KHATEMA FIBRES LTD. vs. NEW INDIA ASSURANCE COMPANY LTD.

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 28-09-2021

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Full Judgment Text

REPORTABLE   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA  CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO.9050 OF 2018 Khatema Fibres Ltd.             ... Appellant (s) Versus New India Assurance Company Ltd. & Anr. ... Respondent(s)   J U D G M E N T V. Ramasubramanian, J. 1. Aggrieved by the Judgment of the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission   (for short “National Commission” ) confining the compensation payable to them only to the extent of the assessment as made   by   the   final   Surveyor,   the   complainant   before   the   National Signature Not Verified Commission has come up with the above appeal. Digitally signed by Jayant Kumar Arora Date: 2021.09.28 16:36:45 IST Reason: 1 2. We have heard Ms. Meenakshi Arora, learned senior counsel for the   appellant   and   Mr.   Joy   Basu,   learned   senior   counsel   for   the respondent­Insurance Company. 3. The appellant took a  “Standard Fire and Social Perils”  policy for the period from 7.05.2007 to 6.05.2008, for a sum of Rs.42,40,00,000/­. When the policy was in force, a fire broke out in the factory premises of the appellant on 15.11.2007. 4. The appellant submitted a claim on 19.11.2007, estimating the quantity of waste paper destroyed by fire at 8500 MT  and its value at Rs.13,00,00,000/­. 5. One   M/S   Adarsh   Associates,   appointed   by   the   respondent­ Insurance Company, conducted a survey, sought documents from the appellant, raised queries and received clarifications from the appellant and   submitted   a   final   report   dated   9.01.2009,   assessing   the   loss suffered   by   the   appellant   on   account   of   the   fire   accident   as Rs.2,86,17,942/­. 6. Though the appellant, vide their letter dated 2.5.2009, objected to the   survey   and   assessment   report   and   sought   the   appointment   of 2 another surveyor, the respondent informed the appellant by their letter dated 21.08.2009 that the claim of the appellant has been approved only to the extent of Rs.2,85,76,561/­, in full and final settlement. The appellant, through letter dated 14.09.2009, again raised objections to the Survey Report, but the respondent informed the appellant by their letter dated 7.10.2009 that the claim could be finalized only for the amount indicated in the letter dated 21.08.2009. 7. Therefore,   the   appellant   filed   a   consumer   complaint   before   the National Commission under Section 21(a)(i) of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, claiming:   (i)   compensation in a sum of Rs.1364.88 lakhs towards the loss suffered in the fire accident;  (ii)  compensation in a sum of Rs.2095.52 lakhs, for the financial stress caused by the respondent by delaying the processing of the claim;  (iii)  interest  @ 18% p.a. on the compensation amount of Rs.1364.88 lakhs from November, 2007 till 31.12.2009; and   the cost of litigation estimated at Rs.1,00,000/­. (iv) 8. The   National   Commission,   by   its   Judgment   dated   3.07.2018 rejected the claim of the appellant under both the heads, but directed the respondent to pay only the amount of Rs.2,85,76,561/­ as admitted 3 by them. This amount was directed to be paid to the appellant with interest @ 9% p.a. from 15.11.2007, only till the date the Insurance Company had made the offer. It is against the said Judgment of the National Commission that the appellant has come up with the above appeal under Section 23 of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. 9. Admittedly,   the   respondent­Insurance   Company   appointed   one Shri Kapil Vaish, a Chartered Accountant, on 16.11.2007 itself  (the day following the date of fire accident) , to conduct a spot inspection and file a status report. When he visited the factory premises, the fire fighting was still going on and it was found that the fire had taken place only in the waste   paper   yard   of   the   factory.   In   the   status   report   submitted   by Shri Kapil Vaish on 16.11.2007, he indicated that the fire had affected waste paper bales lying in an area measuring 27 mtrs. X 55 mtrs. = 1485 sq.mtrs. in open compound. Presuming that waste paper would have been stacked in bunches of six bales, one on top of the other and that the quantity of affected waste paper could be around 5000 MT, whose cost may be around Rs.20­22 per kg., Shri Kapil Vaish roughly estimated   the   loss   to   be   around   Rs.10­11   crores.   