>was substituted<br>by a Scheme for<br>payment of ex<br>gratia in the year<br>2005. But by the<br>time the 2005<br>Scheme was<br>issued, the<br>claimant had<br>already<br>approached the<br>High Court of<br>Kerala by way of<br>writ petition and<br>succeeded before<br>the learned Single<br>Judge vide a<br>Judgment dated<br>30.05.2003. The<br>Judgment was<br>upheld by the<br>Division Bench in<br>the year 2006 and<br>the matter landed<br>up before this<br>Court thereafter.<br>In other words,<br>the Scheme of the<br>year 2005 came<br>into force: (i) after<br>the rejection of<br>the application for<br>compassionate<br>appointment<br>under the old<br>scheme; and (ii)This Court<br>dismissed the<br>appeals filed by<br>the Bank on<br>account of two<br>important<br>distinguishing<br>features, namely,<br>(i) that the<br>application for<br>appointment on<br>compassionate<br>grounds was<br>rejected in the<br>year 1999 and the<br>rejection order<br>was set aside by<br>the High Court in<br>the year 2003<br>much before the<br>compassionate<br>appointment<br>Scheme was<br>substituted by an<br>ex gratia Scheme<br>in year 2005; and<br>(ii) that in the<br>year 2014, the<br>original scheme<br>for appointment<br>on compassionate<br>grounds stood<br>revived, when the<br>civil appeals were<br>decided.
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after the order of<br>rejection was set<br>aside by the<br>Single Judge of<br>the High Court
Indian Bank<br>vs. Promila<br>and Another<br>(2020) 2 SCC<br>729<br>[a two<br>member<br>Bench]The employee died<br>on 15.01.2004 and<br>the application for<br>appointment was<br>made by his minor<br>son on 24.01.2004.<br>On these dates, a<br>circular bearing<br>No.56/79 dated<br>4.04.1979 which<br>contained a Scheme<br>for appointment on<br>compassionate<br>grounds was in<br>force. But the<br>Scheme provided for<br>appointment, only<br>for those who do not<br>opt for payment of<br>gratuity for the full<br>term of service of<br>employee who died<br>in harness.A new Scheme<br>was brought into<br>force on<br>24.07.2004 after<br>the death of the<br>employee. Under<br>this Scheme an ex<br>gratia<br>compensation<br>was provided for,<br>subject to certain<br>conditions. After<br>the coming into<br>force of the new<br>Scheme, the<br>claimant was<br>directed by the<br>bank to submit a<br>fresh application<br>under the new<br>Scheme. The<br>claimant did not<br>apply under the<br>new Scheme, as<br>he was interested<br>only in<br>compassionate<br>appointment and<br>not monetary<br>benefit.In the light of the<br>decision in<br>Canara Bank vs.<br>M. Mahesh<br>Kumar, this<br>Court held that<br>the case of the<br>claimant cannot<br>be examined in<br>the context of the<br>subsequent<br>Scheme and that<br>since the family<br>had taken full<br>gratuity under the<br>old scheme, they<br>were not entitled<br>to seek<br>compassionate<br>appointment even<br>under the old<br>Scheme.
N.C. Santosh<br>vs. State ofUnder the existing<br>Scheme referable toBut by virtue of<br>an amendment toAfter taking note<br>of a reference
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Karnataka<br>and Others<br>(2020) 7 SCC<br>617<br>(a three<br>Member<br>Bench)Rule 5 of the<br>Karnataka Civil<br>Services<br>(Appointment on<br>Compassionate<br>Grounds) Rules,<br>1999, a minor<br>dependant of a<br>deceased<br>Government<br>employee may apply<br>within one year from<br>the date of attaining<br>majority.the proviso to<br>Rule 5, a minor<br>dependant should<br>apply within one<br>year from the date<br>of death of the<br>Government<br>servant and must<br>have attained the<br>age of 18 years on<br>the date of<br>making the<br>application.<br>Applying the<br>amended<br>provisions, the<br>appointment of<br>persons already<br>made on<br>compassionate<br>grounds, were<br>cancelled by the<br>appointing<br>authority which<br>led to the<br>challenge before<br>this Court.made in State<br>Bank of India<br>vs. Sheo<br>Shankar Tewari<br>to a larger bench,<br>a three member<br>Bench of this<br>Court held in N.C.<br>Santosh that the<br>norms prevailing<br>on the date of<br>consideration of<br>the application<br>should be the<br>basis for<br>consideration of<br>the claim for<br>compassionate<br>appointment. The<br>Bench further<br>held that the<br>dependant of a<br>government<br>employee, in the<br>absence of any<br>vested right<br>accruing on the<br>date of death of<br>the government<br>employee, can<br>only demand<br>consideration of<br>his application<br>and hence he is<br>disentitled to seek<br>the application of<br>the norms
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prevailing on the<br>date of death of<br>the government<br>servant.
