SHIVA KUMAR @ SHIVA @ SHIVAMURTHY vs. STATE OF KARNATAKA

Case Type: Criminal Appeal

Date of Judgment: 28-03-2023

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Criminal Appeal @ S.L.P. (Crl.) No.3400 of 2017 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 942 OF 2023 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Crl.) No.3400 of 2017) Shiva Kumar @ Shiva @ Shivamurthy             …Appellant versus State of Karnataka        ...Respondent J  U  D  G  M  E  N  T ABHAY S. OKA, J. 1. Heard learned counsel for the parties.   FACTUAL ASPECTS 2. The   appellant   has   been   convicted   for   the   offences punishable under Sections 366, 376 and 302 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (for short, ‘IPC’).  The controversy is limited to the sentence for the offence punishable under Section 302 of the   IPC.   The   learned   Sessions   Judge   (Fast­Track   Court) Signature Not Verified sentenced the appellant to undergo rigorous imprisonment for Digitally signed by Anita Malhotra Date: 2023.03.28 17:13:45 IST Reason: the rest of his life.   The appellant preferred an appeal before 1 Criminal Appeal @ S.L.P. (Crl.) No.3400 of 2017 the High Court to challenge the conviction and sentence.  The State Government preferred an appeal for enhancement of the sentence.     The   High   Court,   by   the   impugned   judgment, st dismissed both appeals.  On 21  April 2017, notice was issued by this Court only on sentence. SUBMISSIONS The learned counsel appearing for the appellant­accused 3. submitted that in view of the law laid down by the Constitution Bench   of   this   Court   in   the   case   of   Union   of   India   v.   V. 1 , a modified sentence can be Sriharan alias Murugan & Ors.   imposed   only   by   the   Constitutional   Courts   and   not   by   the Sessions Courts.  He submitted that the Constitutional Courts can grant life sentence either for the entirety of life or for a specific   period,   only   while   commuting   the   death   penalty imposed on an accused.  If the death penalty is not imposed, the Courts are powerless to impose a modified sentence.   He also relied upon a decision of this Court in the case of  Swamy Shraddananda (2) alias Murali Manohar Mishra v. State 2 of Karnataka .  He invited our attention to paragraph 105 of the   decision   of   the   Constitution   Bench   in   the   case   of   V. 1   2016 (7) SCC 1 2   2008 (13) SCC 767 2 Criminal Appeal @ S.L.P. (Crl.) No.3400 of 2017 1 , wherein this Court has laid down that a modified Sriharan sentence can be an alternative only to the death penalty.  He, therefore, submitted that the Constitution Bench held that a fixed­term sentence or modified sentence can be imposed by way of substitution for the death penalty.   4. He submitted that even the subsequent decisions of this Court show that imposition of a modified sentence was made only in the cases where the death penalty has been commuted. He relied upon the decision of this Court in the case of  Sahib 3 and in the Hussain alias Sahib Jan v. State of Rajasthan   4 case of  Gurvail Singh alias Gala v. State of Punjab . On   facts,   he   pointed   out   that   at   the   time   of   the 5. commission of the offence, the appellant’s age was 22 years. He pointed out that the appellant has a young wife, a small child and aged parents.   Moreover, he has no antecedents and poses no threat to society.  Moreover, his conduct in jail is all throughout   satisfactory   and   in   fact,   he   has   completed   B.A. degree course while in jail.   Lastly, he pointed out that the 3   2013 (9) SCC 778 4   2013 (10) SCC 631 3 Criminal Appeal @ S.L.P. (Crl.) No.3400 of 2017 appellant has undergone sentence for approximately seventeen years and two months. 6. The submission of the learned counsel appearing for the respondent – State is that the Constitutional Courts are not powerless to impose modified sentences considering the gravity of the offence, the conduct of the accused and other relevant factors even though the death penalty has not been imposed. He submitted that the power of the Constitutional Courts to grant   a   modified   sentence   could   not   be   circumscribed   by holding that the said power can be exercised only when the question is of commuting the death sentence.  By pointing out findings of the Trial Court and the High Court, he submitted that in the facts of this case, the most stringent punishment was contemplated.   