ASSET RECONSTRUCTION COMPANY (INDIA) LIMITED vs. S.P. VELAYUTHAM

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 04-05-2022

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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NOS.2752­2753 OF 2022 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition(C) NOS.19662­19663 OF 2021) ASSET RECONSTRUCTION COMPANY (INDIA) LIMITED       …APPELLANT(S) VERSUS S.P. VELAYUTHAM & ORS.               ...RESPONDENT(S) J U D G M E N T V. Ramasubramanian, J. 1. Asset   Reconstruction   Company   (India)   Limited,   to   whom   the Indian   Bank   assigned   the   loans   and   the   underlying   security   of   a particular borrower, has come up with the above appeals challenging the judgment of the Division Bench of the High Court of Judicature at Madras,   reversing   the   judgment   of   a   learned   Single   Judge   of   the Court, by which the learned Single Judge held the registration of a sale­deed by the Registering Authority to be null and void. Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by SWETA BALODI Date: 2022.05.04 16:16:14 IST Reason: 2. We have heard Mr. Guru Krishna Kumar and Mr. Nakul Devan, learned   senior   counsel   for   the   appellant,   and   Mr.   Shyam   Divan, 1 Mr.   Atul   Nanda   and   Mr.   Mukul   Rohatgi,   learned   senior   counsel appearing for the contesting respondents. 3. The brief facts necessary for the disposal of the appeals can be summarised as follows:­ (i) In   the   year   1992,   the   Indian   Bank   sanctioned   financial facilities to M.V.R. Group of Industries. According to the Indian Bank, the borrower offered the immovable property covered by the document now in dispute, as collateral security and a mortgage by deposit of title deeds is said to have been created way back in the year 1995­96; Alleging that the borrower defaulted in repayment of the (ii) loan,   Indian   Bank   filed   an   application   before   the   Debts   Recovery Tribunal in the year 1996 under Section 19 of the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993; (iii) However, after the advent of the Securitisation Act, 2002, the Bank issued a demand notice dated 15.12.2004 under Section 13(2) of the Securitisation Act. It was followed by a possession notice dated 30.03.2005 under Section 13(4); (iv) Thereafter, the respondent nos. 4 and 5 herein executed a deed of Power of Attorney (‘PoA’ for short) on 23.08.2006 in favour of st Mr. S.P. Velayutham, the 1  respondent in one of these appeals and th the 6  respondent in the other appeal. This deed of Power of Attorney contained   an   express   prohibition   for   the   agent   to   encumber   the 2 properties. This deed of PoA was registered in the Office of the Sub­ Registrar, Alandur; (v) By another deed of PoA dated 07.06.2007, the power of sale is said to have been conferred upon the agent, but this deed of power was un­registered; (vi) On the basis of the original registered deed of PoA dated 23.08.2006 which did not confer a power of sale, Mr. S.P. Velayutham th sold the property to his son Amar (the 6  respondent in one of these st appeals and the 1   respondent in the other appeal) under a deed of sale dated 05.07.2007; (vii) In   the   meantime,   Indian   Bank   which   already   initiated proceedings under the Securitisation Act, assigned the debt and the collateral security in favour of the appellant herein, which is an asset reconstruction   company.   On   the   basis   of   such   assignment,   the appellant issued a sale notice dated 05.08.2008; (viii) However, Mr. Amar, executed a deed of settlement dated 13.10.2008 in favour of his father Mr. S.P. Velayutham, from whom he had purchased the property; (ix) While   so,   during   the   period   2009­2015,   some encroachments took place which led to the initiation of proceedings under Section 145 Cr.P.C. The original borrowers also filed civil suits and the appellant got themselves impleaded in those suits; Eventually, the appellant filed a writ petition in W.P.No. (x) 33462 of 2014 seeking a declaration that the act of the Sub­Registrar 3 in registering the sale deed executed by S.P. Velayutham in favour of his son Amar, was null and void. The said writ petition was allowed by a learned Judge on the ground that there was utter failure on the part of the Registering Authority to follow the mandate of law as prescribed in   Sections   32   to   35   of   the   Registration   Act,   1908   and   that   the Registrar failed to verify the deed of PoA dated 23.08.2006, before allowing registration of the sale deed executed on the basis of the said power; However,   two   intra­court   appeals   filed   by   the   father­son (xi) duo, were allowed by the Division Bench primarily on the ground, (1)  that the appellant ought to have taken recourse to a civil suit; and (2)   that the appellant is guilty of violating the order passed by this Court in the proceedings arising out of the order of the Sub­Divisional Magistrate under Section 145 of the Cr.P.C., directing the parties to approach the civil court. Aggrieved by this order of the Division Bench, the appellant has come up with the above appeals. 4. Assailing the impugned order of the Division Bench of the High Court, it is contended by the learned senior counsel for the appellants,   that   the   High   Court   failed   completely   to   appreciate   that   the (i) Registration   Act,   1908,   enjoins   upon   the   Registering   Authority   to verify   “the person executing”   the document sought to be registered; (ii)   that in cases where the statutory authorities fail to perform the 4 duties enjoined upon them, under specific provisions of the statute, the jurisdiction of the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution does not stand ousted;   that what was challenged before the High (iii) Court in a petition under Article 226 was not the acts of individuals, but the acts of omission and commission on the part of the Registering Authority   and   hence   the   writ   petition   cannot   be   said   to   be   not maintainable; and   that by an over­simplified process of reasoning, (iv) the Division Bench of the High Court threw the appellant out of the Court   and   also   added   insult   to   injury by   commenting   upon   the   conduct of the appellant and imposing costs. 5. Supporting the impugned order, it is contended by Mr. Shyam Divan,   learned   senior   counsel   appearing   for   Mr.   S.P.   