MAGHAVENDRA PRATAP SINGH @ PANKAJ SINGH vs. THE STATE OF CHHATTISGARH

Case Type: Criminal Appeal

Date of Judgment: 24-04-2023

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1 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 915 OF 2016 MAGHAVENDRA PRATAP SINGH  @ PANKAJ SINGH         … APPELLANT VERSUS STATE OF CHHATTISGARH … RESPONDENT J U D G M E N T SANJAY KAROL, J.  1. The following three questions arise for consideration : 1. Whether the Investigating Officer in the present case had  complied with the  duties and  responsibilities cast upon him by virtue of Chapter XII of Code of Criminal Procedure Code, 1973? 2. Whether the court below, while acquitting all the other   co­accused   in   connection   with   the   same crime,   erred   in   not   returning   a   finding   qua   the instant appellant – a co­accused ­ in respect of a charged framed under Section 120­B of the Indian Penal Code, 1860? Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by Deepak Singh Date: 2023.04.25 13:42:16 IST Reason: 2 3. Whether   the   impugned   judgments   convicting   the appellant are sustainable in law or not? 2. Maghavendra   Pratap   Singh   @   Pankaj   Singh   (referred   to   as Pankaj Singh) has preferred the present appeal against the Judgment dated   14.1.2016   passed   by   the   High   Court   of   Chhattisgarh   at Bilaspur   in   Criminal   Appeal   No.468   of   2013.   He   alone   stands convicted for having committed an offence punishable under Section 302, Indian Penal Code, 1860, with life imprisonment and a fine of Rs.1000/­ with further imprisonment of 6 months in default; under Section 201 of the IPC, punishable with 7 years RI with a fine of Rs.1000/­ and 6 months RI for default; under Section 25(1)(1­b)(a) of the Arms Act, 1959 3 years RI with fine of Rs.1000/­ and 6 months RI for default. The sentences were awarded to run concurrently. 3. The   incident   which   led   to   the   present   case   was   that   a businessman by the name of Goverdhan Aggarwal (hereinafter, the deceased)   and   certain   others   were   threatened,   and   a   demand   of rupees ten lakhs was made from each of them. On 26.9.2009 the deceased left his office at about 7:00 PM for his home when two motorcyclists   shot   him.   He   was   taken   to   the   District   Hospital, Ambikapur, in the car of PW­24, namely Prabodh Minz, where he died. That night, an FIR was registered at the P.S. Gandhi Nagar 3 (Ex.P­37). The body was sent for a post­mortem vide Memo under Ex.P­39. After due investigation, a chargesheet was filed, stating that all the accused persons, including   Sunil Paswan, Pankaj Singh, and Pappu Tiwari, came together and, in agreement, committed or caused to be committed the murder of Gowardhan Aggarwal. In pursuance of the   said   agreement,   Pappu   Tiwari   made   available   the   motorcycle, Pankaj   Singh   conveyed   the   information   of   the   deceased   having departed from his office, Abhishek Singh carried Sunil Paswan and the weapons as pillion rider on the said motorcycle on the evening of 26.9.2009   at   about   7:00   PM,   where   Sunil   Paswan   then   shot   the deceased. 4. The   Learned   Additional   District   Judge,   in   Session   Trial   No. 76/2010,   seized   of   the   trial   against   Sunil   Paswan,   Maghavendra Pratap   Singh   @   Pankaj   Singh,   Akhileshwar   Pratap   Singh   @   Lalit Singh, and   Sidkant Tiwari @ Pappu Tiwari; and in Sessions Case 166/2010,  Mannu Singh @ Gyanendra Singh @ Manvendra Singh @ Abhishek Singh, Satish Tripathi, and Ganeshdutt Mishra.  A total of twenty­ eight witnesses were examined, and the Trial Court framed eight issues for consideration. Issues A, B and C concern the instant appellant. They are; A) whether the  accused persons have in agreement with each other and, in pursuance of 4 criminal conspiracy, murdered the deceased; B) whether the accused have in agreement with each other and with the intention to screen each other from punishment concealed particular articles such as the motorcycle, pistol, cartridges, scarf, etc. and C) whether Pankaj Singh   has   been   found   in   possession   of   two   9mm   pistols,   their magazines  and  thirty­three live cartridges without possessing the requisite licence thereof. 5. The Learned Additional District Judge disposed of both the cases with a common judgement dated 25.03.2013. by which out of the seven persons named above, one, namely, Akhileshwar Pratap Singh, was   acquitted,   and   others   were   convicted   and   sentenced   under various provisions of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and in certain cases under provisions of the Arms Act, 1959.  6.   A total of five appeals were filed before the High Court. The status of all accused persons is as under: 