The   appellant 4 themselves estimated the quantity of waste paper burnt in the fire to be 8500 MT valued at Rs.13,00,00,000/­. 10. M/s   Adarsh   Associates   who   conducted   the   actual   survey   with reference to the records and other evidence available with the appellant, had two options before them for arriving at the quantity of material destroyed by fire. The first option was to proceed on the basis of the stock registers and other records of the appellant company to fix the quantum   of   loss.   The   next   option   was   to   proceed   on   the   basis   of volumetric analysis, by taking the measurement of the open yard in which the fire broke out, finding out the optimum capacity of the yard with reference to the measurement of the bales of paper stored therein and then working out the quantum of material destroyed.  11. The Surveyor adopted the second option namely that of volumetric analysis   and   assessed   the   quantity   of   raw   material   damaged   at 2264.400 MT. He valued this raw material @ Rs.15137.35/­ per MT, inclusive  of   CENVAT.   Thus,   he   arrived   at   the   value   of   the   material damaged to be Rs.3,42,77,015.34/­. Then the Surveyor fixed the salvage value at Rs.18,92,200/­ and deducted the same from the value of the 5 raw material, to arrive at the gross assessed loss at Rs.3,23,84,815.34/­ From out of this amount the Surveyor deducted the CENVAT as well as 1% towards soiled goods. After so doing, the surveyors arrived at the value of loss at Rs.2,86,17,942/­. 12. For proceeding on volumetric analysis method, the Surveyor took the measurement of the open yard as 27 mtrs. X 55 mtrs. = 1485 sq. mtrs.  This   was   on  the   basis   of   the   Status   Report  of   the   Chartered Accountant who made the spot inspection on 16.11.2007 when the fire fighting was still in progress. There was a finding in the status report of the Chartered Accountant that the material affected by the fire was lying in the yard measuring 27 mtrs. X 55 mtrs. = 1485 sq. mtrs. Therefore, the Surveyor took this measurement as the starting point and proceeded as detailed above. 13. Keeping the above background in mind, let us now come to the grievance   of   the   appellant,   against   the   Judgment   of   the   National Commission.   Ms.   Meenakshi   Arora,   learned   senior   counsel   for   the appellant contended that the National Commission committed a serious error first in taking the net weight of waste paper bales burnt/damaged 6 during   the   incident   as   2264.400   MT,   as   against   the   claim   of   the appellant that the net weight of the material damaged was 8332 MT. According to the learned senior counsel, there were no discrepancies in the various records and stock registers maintained by the appellant with respect to the quantity and weight of material stored in the open yard, but the Surveyor chose to reject the same arbitrarily and proceeded on volumetric analysis basis. The learned senior counsel further contended that even while proceeding on volumetric analysis basis, the Surveyor did not do justice. Though, the total area of the open yard was 27 mtrs. X 100 mtrs. = 2700 sq. mtrs., the Surveyor took the measurement as 27 mtrs. X 55 mtrs = 1485 sq. mtrs., despite they themselves finding that the area was 22.5 mtrs. X 105 mtrs. = 2362 mtrs. This, according to the learned senior counsel for the appellant, resulted in gross injustice to the appellant in the matter of assessment of the quantum of loss. 14. Another gross error committed by the Surveyor, according to the learned senior counsel for the appellant, is that despite finding the net weight per bale as 988.889 kgs. as per Annexure A­3 to the Survey Report dated 9.01.2009, the Surveyor took the net weight as 900 kgs. 7 per bale, merely because the complainant had indicated the same to be 900 kg. per bale. The Surveyor had thus adopted double standards, in taking either what is found by them or what is claimed by the appellant, whichever was less. This according to the learned senior counsel for the appellant resulted in the Insurance Company eventually admitting the claim only to the extent of less than 25% of the total amount of loss suffered by the appellant. 