Velayutham (respondent no.6 in one of these appeals and respondent no.1 in the other appeal),  (i)  that when admittedly title suits are pending and the very appellant herein has got themselves impleaded therein, it was not open to the appellant to resort to a short­cut method of invoking the jurisdiction   of   the   writ   court;     that   when   there   are   seriously (ii) disputed questions of fact, with the contesting respondents (father and son)   tracing   their   title   to   an   un­broken,   un­impeachable   chain   of 5 registered documents dating back to 1929, the appellant could not have invoked the writ jurisdiction of the High Court, after having got an assignment deed from the Indian Bank just a few years ago in 2007;  (iii)   that the very right of the Indian Bank to claim the creation of a mortgage in their favour, has come under cloud after the officials of the Indian Bank and the borrowers got convicted by the Special Court for the CBI cases in Calendar Case No. 36 of 1998 for various offences punishable under Section 120B read with Sections 420, 467, 471 etc., and Section 13(2) read with Section 13(1)(c) and 13(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988;   (iv)   that the attempt of the appellant to invoke the writ jurisdiction of the High Court was in the teeth of the judgment of this Court in SLP(Crl.)No.838 of 2015 dated 27.02.2015, which arose out of proceedings under Section 145 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973;  (v)  that despite this Court affirming the judgment of the High Court relegating the appellant to a civil court, the appellant took a chance by invoking the writ jurisdiction of the High Court suppressing material facts; and   that the appellant, (vi) whose very locus to stake a claim on the properties is disputed, was rightly non suited by the High Court. 6 6. Mr. Atul Nanda, learned senior counsel appearing for one of the parties, while adopting the contentions of Mr. Shyam Divan, added that when the Special Court for CBI cases has found the very creation of the mortgage in favour of Indian Bank to be a product of fraud and forgery, an institution claiming to be the assignee of the mortgagee could   not   have   invoked   the   writ   jurisdiction   of   the   High   Court, especially after having got impleaded in the civil suits. 7. Mr. Mukul Rohatgi, learned senior counsel appearing for one of the   contesting   respondents   invited   our   attention   to   the   statutory provisions and the decision of this Court in     vs.  Rajni Tandon Dulal 1 Ranjan   Ghosh   Dastidar   &   Anr ,   and   contended   that   the requirement of authentication of PoA by the Registrar under Section 33(1), was mandatory only in cases where the person executing the document is different from the person presenting it for registration and that wherever the agent himself has signed the deed which is presented for registration, he becomes the executant of the document, leaving no role for the Registrar to probe. 8. We have carefully considered the above submissions. 1  (2009) 14 SCC 782 7 9. The limited question that arises for our consideration is as to whether the invocation of the writ jurisdiction of the High Court by the appellant was right, especially when civil suits at the instance of third parties are pending and when the appellant had already been directed by this Court, in proceedings arising under section 145 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, to move the civil court?   10. To   enable   (or   disable?)   us   to   find   an   answer   to   the   above question, the learned counsel on both sides took us through some provisions of the Registration Act, 1908 and a few decisions of this Court. We shall now take a look at them.  11. There is and there can be no dispute about the fact that while the Registering Officer under the Registration Act, 1908, may not be competent to examine whether the executant of a document has any right, title or interest over the property which is the subject matter of the   document   presented   for   registration,   he   is   obliged   to   strictly comply with the mandate of law contained in the various provisions of the Act. Therefore let us take a look at the scheme of the Act. 12. The   Registration   Act,   1908   is   divided   into   XV   parts.   Part   III comprising   of   Sections   17   to   22   contains   provisions   relating   to 8 registerable   documents;   Part­IV   of   the   Act   contains   prescriptions regarding the time of presentation of documents for registration; Part­ V   contains   provisions   prescribing   and   regulating   the   place   of registration   of   documents;   Part­VI   contains   provisions   relating   to presentation   of   documents   for   registration   and   the   procedure   on admission and denial of execution; Part­VII contains provisions for enforcing appearance of executants and witnesses; Part­XI contains provisions relating to the duties and powers of Registering Officers and Part­XII   contains   provisions   relating   to   refusal   to   register   and  the remedies available against such refusal. 13. Before we look at the relevant provisions of the Registration Act, 1908,   it   is   necessary   to   note   that   “Registration   of   deeds   and   falls   in   Entry   6   of   List   III   (Concurrent   List)   of   the documents” SEVENTH SCHEDULE  of the Constitution. Therefore, the Registration Act, 1908, which is a Central Act, can be seen as something which provides only a template upon which the States are entitled to make amendments.   This   is   why   amendments   by   States   galore   in   the Registration Act, 1908. Therefore, any interpretation of the provisions of the Act, should be in consonance with the scheme of the Act as 9 applicable   to   the   State   involved   in   the   litigation.   For   instance, registration of certain documents may be optional in some States but mandatory in some other States. Therefore, the interpretation made by this Court, of a provision as amended in its application to a particular State, cannot be applied blindly while interpreting the same provision as applicable to another State. Keeping this aspect in mind, let us now peep into the statutory provisions. 14. Section   32   of   the   Act   mandates   that   every   document   to   be registered under the Act, irrespective of whether such a registration is compulsory  or   optional,   shall   be   presented   by  any   of  the   persons mentioned therein. Section 32 reads as follows:­
32. Persons to present documents for registration.—Except
in the cases mentioned in sections 31, 88 and 89, every
document, to be registered under this Act, whether such
registration be compulsory or optional, shall be presented at the
proper registration­office,—
(a)  by some person executing or claiming under the same, or, in the case of a copy of a decree or order, claiming under the decree or order, or (b)  by the representative or assign of such a person, or (c)  by the agent of such a person, representative or assign,   duly   authorised   by   power­of­attorney executed   and   authenticated   in   manner hereinafter mentioned.” 10
15. The words “such person” appearing in clauses (b) and (c) of<br>Section 32, correlate to the words “person executing or claiming under<br>the same”, appearing in clause (a) of Section 32. In other words,<br>clause (a) covers both the executant as well as the claimant of the<br>document. Therefore, clauses (b) and (c) cover several persons who<br>may represent the executant or the claimant. Since the controversy in<br>several decisions of this Court has revolved around clause (c) of<br>Section 32, it would be useful, for the purpose of easy appreciation, to<br>break clause (c) into its several components as follows:­
(i) by the agent of the person executing the document;
(ii) by the agent of the person claiming under the document;
(iii) by the agent of the representative of the person executing<br>the document;
(iv) by the agent of the representative of the person claiming<br>under the document;
(v) by the agent of the assign of the person executing the<br>document;
(vi) by the agent of the assign claiming under the document.