AccusedChargeTrial CourtHigh Court
1. Sunil PaswanS. 302/120B,<br>201(1), 120B IPCConvicted. Life<br>imprisonment.Acquitted.
2. Maghavendra Pratap<br>Singh @ Pankaj SinghS. 302,120B,<br>201(1)/120B, IPC,<br>S. 25(1) (1­B)a,<br>Arms Act.Convicted. Life<br>imprisonment.Convicted.
3.Akhileshwar Pratap<br>Singh @ Lalit SinghS. 212, IPC.Acquitted.Not appealed.
4.Siddhkant Tiwari @<br>Pappu TiwariS. 302/120B,<br>201(1), 120B IPC.
5.Mannu Singh @S. 302/120B,Convicted. LifeAcquitted.
5
Gyanendra Singh @<br>Manvendra Singh @<br>Abhishek Singh201(1), 120B IPCimprisonment.
6.Satish TripathiS. 212(1), 201(1),<br>120B, IPC.Convicted. Five<br>years rigorous<br>imprisonment.Acquitted.
7.Ganeshdutt MishraS. 212(1), IPC.Convicted. Five<br>years rigorous<br>imprisonment.Acquitted.
7. The High Court, vide Impugned judgement dated 14.01.2016, acquitted all the accused save and except Maghavendra Pratap Singh @ Pankaj Singh, the present appellant.  8. This   Court   has   therefore   been   called   upon   to   examine   the correctness of the conviction decision and sentence rendered by the learned   First   Additional   Sessions   Judge,   Ambikapur,   District Sarguja, Chhattisgarh, and as partly confirmed by the High Court. The Impugned Judgment 9. In the appeal preferred by the convicts (five in number) in terms of the impugned Judgment, the High Court, while acquitting all the other convicts, namely, Satish Tripathi, Ganesh Datt Mishra, Mannu Singh, and Sunil Paswan, has confirmed the conviction and sentence awarded to Pankaj Singh as reproduced above. In doing so, the Court found the testimonies of Ashish Agrawal (PW­1), Naresh Mandal (PW­ 6),   Avinash   Tirki   (PW­7)   and   Inspector   J.S.   Saggu   (PW­23), 6 Investigation Officer sufficient enough to prove the guilt of Pankaj Singh warranting conviction and sentence. In paragraph 49 of its Judgment, the High Court observed as under: “49.   On   due   consideration,   the   prosecution   has proved   entire   circumstantial   evidence   against   the appellant   Madvendra.   The   circumstances   are   fully established consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused and that is not explainable by any   other   circumstances   except   that   appellant Madhvendra is guilty and evidence collected by the prosecution is of the conclusive nature and tendency. The  chain  of  evidence   is  complete,  it   shows   in  all human probability the act must have been done by the accused. The Prosecution has duly proved that appellant Madhvendra had killed Gowardhan Agrawal and was also in possession of fire arm and cartridges in contravention of relevant provisions of Arms Act and had caused disappearance of evidence of offence committed   by   concealing   the   pistol,   cartridges   and other   articles.   The   conviction   awarded   to   accused Madhvendra does not call for any interference. The same is well founded.” Consideration of the Evidence on Record  10. It is pertinent to note that the prosecution's case rests solely on circumstantial evidence, as none was found present at the scene of the incident.  11. Further,   it   is   also   not   the   case   of   the   prosecution   that   the present appellant had either used or shot the deceased with the gun allegedly recovered based on his statement (Ex. P­15), which was 7 purportedly made before the police officer (PW­23) in the presence of   independent witnesses namely, Naresh Mandal (PW­6) and Avinash Tirki (PW­7). It   will   be   helpful   to   refer   to   the   general   principle   of   cases 12. revolving around circumstantial evidence as encapsulated by   Vijay Shankar v. State of Haryana (2015) 12 SCC 644 . The relevant portion is as follows:   “8.  There is no eyewitness to the occurrence and the entire   case   is   based   upon   circumstantial   evidence. The   normal   principle   is   that   in   a   case   based   on circumstantial   evidence   the   circumstances   from which  an inference of  guilt  is sought  to be drawn must be cogently and firmly established; that these circumstances   should   be   of   a   definite   tendency unerringly pointing towards the guilt of the accused; that   the   circumstances   taken   cumulatively   should form a chain so complete that there is no escape from the conclusion that within all human probability the crime was committed by the accused and they should be incapable of explanation of any hypothesis other than that of the guilt of the accused and inconsistent with   their   innocence   vide  Sharad   Birdhichand Sarda  v.  