UNION OF INDIA vs. BAHAREH BAKSHI

REPORTABLE 2024 INSC 646

CIVIL APPEAL NO(S).4887-4888/2024 UNION OF INDIA Appellant VERSUS BAHAREH BAKSHI Respondent JUDGMENT

General appearing for the appellant – Union of India. Also heard Mr. Ankur Mahindro, learned counsel appearing for the respondent.

the presence of the estranged husband is mandatory to process an application for Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) Card, under Section 7-A of the Citizenship Act, 1955. The respondent had filed the WP(C) No.10807/2020 in the High Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by Deepak Joshi Date: 2024.08.31 15:01:21 IST Reason: Court of Delhi for dispensing with the presence of the husband of the respondent. The learned Single Judge Page 1 of 17 dispensed with the presence of the husband of respondent and this view was affirmed by the learned Division Bench under the impugned order dated 25.03.2022. Hence the Civil Appeal at the instance of Union of India.

an Iranian citizen and is married to Mr. Paul Fel-El-Dingo D’Silva, an Indian citizen. He had converted to Islam, on 30.11.2008 and thereafter the marriage was solemnized in Dubai, UAE on 13.05.2009. The marriage certificate issued to the couple was translated by an Authorised Translator and certified by the Consulate General of India at Dubai, UAE. However, the respondent claims that disputes arose between Mr. Paul and her, shortly after they consummated the marriage, which led to her initial return to Iran and her subsequent relocation to Bengaluru at his insistence. It is the respondent’s case that Mr. Paul claimed to have financial difficulties which motivated her to pursue her Postgraduate degree in Biotechnology in Bengaluru and her Doctorate from Mysore University to contribute to the family income. However, in the meanwhile, the relationship soured between the respondent and Mr. Paul and he left her in Page 2 of 17 Bengaluru, to reside with his family in Goa. Consequently, the respondent instituted a maintenance petition under

her estranged spouse, before the learned Family Court in Bengaluru and was awarded a monthly maintenance amount of Rs.15,000/-. Mr. Paul appealed against this order before the High Court of Karnataka, but was unsuccessful. On 17.11.2020, the respondent applied on the website for Overseas Citizen of India(OCI) Card under

application for an OCI card on the basis of her marriage to Mr. Paul, and went to submit it to the local FRRO in Bengaluru on 4.12.2020. However, the officials refused to accept the form stating that the presence of Mr. Paul was necessary for processing her application for registration. It is in this context that the petition before the Delhi High Court came to be filed. The Respondent is aggrieved by the Appellant’s insistence on the physical/virtual presence of her estranged spouse, who is admittedly an Indian citizen, for the purpose of processing her OCI card application.

Page 3 of 17 petition of the Respondent and directed the Union of India to accept her Overseas Citizen of India(OCI) Card without the presence of her spouse. It was held that it is not mandatory u/Clause 21.2.5(vi) of Chapter 21 of the Visa Manual for personal interview to be conducted for the spouse by the Indian Mission/Post/FRRO. In the absence of any rule or guideline mandating the presence of both spouses, the checklist should not have been formulated in such a manner so as to impose the condition.

Court upheld the order of the Single Bench with a clarification that there would be no bar on the Union of India from carrying out investigation on the claim of the respondent in her application for the Overseas Citizen of India(OCI) Card. It was noted that the object of the enquiry is to be satisfied that the application is genuine and not founded upon a false claim for marriage. There could be cases where the Indian spouse may die or go missing. In such situations, it may not be possible to produce the Indian spouse. The Division Bench was of the view that insisting on producing the husband at the time of personal Page 4 of 17 interview was clearly arbitrary and is only one of the modes by which genuineness of the claim can be satisfied.

appellant that the checklist for considering an OCI card requires both the spouses to be present for an interview with the authorities. The Visa Manual was also referred to in the course of the proceeding to argue that the presence (physical or virtual) of both the applicants is essential. The Counsel for the respondent however contended that on account of the estranged relationship with her husband, the Indian citizen spouse is not available to appear before the authorities either physically or by virtual mode in support of her application for OCI card. It was further contended that since various legal proceedings are pending with the Indian husband, he is unlikely to appear before the authorities and because of the impossibility, the application be processed without insisting for the presence of the applicant’s spouse at the time of the personal interview.

Page 5 of 17 must have solemnized a registered marriage with the Indian citizen and the marriage ought to have subsisted for not less than two years immediately preceding the presentation of the application. It was argued that the High Court failed to

read together, not only require the genuineness of marriage but also whether there is a re-marriage or death of spouse etc. The Visa Manual, 2021 prescribes that it is important to cross-question the spouses separately to ascertain the genuineness of marriage. On the other hand, the Learned Counsel for the Respondent would argue that under certain conditions, it may not be necessary to produce the spouse. It is argued that it is only to ascertain the genuineness of marriage that physical/virtual present may be needed.