It must be noted that the word “agent” appearing in clause (c) of<br>section 32 goes not only with the words “such a person”, but also<br>with the words “representative” and “assign”. This is for the reason
11 that ‘representative’ and ‘assign’ are independently covered by clause (b) and hence if these words do not go with the word ‘agent’ then their appearance in clause (c) would be redundant.  nd 16. By virtue of the 2  part of clause (c) of Section 32, it is necessary that if a document for registration is presented by any of the afore­ mentioned   six   categories   of   persons,   he   should   have   been   “ duly authorized   by   a   PoA   executed   and   authenticated   in   the   manner mentioned in the other provisions of the Act” . In other words, in cases where a document is presented for registration by the agent,  (i)  of the executant;   or     of   the   claimant;   or     of   the   representative  or (ii) (iii) assign of the executant or claimant, the same cannot be accepted for registration unless the agent is duly authorized by a PoA executed and authenticated in the manner provided in the Act. 17. Section  33  contains prescriptions  regarding  the types of PoA, which   alone   shall   be   recognized,   for   the   purposes   of   Section   32. Section 33 reads as follows:­
33. Power­of­attorney recognizable for purposes of section
32.—(l) For the purposes of section 32, the following powers­of­
attorney shall alone be recognized, namely:—
(a) if   the   principal   at   the   time   of   executing   the      power­of­attorney resides in any part of India   12
in which this Act is for the time being in<br>force, a power­of­attorney executed before and<br>authenticated by the Registrar or Sub­<br>Registrar within whose district or sub­<br>district the principal resides;<br>(b) if the principal at the time aforesaid resides in<br>any part of India in which this Act is not in<br>force, a power­of­attorney executed before and<br>authenticated by any Magistrate;<br>(c) if the principal at the time aforesaid does not<br>reside in India, a power­of­attorney executed<br>before and authenticated by a Notary Public,<br>or any Court, Judge, Magistrate, Indian<br>Consul or Vice­Consul, or representative of<br>the Central Government:in which this Act is for the time being in<br>force, a power­of­attorney executed before and<br>authenticated by the Registrar or Sub­<br>Registrar within whose district or sub­<br>district the principal resides;
(b) if the principal at the time aforesaid resides in<br>any part of India in which this Act is not in<br>force, a power­of­attorney executed before and<br>authenticated by any Magistrate;
(c) if the principal at the time aforesaid does not<br>reside in India, a power­of­attorney executed<br>before and authenticated by a Notary Public,<br>or any Court, Judge, Magistrate, Indian<br>Consul or Vice­Consul, or representative of<br>the Central Government:
Provided that the following persons shall not be required to<br>attend at any registration­office or Court for the purpose of<br>executing any such power­of­attorney as is mentioned in<br>clauses (a) and (b) of this section, namely:—
(i) persons who by reason of bodily infirmity are<br>unable without risk or serious inconvenience so<br>to attend;
(ii) persons who are in jail under civil or criminal<br>process; and
(iii) persons exempt by law from personal<br>appearance in Court.
(2) In the case of every such person the Registrar or Sub­<br>Registrar or Magistrate, as the case may be, if satisfied that the<br>power­of­attorney has been voluntarily executed by the person<br>purporting to be the principal, may attest the same without<br>requiring his personal attendance at the office or Court<br>aforesaid.
(3) To obtain evidence as to the voluntary nature of the<br>execution, the Registrar or Sub­Registrar or Magistrate may<br>either himself go to the house of the person purporting to be the<br>principal, or to the jail in which he is confined, and examine<br>him, or issue a commission for his examination.
13
(4) Any power­of­attorney mentioned in this section may be<br>proved by the production of it without further proof when it<br>purports on the face of it to have been executed before and<br>authenticated by the person or Court hereinbefore mentioned in<br>that behalf.”
18. A careful look at Sections 32 and 33 will show that while<br>speaking about PoA, these provisions do not use the word<br>“registration”. While Section 32(c) uses the words “executed and<br>authenticated”, Section 33(1) uses the words “recognised” and<br>“authenticated”. Therefore it is clear that the word “authenticated”<br>is not to be understood to be the same as “registered”. The<br>reason why we say so is that Section 33(1) speaks only about<br>authentication and not registration and clauses (a), (b) and (c) of<br>Section 33(1) provides the list of persons competent to authenticate a<br>PoA. Persons who are empowered by clauses (a), (b) and (c) of sub­<br>section (1) of Section 33 to authenticate a PoA are as follows:­
(i) The Registrar or the Sub­Registrar within whose district or<br>sub­district the principal resides, if such principal resides, at the time<br>of execution of the PoA, in any part of India to which this Act applies;
   Any Magistrate, if the principal resides in any part of India (ii) where this Act is not in force; 14 (iii) A   Notary   Public,   any   Court,   Judge,   Magistrate,   Indian Consul, Vice Consul or Representative of the Central Government, if the principal does not reside in India. 19. It may be seen from the list of persons indicated above, that not all of them are Registrars and Sub­Registrars appointed in terms of Section 6 of the Registration Act, 1908.  Under the Act, the power of registration   is   conferred   only   upon   the   Registrars   and   Sub­ Registrars   appointed   under   the   Act.   But   clauses   (b)   &   (c)   of Section 33(1) speaks about persons other than Registrars and Sub­Registrars. This is why, Section 32(c) as well as Section 33 use   only   the   expression   “authenticated”   and   not   the   word . But unfortunately several Courts have mixed­up these “registered” two words, resulting in applying the test in terms of Sections 17 and 18 for determining the validity of a PoA. 20. In fact the distinction between “authentication” and “registration” is spelt out very clearly in the Tamilnadu Registration Rules. It may be noted here that section 69(1) of the Registration Act, 1908, empowers the   Inspector   General   of   Registration   (i)   to   exercise   general superintendence   over   all   the   registration   offices   in   the   territories 15 under the State Government; and   (ii)   to make rules consistent with the Act, in respect of matters provided in clauses (a) to (j) therein. These rules, by virtue of sub­section (2) of section 69, are required to be   submitted   to   the   State   Government   for   approval   and   to   be published in the official gazette after such approval.   