State   of   Maharashtra  [ Sharad   Birdhichand Sarda  v.  State  of Maharashtra , (1984) 4 SCC 116 : 1984 SCC (Cri) 487]. The same view was reiterated in  Bablu  v.  State   of   Rajasthan  [ Bablu  v.  State   of ,   (2006) 13 SCC 116 : (2007) 2 SCC (Cri) Rajasthan 590].”  13. In light of the fact that all the co­accused who had preferred appeals stand acquitted by the Court below, therefore, while fully appreciating the testimony of this witness, this Court confines the 8 discussions only concerning the present appellant, namely Pankaj Singh. 14. Interestingly, neither of the independent witness (PW 6 and PW 7)   supported   the   prosecution   case.   Despite   extensive   cross­ examination conducted by the Public Prosecutor, nothing substantial could be elicited from their testimonies indicating any guilt of the accused. Noticeably, both the witnesses are rustic villagers working as daily wagers, have deposed to have signed blank papers, and are not residents of the area. 15. A   perusal   of   the   testimony   of   PW­6   unrefutably   reveals   the witness to have signed documents which were blank, purportedly used by the police to strengthen this case for the commission of the offence.  16. PW­6,   while   stating   that  he   does   not   recognize   the   accused, admits that his signatures are on several documents. He further says that he had signed blank papers under threat from police officials. Such a statement is uncontroverted as the record does not reflect any cross­examination on this issue or any other, for that matter.  ` 17. We also notice that PW­7, one of the persons on whom reliance was placed by the courts below, states that he does not know the 9 accused persons and that he had come to know from having perused newspapers that the deceased was murdered. 18. We   may   also   observe   that   PW­1,   namely,   Ashish   Agrawal, nephew   of   the   deceased,   has   not   made   out   any   person   to   be responsible   for   the   offence,   nor   has   he   expressed   any   doubt   or pointed fingers against any of the accused, much less the present appellant. He states he has “no information as to how many persons, how hit to uncle with bullet coming with what mode.” The testimony of the Investigating Officer Inspector J.S. Saggu 19. (PW­23) runs into 97 pages. Close examination of the same reveals that the witness miserably failed to investigate as is expected and required of a police officer to investigate a crime of murder, especially when not even a single eyewitness exists, and the entire case rests entirely on circumstantial evidence.  20. The   homicidal   death   of   Shri   Goverdhan   Aggarwal   is   not   in dispute.  Be   that  as   it  may,   it  has   come   in   the   testimony   of  the Investigating   Officer   that   on   27.9.2009,   after   registration   of   the complaint,   he   visited   the   spot;   carried   out   the   preliminary investigation;   sent   the   dead   body   for   post­mortem   and   collected several incriminating articles.  10 21. It is pertinent to note that his testimony reveals that the prime accused was Sunil Paswan, who stands acquitted on all charges by the Court  below,   and   this   Court  is   not  called   upon   examine the complicity of the other accused. 22. It   further   emanates   from   the   testimony   of   P.W.   23   that   the present appellant was not present at the spot of the crime. In fact, not even one person has disclosed his complicity in the crime. His testimony further reads the complicity of Pankaj Singh in the crime, to   be   suspected   only   based   on   the   disclosure   statements   of   co­ accused Sunil Paswan (Ex. P­13) to the effect that the former could get   recovered   pistol/bullets/live   cartridges   from   the   house   of   co­ accused Abhishek Singh. The courts below have disbelieved this part of the version of the deponent qua the other accused. Hence, the High Court's reasoning in arriving at Pankaj Singh's guilt is illogical if not self­contradictory.    23. Furthermore, we notice that on 12.10.2009, Pankaj Singh was called to the police station, where he recorded his statement, which corroborated what Sunil Paswan had said regarding him being able to support   the   recovery   of   arms   and   ammunition   from   the   house allegedly   belonging   to   Abhishek   Singh.   