JITENDRA KUMAR RODE vs. UNION OF INDIA

Case Type: Criminal Appeal

Date of Judgment: 24-04-2023

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1 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO……………OF 2023 Arising out of  SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CRL.) NO. 2063 OF 2023 JITENDRA KUMAR RODE        …Appellant  VERSUS  UNION OF INDIA      …Respondent J U D G M E N T SANJAY KAROL, J.  1.  Leave granted. The   questions   which   arise   for   our   consideration   are;   One, 2. whether, in the absence of the records of the Court of Trial, the Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by Deepak Singh Date: 2023.04.25 13:42:16 IST Reason: appellate   Court   could   have   upheld   the   conviction   and enhanced the quantum of fine? And Two, whether, given the 2 language employed under Section 385 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, the present situation constitutes a violation of the accused’s fundamental rights under Article 21 of the Constitution of India?  3. The   captioned   appeal   arises   out   of   the   final   judgment   in Criminal Appeal No. 625 of 1999 dated 23.11.2022 passed by the  High   Court  of   Judicature   at   Allahabad   at   Lucknow   by which   the   Appellant’s   conviction   by   the   Special   Judge, (Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988) Lucknow in Case No. 7 of 1996 was upheld.  4. To   facilitate   effective   adjudication   of   the   present   lis ,   it   is essential to appreciate the judgments rendered by the learned courts below.  5. The Trial Court, in its judgment dated 04.12.1999, convicted the Appellant herein, under Sections 7, 13(1) and 13(2) of the Prevention   of   Corruption   Act,   1988   (hereafter,   PC   Act   for short). After analysing the evidence on record, the Trial Court concluded as under: “The prosecution has been successful in proving that accused J.K Rode being working at the post of   a   Public   Servant   as   Assistant   Commercial Manager,   Northern   Railway,   Lucknow   made   a 3 demand   of   Rupees   Five   Hundred   from   Chief Ticket   Inspector   Shri   Jai   Prakash   Narayan Upadhyay on 03.05.95 to dispose of the charge sheet issued against him and he was caught red handed receiving the bribe on 03.05.95 and he received Rs. 500 (Rupees five hundred) from said J.P.N Upadhya being posted as a public servant misusing his post as public servant for his gain in corrupt   and   illegal   manner.   Thus,   the   offence under section 7, 13(1) and 13(2) of the PC Act 1988  is  proved  against   the  accused  and   he   is liable to be punished for these charges. Accused is   on   bail   and   his   bail   bonds   are   discharged. Accused   should   be   taken   into   custody immediately.”  (Emphasis supplied) 6. Having so recorded, the Trial Court sentenced the Appellant to rigorous imprisonment of one year and rupees five hundred by way of fine (in default thereof, further imprisonment of six months)   under   Section   7   of   the   PC   Act   and   rigorous imprisonment of two years and rupees five hundred by way of fine (in default thereof, further imprisonment of six months) under Section 13(2) of the PC Act.  Proceedings before the High Court  7. Assailing the judgment of conviction and sentence, the High Court   admitted   the   petitioner's   appeal   on   07.12.1999.   A perusal of the Order dated 04.03.2016 reveals that despite repeated   summoning   of   records   of   the   trial,   no   reply   was 4 received from the Court concerned and as a result, the District Judge was asked to furnish an explanation and, in any event, take steps for reconstruction of the record. 7.1 The record further reveals that “the entire record has been lost and   is   not   traceable”   and   the   documents   sent   as “reconstructed documents” do not constitute the relevant trial court record. They were found to be not to be in accordance with   Rules   nor   endorsed   by   the   Central   Bureau   of Investigation. The   High   Court,   vide   the   impugned   judgment   dated 8. 23.11.2022, upheld the conviction despite having noted on an earlier occasion that the reconstruction of records was not in accordance with rules and the admission of non­availability of material on record, for which the Appellant herein was in no manner   responsible.   Significantly,   despite   arguments,   the Court did not discuss the merits of conviction. 9. However, the conviction was upheld and taking note of the decision of this Court in   V.K. Verma v. Central Bureau of 1 Investigation ,   the   sentence   was   reduced   to   time   already 1  (2014) 3 SCC 485, Paragraphs 8 – 13. 5 undergone   and   the   fine   enhanced   to   Rupees   Twenty­Five Thousand. The Present Appeal 10. Being aggrieved by the Order of conviction being upheld, the Appellant has preferred the present appeal.           It is apparent on the face of the record that the record could   never   be   reconstructed   in   its   entirety,   especially   the relevant   ones   by   the   concerned   District   Court.   