The rules so made in terms of section 69, in the State of Tamil Nadu, provide clarity   on   the   distinction   between   authentication   and . registration 21. Rules 48 and 49 of the Tamilnadu Registration Rules read as follows:   48. A power of attorney may be brought to a registering officer (1) for authentication, or (2) for registration, or (3) . In the first case, he for both authentication and registration shall merely make the entry prescribed for authentication; in the second case, he shall register the power in the same manner as any   other   document;   and   in   the   third   case,   he   shall   first authenticate the power and then admit it to registration in the usual manner.  49. Although a power of attorney may be registered like any other instrument, it is not valid for registration purposes unless authenticated.   When a power of attorney is brought to a registering officer by a person who does not understand the distinction between authentication and registration, the registering officer should explain the difference to him and give him such information as may be necessary .   16 22. After   pointing   out  the   distinction  between   authentication  and registration of a PoA, Rule 52 indicates the duty to be performed by the Registering Officer, at 2 points of time, namely     at the time of (i) authentication; and  (ii)  when the power is revoked. Rule 52 reads as follows: 52. (i) An abstract in the form printed in Appendix III shall be retained   of   each   power   of   attorney   authenticated   by   a registering   officer  whether  such   power   is   general   or   special, registered or not registered. The abstract shall be signed by the registering officer; and shall be filed in a separate file with a serial number along with other powers retained under rule 46. The notes of interlineations, blanks, erasures and alterations made by the registering officer on the original power shall be copied verbatim in the abstract.  (i) (a) Each registration office shall maintain a register of all revocations of powers of attorney registered in, or communicated to it.  (b) When notice of a revocation is given to a registering officer, he shall send an intimation of the same to such other offices as may be specified by the person revoking the power. 23. In   fact,   there   is   a   separate   chapter   in   Chapter   X   of   the Registration Rules of Tamilnadu, devoted to deeds of PoA. Rules 48, 49 and 52 which we have extracted above, are part of the said chapter. Rule 46 spells out the procedure to be followed by the Registering Officer when a document is presented for registration under a general PoA and the procedure to be followed when the document is presented under a Special PoA. It reads as follows: 17 46.   (i)   If   a   document   is   presented   for   registration   under special power of attorney, the power shall be retained an with   the   following   endorsement filed   in   the   office   ……………………. No…………….. of 19 ………..  Presented in connection with document No……………. of 19……….. of Book………., Vol………..  Date:  Signature of Registering Officer. (ii) If a document is presented for registration under general power of   attorney,   the   power   shall   be   returned   with   the   following endorsement:  Presented in connection with document No……………. of 19……….. of Book………., Vol………..  Date:  Signature of Registering Officer.   (iii)   When   a   document   is   presented   for   registration   by   a person entitled to present it and execution is admitted by an   the   following  endorsement agent   under  a   power   of   attorney, shall be made on the power, which shall be retained and filed, or returned, according as it is a special or a general power  No…………….   of   19……   Presented   in   connection   with* document   No…………….   of   19………..   of   Book………., Vol………..  Date:  Signature of Registering Officer. 24. Having   seen   (i)   the   distinction   between   authentication   and registration of a PoA;     the obligation imposed by the Act and the (ii) Rules,   upon   the   Registering   Officer   while   authenticating   and/or registering   a   PoA;   (iii)   the   necessity   for   the   Registering   Officer   to maintain a track of revocation of deeds of PoA; and    the different (iv) requirements of Rule 46, relating to a document presented under a 18 general PoA and a document presented under a special PoA, let us now turn to the other provisions.  25. Section 34 of the Act contains provisions regarding the enquiry to be undertaken by the Registering Officer before registration. Section 34,   in   its   application   in   the   State   of   Tamilnadu,   as   amended   by Tamilnadu Amendment Act 28 of 2000, reads as follows:­
34. Enquiry before registration by registering officer.—(l)
Subject to the provisions contained in this Part and in sections
41, 43, 45, 69, 75, 77, 88 and 89, no document shall be
registered under this Act, unless the persons executing such
document
, or their representatives,
assigns or agents authorized as aforesaid, appear before the
registering officer within the time allowed for presentation
under sections 23, 24, 25 and 26:
Provided that, if owing to urgent necessity or unavoidable
accident all such persons do not so appear, the Registrar, in
cases where the delay in appearing does not exceed four
months, may direct that on payment of a fine not exceeding ten
times the amount of the proper registration fee, in addition to
the fine, if any, payable under section 25, the document may be
registered.
(2) Appearances under sub­section (1) may be simultaneous or<br>at different times.
(3) The registering officer shall thereupon—
(a) enquire whether or not such document was<br>executed by the persons by whom it purports to have<br>been executed;
2   Vide  Tamil Nadu Act 28 of 2000, sec.3 19
(b) satisfy himself as to the identity of the persons<br>appearing before him and alleging that they have<br>executed the document (or they are claiming under<br>the document)3; and
(c) in the case of any person appearing as a<br>representative, assign or agent, satisfy himself of<br>the right of such person so to appear.
(4) Any application for a direction under the proviso to sub­<br>section (1) may be lodged with a Sub­Registrar, who shall<br>forthwith forward it to the Registrar to whom he is subordinate.
(5) Nothing in this section applies to copies of decrees or orders.
