STANDARD CHARTERED BANK vs. HEAVY ENGINEERING CORPORATION LTD.

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 18-12-2019

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Full Judgment Text

                       REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION     CIVIL APPEAL NO(S).9288 OF 2019 (ARISING OUT OF SLP(CIVIL) NO(s). 23430 OF 2019) STANDARD CHARTERED BANK ….APPELLANT(S) VERSUS HEAVY ENGINEERING  CORPORATION LTD. & ANR.  …RESPONDENT(S) J U D G M E N T Rastogi, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. The instant appeal is being preferred against the judgment th and order dated 8  May, 2019 passed by the Division Bench of the th High   Court   of   Calcutta   setting   aside   the   judgment   dated   16 st October, 2015 of the Single Bench and accepting claim of the 1 Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by ARJUN BISHT Date: 2019.12.18 17:30:01 IST Reason: respondent­plaintiff holding that the bank guarantees were properly invoked in law and accordingly the decree came to be passed for Rs. 1 1,10,33,207.00/­ as claimed in paragraph 18 of the plaint with interest   at   the   rate   of   8   per   cent   per   annum   from   the   date  of institution of the suit until payment. 3. Although both the Judges of the Division Bench has delivered their separate judgment but have expressed a concurring view on the subject. 4. The   dispute   primarily   arose   with   regard   to   two   bank guarantees amounting to Rs. 71,35,100/­ and Rs. 20,32,500/­ in th terms of  the  letters  of  intent,  HEC­CS­1502­81  dated 19   May, th 1981   and   HEC­CS­1502­81   dated   19   May,   1981   furnished   on nd st behalf of the 2  defendant by the appellant Bank(1  defendant) in st favour of the 1  respondent­plaintiff “as advance against supply of st nd plant   and   equipment”   by   the   1   respondent­plaintiff   to   the   2 respondent (defendant no. 2).   The two bank guarantees are on identical terms and the only difference is the date and the amount which are reproduced as under:­ th   Bank   Guarantee   No.   1001/03/100G   dated   16   February, 1983 “We,   GRINDLAYS  BANK   P.L.C.,   19   Netaji   Subhas Road, Calcutta 700001 undertake the Indemnity and keep the CORPORATION indemnified to the extent of 2 Rs.   71,35,100/­(Rupees   SEVENTY   ONE   LAKHS THIRTY FIVE THOUSAND AND ONE HUNDRED ONLY) against any loss or damage caused to or suffered by the CORPORATION by reason or any breach or failure by   the   said   SUPPLIER,   in   due   performance   of   the aforesaid contract,  we shall forthwith on demand pay to the CORPORATION any sum or sums not exceeding Rs.   71,35,100/­(RUPEES   SEVENTY   ONE   LAKHS THIRTY FIVE THOUSAND AND ONE HUNDRED ONLY) without   making   any   prior   reference   to   the   said SUPPLIER with and exclusion of any action in Court by SUPPLIER.” th   Bank   Guarantee   No.   G/1001/84/608   dated   29   August, 1984 “We, GRINDLAYS BANK P.L.C., 19 Netaji Subhas Road, Calcutta 700001 do hereby undertake the Indemnity and keep the CORPORATION indemnified to the extent of Rs. 20,32,500(Rupees TWENTY LAKHS THIRTY TWO THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED ONLY)  against any loss or damage caused to or suffered by the CORPORATION by   reason   or   any   breach   or   failure   by   the   said SUPPLIER,   in   due   performance   of   the   aforesaid contract,   we   shall   forthwith   on   demand   pay   to   the CORPORATION any sum or sums not exceeding Rs. 20,32,500/­(RUPEES   TWENTY   LAKHS   THIRTY   TWO THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED ONLY) without  making any   prior   reference  to  the  said  SUPPLIER  with  and exclusion of any action in Court by SUPPLIER.”     (emphasis supplied) 5. The   said   two   bank   guarantees   were   furnished   for   and   on nd behalf of 2  respondent towards the sum insured “against any loss or damage caused to or suffered by the Corporation by reason or any breach or failure by the said supplier, in due performance of the aforesaid contract.”   