The   Court, nonetheless,   found   sufficiency   in   the   partly   reconstructed record, which included only a few documents, such as the FIR and upheld the conviction on merits. 11. The learned counsel for the Appellant states that the law is settled on the issue, and in the absence of such records, a conviction cannot be stated to be on firm grounds and is liable to be set aside. The learned counsel places reliance on  Shyam 2 Deo Pandey and Others v. State of Bihar , State of U.P. v. 3 Abhai Raj Singh and Another . He further placed reliance on High Court decisions, namely   Ramesh Kaushik v. State of 4 Delhi   of the   Delhi High Court;  Raghuvir Sahai and Others v. 2  (1971) 1 SCC 855 3  (2004) 4 SCC 6 4  2022 SCC Online Del 4185 6 5 6 State of U.P. , Avdesh Rai and Others v. State of U.P.   and 7 Tej Pal Singh and Others v. State of U.P.   of the Allahabad High Court.  Consideration by this Court  12. A   conviction   of   any   nature   permanently   marks   a   person's character. It would be, in the specific circumstances of this case, unjustified. This is not to say that five hundred rupees as far   back   as   1995   was   a   small   or   insignificant   amount; however, when the possibility of appeal is extinguished due to the   absence   of   essential   material,   the   perusal   and consideration of which is required to take stock of the matter and then uphold or reverse, as the case may be, then the benefit of the doubt has to be extended to the accused when he is in no manner responsible for the same.  We must consider whether the non­availability of trial court 13. records   before   the   High   Court   and   upholding   conviction, despite   the   absence   thereof,   infringes   the   right   to   life   and liberty   of   the   accused   enshrined   under   Article   21   of   the Constitution of India.   5 Criminal Appeal No.786 of 1979 6  Criminal Appeal No.346 of 1984 7  2015 SCC Online All 6581 7 14. It is well settled that following “procedure established by law” in a criminal prosecution is a sacrosanct requirement. 8 15. In   M.H.   Hoskot   v.   State   of   Maharashtra   (three­Judge Bench) Krishna Iyer J. writing for the Court observed that: “11. In short, a first appeal from the Sessions Court to the High Court, as provided in the Criminal Procedure Code, manifests this value upheld in Article 21.”   16. It was further observed that every step that makes the right of appeal fruitful is obligatory, and every action or inaction which stultifies it is unfair and, ergo, unconstitutional.  9 17. In  Manu Sharma v. State (NCT of Delhi ) (two­Judge Bench), this Court has also noted that the due process of law shall deem to include fairness in trial. The Court gives a right to the accused to receive all documents and statements and move applications for the production of records relating to the case.  18. If a right of production of documents at the trial stage exists, it is a natural corollary that the High Court, sitting in appeal, must benefit from those documents. In the considered view of 8  (1978) 3 SCC 544 9  (2010) 6 SCC 1 8 this Court, this is a demand of the abovementioned sacrosanct requirement.  19. As we have noted earlier, in the present case, despite efforts, documents such as the witness statements, statements under Section 313 Cr.P.C. are neither available nor have been able to be   reconstructed.   Therefore,   upholding   conviction   in   the absence   of   such   documents   cannot   be   said   to   be   in consonance with due process of law and fairness. 20. Once a violation of a right under Article 21 is established, that is   undoubtedly   sufficient   to   set   aside   a   conviction. Nonetheless,   it   is   essential   to   appreciate   what   the   law   of procedure says in this regard. After all, it cannot be gainsaid that  personal  liberty   cut  down  in  the  absence   of   fair   legal procedure is an affront to the sanctity of Article 21. To this effect, the bench in  M.H Hoskot  (supra) said: “ 24.  We may follow up the import of  Maneka Gandhi  and crystallise   the   conclusion.  Maneka   Gandhi   case  has   laid down that personal liberty cannot be cut out or cut down without  fair  legal procedure. Enough has been set out to establish that a prisoner, deprived of his freedom by court sentence but entitled to appeal against such verdict, can claim, as part of his protection under Article 21 and as implied   in   his   statutory   right   to   appeal,   the   necessary concomitant of right to counsel to prepare and argue his appeal.” 9 21. The instant case is governed by Section 385 of the Code of Criminal   Procedure,   1973,   which   is   extracted   for   ease   of reference: “385.   Procedure   for   hearing   appeals   not dismissed   summarily .