Full Judgment Text
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PETITIONER:
R.L.GUPTA & ANR.
Vs.
RESPONDENT:
UNION OF INDIA & ORS.
DATE OF JUDGMENT16/03/1988
BENCH:
VENKATARAMIAH, E.S. (J)
BENCH:
VENKATARAMIAH, E.S. (J)
SINGH, K.N. (J)
CITATION:
1988 AIR 968 1988 SCR (3) 255
1988 SCC (2) 250 JT 1988 (1) 556
1988 SCALE (1)517
ACT:
Service matter-Whether supersession of a judicial
officer by junior officers placed on probation when that
officer is on deputation to another office and Is not
relieved from there in public interest to revert to the
judicial service to be placed on probation, is valid-
Determination of the question on principles of justice,
equity and relevant judicial precedents.
HEADNOTE:
%
This writ petition was originally filed in this Court
by two members of the Delhi Higher Judicial Service, namely,
Shri R.L. Gupta and Shri S.B. Aggarwal, but as the Court was
of the view that the case of Shri S.B. Aggarwal should be
considered independently, he was asked to file a separate
petition, and this petition was confined to Shri R.L. Gupta
only.
The petitioner, Shri R.L. Gupta, who had become a
member of the Delhi Judicial Service on its initial
constitution on August 2, 1971 and was confirmed in the said
service as a sub-judge on August 6, 1971, was working as an
Additional District and Sessions Judge, Delhi, when on
14.5.1981, on the establishment of the Delhi Legal Aid and
Advice Board, he was sent on deputation as the first Member-
Secretary of that Board. Thereafter, when the Government of
India on April 26, 1985 appointed a Commission of Inquiry
presided over by Shri Justice Ranganath Misra, Judge,
Supreme Court of India, to enquire into the allegations in
regard to the incidents of organised violence following the
assassination of Smt. Indira Gandhi, the late Prime Minister
of India, the Central Government by letter dt. May 27, 1985,
requested the Delhi High Court to spare the services of the
petitioner for being appointed as Secretary to the
Commission above-mentioned and upon the petitioner’s
expressing his willingness to work as Secretary to the said
Commission, he was permitted by the High Court to go on
deputation to the Commission with effect from 1st June, 1985
at his own risk. Within three months from the date on which
the petitioner had joined the Commission as its Secretary,
the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court wrote to Shri
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Justice Ranganath Misra, that it had been decided by the
High Court to place the petitioner on probation on the Delhi
Higher
256
Judicial Service as his turn had come for the same and,
therefore, he might be relieved from the Commission to
enable him to report to the High Court as soon as possible-
not later than ten days from the receipt of that
communication. Shri Justice Ranganath Misra thereupon wrote
to the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court that the
petitioner had got himself acquainted with the working of
the Commission and it was difficult at that juncture to
relieve him in public interest. The letter of Shri Ranganath
Misra was considered by the High Court at its meeting held
on 22.11.1985, when a resolution was passed to the effect
that Shri R.L. Gupta, who had been on deputation with the
Delhi Legal Aid & Advice Board, was asked to revert back to
his parent cadre for being considered to be placed on
probation, but he, instead of reverting back, went on a
second deputation as Secretary to R.N. Misra Commission of
Inquiry at his own request and risk; he was asked vide High
Court’s endt. dated 26.8.85 to come back to parent cadre
within ten days otherwise the next person would be placed on
probation, and Mr. R.L. Gupta refused to come back and got
it intimated through Justice R.N. Misra vide letter dt.
19.8.85 that he had come at his own risk. The Resolution
further said that the case of Shri R.L. Gupta for being
placed on probation was considered and as he had declined to
be available to be placed on probation at his own risk, the
same had been rejected and that the officers next to him
were then considered and five officers-Shri Jaspal Singh and
four others-were selected for being placed on probation
against regular vacancies.
By the above-said resolution, Shri Jaspal Singh and
four others were allowed to supersede the petitioner.
Further, twelve more officers were placed on probation.
Thus, in all seventeen judicial officers were allowed to
supersede the petitioner.
On completion of the work of the Commission of Inquiry
on October 31, 1986, the petitioner was posted as Additional
District & Sessions Judge, and placed on probation for a
period of two years with effect from April 4, 1987.
Aggrieved by the supersession, the petitioner filed this
writ petition before this Court, questioning the validity of
the supersession on several grounds, some of them being
common to the petitioner and SHRI S.B. Aggarwal who had been
impleaded as petitioner No. 2. Since the case of the
petitioner could be disposed of on a short ground, the Court
did not express its opinion on the grounds common to the
petitioner and Shri S.B. Aggarwal and other judicial
officers working in the Delhi Higher Judicial Service, and
the contentions on those grounds were left open.
257
Allowing the writ petition, the Court,
^
HELD: The short question which arose for consideration
in this case was whether the supersession of the petitioner
made by the High Court by placing seventeen officers, junior
to him, on probation before he was placed on probation was
valid or not. No rules governing the deputation of an
officer working in the judicial department were produced
before the Court. The case, therefore, had to be determined
on the principles of justice, equity and relevant judicial
precedents. [265F; 266A-B]
It was not disputed that the petitioner would have been
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placed on probation as a matter of course on 22.11.85 if he
had been serving as an Additional District and Sessions
Judge and would have continued to be senior to Shri Jaspal
Singh who was placed on probation on that date. [268C-D]
In regard to the quality of the work rendered by the
petitioner in the capacity of the Secretary to the
Commission of Inquiry headed by Shri Justice Ranganath
Misra, the certificate issued by Shri Justice Ranganath
Misra on 29.11.86 inter alia said: "Shri Gupta handled his
job with ability and efficiency. He impressed me as a
brilliant judicial officer. I found him to be well-versed in
law. He exhibited character, courage and sagacity. I was
impressed by his sense of social vision, legal acumen and
capacity to comprehend human problems." [268D-G]
On his return to the Delhi Judicial Service from the
Commission of Inquiry, his being placed on probation by the
High Court with effect from 4.4.87, raised the question for
consideration whether it was just and reasonable to deprive
the petitioner of his seniority only because he was not
working in the Delhi Higher Judicial Service during the
period when his juniors were allowed to supersede him.