15. Justifying   the   judgment   of   the   National   Commission,   it   is contended by Mr. Joy Basu, learned senior counsel for the respondent that   M/S   Adarsh   Associates   were   appointed   by   the   respondent   as Surveyors to act as such in terms of Section 64UM(2) of the Insurance Act, 1938 and that they have assessed the loss in a scientific manner. As the Surveyors appointed by the respondent are experts in the field, who have gone into every minute detail by examining the records of the appellant scientifically, their report is unassailable. In the case on hand, it   was   admitted   even   by   the   appellant,   to   Shri   Kapil   Vaish   who conducted spot inspection that there was no physical verification of the stock of raw material in the recent past and that the consumption of 8 raw material was recorded only on estimated yield basis. Therefore, the learned senior counsel for the respondent contended, by drawing our attention to the letter dated 5.12.2007 sent by the appellant that the appellant   themselves   were   adopting   volumetric   analysis   for   the quantification of the stock. The learned senior counsel relied upon the decisions of this Court in   (i)   United India Insurance Company Ltd. 1 vs. .   ;   And Others      Roshan Lal Oil Mills Ltd And others (ii) Sikka Papers   Limited   vs.   National   Insurance   Company   Limited   And 2 ; and    vs. Others (iii) New India Assurance Company Limited   Luxra 3 Enterprises   Private   Limited   And   Another. ,   in   support   of   his contention that the report of the surveyor is an important document and that Courts may have to show deference to the report of the surveyor appointed in terms of section 64UM(2) of the Act. 16. We have carefully considered the rival contentions. 17. As   could   be   deciphered   from   the   grounds   of   appeal   and   the submissions made at the time of hearing, the grievance of the appellant 1   2000 (10) SCC 19 2   2009 (7) SCC 777 3   2019(6) SCC 36 9 is primarily with respect to the quantification of the net weight of the raw material destroyed in the fire accident. The price of the material, fixed   by   the   Surveyor   at   Rs.15137.35/­   per   MT,   is   not   seriously disputed. Though a dispute is raised with regard to the salvage value, the contention relating to the same is very weak and feeble and hence we would not get into the same.   18. Insofar as the quantification of the weight of raw material damaged in  the fire   is   concerned,   the  Surveyor   had,   in  fact,   worked   out  the quantity, as seen from paragraph 9.7 of his Report, both on the basis of the   appellants’   stock   records   and   also   on   the   basis   of   volumetric analysis of the area involved.   19. After extensively analyzing what is reflected in the stock records of the appellant,   the  Surveyor  came to  the  conclusion that there were discrepancies   which   could   not   be   reconciled.   It   is   recorded   by   the Surveyor in paragraph 9.8.2 of the Report that the appellant initially submitted one set of documents, which reflected a huge quantity of imported waste paper both for general use and for newsprint. Therefore, the Surveyors requested the appellant to submit documents in support 10 of   reversal   of   CENVAT,   on   the   damaged   quantity   of   waste   paper. Immediately the appellant submitted a revised claim bill along with a fresh set of documents. In fact imported waste paper for newsprint is exempt from payment of customs duty subject to submission of end use certificate.   In   the   revised   set   of   documents,   the   quantity   of   closing stocks of imported waste paper meant for newsprint was substantially increased. The Surveyor also found in paragraph 9.8.7.7 of their Report that there was a huge difference between the overall quantity of burnt/ damaged stock of waste paper arrived at on the basis of the initial set of records and the overall quantity of burnt/damaged stock of waste paper arrived at on the basis of the revised set of records. Therefore, the Surveyor decided to adopt volumetric analysis method rather than rely upon the stock records of the insured. 20. We fail to understand how the Surveyors could be found fault with, for rejecting the stock records of the insured, especially in the light of the circumstances narrated above. When the insured produced 2 sets of records and the quantum of material destroyed by fire arrived on the basis of these records showed huge discrepancies, the Surveyor had no 11 alternative except to reject these records and proceed on volumetric analysis. In any case, as rightly pointed out by the learned counsel for the respondent, the appellant themselves have admitted to Shri Kapil Vaish, who went for spot inspection when the fire was still raging, that the appellant had not conducted physical verification of its raw material stock in the recent past and that the consumption was recorded on estimated yield basis. In their own letter dated 5.12.2007, the appellant had conceded that stock taking was done on the basis of receipts and consumptions as well as physical verification on volumetric basis. The following   extract   from   the   appellant’s   letter   dated   5.12.2007   would clinch   the   issue   in   this   regard;   “the   estimates   for  stocks  and  burnt quantities may not be appearing close to stock inventory maintained in the books, since the estimates prepared for burnt material was not on weighment basis but on volumetric basis”.   