—(1)   If   the   Appellate Court does not dismiss the appeal summarily, it shall cause notice of the time and place at which such appeal will be heard to be given— (i) to the Appellant or his pleader; (ii) to such officer as the State Government may appoint on this behalf;  (iii)   if   the   appeal   is   from   a   judgment   of conviction   in   a   case   instituted   upon complaint to the complainant;  (iv)   if   the   appeal   is   under   section   377   or section 378, to the accused, and shall also furnish   such   officer,   complainant   and accused with a copy of the grounds of appeal.   (2)  The Appellate Court shall then send for the record of the case, if such record is not already available in that Court, and hear the parties: Provided that if the appeal is only as to the extent or the legality of the sentence, the Court may dispose of the appeal without sending for the record.  (3)   Where   the   only   ground   for   appeal   from   a conviction is the alleged severity of the sentence, the Appellant shall not, except with the leave of the Court, urge or be heard in support of any other ground.” (Emphasis supplied)  22. A   bare   reading   of   the   provision   makes   it   clear   that   when appeals   are   not   dismissed   summarily,   the   Appellate   Court shall call for the records of the Court below except in cases 1 0 where   the   question   for   consideration   is   the   legality   of   a sentence.   There   is   undoubtedly   a   compulsion   upon   the Appellate   Court  to  call for   the  record   and   then  proceed  to examine the merits of a case before it. That, as is prima facie observable, is not the case before us.  23. One of the earlier cases on this issue is the judgment of the 10 Calcutta High Court in   , Queen Empress v. Khimat Singh wherein the District Judge failed to trace or discover the lost records. The Court observed that this loss of records has lost the Appellant, a right he is entitled to, that of hearing by a higher court. In such situations, no other recourse remains than to order trial de­novo. The judgment in   Khimat Singh (supra) has been followed by this Court in   Abhai Raj Singh (supra). 24. The abovementioned requirement is found in the Old Code (Criminal Procedure Code, 1898, now repealed), under Section 423 as well. Section 423 of the 1898 Code, corresponds to Section 385 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898.  11 25. The Privy Council in  King – Emperor v. Dahu Raut , stated that where a conviction is appealed against, once summary 10  1889 A.W.N. 55 11  AIR 1935 PC 89 1 1 dismissal fails, the provision of Section 423 as to sending for the record are clearly “peremptory”, and there can be no room for revision at that stage. This has  been reiterated by this Court in In  Shyam Deo Pandey  (supra), observing that, calling for   the   record   of   the   Court   below   is   an   obligation,   in   the following terms:  “ 18.   Coming to Section 423, which has already been quoted   above,   it   deals   with   powers   of   the   appellate Court   in   disposing   of   the   appeal   on   merits.  It   is obligatory for the appellate Court to send for the record of the case, if it is not already before the Court. This requirement is necessary to be complied with to enable the   Court   to   adjudicate   upon   the   correctness   or otherwise of the order or judgment appealed against not only with reference to the judgment but also with reference  to the records  which will be the basis on which   the   judgment   is   founded.   The   correctness   or otherwise of the findings recorded in the judgment, on the basis of the attack made against the same, cannot be adjudicated upon without reference to the evidence, oral and documentary and other materials relevant for the purpose. The reference to "such record" in "after perusing such record" is to the record of the case sent for by the appellate Court.” (Emphasis supplied) 12 This Court in   (two­Judge 26. Biswanath Ghosh v. State of W.B. Bench) observed that an Appellate Court allowing a conviction without having the records before it and the evidence adduced by the prosecution is a flagrant miscarriage of justice.  12 (1987) 2 SCC 55 1 2 27. This   Court   in   Abhai   Raj   Singh   (supra)   (two­Judge   Bench) while   dealing   with   a   conviction   by   the   Trial   Court   under Section 302 of the IPC, 1860, while remanding the matter for consideration afresh by the High Court observed:
“8. It has been the consistent view taken by several<br>High Courts that when records are destroyed by fire<br>or on account of natural or unnatural calamities,<br>reconstruction should be ordered. In Queen<br>Empress v. Khimat Singh [1889 AWN 55] the view<br>taken was that the provisions of Section 423(1) of the<br>Criminal Procedure Code, 1898 (in short "the old<br>Code") made it obligatory for the Court to obtain and<br>examine the record at the time of hearing. When it<br>was not possible to do so, the only available course<br>was a direction for reconstruction. The said view was<br>reiterated more than six decades back in<br>Sevugaperumal, Re [AIR 1943 Mad 391 (2) : 44 Cri LJ<br>611] . The view has been reiterated by several High<br>Courts as well, even thereafter.