He submitted that in any case, the High Court, after considering all the factual aspects, has reiterated the view taken by the Sessions Court by imposing a sentence for the entirety of the appellant’s life. OUR VIEW Under Chapter III of the IPC, different punishments have 7. been   provided.     Section   53   provides   for   five   categories   of punishments:   the   death   penalty,   imprisonment   for   life, 4 Criminal Appeal @ S.L.P. (Crl.) No.3400 of 2017 imprisonment (either rigorous or simple), forfeiture of property and fine.  It is also a settled position that when an offender is sentenced to undergo imprisonment for life, the incarceration can continue till the end of the life of the accused.  However, it is subject to a grant of remission under the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for short, ‘Cr.P.C.’) and the Constitutional powers vested in the Hon’ble Governor and the Hon’ble President of India, as the case may be.  While imposing a life sentence, if it is directed that the accused shall not be released   for   a   specific   period,   it   becomes   a   modified punishment.   In such a case, before the expiry of the fixed period provided, the power to grant remission under Cr.P.C. cannot be exercised. 8. The learned counsel appearing for the appellant has relied upon what is held in paragraph 56 of the decision of this Court 2 in the case of  Swamy Shraddananda , which reads thus: “  But   this   leads   to   a   more   important 56. question   about   the   punishment commensurate   to   the   appellant's   crime. The sentence of imprisonment for a term of 14 years, that goes under the euphemism of life imprisonment is equally, if not more, unacceptable.   As   a   matter   of   fact,   Mr. Hegde informed us that the appellant was taken   in   custody   on   28­3­1994   and 5 Criminal Appeal @ S.L.P. (Crl.) No.3400 of 2017
submitted that by virtue of the provisions<br>relating to remission, the sentence of life<br>imprisonment, without any qualification or<br>further direction would, in all likelihood,<br>lead to his release from jail in the first<br>quarter of 2009 since he has already<br>completed more than 14 years of<br>incarceration. This eventuality is simply<br>not acceptable to this Court. What then is<br>the answer? The answer lies in breaking<br>this standardisation that, in practice,<br>renders the sentence of life imprisonment<br>equal to imprisonment for a period of no<br>more than 14 years; in making it clear that<br>the sentence of life imprisonment when<br>awarded as a substitute for death<br>penalty would be carried out strictly as<br>directed by the Court. This Court,<br>therefore, must lay down a good and<br>sound legal basis for putting the<br>punishment of imprisonment for life,<br>awarded as substitute for death penalty,<br>beyond any remission and to be carried<br>out as directed by the Court so that it<br>may be followed, in appropriate cases as<br>a uniform policy not only by this Court<br>but also by the High Courts, being the<br>superior courts in their respective<br>States. A suggestion to this effect was<br>made by this Court nearly thirty years ago<br>in Dalbir Singh v. State of Punjab [(1979) 3<br>SCC 745 : 1979 SCC (Cri) 848] . In para 14<br>of the judgment this Court held and<br>observed as follows: (SCC p. 753)
“14. The sentences of death in the<br>present appeal are liable to be<br>reduced to life imprisonment. We<br>may add a footnote to the ruling<br>in Rajendra Prasad case [Rajendra<br>Prasad v. State of U.P., (1979) 3<br>SCC 646 : 1979 SCC (Cri) 749] .
6 Criminal Appeal @ S.L.P. (Crl.) No.3400 of 2017
Taking the cue from the English<br>legislation on abolition, we may<br>suggest that life imprisonment<br>which strictly means imprisonment<br>for the whole of the men's life but in<br>practice amounts to incarceration<br>for a period between 10 and 14<br>years may, at the option of the<br>convicting court, be subject to the<br>condition that the sentence of<br>imprisonment shall last as long as<br>life lasts, where there are<br>exceptional indications of murderous<br>recidivism and the community<br>cannot run the risk of the convict<br>being at large. This takes care of<br>judicial apprehensions that unless<br>physically liquidated the culprit<br>may at some remote time repeat<br>murder.”
We think that it is time that the course<br>suggested in Dalbir Singh [(1979) 3 SCC<br>745 :1979 SCC (Cri) 848] should receive a<br>formal recognition by the Court.”