26. Sub­section (3) of Section 34 imposes three obligations upon the Registering Officer. These obligations are:­ (i)   To enquire whether or not such document was executed by the person by whom it is claimed to have been executed;   To satisfy himself as to the identity of the person appearing (ii) before him and claiming to have executed the document;   To satisfy himself about the right of any person appearing as (iii) a representative, assign or agent, to so appear; 27. We   may   note   that   Sections   32(c),   34(1)   and   34(3)(c)   use   the expressions ‘ agent’, ‘representative’   and   ‘assign’ . Though in common parlance, we understand the power of attorney agent of a person to be the   representative   of   the   principal,   the   words   “ ”   and agentrepresentative ”   are   used   in   Sections   32(c)   and   34(3)(c)   to   mean 3    Tamil Nadu Act 28 of 2000, sec.3 Vide 20 different persons. The word “ representative ” is defined in Section 2(10) of the Registration Act “ to include the guardian of a minor and the committee or other legal curator of a lunatic or idiot ”. The words “ agent ” and “ assign ” are not defined in the Act. Therefore, we may justifiably borrow the definition of the expression “agent” from Section 182 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, which defines an “ agent ” “ to mean a person employed to do any act for another or to represent another in dealings with third person ”. 28. Keeping the above definitions in mind, if we go back to Section 32(c) it could be seen that whenever the agent of,   (i)   the executant;   the claimant;     a representative; or     an assign, presents a (ii) (iii) (iv) document for registration,  he should have been authorised by PoA and  (1) (2)   such PoA should have been executed and authenticated in the manner provided in clauses (a), (b) or (c) of sub­section (1) of Section 33. The requirement of registration depends upon the State amendments. 29. What is  covered  by  Section 32  (c) read  with Section 33(1) is something   different   from   what   is   covered   by   Section   34(3).   While Section 32(c) read with Section 33(1) speaks about the entitlement of the   person   to   present   a   document   for   registration,   Section   34(3) 21 speaks about the enquiry to be conducted and the satisfaction to be arrived   at   by   the   Registering   Officer.   Section   34(3)(c)   imposes   an obligation on the Registering Officer to satisfy himself about the right of   a   person   appearing   as   a   representative,   assign   or   agent.   This prescription has to be read with rule 46 of the Tamilnadu Rules. 30. Before we complete our discussion on the statutory scheme, it is necessary to take note of few more provisions, applicable in the State of Tamilnadu, which are of  relevance. By Tamilnadu Act No.29 of 2012, Section 17(1) of the Registration Act, 1908 was amended so as to insert clauses (f), (g), (h) and (i). Clause (h) so inserted, reads as follows:­ “Instruments   of   power   of   attorney   relating   to   immovable property other than those executed outside India” 31. Simultaneously, Section 28 was also amended by the State of Tamilnadu   to   incorporate   a   proviso   to   the   effect   that   a   document mentioned in Section 17(1)(h) may also be presented for registration in the office of the Sub­Registrar within whose jurisdiction the principal ordinarily resides. 32. By the very same Tamilnadu Amendment Act 29 of 2012, two more provisions were also inserted in the Registration Act, 1908. One 22 was Section 34­B and another was Section 64A.  Section 34B   reads as follows:­ "34­B. Procedure for Registration of document of Power of Attorney   relating   to   immovable   property. ­Subject   to   the provisions of this Act, no document of Power of Attorney relating to immovable property shall be registered unless passport size photographs and finger prints of the principal, the agent and of the identifying witnesses are affixed to the document and the agent has also signed such document.". Section 64­A   reads as follows:­ “64­A.   Procedure   where   instrument   of   Power   of   Attorney presented in office of Sub­Registrar relates to immovable property not situate in sub­district . ­ Every Sub­Registrar on registering   an   instrument   of   Power   of   Attorney   including instrument   of   revocation   or   cancellation   of   such   Power   of Attorney relating to immovable property not situate in his own sub­district, shall make a copy and send the same together with a copy of the map or plan (if any) mentioned in section 21, to every other Sub­Registrar in whose sub­district the whole or any part of such property is situate and such Sub­Registrar shall file the same in his Book No.1: Provided   that   where   such   instrument   relates   to   immovable property in several districts, shall forward the same to the Sub­ Registrars concerned, under intimation to the Registrar of every district in which any part of such property is situate."     33. At this stage we should record that the dispute on hand relates to a document executed and registered much before the Tamilnadu Amendment Act 29 of 2012. But still we have taken note of it, not for the purpose of applying it to this case, but for the purpose of flagging certain concerns. Now that we have noticed various provisions of the 23 Act,   let   us   see   some   factual   aspects   and   then   deal   with   the contentions on both sides.  34. In the case on hand, the sale deed dated 05.07.2007 executed by the father S.P. Velayutham, in favour of his son Amar, contained a specific   recital   to   the   effect   that   the   owners   of   the   property   had appointed S.P. Velayutham, as their Power of Attorney, by a deed dated 23.08.2006 to sell the property. But far from authorising the power agent to sell the property, clause 7 of the registered deed of PoA dated 23.08.2006, on the basis of which the sale deed was executed, actually   contained   an   express   prohibition   from   creating   any encumbrance on the property. Clause 7 of the registered PoA dated 23.08.2006 reads as follows :­ “(7) To negotiate with any third party/s claimant/s including broker/s   take   the   Banks   and   other   financial   institutions claimant/s if any in the schedule mentioned properties and to settle   such   claims   and   on,   this   behalf   our   attorney   is empowered to do all acts, deeds and things. To enter upon the schedule mentioned properties for the survey of, the same. The power agent herein appointed shall have no power to encumber the schedule mentioned properties for the survey of the same. The power agent herein appointed shall have no power to encumber the schedule mentioned properties without the written consent of us. ” 35. Apart   from   the   fact   that   clause   7   extracted   above   expressly prohibited   the   power   to   encumber,   there   was   also   no   stipulation 24 authorising S.P. Velayutham to appear before any Registering Officer for the purpose of sale, as an agent. Though clause 5 authorised the agent to appear before the Registrar and to admit execution, the same was specifically in relation to the execution of gift deeds in favour of municipalities, corporations or other authorities, for the purpose of development   of   the   layout,   formation   of   the   roads   etc.   Similarly, clause 6 of the deed of PoA also contained a limited power to appear before the Sub­Registrar, but the same was also restricted to certain things mentioned in clause 6 itself. 