9. The High Court did not keep the relevant aspects<br>and considerations in view and came to the abrupt<br>conclusion that reconstruction was not possible<br>merely because there was no response from the<br>Sessions Judge. The order for reconstruction was on<br>1­11­1993 and the judgment of the High Court is in<br>Criminal Appeal No. 1970 of 1979 dated 25­2­1994.<br>The order was followed in Criminal Appeal No. 1962<br>of 1979 disposed of on 16­8­1995. It is not clear as to<br>why the High Court did not require the Sessions
Court to furnish the information about reconstruction
of records; and/or itself take initiative by issuing
positive directions as to the manner, method and
nature of attempts, efforts and exercise to be
undertaken to effectively achieve the purpose in the
best interests of justice and to avoid ultimately any
miscarriage of justice resulting from any lapse,
inaction or inappropriate or perfunctory action, in
this regard; particularly when no action was taken by
the High Court to pass necessary orders for about a
decade when it received information about
destruction of record. The course adopted by the High
Court, if approved, would encourage dubious persons
1 3 and   detractors   of   justice   by   allowing   undeserved premium to violators of law by acting hand in glove with those anti­social elements coming to hold sway, behind the screen, in the ordinary and normal course of justice.
10. We, therefore, set aside the order of the High<br>Court and remit the matter back for fresh<br>consideration. It is to be noted at this juncture that<br>one of the respondents i.e. Om Pal has died during<br>the pendency of the appeal before this Court. The<br>High Court shall direct reconstruction of the records<br>within a period of six months from the date of receipt<br>of our judgment from all available or possible sources<br>with the assistance of the prosecuting agency as well<br>as the defending parties and their respective counsel.<br>If it is possible to have the records reconstructed to<br>enable the High Court itself to hear and dispose of the<br>appeals in the manner envisaged under Section 386<br>of the Code, rehear the appeals and dispose of the<br>same, on their own merits and in accordance with<br>law. If it finds that reconstruction is not practicable<br>but by ordering retrial interest of justice could be<br>better served — adopt that course and direct retrial —<br>and from that stage law shall take its normal course.<br>If only reconstruction is not possible to facilitate the<br>High Court to hear and dispose of the appeals and the<br>further course of retrial and fresh adjudication by the<br>Sessions Court is also rendered impossible due to loss<br>of vitally important basic records — in that case and<br>situation only, the direction given in the impugned<br>judgment shall operate and the matter shall stand<br>closed. The appeals are accordingly disposed of.”<br>(Emphasis supplied)10. We, therefore, set aside the order of the High<br>Court and remit the matter back for fresh<br>consideration. It is to be noted at this juncture that<br>one of the respondents i.e. Om Pal has died during<br>the pendency of the appeal before this Court. The<br>High Court shall direct reconstruction of the records<br>within a period of six months from the date of receipt<br>of our judgment from all available or possible sources<br>with the assistance of the prosecuting agency as well<br>as the defending parties and their respective counsel.<br>If it is possible to have the records reconstructed to<br>enable the High Court itself to hear and dispose of the<br>appeals in the manner envisaged under Section 386<br>of the Code, rehear the appeals and dispose of the<br>same, on their own merits and in accordance with<br>law. If it finds that reconstruction is not practicable<br>but by ordering retrial interest of justice could be
better served — adopt that course and direct retrial —
and from that stage law shall take its normal course.
If only reconstruction is not possible to facilitate the
High Court to hear and dispose of the appeals and the
further course of retrial and fresh adjudication by the
Sessions Court is also rendered impossible due to loss
of vitally important basic records — in that case and
situation only, the direction given in the impugned
judgment shall operate and the matter shall stand
closed. The appeals are accordingly disposed of.”