(emphasis added)
1 In the case of  , the Constitution Bench was 9. V. Sriharan dealing with the question which is quoted in paragraph 50, which reads thus: “50.  Having   thus   noted   the   relevant provisions  in the  Constitution,  the  Penal Code,   the   Criminal   Procedure   Code   and the DSPE Act, we wish to deal with the questions referred for our consideration in seriatim. The first question framed for the consideration   of   the   Constitution   Bench reads as under : ( V. Sriharan case  [ Union of 7 Criminal Appeal @ S.L.P. (Crl.) No.3400 of 2017
India v. V. Sriharan, (2014) 11 SCC 1 :<br>(2014) 3 SCC (Cri) 1] , SCC p. 19, para 52)
“52.1. Whether imprisonment for life in<br>terms of Section 53 read with Section 45<br>of the Penal Code meant imprisonment<br>for rest of the life of the prisoner or a<br>convict undergoing life imprisonment has<br>a right to claim remission and whether<br>as per the principles enunciated in paras<br>91 to 93 of Swamy Shraddananda<br>(2) [Swamy Shraddananda (2) v. State<br>of Karnataka, (2008) 13 SCC 767 :<br>(2009) 3 SCC (Cri) 113], a special<br>category of sentence may be made for<br>the very few cases where the death<br>penalty might be substituted by the<br>punishment of imprisonment for life or<br>imprisonment for a term in excess of<br>fourteen years and to put that category<br>beyond application of remission?”
10. While   answering   the   question,   the   Constitution   Bench (majority   view)   held   that   imprisonment   for   life   in   terms   of Section   53   read   with   Section   45   of   the   IPC   means imprisonment for the rest of the life of the convict.  In such a case, right to claim remission, commutation etc. in accordance with law will always be available.   Thereafter, in paragraph 105, the Constitution Bench held thus: “ 105.   We,   therefore,   reiterate   that   the power derived from the Penal Code for any   modified   punishment   within   the punishment   provided   for   in   the   Penal Code   for   such   specified   offences   can 8 Criminal Appeal @ S.L.P. (Crl.) No.3400 of 2017 only be exercised by the High Court and in the event of further appeal only by the Supreme Court and not by any other court   in   this   country.   To   put   it differently, the power to impose a modified punishment providing for any specific term of   incarceration   or   till   the   end   of   the convict's   life   as   an   alternate   to   death penalty, can be exercised only by the High Court and the Supreme Court and not by any other inferior court.”                       (emphasis added) 11. What   is   held   by   the   Constitution   Bench,   cannot   be construed in a narrow perspective.   The Constitution Bench has held that there is a power which can be derived from the IPC to impose a fixed term sentence or modified punishment which can only be exercised by the High Court or in the event of any further appeal, by the Supreme Court and not by any other   Court   in   this   country.     In   addition,   the   Constitution Bench held that power to impose a modified punishment of providing any specific term of incarceration or till the end of convict’s   life   as   an   alternative   to   death   penalty,   can   be exercised only by the High Court and the Supreme Court and not by any other inferior Court.  12. In a given case, while passing an order of conviction for an offence which is punishable with death penalty, the Trial 9 Criminal Appeal @ S.L.P. (Crl.) No.3400 of 2017 Court may come to a conclusion that the case is not a ‘rarest of the   rare’   case.     In   such   a   situation,   depending   upon   the punishment   prescribed   for   the   offence   committed,   the   Trial Court can impose other punishment specifically provided in Section 53 of the IPC.  However, when a Constitutional Court finds that though a case is not falling in the category of ‘rarest of the rare’ case, considering the gravity and nature of the offence and all other relevant factors, it can always impose a fixed­term sentence so that the benefit of statutory remission, etc. is not available to the accused.  The majority view in the case of  V. Sriharan cannot be construed to mean that such a power cannot be exercised by the Constitutional Courts unless the   question   is   of   commuting   the   death   sentence.     This conclusion is well supported by what the Constitution Bench held in paragraph 104 of its decision, which reads thus: “ 104.  That   apart,   in   most   of   such   cases where death penalty or life imprisonment is   the   punishment   imposed   by   the   trial court and confirmed by the Division Bench of the High Court, the convict concerned will get an opportunity to get such verdict tested by filing further appeal by way of special   leave   to   this   Court .   By   way   of abundant   caution   and   as   per   the prescribed   law   of   the   Code   and   the criminal   jurisprudence,   we   can   assert 10 Criminal Appeal @ S.L.P. (Crl.) No.3400 of 2017 that after the initial finding of guilt of such   specified   grave   offences   and   the imposition   of   penalty   either   death   or life   imprisonment,   when   comes   under the   scrutiny   of   the   Division   Bench   of the High Court, it is only the High Court which   derives   the   power   under   the Penal Code, which prescribes the capital and alternate punishment, to alter the said punishment with one either for the entirety of the convict's life or for any specific period of more than 14 years, say 20, 30 or so on depending upon the gravity of the crime committed and the exercise of judicial conscience befitting such offence found proved to have been committed.”                   (emphasis added) 13. Hence, we have no manner of doubt that even in a case where capital punishment is not imposed or is not proposed, the  Constitutional  Courts   can  always   exercise   the   power   of imposing a modified or fixed­term sentence by directing that a life sentence, as contemplated by “secondly” in Section 53 of the IPC, shall be of a fixed period of more than fourteen years, for example, of twenty years, thirty years and so on. The fixed punishment cannot be for a period less than 14 years in view of the mandate of Section 433A of Cr.P.C. 11 Criminal Appeal @ S.L.P. (Crl.) No.3400 of 2017 14. Now, we come to the facts of the case.  The facts are such, which will shock the conscience of any Court.   The deceased woman,   who   was   happily   married,   worked   in   a   prominent company   having   an   office   at   Electronic   City,   Bengaluru. Considering the nature of her duty, she had to work till late night or even till early in the morning.  The company used to provide her conveyance in the form of a car.   The company used   to   provide   cars   to   employees   on   different   designated routes.   On the fateful day, the deceased left the office at 2:00 a.m. in a vehicle provided by the company.   She used to take a vehicle plying on route no.131.   On that day, she was informed by the appellant, who was the driver, that the vehicle operating on route no.131 was not available.  The appellant told her that she will have to travel by his vehicle operating on route no.405. The   deceased,   accordingly,   sat   in   the   car   driven   by   the accused.     The   maternal   uncle   of   the   deceased   lodged   a complaint   by   stating   that   the   deceased   was   missing. Ultimately, her dead body was recovered at the instance of the appellant.  The clothes on the person of the deceased, footwear, etc.   were   found   near   the   dead   body.     The   prosecution successfully   established   the   charge   of   the   offence   of   rape, 12 Criminal Appeal @ S.L.P. (Crl.) No.3400 of 2017 punishable under Section 376 of the IPC as well as the offence under Section 366 of IPC.   The appellant–accused was also convicted for the offence under Section 302.   The life of the victim was cut short in this brutal manner at the age of 28 years. 15. In many leading cities, IT hubs have been established.  In fact, Bengaluru is known as the Silicon Valley of India.  Some of these companies have customers abroad and that is why the company staff members work at night.  A large number of staff members in such companies are women.  The issue is of safety and security of women working with such companies.  We have perused the judgment of the Trial Court.   It is true that the Trial Court could not have directed that the appellant shall not be released till the rest of his life.  The Trial Court noted the fact that on the date of conviction, the age of the appellant was 27 years and he had a wife and small child as well as aged parents.  Considering these factors along with the fact that this was   the   first   offence   committed   by   the   appellant,   the   Trial Court found that the case was not falling in the category of the ‘rarest of the rare’ cases.  We must hasten to add that the fact that the accused has no antecedents, is no consideration by 13 Criminal Appeal @ S.L.P. (Crl.) No.3400 of 2017 itself for deciding whether the accused will fall in the category of the  ‘rarest  of   the  rare’   cases.    It  all  depends  on  several factors.   The State Government failed in its endeavour to get capital punishment by way of filing an appeal. 16. This   is   one   case   where   a   Constitutional   Court   must exercise the power of imposing a special category of modified punishment.     The   High   Court   expressed   the   view   that   the punishment   imposed   by   the   Trial   Court   was   justified   after considering the  balance  sheet of  aggravating and  mitigating circumstances.     It  is   the   duty   of   the   Court   to   consider   all attending   circumstances.     The   Court,   while   considering   the possibility   of   reformation   of   the   accused,   must   note   that showing undue leniency in such a brutal case will adversely affect the public confidence in the efficacy of the legal system. The Court must consider the rights of the victim as well.  After having considered these circumstances, we are of the opinion that this is a case where a fixed­term sentence for a period of thirty years must be imposed. 14 Criminal Appeal @ S.L.P. (Crl.) No.3400 of 2017 17. Accordingly, we modify the order of sentence of the Trial Court for the offence punishable under Section 302 of the IPC. We direct that the appellant shall undergo imprisonment for life.   We also direct that the appellant shall be released only after he completes thirty years of actual sentence.  The appeal is partly allowed to the above extent.  .…………………J.              (Abhay S. Oka) ..…………………J.           (Rajesh Bindal) New Delhi; March 28, 2023.    15