3 Brief facts of the case  : th st 6. By   a  letter   of   intent   dated   19   May,   1981,   1   respondent nd placed an order on 2  respondent(Simon Carves India Ltd. ‘SCIL’) for the complete design, supply of both indigenous and imported equipments,   erection   and   commissioning   of   requisite   civil   and construction works of the Dankuni Coal Complex at a total price of th Rs. 21.10 crores.   The letter of intent dated 19   May, 1981 after describing 4 sections of the LTC plant at Dankuni stated as under:­ “The above price covers the complete design, supply of both indigenous and imported equipment, erection and commissioning   with   requisite   civil   and   structural works complete in all respects except land filling upto 4.00 M level, railways siding, roads & outside drawing and perphorial lighting which will only be outside your scope or work. The break up of the total price of Rs. 21.10 crores for purpose of billing is enclosed. We have noted the terms of payment proposed by you in your letter dated 18.05.81.   As we have indicated about the terms of payment agreed to by us, it will not be possible to consider your proposal for relaxation of the same.  However, attempts will be made to consider some softening of payment terms later depending our own cash flows on this project. Kindly   let   us   have   your   detailed   technical specifications etc to enable us to draw up a detailed contract for the work. Kindly communicate your acceptance of this letter of intent and furnish us a bank guarantee on approved 4 proforma to release the initial advance of Rs. 15.64 lakhs to you.  In   pursuance   of   the   letter   of   intent   two   bank guarantees have been furnished by the defendant no. 1 on behalf of the defendant no. 2 “as advance against the supply of plant and equipment.”        (emphasis supplied) 7. Pursuant   to   the   letter   of   intent,   a   formal   Memorandum  of th Agreement dated 8   August, 1985 was executed by and between st SCIL.   Thereafter, the 1   respondent (plaintiff) from time to time advanced   for   the   said   work   against   several   bank   guarantees furnished  by SCIL.   It may be noticed that the  instant dispute th th pertains to two bank guarantees dated 16  February, 1983 and 29 August, 1984, which were advanced to SCIL, the details of which have been indicated above.  The said guarantees furnished by the appellant bank were extended from time to time and revalidated.   st 8. In   due   course   of   time,   in   breach   of   contract   with   the   1 respondent­plaintiff,   SCIL   failed   to   duly   complete   the   supply   of equipment   and   the   other   conditions   of   the   letter   of   intent   and further defective equipments.  It is alleged that the work had to be st abandoned due to which 1   respondent suffered huge losses and damages.  Ultimately, a sum of Rs. 139.90 lakhs, was deducted by 5 st the 1  respondent from final bill which pertained to the apportioned work handed over to SCIL. th st 9. In view of the letter dated 6  November, 1998, 1  respondent­ plaintiff demanded encashment of both the said guarantees which were refused by the bank to honour and diverse correspondence st was exchanged by and between the 1  respondent ­plaintiff and the st appellant­defendant bank.   1   respondent  in continuation made subsequent demands for encashment of the guarantees by letter th dated 19  December, 1998 which is reproduced hereunder:­ “No.HDC/Proj/Fin/98­343 th      Dated the 19  December, 1998 To The Chief Manager Corporate Banking ANZ Grindlays Bank 19, Netaji Subhas Road Post Box No.2645 Calcutta – 700001 Dear Sir, With reference to your St. Relationship Manager’s letter   dtd.   7.12.98   regarding   encashment   of   B.Gs issued by you on behalf of M/s. SCIL for a total value of Rs.91.68 lakhs you are very much aware that M/s. SCIL owes to H.E.C. Rs.139.90 lakhs due to defective supply of Plant & Equipment as well as non­supply of Plant   &   Equipment   and   also   other   contractual deficiencies which has caused loss as reflected in the 6 handing over/taking over report of the DCC Project by CIL.  You are also aware that HEC has gone out of the way   in   supporting   SCIL   and   getting   the   Plant completed with minimum damage.  It is within HEC’s full rights to invoke the BG as per Clause No.2 of the BG’s   which   is   reproduced   below;   (BG No.G1001/83/1084 dt. 16.8.83 for Rs. 71,35,100.00 and   BG   No.G1001/84/608   dt.   29.8.84   for   Rs. 20,32,500.00). WE GRINDLAYS BANK PLC 19, Netaji Subhas Road, Calcutta – 700001 do hereby undertake the Indemnity of Rs.               (Rupees ____________) against any loss or damage caused to or suffered by the CORPORATION by   reason   or   any   breach   or   failure   by   the   said SUPPLIER,   in   due   performance   of   the   aforesaid contract,   we   shall   forthwith   on   demand   pay   to   the CORPORATION any sum or sums not exceeding Rs. (RUPEES                          without making any prior reference to the said SUPPLIER with an exclusion of any action in court by SUPPLIER. The failure of M/s. SCIL in fulfilling the contractual obligation which includes performance Guarantees of Plant & Equipment are very well documented by HEC & CIL.   In fact, the unadjusted advance of SCIL on account of Plant & Equipment is far in excess of the loss suffered by HEC.   The same has been brought down   to   Rs.139.90   lakhs   after   allowing   credit   for contractual settlement.   Although as per terms of BG we are not bound to explain you all these things but the above details are furnished so that good sense will prevail and we expect you   to   live   up   to   your   reputation   and   honour   the beneficiaries claim for encashment.     Thanking you,                             Yours faithfully,    T.L.N. SOURI    GENERAL MANAGER (PROJECTS & MNTG)   (emphasis supplied)” 7 th 10. This was followed by the letter dated 28   December, 1998 which is also reproduced hereunder:­ “No.GGM(CM)/    /98 th                       28  December, 1998 To The Chief Manager ANZ Grindlays Bank CALCUTTA. (Atten: Shri Vasudeo Kundu)    Fax No.033­2211196 Sub: Encashment of two Bank Guarantees Nos. 1) G/1001/83/108G for Rs.71,35,100/­ 2) G/1001/88/608 for Rs.20,32,500/­ Ref: Our letter dated 19.11.1998. Dear Sir, We have intimated vide our above letter to encash the   above   two   Bank   Guarantees   issued   by   you   on behalf of SCIL India Ltd., to HEC. You   are   requested   to   encash   the   above   Bank Guarantees   and   send   the   proceeds   amounting   to Rs.91,67,600/­ within 3 days time.   Kindly treat this as most urgent and failing on the part of the Bank to honour   the   beneficiaries   demand   will   be   viewed seriously. Thanking you,                   Yours faithfully,    (L.M. Prasad)”     8 nd 11. A further complaint was made by way of a letter dated 22 February, 1999 to the Banking Ombudsman, Calcutta.  Ultimately, st 1  respondent­plaintiff was constrained to institute a suit before the High Court of Calcutta for decree of Rs. 1,10,33,207.07/­ along with interest being the aggregate sum of both the said guarantees. 12. The appellant Bank filed its written statement and primarily took objection that the invocation of the bank guarantees was not in accordance with either of the said guarantees and contrary to the terms thereof and accordingly the appellant Bank was not liable to st make payment to the 1   respondent­plaintiff under either of the said guarantees.   In support of its defence, the appellant Bank referred   to   the   diverse   correspondence   exchanged   between   the st appellant and 1  respondent.  In brief, the defence of the appellant Bank was that the  invocation of  the said  bank guarantees was contrary to the terms or not in terms thereof. 13. On the pleadings of the parties, the suit in the first instance th came to the dismissed vide judgment & decree dated 16  October, st 2015 which came to be challenged by the 1  respondent in appeal before the  Division  Bench of  the High  Court of Calcutta.    In a 9 concurring judgment while setting aside the judgment of the Single Judge   of   the   High   Court,   it   was   finally   held   that   the   bank st guarantees  were  properly  invoked  in law by the   1   respondent­ plaintiff and accordingly passed a decree of Rs. 1,10,33,207.00/­ together with interest at the rate of 8% per annum on and from the date of institution of the suit until payment. 