Therefore, we find that the refusal of the Surveyor to go by the stock records of the appellant, but to adopt volumetric analysis, was fully justified and no exception can be taken to the same. 21. On the method of volumetric analysis adopted by the Surveyor, the 12 first grievance of the appellant is that the physical measurement of the stockyard was 27 mtrs. X 100 mtrs. = 2700 sq. mtrs.  But the Surveyor took the measurement as given by Shri Kapil Vaish,  namely,  27 mtrs. X 55 mtrs. = 1485 sq. mtrs., despite finding in para 4.7 of the Survey Report that the actual measurement was 22.5 mtrs. X 105 mtrs. = 2362 sq. mtrs. Such a drastic reduction in the total measurement of the area of the open stock yard, according to the appellant, led to the quantum of the material burnt/damaged getting substantially reduced. 22. But it is seen from paragraph 9.4 and 9.5 of the Surveyors’ Report that there were actually three different measurements available with the Surveyor, with a huge variation between one another. The Status Report dated 16.11.2007 filed by Shri Kapil Vaish, about which the appellant did not have any serious grievance, recorded clearly as follows  “it was estimated that the fire had affected waste paper bales lying in the area of 27   mtrs.   X   55   mtrs.   =   1485   sq.   mtrs.   in   the   open   compound.”   The appellant   claimed   in   their   letter   dated   13.12.2007   addressed   to   the Surveyor that the total affected area was 27 mtrs. X 100 mtrs. = 2700 sq. mtrs. These two documents,  namely,  the Status Report of Shri Kapil 13 Vaish and the measurement given by the appellant in their letter dated 13.12.2007 were in contrast to the measurement given by the  Tehsildar, Khatima, relied upon by the appellant themselves, according to which the measurement was 90 mtrs. X 23 mtrs. = 2070 mtrs. 23. Faced   with   three   different   measurements   as   aforesaid,   the Surveyor reconciled the same by holding that despite the measurement of the open stockyard being 22.5 mtrs. X 105 mtrs. = 2362 mtrs., the area affected by fire could only be 1485 sq. mtrs. This is for the reason that during their visit to the site, the damaged/burnt bales as well as loose waste papers were found spread over an area of 22.5 mtrs. X 105 mtrs. and the insured was carrying out salvaging/segregation in the said area  after  the  extinction  of   the   fire.  In  other  words,  what was witnessed by Shri Kapil Vaish personally on 16.11.2007 was that the fire was confined to an area of 1485 sq.mtrs, but what was seen by the Tehsildar   and   the   Surveyor   was   of   a   larger   area   where   the   salvage operation was going on. Therefore, the Surveyor chose to go by the measurement of the area mentioned in the Status Report of Shri Kapil Vaish, who had the benefit of witnessing what was happening when fire 14 fighting was still in progress. In such circumstances, we find nothing wrong   in   the   Surveyor   taking   the   measurement   of   the   area   of   the stockyard affected by fire, as 27 mtrs. X 55 mtrs. = 1485 sq. mtrs. for the purpose of volumetric analysis. 24. At this stage it will be useful to extract the table given by the Surveyor in paragraph 9.9.2 of his Report, where detailed calculations are provided as to how the net weight of waste paper burnt/damaged was arrived at: during the incident
1.Total area considered for storage bales<br>in openSq Mtr1485
2.Less: 20% are considered for gaps/open<br>spaces while storing bales and other<br>open space for movement etc.Sq Mtrs297
3.Total affected area, considered for<br>storage (1­2)Sq Mtr1188
4.Average area per bale, as considered by<br>usSq Mtr2.007
5.Therefore no. of bales stored in one layer<br>of local area (1188 divided by 2.007)Nos.592
6.Total nos of bales in the affected stacks,<br>considering 5 bales in height (592 x 5)Nos2960
7.Av weight per bale as considered by us.Kgs900
8.Therefore, total weight of bales stored in<br>affected area/volume (2960 x 900)Kgs2664000