13. Apart from the aforesaid decisions, our attention was also drawn to<br>the decision of the three member Bench in State of Madhya Pradesh<br>vs. Amit Shrivas2. But that case arose out of a claim made by the<br>dependant of a deceased Government servant, who was originally<br>appointed on a work charged establishment and who later claimed to<br>have become a permanent employee. The Court went into the distinction<br>between an employee with a permanent status and an employee with a<br>regular status. Despite the claim of the dependant that his father had<br>become a permanent employee, this Court held in that case that as per<br>the policy prevailing on the date of death, a work charged/contingency<br>fund employee was not entitled to compassionate appointment. While<br>holding so, the Bench reiterated the opinion in Indian Bank vs.<br>Promila.<br>14. The aforesaid decision in Amit Shrivas (supra) was followed by a<br>2 (2020) 10 SCC 496<br>13
two member Bench of this Court in the yet to be reported decision in the vs.  decided on 18.11.2021. State of Madhya Pradesh   Ashish Awasthi 15. Let us now come to the reference pending before the larger Bench. In   (supra), a two State Bank of India   vs . Sheo Shankar Tewari   member Bench of this Court noted the apparent conflict between  State Bank of India  vs.  Raj Kumar  and  MGB Gramin Bank  on the one hand and   vs.   on   the   other   hand   and Canara   Bank     M.   Mahesh   Kumar referred the matter for the consideration of a larger Bench. The order of reference to a larger Bench was actually dated 8.02.2019.  16. It was only after the aforesaid reference to a larger Bench that this Court decided at least four cases, respectively in   vs. (i) Indian Bank   Promila ;   (ii) N.C. Santhosh   vs.   State of Karnataka; (iii) State of and Madhya   Pradesh   vs.   Amit   Shrivas;     (iv)   State   of   Madhya Pradesh   vs.   Ashish   Awasthi.     Out   of   these   four   decisions,   N.C.   was by a three member Bench, which actually took Santosh (supra)   note of the reference pending before the larger Bench.      17. Keeping the above in mind, if we critically analyse the way in which 14 this   Court   has   proceeded   to   interpret   the   applicability   of   a   new   or modified Scheme that comes into force after the death of the employee, we may notice an interesting feature. In cases where the benefit under the existing Scheme was taken away or substituted with a lesser benefit, this Court directed the application of the new Scheme. But in cases where   the   benefits   under   an   existing   Scheme   were   enlarged   by   a modified Scheme after the death of the employee, this Court applied only the Scheme that was in force on the date of death of the employee. This is fundamentally due to the fact that compassionate appointment was always considered to be an exception to the normal method of recruitment and perhaps looked down upon with lesser compassion for the individual and greater concern for the rule of law.  18. If compassionate appointment is one of the conditions of service and   is   made   automatic   upon   the   death   of   an   employee   in   harness without any kind of scrutiny whatsoever, the same would be treated as a vested right in law.   But it is not so. Appointment on compassionate grounds   is   not   automatic,   but   subject   to   strict   scrutiny   of   various parameters including the financial position of the family, the economic 15 dependence of the family upon the deceased employee and the avocation of the other members of the family.  Therefore, no one can claim to have a vested right for appointment on compassionate grounds. This is why some of the decisions which we have tabulated above appear to have interpreted the applicability of revised Schemes differently, leading to conflict of opinion. Though there is a conflict as to whether the Scheme in force on the date of death of the employee would apply or the Scheme in force on the date of consideration of the application of appointment on compassionate grounds would apply, there is certainly no conflict about the underlying concern reflected in the above decisions.  Wherever the modified Schemes diluted the existing benefits, this Court applied those   benefits,   but   wherever   the   modified   Scheme   granted   larger benefits, the old Scheme was made applicable.   19. The   important   aspect   about   the   conflict   of   opinion   is   that   it revolves around two dates,  namely,   date of death of the employee; and (i) (ii)   date of consideration of the application of the dependant. Out of these two dates, only one, namely, the date of death alone is a fixed 16 factor   that   does   not   change.   The   next   date   namely   the   date   of consideration   of   the   claim,   is   something   that   depends   upon   many variables such as the date of filing of application, the date of attaining of majority of the claimant and the date on which the file is put up to the competent   authority.   There   is   no   principle   of   statutory interpretation which permits a decision on the applicability of a rule, to be based upon an indeterminate or variable factor . Let us take for instance a hypothetical case where 2 Government servants die in harness on January 01, 2020. Let us assume that the dependants of these   2   deceased   Government   servants   make   applications   for appointment on 2 different dates say 29.05.2020 and 02.06.2020 and a modified Scheme comes into force on June 01, 2020. If the date of consideration of the claim is taken to be the criteria for determining whether the modified Scheme applies or not, it will lead to two different results, one in respect of the person who made the application before June 1, 2020 and another in respect of the person who applied after June 01, 2020. In other words, if two employees die on the same date 17 and the dependants of those employees apply on two different dates, one before the modified Scheme comes into force and another thereafter, they will come in for differential treatment if the date of application and the date of consideration of the same are taken to be the deciding factor. A   rule   of   interpretation   which   produces   different   results, depending   upon   what   the   individuals   do   or   do   not   do,   is inconceivable . This is why, the managements of a few banks, in the cases tabulated above, have introduced a rule in the modified scheme itself, which provides for all pending applications to be decided under the new/modified scheme. Therefore, we are of the considered view that the interpretation as to the applicability of a modified Scheme should depend only upon a determinate and fixed criteria such as the date of death and not an indeterminate and variable factor. 20. Coming to the case on hand, the employee died on 8.12.2010 and the amendment to the Rules was proposed by way of a draft notification on 20.06.2012. The final notification was issued on 11.07.2012. Merely because the application for appointment was taken up for consideration 18 after the issue of the amendment, the respondent could not have sought the benefit of the amendment. The Judgment of the Division Bench of the   Karnataka   High   Court   in       on   which   the Akkamahadevamma Tribunal as well as the High Court placed reliance, was not applicable to the   case   of   compassionate   appointments,   as   the   amendment   in   came   as   a   result   of   the   existing   rule   being Akkamahadevamma declared to be ultra vires Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution.  21. In view of the above, the appeal is allowed and the impugned order of the High Court as well as that of the Tribunal are set aside. The application   of   the   respondent   for   compassionate   appointment   shall stand dismissed. There shall be no order as to costs.    …..…………....................J.       (Hemant Gupta) .…..………......................J (V. Ramasubramanian) 19 DECEMBER  16, 2021 NEW DELHI. 20