36. Interestingly, the contesting respondents relied upon another un­ registered deed of PoA dated 07.06.2007, which contained a power to sell. Despite this document being dated 07.06.2007 and despite the date of execution of the sale deed being 05.07.2007, there was no reference to this PoA in the sale deed. This deed of PoA has surfaced much later and the fraudulent nature of this deed of PoA is patently visible,   in   view   of   certain   recitals   contained   therein.   The   relevant recitals contained in the un­registered PoA dated 07.06.2007 reads as follows:­ “…AND WHEREAS, under the said General Power of Attorney Deed though  we have intended to confer power including to 25   the Schedule mentioned properties under clauses of the sell said  General Power   of  Attorney  Deed,   by   inadvertence   and over   sight   the   said   clause   relating   to   power   to   sell   the schedule mentioned properties was omitted   to be included therein; AND WHEREAS, now our Agent Mr. S.P. Velayutham has found the said mistake and requested for execution of additional and supplemental General Power of Attorney Deed 'empowering him to sell the schedule mentioned properties' and to receive the sale   consideration   therefor.   In   continuation   of   the   earlier General Power of Attorney Deed dated 23.08.2006 referred to above;: AND WHEREAS, we as the Principals under the General Power of   Attorney   Deed   dated   23.08.2006   are   satisfied   with,   the mistake   pointed   out   by   our   Agent   and   'accordingly   we   also agreed' to execute this General Power of Attorney Deed and as such we are appointing Mr. S.P. Velayutham, son of Sabapathy, Hindu; aged about 50 years, residing at No. 5, Sabarj, Street, Madlpakkam,   Chennai­600091   as   out   General   Power   of Attorney to do the following acts; deeds and things relating to the properties detailed in the Schedule hereunder…” The above recitals contain a totally false statement to the effect,   that (i) a power of sale was intended to be conferred under the original PoA, but it was omitted due to inadvertence and oversight; and   (ii)   that after the mistake was pointed out, the Principals decided to execute the additional document. These recitals are manifestly false and are contrary to clause 7 of the registered PoA dated 23.08.2006. In any case, this PoA dated 07.06.2007 was not what was produced or relied upon at the time of registration of the sale deed dated 05.07.2007. 26 37. Therefore,   if   the   Registering   Officer   had   verified   the   recitals contained in the registered deed of PoA dated 23.08.2006, to see if the power agent had the power to do what he did, he would have refused the   registration   of   the   document.   Rule   46   of   the   Tamilnadu Registration Rules ordains what the Registering Officer is obliged to do,  (i)  when a document is presented for registration under a special PoA; and     when a document is presented for registration under a (ii) general PoA. It was the failure on the part of the Registering Officer to do what he is required to do, that convinced the learned Single Judge to invoke the writ jurisdiction. But the Division Bench overturned the decision of the learned Judge on the ground that the writ court ought to have relegated the parties to the civil court. 38. Two   main   contentions   are   raised   on   behalf   of   the   contesting respondents,   namely   (i)   the   restraint   that   is   expected   of   the   High Court,   in   a   writ   petition   arising   under   Article   226,   in   respect   of matters   which   require   detailed   factual   investigation;   and     the (ii) limited   scope   of   the   enquiry   that   could   be   conducted   by   the Registering Authority under Sections 32 to 34 of the Registration Act, 1908. 27 st 39. In   support   of   the   1   contention,   the   learned   senior   counsel appearing for the respondents relied upon the following decisions,  (i) 4  vs.  Thansingh Nathmal Superintendent of Taxes , (ii) Sarvepalli 5 Ramaiah   vs.   District Collector ;  (iii) Latif Estate Line India Ltd. 6 vs.   Hadeeja Ammal . 40. Out of the aforesaid decisions, the decision in  (supra) Thansingh  arose out of the orders of assessment passed under the Assam Sales Tax   Act,   1947.   The   order   passed   by   the   original   authority   was challenged   before   the   appellate   authority   and   then   the   revisional authority and thereafter in a writ petition under Article 226. It was in such circumstances that this Court held that the High Court had no power to decide questions of fact which are exclusively within the competence   of   the   taxing   authorities.   Similarly,   the   decision   in Sarvepalli Ramaiah  (supra), arose out of proceedings for the grant of The   dispute   travelled   to   the   High   Court   after   an Ryotwari   Patta.   elaborate enquiry by the District Collector. It was in that context that 4  (1964) 6 SCR 654 5  (2019) 4 SCC 500 6  2011 (2) CTC 1 28 this Court examined the scope of the power of judicial review under Article 226. 41. The   Full   Bench   decision   of   the   Madras   High   Court   in   Latif Estate   Line   India   Ltd .   (supra),   arose   out   of   a   controversy   as   to whether a deed of cancellation of sale can or cannot be accepted for registration. The Full Bench explained the circumstances under which a   deed   of   cancellation,   presented   by   both   the   vendor   and   the purchaser, can be accepted. But the Full Bench categorically held that a   deed   of   unilateral   cancellation   cannot   even   be   accepted   for registration.   This   proposition   actually   goes   in   support   of   the contention of the appellant that the Registering Officer has a duty to see   whether   the   document   presented   for   registration   has   been presented in accordance with law or not. In fact the decision of the Full Bench itself arose out of a writ petition challenging the act of the Registering   Authority   in   allowing   the   registration   of   the   deeds   of unilateral cancellation of sale deeds. 42. The reliance placed by the respondents on the decision in  Satya 7  vs.  , is misplaced. The decision Pal Anand State of Madhya Pradesh 7 (2016) 10 SCC 767 29 in  Satya Pal Anand   (supra) arose out a case where the allotment of a plot made by a cooperative society was cancelled unilaterally by a deed of extinguishment, by the society. The allottee raised a dispute which ended   in   a   compromise   but   notwithstanding   the   compromise   the allottee raised a dispute under the relevant provisions of the Madhya Pradesh   Cooperative   Societies   Act,   1960.     When   the   dispute   was pending, the allottee moved the Registering Officer for the cancellation of   the   deed   of   transfer   executed   in   favour   of   the   subsequent purchasers. When the Registering Authority refused to comply with the demand, a writ petition was moved seeking a declaration that the deed of extinguishment and the subsequent sales were null and void. The  High   Court  dismissed   the   writ   petition   on   the   ground   that  a dispute was already pending before the competent authority under the Cooperative Societies Act. When the order of dismissal passed by the High Court was challenged before this Court, there was a difference of opinion as to whether the issue was directly covered by the decision of this Court in  Thota Ganga Laxmi and Another  vs.  Government of 8 Therefore, the matter was placed Andhra Pradesh and Others .    