(Emphasis supplied)
28. Recently, this Court in   Dhananjay Rai alias Guddu Rai v. 13 State   of   Bihar   (two­Judges)   took   note   of   a   Judgment
inBani Singh v. State of U.P.14, as under:
“14. We have carefully considered the view<br>expressed in the said two decisions of this Court<br>and, we may state that the view taken in Shyam Deo<br>case [(1971) 1 SCC 855 : 1971 SCC (Cri) 353 : AIR
13   2022 SCC Online 880 14   (1996) 4 SCC 720 1 4 1971 SC 1606] appears to be sound except  for a minor clarification which we consider necessary to mention. The plain language of Section 385 makes it clear that if the appellate Court does not consider the appeal fit for summary dismissal, it 'must' call for the record and Section 386 mandates that after the record is received, the appellate Court may dispose of the appeal after hearing the accused or his counsel. Therefore, the  plain  language  of  Sections  385­386 does   not   contemplate   dismissal   of   the   appeal   for non­prosecution  simpliciter .  On   the   contrary,   the Code envisages disposal of the appeal on merits after perusal and scrutiny of the record. The law clearly expects the appellate Court to dispose of the appeal on merits, not merely by perusing the reasoning of the   trial   court   in   the   judgment,   but   by   cross­ checking the reasoning with the evidence on record with a view to satisfying itself that the reasoning and findings recorded by the trial court are consistent with the material on record.” (Emphasis supplied) In   a   case   with   similar   circumstance,   we   notice   that   the 29. 15 Allahabad High Court in   Sita Ram & Others v. State   has held that when the entire record was lost or destroyed and the reconstruction of the record was not possible, the Appellate Court shall order retrial provided the time lag date of incident and the date of hearing of appeal is short. If the same is long and/or the FIR, statement, of witnesses under Section 161 and   other   relevant   papers   are   not   available,   the   Appellate Court should not order retrial. 15  1981  Cr.LJ, 65 1 5 30. In numerous judgments rendered by various High Courts, a similar view to the effect that a conviction cannot be upheld in the   absence   of   the   records   of   the   Court   below   has   been expressed. Taking note of  Sita Ram  (supra), the time elapsed between the occurrence of the offence and the appeal being finally decided, these courts have held that in the absence of essential documents such as the FIR or witness statements, a retrial too cannot be said to be serving the ends of justice. 16 17 [Khalil Ahmad v. State of U.P. ; Vir Pal v. State ; Hira Lal 18 19 v. State of U.P.   and  Bhunda and Ors. V. State of U.P. ] 31. In the present case, the impugned judgment of the High Court records the statement of the CBI that the records have “got lost”. The “reconstructed” record consists of the following:   i. FIR of RC 18(A)/95­LKO;  ii. Complaint dated 03.05.1995 of Sri J.P.N. Upadhyay, CIT, Varanasi (2 pages); iii. Photocopy of S.F.­II dated 24.03.1995 (one page); iv. Pretrap memorandum dated 3.5.95 (4 pages);  v. Recovery memo dated 3.5.1995 (5 pages); vi. Search list dated 3.5.95 (5 pages); vii. One   file   containing   charge­sheet   (SF­II)   of   Sri   JPN Upadhyay and Notesheet. (Pages 1 to 6 & Notesheet PP­2); viii. Search list dated 4.5.95 (1 sheet); ix. Site plan dated 3.5.95 (1 sheet); 16 1986 SCC OnLine All 211 17 1999 SCC OnLine All 1348 18 1999 SCC OnLine All 1392 19 2001 SCC OnLine All 864 1 6 x. Misc.   Papers   containing   Draft   charge­sheet   etc.   (7 sheets); xi. Sanction order dated 28.12.95.  Sub­section, 2 of Section 385, requires that the parties are heard   in   light   of   the   records   received   by   the   Court.   The documents   undoubtedly   need   to   include   the   essential documents necessary to properly appreciate the appeal on its merits.   Even   the   depositions   of   the   witnesses,   both prosecution and defence, have not been re­constructed and are not available for the Court. This position of disposal of an appeal on merits being only after perusal of record, has been held by a three­Judge Bench in  Bani Singh  (supra). 32. The Court below, in our considered view, by taking a mutually contradictory view, proceeded to decide the appeal on merits sentencing the accused, forgetting that the challenge was also for conviction. And yet did not deal with the merits of the appeal, laying specific challenge to the judgment of conviction. The   whole   approach   is   illegal   and   erroneous.   Firstly,   it   is observed that the record was missing, and then it casts the onus to produce the same on the Appellant.   33. In light  of  the   abovementioned   discussion,  the   Accused,   in appeal, has a right to have the record perused by the Appellate 1 7 Court and, therefore, upholding a conviction by merely having noted that the counsel for the accused not having the record at the time of filing the appeal is “doubtful” and that “no one can believe” the appeal would have been filed without perusing the record, as observed by the High Court is not correct. The job of the Court of Appeal is not to depend on the lower Court's judgment to uphold the conviction but, based on the record available before it duly called from the Trial Court and the arguments   advanced   before   it,   to   come   to   a   conclusion thereon.  