Under   the   statement,   the incriminating material, i.e., three guns (one with an empty cartridge); 11 thirty­ three live cartridges of 9mm; six empty 9 mm cartridges and four empty 9 mm cartridges, were recovered vide memo Ex. P­14. They were sent for analysis to the laboratory at Chandigarh. Further, his statement shows that the accused, Pankaj Singh, was arrested on 22.10.2019 vide memo Ex. P­21/P­22.  24. Now   significantly,   the   witness   (P.W.   23)   admits   that   the statements   of   neither   Sunil   Paswan   nor   Pankaj   Singh   have   been recorded by him, in his hand, or by any other named persons, under his instructions. If that were so, it raises the question as to who prepared   these   memos,   which   still   needs   to   be   answered   by   the prosecution.  25. Pertinent to note here is that no direct evidence is available which   firmly   proves   the   ballistic   report,   i.e.,   the   expert's   report. Further, neither the expert who analysed and conducted the chemical analysis nor the author of the report stand examined.   26. Statement   of   the   Investigating   Officer   that   appellant   Pankaj Singh   was   called   to   the   police   station   itself   is   uninspiring   in confidence, for there is no written communication on record which reflects the same. Further, it is also not his version that he was called by any other mode or that the co­accused had brought him to the police station. 12 We find PW­23 not to have placed on record any case diary 27. indicating his movements to the spot of recovery. In light of the given facts and circumstances, this fact acquires significance. It is also observed that before arresting the accused, no information was ever supplied   to   the   family   members   of   any   of   the   accused   persons. Moreover,   some   of   the   accused,   residents   of   other   States,   for instance,   Uttar   Pradesh,   were   arrested   without   supplying   any information   to   their   relatives.   This   is   in   contravention   to   the directions issued in  D.K Basu v. State of WB (1997) 1 SCC 416,  the relevant portion thereof is as under:­ “(3) A person who has been arrested or detained and is   being   held   in   custody   in   a   police   station   or interrogation   centre   or   other   lock­up,   shall   be entitled to have one friend or relative or other person known to him or having interest in his welfare being informed, as soon as practicable, that he has been arrested   and   is   being   detained   at   the   particular place, unless the attesting witness of the memo of arrest is himself such a friend or a relative of the arrestee. (4) The time, place of arrest and venue of custody of an arrestee must be notified by the police where the next friend or relative of the arrestee lives outside the   district   or   town   through   the   Legal   Aid Organisation in the District and the police station of the area concerned telegraphically within a period of 8 to 12 hours after the arrest.”   In   pursuance   of   these   directions,   Section   79   of   the   Code   of 28. Criminal Procedure, 1973 was introduced, laying down the process 13 for   “Warrant   directed   to   police   officer   for   execution   outside jurisdiction”. 29. The   record   does   not   reflect   that   the   house   from   which   the recoveries   were   affected   belonged   to   accused   Abhishek   Singh. Regarding the conduct of the search, we may also observe that the owner of the house was not examined. This begs the question that if both Abhishek and Sunil were aware of the situs of incriminating articles, then why is it that recoveries were not affected by their statements or through them?  Nothing on the record suggests that the present appellant had 30. conspired   to   commit   the   offence.   At   best,   as   shown   from   the testimony of this deponent, the present appellant has only concealed the relevant incriminating evidence/articles. The materials on record in no way establish that before the commission of the offence, the accused had any common purpose, object or intention of committing the crime,  without the  same being  borne  out of  the  records, the charge of criminal conspiracy and of common intention which is to be read with Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code, fails.  