8   (2010) 15 SCC 206 30 before a three Judge Bench. While upholding the decision of the High Court, the three member Bench held in   (supra) that Satya Pal Anand there was no rule in the State of Madhya Pradesh similar to Rule 26(k) (i) of the Rules issued by the State of Andhra Pradesh under Section 69 of the Registration Act, 1908 and that therefore the decision in (supra) cannot be invoked. Thota Ganga Laxmi  43. The   decision   in     (supra)   cannot   go   to   the Satya   Pal   Anand rescue of the contesting respondents, for the simple reason that the writ petitioner in that case, first accepted a compromise and then raised a dispute under the Cooperative Societies Act (which is akin to a civil suit) and thereafter approached the High Court under Article 226 for a declaration, which he could have sought only in the already instituted proceedings. The very fact that  Thota Ganga Laxmi   was sought   to   be   distinguished   on   the   basis   of   the   express   provision contained in the Rules of the State of A.P., would indicate that there is no   absolute   bar   for   the   High   Court   to   exercise   jurisdiction   under Article 226. 44. Both   sides   relied   upon   the   decision   of   this   Court   in   Rajni Tandon   (supra). The question that arose in   Rajni Tandon   (supra) 31 was as to whether the PoA required authentication by the Registering Authority, when a sale deed executed by the power agent himself is presented   for   registration   by   the   power   agent.   This   question   was couched in a different language by this Court in paragraph 19 of the Report in  Rajni Tandon  (supra) as follows:­ “ 19.    In view of the aforesaid situation, the issue that falls for our   consideration   is   whether   a   person   who   executes   a document under the terms of the power of attorney, is, insofar as the registration office is concerned, the actual executant of the document and is entitled under Section 32(a) to present it for registration and get it registered.” 45. After analysing Sections 32 and 33 of the Registration Act, 1908 this   Court   came   to   the   conclusion   that   whenever   an   agent   is authorised   to   execute   a   document   and   present   the   same   for registration and he accordingly executes the document in terms of PoA, he becomes the actual executant in so far as the Registering Authority is concerned and that therefore he becomes entitled under Section 33(a) to present it for registration. This Court further held that the authentication  in terms   of  Section  33(1)(a)  is  required  only in cases where Section 32(c) is invoked. Paragraph 33 of the Report in Rajni Tandon  is reproduced for easy appreciation as follows:­ “   Where a deed is executed by an agent for a principal and 33. the same agent signs, appears and presents the deed or admits execution before the registering officer, that is not a case of 32 presentation   under   Section   32(c)   of   the   Act.     As   mentioned earlier the provisions of Section 33 will come into play only in cases where presentation is in terms of Section 32(c) of the Act. In other words, only in cases where the person(s) signing the document cannot present the document before the registering officer and gives a power of attorney to another to present the document that the provisions of Section 33 get attracted.  It is only in such a case, that the said power of attorney has to be necessarily executed and authenticated in the manner provided under Section 33(1)(a) of the Act.” 46. But we are not concerned in this case with the question whether the PoA relied upon by the power agent S.P. Velayutham in the sale deed   executed   by   him,   required   authentication   and   whether   the Registering Authority committed a blunder in accepting the sale deed presented by him for registration, without verifying the authentication of   the   PoA   or   not.   We   are   concerned   in   this   case   with   the   most fundamental question whether the Registering Authority could have turned a blind eye to the fact that the deed of PoA on the basis of which the sale deed was executed as well as presented for registration by S.P. Velayutham contained an express prohibition for the power agent to create an encumbrance on the property, especially in the light of the Rules  framed  under section  69  of  the   Act. The  decision in was in a way approved by a 3­member Bench in Thota Ganga Laxmi,  Satya Pal Anand,   on the basis of the rules in the State of Andhra 33 Pradesh, showing thereby that statutory rules also play a crucial role.   is not an authority for holding that the registering Rajni Tandon Authority has no duty even to verify the presence or absence of a power of sale in the deed of PoA, especially in the light of the rules. 9 47. In  Amarnath   vs.   Gian Chand  this Court was concerned with a case arising out of peculiar circumstances.  The said case arose out of a civil suit for a declaration of title and for permanent injunction. The plaintiff in that case entered into an oral agreement for the sale of his property and gave a special PoA in favour of the second defendant. But the agreement fell through and hence the plaintiff took back the original deed of PoA from the second defendant. However, the second defendant   applied   for   a   copy   of   the   PoA   and   thereafter   sold   the property in collusion with the first defendant. Upon coming to know of the same, the original owner filed the suit as aforesaid, contending that the second defendant had no valid power and that the Registering Authority ought to have verified this aspect from the second defendant under Sections 32, 33 and 34 of the Registration Act, 1908. After trial, the trial court dismissed the suit on the ground that the cancellation 9   (2022)  SCC Online SC­102 34 of the PoA also required registration and that the mere writing of the word “ cancelled ” on the original PoA cannot be taken to mean that the power was validly cancelled. The First Appellate Court confirmed the judgment and decree of the trial court. While reversing the judgments of the trial court and the Appellate Court, the High Court opined that under Section 18A of the Registration Act as applicable to the State of Himachal Pradesh, by way of an amendment under Himachal Pradesh Act 2 of 1969, the PoA ought to have accompanied the sale deed presented for registration and that if the Sub­Registrar had ensured this, he would have found that in view of the cancellation of the power, the agent ceased to have any power of sale. This decision of the High Court was reversed by this Court in   (supra), after an Amar Nath   exhaustive analysis of the provisions of the Registration Act, 1908. While doing so, this Court held in paragraph 26 as follows:­
“26.For reasons, which we have indicated,Section 32(c)read
withSection 33andSection 34(2)(c)are inter­ related and they
would have no application in regard to the document presented
for registration by a power of attorney holder who is also the
executant of the document. In other words, there is really no
need for the production of the original power of attorney, when
the document is presented for registration by the person standing
in the shoes of the second defendant in this case as he would be
covered by the provisions ofSection 32(a)as he has executed the
document though on the strength of the power of attorney. To
make it even further clear, the inquiry contemplated under
35
theRegistration Act,cannot extend to question as to whether the
person who executed the document in his capacity of the power
of attorney holder of the principal, was indeed having a valid
power of attorney or not to execute the document or not..”