14. Learned senior counsel for the appellant Bank, Shri Amit Sibal submits that the said bank guarantees only covered losses arising out of supply of plant & equipment and according to the pleadings on record, the plant stood installed in October, 1990 and this is the case where the appellant Bank in its independent capacity, refused the claim for it being clearly false to its knowledge and also not in accordance with the terms of the guarantee, i.e. beyond the purview of   the   bank   guarantees   and   failing   to   apportion   those   losses suffered on account of claims which would be within the terms of the bank guarantees. 15. Learned counsel further submits that the bank guarantees are in reference to two category of losses (i) non­supply/defective supply of plant & equipment (ii) “other contractual deficiencies” and by the 10 th   invocation vide letter dated 19 December, 1998 claims caused by “non­supply/defective   supply   of   plant   &   equipment   and   other contractual   deficiencies ”   is   outside   the   purview   of   the   bank st guarantee.  Further, assuming the correctness of the claim, the 1 respondent if suffered loss for both (i) non­supply/defective supply of plant and equipment (ii) “other contractual deficiencies”, it is difficult to determine the apportionment between the two categories, because the invocation does not state how they are apportioned. The invocation is thus inchoate and incomplete and this according to the appellant does not constitute a valid invocation at all and it has not been properly appreciated by the Division Bench of the High Court in the impugned judgment and has to be interfered by this Court. 16. In   support   of   his   submission,   learned   counsel   has   placed reliance on the judgment of this Court in  Hindustan Construction 1 Co. Ltd. Vs. State of Bihar & Others        and  Gangotri Enterprises 2 Ltd. Vs. Union of India and Others     . 1 1999(8) SCC 436 2 2016(11) SCC 720 11 17. Per contra, Ms. Madhavi Diwan, learned ASG appearing on st behalf  of the 1  respondent, while supporting the finding recorded by the High Court in the impugned judgment submits that as per precedents laid down by this Court, the question of law is no more res   integra   and   is   well   settled   that   the   bank   guarantee   is   an independent contract between the bank and the beneficiary and the bank is always obliged to honour its guarantee as long as it is an unconditional and irrevocable one.  At the same time, the dispute between the beneficiary and the party at whose instance the bank has given the guarantee is immaterial and is of no consequence and two exceptions to the rule have been carved out.  The first is when there is a fraud of which the Bank has notice and a fraud of the beneficiary from which it seeks to benefit.  The second exception to the   general   rule   of   non­intervention   is   such   when   there   is   a ‘irretrievable injury’ or ‘irretrievable injustice’ that would occur to the Bank. 18. We have heard learned counsel for the parties and with their assistance perused the material available on record. 12 19. The law relating to invocation of bank guarantees with the consistent line of precedents of this Court is well settled and a three­Judge Bench of this Court in   Ansal Engineering Projects Ltd.  Vs.  Tehri   Hydro   Development   Corporation   Ltd.   and 3  held thus:­   Another  
“4.It is settled law that bank guarantee is an
independent and distinct contract between the bank
and the beneficiary and is not qualified by the
underlying transaction and the validity of the primary
contract between the person at whose instance the
bank guarantee was given and the beneficiary.Unless
fraud or special equity exists, is pleaded and prima
facie established by strong evidence as a triable issue,
the beneficiary cannot be restrained from encashing
the bank guarantee even if dispute between the
beneficiary and the person at whose instance the bank
guarantee was given by the bank, had arisen in
performance of the contract or execution of the works
undertaken in furtherance thereof. The bank
unconditionally and irrevocably promised to pay, on
demand, the amount of liability undertaken in the
guarantee without any demur or dispute in terms of
the bank guarantee. The object behind is to inculcate
respect for free flow of commerce and trade and faith in
the commercial banking transactions unhedged by
pending disputes between the beneficiary and the
contractor.