31. For the charge of criminal conspiracy under Section 120B of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, to be established, an agreement between the parties to do an unlawful act must exist. In some cases, direct 14 evidence to establish conspiracy may be absent, but when the lack of evidence is apparent, it is not safe to hold a person guilty under this section. To prove the offence of criminal conspiracy, it is imperative to show   a   meeting   of   the   minds   between   the   conspirators   for   the intended common object. It was observed by a two­judge bench of this Court in  Parveen v. State of Haryana, 2021 SCC OnLine SC 1184,  that “A few bits here and a few bits there on which prosecution relies, cannot be held to be adequate for connecting the accused with the commission of crime of criminal conspiracy.” Keeping this abovesaid principle in view, we believe that the 32. present appellant cannot be convicted of criminal conspiracy under Section 120B, Indian Penal Code, 1860, solely for having concealed the   location   of   the   incriminating   materials/   articles   and,   in   the absence of any evidence establishing meeting of the minds. Given that   all   the   other   co­accused   have   been   acquitted   by   the   courts below, meaning they were innocent of the crime, the fundamental requirement of a criminal conspiracy is not met.  33. Needless to say, the charge of criminal conspiracy also fails on the ground that a single person cannot hatch a conspiracy.  15 34. So far as the second question is concerned, we may refer to recent judgment of this Court in  Geeta Devi Vs. State of U.P. & Ors. , wherein it was observed that the High Court, 2022 SCC OnLine 57 by virtue of being the First Appellate Court ought to reappreciated and   discussed   the   evidence   on   record.     Had   that   been   done completely in the present case, the High Court would have returned a finding on Section 120­B of IPC.  The charge of criminal conspiracy requires meeting of the minds prior to commission of offence, and with  four   of   the   five   appeals  being   allowed   and  only   the   present appellant being convicted, the basic requirement of the section, that is of two or more persons agreeing to or causing to be done an illegal act or an act which is not  per se  illegal but it is done by illegal means, is not met.   The impugned judgment, however, only records that Section 10 and 30 of the Evidence Act, 1872, which deal with things having been said or done by a conspirator in reference to common design and a proved confession being considered as against another person;   are   not   applicable   and   then   observes   that   the   sentence handed down to Pankaj Singh does not call for any interference. Therefore,   the   Court   implies   that   the   conviction   in   its   entirety 16 including the sentence for criminal conspiracy is upheld.   Such a view, in the considered view of this Court, cannot be sustained. 35. Even   about   the   search,   we   do   not   find   the   veracity   of   the Investigating   Officer’s   testimony   to   be   inspiring   in   confidence   on account of various lapses. For he (a) did not examine the owner of the house; (b) did not enter his movement in the case diary; (c) did not record that he took the accused for effecting the recovery; (d) was not able to describe clearly the area from where the recovery was effected; (e) admits both the independent witnesses, who do not belong to the area from where the recoveries were effected; (f) does not associate any of the residents of the area for conducting the search; (g) does not   examine   any   of   the   residents   for   carrying   out   any   further investigation and (h) Most importantly he admits that both the memo of arrest as also the recovery not to have been prepared by him or bearing his signature and the same too, have many corrections and over­writing, thus reducing the correctness and authenticity of this document. 36. Furthermore, he is not clear about the description of the articles recovered. Illustratively, in the memo, he records one black colour scarf to have been recovered, but on a pointed query put by the Court, he admitted that not to be so but only a black cloth which 17 undoubtedly cannot be equated to a scarf. Furthermore, there needs to be more clarity in his mind about whether the tank from where the articles were recovered was full of water.  