48. Though   the   passage   extracted   above,   lends   credence   to   the contention   of   the   learned   senior   counsel   for   the   contesting respondents,   there   is   some   difficulty   in   accepting   the   same   as   a proposition of law of universal application. There are two reasons why we say so. They are:  (i)  as we have stated elsewhere, the interpretation of the provisions of the Registration Act, would depend upon the State amendments and the Rules framed in each State under Section 69; and  (ii)  in  Amar Nath,  the challenge to the sale was before the civil court, not merely on the ground that the Registering Authority failed to perform  his  duties,  but  also on  the  ground  that  the  defendant conveyed what he could not have. Unfortunately, the parties in  Amar Nath , appear to have gone on a wild goose chase. Instead of focussing their attack on the agent (who was the defendant in the suit), for executing the document without any power, the parties focussed their attack on the registering officer for permitting the registration of the document. This resulted in their failure. If a civil court finds that the sale by a power agent was unauthorised, then the question whether 36 the Registering Officer performed his duties properly or not, would lose its   significance.   An   attack   on   the   authority   of   the   executant   of   a document, is not to be mixed with the attack on the authority of the Registering Officer to register the document. The distinction between the execution of a document and the registration of the document is to be borne in mind while dealing with these questions.  49.   Actually,  the registration of a document comprises of three essential   steps   among   others.   They   are,  (i)  execution   of   the document, by the executant signing or affixing his left hand thumb impression;  (ii)  presenting the document for registration and admitting to the Registering Authority the execution of such . document; and (iii) the act of registration of the document 50. In cases where a suit for title is filed, with or without the relief of declaration that the registered document is null and void, what gets challenged, is a combination of all the aforesaid three steps in the process of execution and registration. The first of the aforesaid three steps may be challenged in a suit for declaration that the registered document is null and void, either on the ground that the executant did not have a valid title to pass on or on the ground that what was found 37 in the document was not the signature of the executant or on the ground that the signature of the executant was obtained by fraud, coercion etc. The second step of presentation of the document and admitting the execution of the same, may also be challenged on the very same grounds hereinabove stated. Such objections to the first and second of the aforesaid three steps are substantial and they strike at the very root of creation of the document.  A challenge to the very execution of a document, is a challenge to its very DNA and any defect   or illegality  on the  execution,  is   congenital  in  nature . Therefore, such a challenge, by its very nature, has to be made only before the civil court and certainly not before the writ court. 51. The third step namely the act of registration, is something that the Registering Authority is called upon to do statutorily. While the executant   of   the   document   and   the   person   claiming   under   the document (claimant) are the only actors involved in the first two steps, the Registering Officer is the actor in the third step. Apart from the third step which is wholly in the domain of the Registering Authority, he may also have a role to play in the second step when a document is presented for registration and the execution thereof is admitted. The 38 role that is assigned to the Registrar in the second step is that of verification of the identity of the person presenting the document for registration. 52. Thus,   the   first   two   steps   in   the   process   of   registration   are substantial in nature, with the parties to the document playing the role of the lead actors and the Registering Authority playing a guest role in the second step. The third step is procedural in nature where the Registering Authority is the lead actor. 53. In suits for declaration of title and/or suits for declaration that a registered document is null and void, all the aforesaid three steps which comprise the entire process of execution and registration come under challenge. If a party questions the very execution of a document or the right and title of a person to execute a document and present it for registration, his remedy will only be to go to the civil court. But where a party questions only the failure of the Registering Authority to perform his statutory duties in the course of the third step, it cannot be  said   that   the   jurisdiction   of   the   High   Court   under   Article  226 stands   completely   ousted.   This   is   for   the   reason   that   the   writ jurisdiction of the High Court is to ensure that statutory authorities 39 perform their duties within the bounds of law. It must be noted that when a High Court, in exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 226 finds   that   there   was   utter   failure   on   the   part   of   the   Registering Authority to stick to the mandate of law, the Court merely cancels the act of registration, but does not declare the  very execution of the document to be null and void. A declaration that a document is null and void, is exclusively within the domain of the civil court, but it does not mean that the High Court cannot examine the question whether or not the Registering Authority performed his statutory duties in the manner   prescribed   by   law.   It   is   well   settled   that   if   something   is required by law to be done in a particular manner, it shall be done only   in   that   manner   and   not   otherwise.   Examining   whether   the Registering Authority did something in the manner required by law or otherwise, is certainly within the jurisdiction of the High Court under Article 226. However, it is needless to say that the High Courts may refuse   to   exercise   jurisdiction   in   cases   where   the   violations   of procedure on the part of the Registering Authority are not gross or the violations   do   not   shock   the   conscience   of   the   Court.   Lack   of 40 jurisdiction   is   completely   different   from   a   refusal   to   exercise jurisdiction. 54. In the case on hand, the appellant has not sought a declaration from the High Court that the execution of the document in question was null and void or that there was no title for the executant to transfer the property. The appellant assailed before the High Court, only the act of omission on the part of the Registering Authority to check up whether the person who claimed to be the power agent, had the power of conveyance and the power of presenting the document for registration, especially in the light to the statutory rules. Therefore, the learned Single Judge rightly applied the law and allowed the writ petition filed by the appellant, but the Division Bench got carried away by the sound and fury created by the contesting respondents on the basis of     pendency of the civil suits;     findings recorded by the (i) (ii) Special Court for CBI cases; and  (iii)  the order passed by this Court in the SLP arising out of proceedings under Section 145 Cr.P.C. 55.  Arguments   were   advanced   on   the   question   whether   the Registering Authority is carrying out an administrative act or a quasi­ judicial act in the performance of his statutory duties. But we think it 41 is not relevant for determining the availability of writ jurisdiction. If the Registering Authority is found to be exercising a quasi­judicial power, the exercise of such a power will still be amenable to judicial review under Article 226, subject to the exhaustion of the remedies statutorily available. On the contrary if the Registering Authority is found to be performing only an administrative act, even then the High Court is empowered to see whether he performed the duties statutorily ordained upon him in the manner prescribed by law.   56. Much   ado   was   sought   to   be   made   by   contending   that   the appellant approached the High Court without disclosing the previous orders of the High Court and this Court, relegating them to civil court for the adjudication of their claim. Reliance was also placed in this regard on the decision of this Court in   vs.  Raj Kumar Soni State of 10 U.P. . 57 . But we do not agree. The previous orders directing the appellant to go to the civil court arose out of the proceedings under Section 145 of the Cr.P.C. But it does not mean that the recourse to civil court was seen as the only panacea for all ills. 10 (2007) 10 SCC 635 42 58. Therefore, in the light of   (i)   the Tamilnadu Registration Rules discussed above;   the statutory scheme of Sections 32 to 35 of the (ii) Act as well as other provisions as amended by the State of Tamilnadu; and  (iii)  the distinction between a challenge to the first 2 steps in the process of execution of a document and the third step concerning registration, we are of the considered view that the Division bench of the High Court was not right in setting aside the order of the learned single Judge. If the Registering Officer under the Act is construed as performing only a mechanical role without any independent mind of his   own,   then   even   Government   properties   may   be   sold   and   the documents registered by unscrupulous persons driving the parties to go to civil court. Such an interpretation may not advance the cause of justice. 59. Therefore, in fine, the appeals are allowed, the impugned order of the Division Bench is set aside and the order of the learned single Judge is restored. There will be no order as to costs. ………………………………….J. (Hemant Gupta) 43 ………………………………….J. (V. Ramasubramanian) New Delhi May  04, 2022 44