5.…..The court exercising its power cannot interfere
with enforcement of bank guarantee/letters of credit
except only in cases where fraud or special equity is
prima facie made out in the case as triable issue by
strong evidence so as to prevent irretrievable injustice
to the parties.”
3 1996(5) SCC 450 13 20. A bank guarantee constitutes an independent contract.   In Hindustan   Construction   Co.   Ltd.  Vs.  State   of   Bihar   and Others (supra), a two Judge Bench of this Court formulated the condition upon which the invocation of the bank guarantee depends in the following terms:­
“9.What is important, therefore, is that the bank
guarantee should be in unequivocal terms,
unconditional and recite that the amount would be
paid without demur or objection and irrespective of any
dispute that might have cropped up or might have
been pending between the beneficiary under the bank
guarantee or the person on whose behalf the guarantee
was furnished. The terms of the bank guarantee are,
therefore, extremely material. Since the bank
guarantee represents an independent contract between
the bank and the beneficiary, both the parties would
be bound by the terms thereof. The invocation,
therefore, will have to be in accordance with the terms
of the bank guarantee, or else, the invocation itself
would be bad.”
21. The same principle was followed in  State Bank of India and 4  wherein a Another Vs. Mula Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd.     two­Judge Bench held thus:­ 4 2006(6) SCC 293 14 “33.  It is beyond any cavil that a bank guarantee must be construed on its own terms. It is considered to be a separate transaction. 34.  If   a   construction,   as   was   suggested   by   Mr Naphade, is to be accepted, it would also be open to a banker   to   put   forward   a   case   that   absolute   and unequivocal   bank   guarantee   should   be   read   as   a conditional   one   having   regard   to   circumstances attending thereto. It is, to our mind, impermissible in law.” 22. Taking note of the exposition of law on the subject in  Himadri 5 Chemicals Industries Limited Vs. Coal Tar Refining Co.     , a two­ Judge Bench of this Court in  Gujarat Maritime Board Vs. Larsen &   Toubro   Infrastructure   Development   Projects   Limited   and 6   has   laid   down   the   principles   for   grant   or   refusal   for   Another   invocation of bank guarantee or a letter of credit.   The relevant paragraph is as under:­
“ From the discussions made hereinabove relating to<br>the principles for grant or refusal to grant of injunction<br>to restrain enforcement of a bank guarantee or a letter<br>of credit, we find that the following principles should<br>be noted in the matter of injunction to restrain the<br>encashment of a bank guarantee or a letter of credit:
(i) While dealing with an application for<br>injunction in the course of commercial
5 2007(8) SCC 110 6 2016(10) SCC 46 15 dealings, and  when  an unconditional  bank guarantee   or   letter   of   credit   is   given   or accepted, the beneficiary is entitled to realise such a bank guarantee or a letter of credit in terms   thereof   irrespective   of   any   pending disputes relating to the terms of the contract. ( ii ) The bank giving such guarantee is bound to honour it as per its terms irrespective of any dispute raised by its customer. ( iii ) The courts should be slow in granting an order of injunction to restrain the realisation of a bank guarantee or a letter of credit. ( iv )   Since   a   bank   guarantee   or   a   letter   of credit   is   an   independent   and   a   separate contract   and   is   absolute   in   nature,   the existence of any dispute between the parties to the contract is not a ground for issuing an order of injunction to restrain enforcement of bank guarantees or letters of credit. ( v ) Fraud of an egregious nature which would vitiate the very foundation of such a bank guarantee   or   letter   of   credit   and   the beneficiary   seeks   to   take   advantage   of   the situation. ( vi ) Allowing encashment of an unconditional bank  guarantee  or   a  letter   of  credit  would result in irretrievable harm or injustice to one of the parties concerned.” 23. The settled position in law that emerges from the precedents of this Court is that the bank guarantee is an independent contract between bank and the beneficiary and the bank is always obliged to honour   its   guarantee   as   long   as   it   is   an   unconditional   and 16 irrevocable one.  