India(OCI) Card are contained in Section 7A, 7B,7C and 7D

country, they enjoy certain privileges such as multiple-entry lifelong visa for visiting India for any purpose, exemption Page 6 of 17 from registrations with the FRRO and FRO, parity with Non- Residential Indians(NRIs) in some aspects etc. Section 7A pertains to the ‘Registration of Overseas Citizen of India Cardholder’ whereas Section 7B covers the conferment of certain limited rights on OCI Card Holders. Section 7C deals with ‘Renunciation’ whereas Section 7D contains provisions regarding the ‘Cancellation of Registration’ as OCI

purpose, reads as under: "7A. Registration of Overseas Citizen of India Cardholder- (1) The Central Government may, subject to such conditions, restrictions and manner as may be prescribed, on an application made in this behalf, register as an Overseas Citizen of India Cardholder— (a) ….. ….. (b) ….. ….. (c) ….. …..

spouse of foreign origin of an Overseas Citizen of India Cardholder registered under section 7A and whose marriage has been registered and subsisted for a continuous period of not less than two years immediately preceding the presentation of the application under this section: Page 7 of 17 Provided that for the eligibility for registration as an Overseas Citizen of India Cardholder, such spouse shall be subjected to prior security clearance by a competent authority in India”

empowered to register the foreign spouse of a citizen of India as an OCI holder “subject to such conditions, restrictions and manner as may be prescribed, on an application made in this behalf”. The proviso to Clause 7A(1)(d) also provides for ‘a prior security clearance’ by the competent authority for eligibility.

under Section 7D(f) which reads thus:

the registration granted under sub-section (1) of section 7A, if it is satisfied that: ….. ….. ….. ….. …..

Cardholder, who has obtained such Card under clause (d) of sub-section (1) of section 7A,— (i) has been dissolved by a competent court of law or otherwise; or (ii) has not been dissolved but, during the subsistence of such marriage, he has solemnized marriage with Page 8 of 17 any other person.”

verification of applications seeking OCI category card which was part of the record before the High Court reads thus:- “In case of marriage to Indian national, registered marriage certificate and Spouse valid Indian Passport photo page and Address page (holding Indian citizenship. (Marriage certificates issued Outside India is to be affixed with Apostille or endorsed by the concerned Indian Mission abroad). On the day of submission of application the couple must present. (only those whose marriage is registered and has subsisted for a continuous period of not lessen two years are eligible for OCI on the basis of marriage to Indian).”

of application, the couple must be present. For appreciating the requirement of physical/virtual presence projected by the learned ASG, we have also perused the Visa Manual issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs and the relevant Clauses in Chapter 21 of the Visa Manual have been considered.

Page 9 of 17 marriage of convenience just to obtain OCI cards by foreign nationals, a mandatory verification step of personal interview (either physical or through video conference) of all OCI applicants who apply for registration as OCI cardholder under section 7A(1)(d) of Citizenship Act, 1955 (i.e. spouse basis) has been introduced. This personal interview shall be conducted by the Indian Mission/Post/FRRO concerned at the time of document verification stage itself and the OCI application on spouse basis shall be acknowledged on the online system only after the personal interview has been held and the Indian Mission/Post/FRRO concerned have satisfied themselves about the suitability of the applicant for

personal interview along with recommendation of the Indian Mission/Post/FRRO concerned shall also be

random questions to the foreign applicant and his/her spouse separately to elicit information which may help in ascertaining the genuineness of the marital status of the applicant. The information provided during the personal interview maybe tallied with the information, if any, provided in the application form with reference

to our notice which, inter alia, provided that as a further Page 10 of 17 step, a declaration should be given by the husband that in case of death or divorce, he would surrender the OCI Card to the authorities. As noted above, during the personal interview of the applicant, the concerned Officer may put random questions to the foreign applicant and his/her spouse separately, to elicit information which may help in ascertaining the genuineness of the marital status of the applicant. This suggests that the presence of the spouse of the applicant either physically or through the virtual mode is mandatory for effective consideration of the application for an OCI Card.

the Visa Manual or even the checklist is only a delegated

disinclined to accept this submission as Section 7A(1) specifically notes that the registration of OCI Card by the Central Government is ‘subject to such conditions, restrictions and manner as may be prescribed’. Therefore, the Act clearly allows for supplementary procedures, such as an interview as specified in the Visa Manual as well as Page 11 of 17 the Checklist. In the absence of any challenge to the visa manual or the checklist, and ignoring the procedure in place, the High Court in the impugned judgment erred in granting the relief of dispensing with the requirement of physical/virtual presence of the spouse. This was done on the basis that there are other modes by which the concerned authority can satisfy themselves on the genuineness of the application.