37. It has come on record that the recovered arms and ammunition were first sent to the laboratory at Raipur and, after that, to the laboratory at Chandigarh. However, none had come forward to prove the report received from the said laboratories. Furthermore, there is nothing on the record besides any other scientific evidence linking the accused to the recovered articles.  38. The Investigating Officer is the person tasked with determining a direction,   the   pace,   manner   and   method   of   the   investigation.     In Amarnath Chaubey v. Union of India (2021) 11 SCC 80 , it was observed   that   the   police   has   a   primary   duty   to   investigate   upon receiving the report of the commission of crime.     In   Manohar Lal , this Court observed Sharma v. Union of India (2014) 2 SCC 532 that one of the responsibilities of the police is protection of life, liberty and property of citizens.   The investigation of offences to bring the offender to the book and facilitate the ultimate search for truth is one of the important duties the police has to perform.   This is a statutory 18 duty   under   the   Cr.P.C.   and   is   also   a   constitutional   obligation ensuring the maintenance of peace and the upholding of rule of law. 39. On the responsibility cast on an officer investigating a crime, this Court in ,  Common Cause v. Union of India (2015) 6 SCC 332 observed as under :  There is a very high degree of responsibility placed on an “31. investigating agency to ensure that an innocent person is not subjected to a criminal trial. This responsibility is coupled with an   equally   high   degree   of   ethical   rectitude   required   of   an investigating officer or an investigating agency to ensure that the investigations   are   carried   out   without   any   bias   and   are conducted in all fairness not only to the accused person but also to the victim of any crime, whether the victim is an individual or the State.” It   is   well   recognised   that   the   Magistrate   concerned   is   not 40. empowered to interfere with the investigation being carried out up until the submission of the report by the said officer.   Needless to state then that the role of the Investigating Officer is essential and crucial.  Chapter XII of Cr.P.C. titled as “information to the police and their powers to investigate”, lays down the procedure and course of action to be taken by the police upon receipt of the commission of an offence cognizable in nature.   Section 156 lays down the power of investigation;   Section   157   the   procedure   thereof;   Section   160   the power   to   require   attendance   of   a   witness,   Section   161   conduct 19 examination of such witness, etc.   Section 172 requires such police officer to maintain a case diary and Section 173 lays down the format and the procedure for the report to be issued by such officer.  
41. This Court has in Pooja Pal v. Union of India (2016) 3 SCC<br>135, expounded as under for criminal investigations and its success :
“96. The avowed purpose of a criminal investigation and its<br>efficacious prospects with the advent of scientific and technical<br>advancements have been candidly synopsised in the prefatory<br>chapter dealing with the history of criminal investigation in the<br>treatise on Criminal Investigation — Basic Perspectives by Paul B.<br>Weston and Renneth M. Wells:
“Criminal investigation is a lawful search for people and things<br>useful in reconstructing the circumstances of an illegal act or<br>omission and the mental state accompanying it. It is probing from<br>the known to the unknown, backward in time, and its goal is to<br>determine truth as far as it can be discovered in any post­factum<br>inquiry.
Successful investigations are based on fidelity, accuracy and<br>sincerity in lawfully searching for the true facts of an event under<br>investigation and on an equal faithfulness, exactness, and probity<br>in reporting the results of an investigation. Modern investigators<br>are persons who stick to the truth and are absolutely clear about<br>the time and place of an event and the measurable aspects of<br>evidence. They work throughout their investigation fully<br>recognising that even a minor contradiction or error may destroy<br>confidence in their investigation.