The dispute between the beneficiary and the party at whose instance the bank has given the guarantee is immaterial and is of no consequence.   There are, however, exceptions to this Rule when there is a clear case of fraud, irretrievable injustice or special equities.  The Court ordinarily should not interfere with the invocation or encashment of the bank guarantee so long as the invocation is in terms of the bank guarantee. 24. The   guarantees   in   the   instant   case   were   unconditional, specific   in   nature   and   limited   in   amount.     The   terms   of   the st guarantee   categorically   covered   money   which   the   1   respondent had advanced against supply of the plant and equipment by SCIL. The said guarantees covered any loss and damage caused to or st suffered by the 1   respondent­plaintiff in due performance of the contract   for   supply   of   plant   and   equipment.     The   guarantee th th documents dated 16  February, 1983 and 29  August, 1984, as a whole and clause 2 of the guarantee document in particular cover st the advance which had been paid by the 1  respondent­plaintiff by reason of any breach or failure by SCIL in due performance of the 17 aforesaid contracts i.e. against the contract for supply of plant and equipment. 25. From the correspondence that has been exchanged by and between them pertaining to invocation of the said guarantees, it clearly manifests that the initial letter of invocation written by the st th 1  respondent­plaintiff dated 6  November, 1998 indeed was per se inadequate and did not enumerate any condition for invocation of said   guarantees   save   and   except   a   reference   to   “a   substantial amount   to   be   recovered   from   SCIL”.   However,   in   the   later th correspondence   exchanged   between   the   parties   dated   19 th st December, 1998 followed by a letter dated 28  December, 1998, 1 respondent   informed   the   appellant   Bank   that   due   to   defective supply of plant and equipment as well as non­supply of plant and equipment and also other contractual deficiencies of SCIL, losses st had been suffered by the 1  respondent and it was duly informed to the   appellant   Bank   that   the   losses   had   been   incurred   both   on account   of   supply   of   plant   and   equipment   and   on   account   of performance of the supply of plant and equipment.  On reading of st letters exchanged by and between 1  respondent and the appellant 18 Bank pertaining to invocation of the guarantees, the condition of the guarantees had been duly complied with. 26. In our considered view, once the demand was made in due compliance of bank guarantees, it was not open for the appellant Bank   to   determine   as   to   whether   the   invocation   of   the   bank guarantee was justified so long as the invocation was in terms of the bank guarantee.  The demand once made would oblige the bank to pay under the terms of the bank guarantee and it is not the case of the appellant Bank that its defence falls in any of the exception to the rule of case of fraud, irretrievable injustice and special equities. In absence thereof, it is not even open for the Court to interfere with the invocation and encashment of the bank guarantee so long as the invocation was in terms of the bank guarantee and this what has been observed by the Division Bench of the High Court in the impugned judgment and that reflected the correct legal position. 27. It is informed by the learned counsel for the appellant that the Standard Chartered Bank’s predecessor in interest, ANZ Grindlay’s th Bank had opened a fixed deposit of Rs. 91,67,600/­ on 18   May, 2001,   which   was   lien   marked   to   HEC(Heavy   Engineering 19 Corporation Ltd.) and is being held under the control of the Registry of the High Court of Calcutta and the current fixed deposit is valued at Rs. 2,32,69,129.71/­ and the total liability under the impugned order as on date will be Rs. 2,78,03,681.64/­.  The Registry of the High Court of Calcutta may release the money lying in the account st in   favour   of   the   1   respondent   and   it   is   for   the   appellant Bank(judgment debtor) to settle and satisfy the decree which is impugned in the instant proceedings. 28. We   do   not   find   any   merit   in   the   appeal   which   is   hereby dismissed.  No costs. 29. Pending application(s), if any, stands disposed of. …………………………….J. (L. NAGESWARA RAO) …………………………….J. (AJAY RASTOGI) NEW DELHI December 18, 2019 20