9.Less: 15% of above bales / weight<br>considered as shifted / save during fire<br>fightingKgs399600
10.New weight of waste paper bales burnt/<br>damaged during the incident (8­9)Kgs2264400
15 25. An objection was raised by Ms. Meenakshi Arora, learned senior counsel for the appellant about 20% reduction made by the Surveyor in the   measurement   of   the   area.   Such   a   reduction   was   made   by   the Surveyor,   on   the   ground   that   gaps/space   was   required   for   the movement   of   men   and   material.   It   is   her   contention   that   when admittedly the appellant was using forklifts to move and store material, there was no question of leaving any vacant space. 26. But we do not agree. The allowance of some space within the open stockyard, for the purpose of movement of men and material is logical. It is not possible for us to accept that the whole space in the stockyard was completely stacked by material without any space for movement. Without providing adequate gaps and spaces within the open courtyard, it would not have been possible for the appellant to remove the material for the purpose of processing, even if forklifts were used. Therefore, the objection to the provision for open space/gaps is unfounded. 27. The next crucial objection of the appellant is to the adoption of the overall   weight   per   bale   at   900   kgs.   According   to   the   appellant,  the Surveyors   themselves   calculated   the   average   weight   per   bale   in 16 Annexure A­3 to their report as 988.889 kgs. and that, therefore, this could not have been reduced to 900 kgs. per bale. 28. But   the   appellant   has   to   blame   themselves   for   this.   In   the calculation sheet annexed to the letter dated 13.12.2007 addressed to the Surveyor, the appellant themselves estimated the average weight per bale to be 900 kgs.  What is arrived at by the Surveyor, in Annexure A­3 to their Report is based only upon the sizes of different types of bales and the areas occupied by different types of bales. Annexure A­3 to the Surveyors’ Report arrives at the average weight per bale by multiplying the size of the bales by the area occupied. There was no reason for the Surveyor to be more royal than the king by adopting the average weight per bale on the basis of paper calculations, when the party himself has provided the average weight to be 900 kgs. per bale. 29. Thus,   we   find   that   all   the   objections   of   the   appellant   to   the Surveyors’   Report   are   wholly   unsustainable   and   the   National Commission rightly rejected those objections. As a matter of fact we have taken pains to go into elaborate factual details, as this is a first appeal under Section 23 of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. 17 30. As correctly pointed out by the National Commission, the appellant was  not  entitled   to   succeed   unless   they   were   able   to   establish   any deficiency   in   service   on   the   part   of   the   Insurance   Company.   The expression   deficiency   is   defined   in   Section   2(1)(g)   of   the   Consumer Protection Act, 1986, as follows:
2(1)(g) deficiency” means any fault, imperfection, shortcoming
or inadequacy in the quality, nature and manner of
performance which is required to be maintained by or under
any law for the time being in force or has been undertaken to
be performed by a person in pursuance of a contract or
otherwise in relation to any service”
31. This is not a case where the Insurance Company has repudiated the claim of the appellant arbitrarily or on unjustifiable grounds. This is a case where the claim of the appellant has been admitted, to the extent of the loss as assessed by the Surveyor. In cases of this nature the jurisdiction   of   the   special   forum   constituted   under   the   Consumer Protection Act, 1986 is limited. Perhaps if the appellant had gone to the civil court, they could have even summoned the Surveyor and cross examined him on every minute detail. But in a complaint before the Consumer Forum, a consumer cannot succeed unless he establishes deficiency in service on the part of the service provider. 18 32. It is true that even  any inadequacy in the quality, nature and manner of performance which is required to be maintained by or under any law or which has been undertaken to be performed , will fall within the definition of the expression pursuant to a contract ‘deficiency’ .   