the spouse for considering the respondent’s application is permitted to be adopted, it will firstly be a departure from the notified procedure. Moreover, the entire burden of verification would completely shift to the authorities. For the OCI card, it is for the applicant to satisfy the authorities in the manner prescribed, on the genuineness of her application. In any case, the Division Bench was unjustified in holding that mandating the physical presence of the husband is arbitrary. In the absence of any challenge to the

administrative instructions, or the checklist, such observations of the High Court were unmerited. In this Page 12 of 17 regard, the prayer in the writ petition may be noted as under:

appropriate Writ directing the Respondent not to insist for the presence of husband of the Petitioner, for granting Overseas Citizen of India and/or

appropriate Writ directing the Respondent to issue the Overseas Citizenship'. of India card to the Petitioner: and/or Any other relief that the Hon'ble Court may deem fit in the facts and circumstances of the instant case.”

genuineness, we are of the view that the direction issued in the impugned judgment to dispense with the presence of the applicant’s spouse, has no legal basis. Moreover, apart from the physical/virtual presence of the spouse other conditions are also to be satisfied by an applicant as is provided under

for which even a declaration by the husband may be necessary. In consequence of our above discussion, the impugned 18. judgments dated 22.07.2021 and 25.03.2022 of the learned Single Judge and the learned Division Bench of the High Page 13 of 17 Court dispensing with the physical presence of the respondent’s spouse during the process of interview for consideration of her application for OCI Card are found to be unsustainable and are set aside. 19. The Counsel for the Respondent attempted to make the submission that this is a peculiar case where the marriage is subsisting and the wife has been abandoned. In a case of estrangement, the applicant would fall under the category of a ‘special circumstance’ as the rules are silent for such a category. In this regard, Section 7A(3) of the Citizenship Act,1955 was brought to our notice: “(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub- section (1), the Central Government may, if it is satisfied that special circumstances exist, after recording the circumstances in writing, register a person as an Overseas Citizen of India Cardholder.”

the present order will not come in the way of the Central Government to consider if any special circumstances exists for consideration of the respondent’s application and it will Page 14 of 17 then be open for the respondent to make good her case. However, such discretion is entirely left to the Central Government and we are not expressing any opinion on whether the respondent deserves such consideration or not.

with the impugned judgments. Pending application(s), if any, stand closed.

………............................. J. [ S.V.N. BHATTI ]

Page 15 of 17 ITEM NO.101 COURT NO.5 SECTION XIV-A S U P R E M E C O U R T O F I N D I A RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS Civil Appeal No(s).4887-4888/2024 UNION OF INDIA Appellant(s) VERSUS BAHAREH BAKSHI Respondent(s) ([ PART HEARD BY : HON'BLE HRISHIKESH ROY, HON'BLE SUDHANSHU DHULIA AND HON'BLE S.V.N. BHATTI, JJ. ] IA No. 200527/2022 - EXEMPTION FROM FILING C/C OF THE IMPUGNED JUDGMENT IA No. 236342/2023 - PERMISSION TO FILE ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTS/FACTS/ANNEXURES) Date : 22-08-2024 These matters were called on for hearing today. CORAM : HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE HRISHIKESH ROY HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE SUDHANSHU DHULIA HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE S.V.N. BHATTI For Appellant(s) Mrs. Aishawrya Bhati, A.S.G. Mr. B K Satija, Adv. Mr. Merusagar Samantaray, Adv. Mrs. Savita Singh, Adv. Mr. Ishaan Sharma, Adv. Mr. Parantap Singh, Adv. Mr. Mriyank Pathak, Adv. Mr. Arvind Kumar Sharma, AOR Mr. Akshja Singh, Adv. For Respondent(s) Mr. Ankur Mahindro, Adv. Mr. Rohan Taneja, Adv. Mr. Mohit Dagar, Adv. Mr. Aditya Kapur, Adv. Mr. Soumil Gonsalves, Adv. Mr. Ankush Satija, Adv. Mr. Rohit Bishnoi, Adv. Ms. Vaishali S, Adv. Ms. Shubhangi Jain, Adv. Ms. Sugandha Anand, AOR Page 16 of 17 UPON hearing the counsel the Court made the following O R D E R The appeals are allowed in terms of reportable judgment. Pending application(s), if any, stand closed. (DEEPAK JOSHI) (KAMLESH RAWAT) ASST. REGISTRAR-cum-PS ASSISTANT REGISTRAR (Signed Reportable Judgment is placed on the File) Page 17 of 17