The   joining   of   science   with   traditional   criminal investigation   techniques   offers   new   horizons   of   efficiency   in criminal investigation. New perspectives in investigation bypass reliance   upon   informers   and   custodial   interrogation   and concentrate   upon   a   skilled   scanning   of   the   crime   scene   for physical   evidence   and   a   search   for   as   many   witnesses   as possible.  Mute evidence tells its own story in court, either by its 20 own   demonstrativeness   or   through   the   testimony   of   an   expert witness involved in its scientific testing . Such evidence may serve in   lieu   of,   or   as   corroboration   of,   testimonial   evidence   of witnesses found and interviewed by police in an extension of their responsibility to seek out the truth of all the circumstances of crime happening.  An increasing certainty in solving crimes is possible and will contribute to the major deterrent of crime—the certainty   that   a   criminal   will   be   discovered,   arrested   and .” convicted (Emphasis in original) With   reference   to   case   diaries,   it   has   been   observed   by   this 42. Court in   Bhagwant Singh v. Commission of Police (1983) 3 SCC 344 , a two­Judge Bench observed that entries into the police diary shall be with (a) promptness; (b) in sufficient detail; (c) containing all significant facts; (d) in chronological order; and (e)   with complete objectivity.   This Court in   43. Mohd. Imran Khan v. State (Govt. of NCT of
Delhi), (2011) 10 SCC 192,observed as under while noting the effect
of objectionable features and infirmities on criminal investigations: “31.  The investigation into a criminal offence must be free from all objectionable features or infirmities which may legitimately lead to a grievance to either of the parties that the investigation was unfair or had been carried out with an ulterior motive which had an adverse impact on the case of either of the parties. The investigating   officer   is   supposed   to   investigate   an   offence avoiding any kind of mischief or harassment to either  of the party. He has to be fair and conscious so as to rule out any possibility   of   bias   or   impartial   conduct   so   that   any   kind   of suspicion   to   his   conduct   may   be   dispelled   and   the   ethical 21
conduct is absolutely essential for investigative professionalism.<br>The investigating officer
“is not merely to bolster up a prosecution case with such<br>evidence as may enable the court to record a conviction<br>but to bring out the real unvarnished truth”.
  Keeping in view the aforesaid principles and applying them to 44. the present set of facts, we may observe that the Investigating Officer did not meet the obligations he was under.  As we have noticed above, numerous infirmities affected the conduct of the Investigation Officer calling into question, credibly, the investigation conducted by him or upon his directions.   Conclusion  In the considered opinion of the Court, the High Court, without 45. appreciating   the  testimonies   of  the   witnesses  mentioned  above in their true import and meaning, and without having any discussion concerning the complicity of the accused, in a perfunctory manner held the prosecution to have established the case, which is entirely circumstantial in nature, against the present appellant. Significantly, the High Court holds that the evidence reveals that “in all human probability the act must have been done by the accused”.  Inter alia,  it 22 is this finding which we find to be erroneous, for the principle of determining   the   guilt   of   the   accused   in   a   case   involving circumstantial evidence is not that of probability but certainty and that all the evidence present should conclusively point towards only a singular hypothesis, which is the guilt of the accused, Pankaj Singh.  46. Given the above, the Judgment dated 14.1.2016 passed by the High Court of Chhattisgarh at Bilaspur in Criminal Appeal No.468 of 2013 titled Maghavendra Pratap Singh @ Pankaj Singh v. State of Chhattisgarh is set aside and the appeal is allowed.    47. The three questions noted above are answered accordingly. 48. If not already released, the accused is directed to be set at liberty forthwith.      Interlocutory applications, if any, are disposed of.  ...........................................J.           (B.R. GAVAI) .........................................J. (SANJAY KAROL) Dated : 24th April, 2023; Place  : New Delhi. 23