But   to   come   within   the   said   parameter,   the   appellant should be able to establish   either that the Surveyor did not comply (i) with the code of conduct in respect of his duties, responsibilities and other professional requirements as specified by the regulations made under the Act, in terms of Section 64UM(1A) of the Insurance Act, 1938, as it stood then; or   that the insurer acted arbitrarily in rejecting the (ii) whole or a part of the Surveyor’s Report in exercise of the discretion available under the Proviso to section 64UM(2) of the Insurance Act, 1938.   33. Section 64UM (2) of the Insurance Act, 1938, before its amendment by Act 5 of 2015, mandated that no claim equal to or exceeding a sum of rupees twenty thousand only shall be admitted for payment unless the insurer   had   obtained   a   report   from   an   approved   surveyor   or   loss 19 4 assessor.  This provision read as follows:
(2)No claim in respect of a loss which has occurred in India
and requiring to be paid or settled in India equal to or
exceeding twenty thousand rupees in value on any policy of
insurance, arising or intimated to an insurer at any time after
the expiry of a period of one year from the commencement of
the Insurance (Amendment) Act, 1968, shall, unless otherwise
directed by the [Authority], be admitted for payment or settled
by the insurer unless he has obtained a report, on the loss
that has occurred, from a person who holds a licence issued
under this section to act as a surveyor or loss assessor
(hereafter referred to as “approved surveyor or loss
assessor”):
34. But the Proviso to sub­section (2) of section 64UM also recognized the right of the insurer to pay any amount different from the amount as assessed by the approved surveyor or loss assessor. The  proviso  reads as follows:
Provided that nothing in this sub­section shall be deemed
to take away or abridge the right of the insurer to pay or settle
any claim at any amount different from the amount assessed
by the approved surveyor or loss assessor.
 35. This is why the law is settled that the surveyor’s report is not the last and final word. It has been held by this Court in several decisions, that the surveyor’s report is not so sacrosanct as to be incapable of 4 After   amendment   through   Act   5   of   2015,   what   was   sub­section   (2)   earlier,   has   become   sub­section   (4)   with   the modification   that the words “twenty thousand rupees” have been substituted by the words “amount specified in the Regulations by the  Authority”. 20 being departed from. A useful reference can be made in this regard to the decision of this court in  New India Assurance Company Limited 5 vs.  Pradeep Kumar . 36. The Insurance Act, 1938 even while assigning an important role for the   surveyor,   casts   an   obligation   on   him   under   sub­section   (1A)   of 6 section 64UM    to comply with the code of conduct in respect of his duties, responsibilities and other professional requirements as specified by the regulations made under the Act. This provision reads as follows: “(1A) Every surveyor and loss assessor shall comply with the code of conduct in respect of their duties, responsibilities and other professional requirements as may be specified by the regulations made by the Authority.” 37. Two things flow out of the above discussion, They are   that the (i) surveyor is governed by a code of conduct, the breach of which may give raise to an allegation of deficiency in service; and  (ii)  that the discretion vested in the insurer to reject the report of the surveyor in whole or in part, cannot be exercised arbitrarily or whimsically and that if so done, there could be an allegation of deficiency in service.  5 (2009) 7 SCC 787 6 Now sub-section (2) of section 64 UM after amendment under Act 5 of 2015 21 38. A   Consumer   Forum   which   is   primarily   concerned   with   an allegation of deficiency in service cannot subject the surveyor’s report to forensic examination of its anatomy, just as a civil court could do.   Once it is found that there was no inadequacy in the quality, nature and manner of performance of the duties and responsibilities of the surveyor, in a manner prescribed by the Regulations as to their code of conduct and once it is found that the report is not based   on   adhocism   or   vitiated   by   arbitrariness,   then   the jurisdiction of the Consumer Forum to go further would stop. 39. In the light of the above we are of the considered view that the Judgment of the National Commission does not call for any interference. Hence the appeal is dismissed. No costs.   …..…………....................J.       (Hemant Gupta) .…..………......................J. (V. Ramasubramanian) NEW DELHI SEPTEMBER  28, 2021 22