34. In   the   facts   at   hand,   the   alleged   offence   in   question   was committed on 21.3.1995, and the judgment of the Trial Court was delivered on  7.12.1999. More than 28 years have passed since the commission of the offence. As already indicated, the relevant   Trial   Court   record   has   not   been   able   to   be reconstructed, despite the efforts of the courts below.  Hence, i n our considered view, as discussed above, ordering a retrial is not in the interest of justice and will not serve any fruitful purpose. The time elapsed must be taken into consideration by the Court, and we may stress on that, only after taking due note of and taking steps to abide by the warning issued by this 1 8 Court in   Abhai Raj Singh   (supra), as was correctly done in Sita Ram  (supra). Conclusions 35. Protection of the rights under Article 21 entails protection of liberty from any restriction thereupon in the absence of fair legal procedure. Fair legal procedure includes the opportunity for the person filing an appeal to question the conclusions drawn by the trial court. The same can only be done when the record   is   available   with   the   Court   of   Appeal.   That   is   the mandate   of   Section   385   of   the   CrPC.   Therefore,   in   the considered view of this Court, it is not within prudence to lay down a straightjacket formula, we hold that non­compliance with the mandate of the section, in certain cases contingent upon   specific   facts   and   circumstances   of   the   case,   would result in a violation of Article 21 of the Constitution of India, which we find it to be so in the instant case.  36. The language of Section 385 shows that the Court sitting in appeal governed thereby is required to call for the records of the case from the concerned Court below.  The same is an obligation,   power   coupled   with   a   duty,   and   only   after   the perusal of such records would an appeal be decided.  1 9 37. In   the   view   of   the   aforesaid,   the   appeal   is   allowed.   The impugned   judgment   and   the   conviction   dated   07.12.1999 passed by Special Judge (Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988), Lucknow, in Case No.7/1996 is set aside, subject thereof, is set aside.   38. The impugned judgment had directed the accused to pay, by way of an enhanced fine, Rupees 25,000. Given the above, the fine, be it of whatever amount, if deposited, is liable to be returned to the Appellant. 39. Before   parting   with   the   present   leave   petition   another important   issue   must   be   dealt   with,   i.e.   the   digitization   of records.   Technology   has,   in   the   present   time   become increasingly enmeshed with the systems of dispute resolution and adjudication with the trends pointing leading to all the more   interplay,   both   supplementary   and   complimentary between technology and law.  40. On   24.9.2021,   the   learned   E­committee   of   the   Supreme Court of India issued an SOP for digital preservation. Step by step   implementation   of   the   digitization   process   involves eighteen steps therein. Primarily, it requires all High Courts to establish   Judicial   Digital   Repositories   (JDR)   as   well   as   the standardized system therefor; A digitisation cell at each of the High Courts is to be established to monitor the progress on 2 0 day to day basis; It is the work of the cell to manage contracts with vendors for specialized services; an online data tracking system to keep track of the data transferred to the High Courts and to facilitate the receipts for each set of transferred records to the District Courts as well; District Courts to have back­ups of all data transferred to the High Court on a monthly basis while maintaining an independent record thereof.  It cannot be doubted that had there been properly preserved 41. records of the Trial Court, the issue in the present appeal as to whether the High Court could uphold a conviction having not perused   the   complete   Trial   Court   record,   would   not   have arisen.   Judicial   notice   can   be   taken   of   the   fact   that,   in accordance   with   the   SOP   issued,   private   entities   providing specialized   service   have   been   contracted,   and   therefore considering the importance and essentiality of such record, a robust  system   of   responsibility   and   accountability   must   be developed and fostered in order to ensure the proper protection and   regular   updation   of   all   records   facilitating   the   smooth functioning of the judicial process.  42. Therefore,   this   Court   finds   it   fit   to   issue   the   following directions: 1. The Registrar General of the High Courts shall ensure that in all cases of criminal trial, as well as civil suits, the digitization   of   records   must   be   duly   undertaken   with promptitude at all District Courts, preferably within the time  prescribed  for  filing  an appeal within the  laws  of procedure. 2 1 2. The   concerned   District   Judge,   once   the   system   of digitization along with the system of authentication of the digitized records is in place in their judgeship, to ensure that the records so digitized are verified as expeditiously as possible. 3. A continually updated record of Register of Records digitized shall be maintained with periodic reports being sent to the concerned High Courts for suitable directions. 4. Interlocutory   application(s),   if   any,   shall   stand disposed of. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­J. (KRISHNA MURARI) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­J. (SANJAY KAROL) th Dated : 24  April, 2023; Place  : New Delhi.