[268G-H; 269A]
The Court was not impressed by the submission made on
behalf of the High Court that the petitioner having been
informed by the High Court that he was going on deputation
at his own risk, he could not retain his seniority over his
juniors who were placed on probation during the period of
deputation. It is well-settled that many officers have to be
sent on deputation in the public interest to other
departments in order to meet the exigencies of public
service and that before sending them on deputation their
consent is invariably taken. Merely because they have given
their consent to go on deputation they could not be allowed
to suffer unless there is a specific rule to the contrary or
other
258
good reason for it. That is the ratio of the decision in
State of Mysore v. M.H. Bellary, [1964] 7 SCR 471, and the
decision in State of Mysore and another v. P.N. Nanjundiah
and another, [1969] S.L.R. 346= (1969) 3 S.C.C. 633. The
petitioner was not even sent on deputation to a department
where his services could be absorbed permanently. He was
sent on deputation to a Commission which was asked to
enquire into a certain matter of public importance which was
to be over in a short time. The Commission itself was to
become functus officio on the submission of its report. The
Commission was presided over by a Judge of the Supreme Court
of India and it was not possible for the petitioner to give
up his post as Secretary of the Commission without the
permission of the Chairman of the Commission and return to
the Delhi Judicial Service. The Chairman of the Commission
found it difficult to relieve the petitioner in the midst of
the inquiry. The object of placing an officer on probation
is only to assess whether he is suitable for the post to
which he is appointed. It is not necessary that such
assessment should always be made by the appointing authority
unless there is any legal impediment. Such assessment can
also be made by the authority under whom the officer works
while on probation. In this case, the authority under whom
the petitioner worked while on deputation was a Judge of the
Supreme Court of India who had approved the service of the
petitioner as could be seen from the certificate issued . by
him on 29.11.86, referred to above. Even though it was
stated that the petitioner was sent on deputation to the
Commission of Inquiry at his own risk, it would be unjust to
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hold that the High Court could have on the facts and
circumstances of this case passed orders which would have
the effect of superseding the petitioner. The Court could
not appreciate the implication of the observation made in
the resolution of the High Court that the petitioner had
refused to come back and got it intimated through Justice
R.N. Misra vide demi-official letter dt. 19.9.85 that he had
come on deputation at his own risk’. It was not truly a case
of refusal by the petitioner to go back to the Delhi Higher
Judicial Service, nor could it be said that he was
responsible for what Shri Justice R.N. Misra had written,
and the same could not be used against him for depriving him
of his seniority. The stand taken by the High Court in this
case could not, therefore, be upheld. Shri B. Dutta,
Additional Solicitor-General of India appearing on behalf of
the Union of India supported the case of the petitioner.
[269A-H; 270F-H]
No innocent officer should be exposed to the grave risk
to which the petitioner in this case was exposed. The
petitioner was promoted as an Additional District & Sessions
Judge under rule 16 of the Delhi Higher Judicial Service
Rules in 1976. The post to which he was prom-
259
oted was called a temporary post although truly it was not a
temporary post. There was no chance of its abolition at all.
Yet it was called a temporary post because it was in excess
of the strength of the posts in the Delhi Higher Judicial
Service which had been fixed at 16 by rule 4 read with the
Schedule attached to the Delhi Higher Judicial Service Rules
in the year 1970. If the schedule had been amended from time
to time by increasing the number of the posts keeping pace
with the reality of the situation, perhaps, the strength
should have been increased to 50 by now. In the
circumstances, by appointing the Judicial officers of the
Higher Judicial Service to temporary posts instead of
appointing them to permanent posts, the Delhi Administration
has virtually made a mockery of the rules of recruitment. To
place a Judicial officer, promoted to the Higher Judicial
Service, on probation nearly after 9 years after his
promotion, as in this case, was a mere farce. Ordinarily, an
officer should be on probation from the date of his
appointment. Is it just and reasonable to place an officer
on probation nearly 9 years after his appointment and then
turn him out of service if his services are found to be not
satisfactory during the period of probation, which would
fall in the 10th and 11th year of his service in that cadre?
[270H; 271A-F]
The petitioner in this case should have been placed on
probation on 22.11.85 even though he was on deputation on
that date and on his confirmation he is entitled to maintain
his seniority above Shri Jaspal Singh. The Court directed
that the petitioner would be deemed to have been on
probation from 22.11.85 and his services would be regulated
accordingly. The petitioner would also be deemed to be above
Shri Jaspal Singh in the seniority list of officers in the
Delhi Higher Judicial Service. [273C-D]
OBSERVATlONS:
The Administration should know that the work in the
Courts has increased by two or three times during the last
decade, but the number of judges has remained constant. This
has led to frustration amongst the litigants, lawyers and
judges. This frustration gives rise to tensions including
the tension prevailing in the city of Delhi now. It is
reported that the Delhi High Court has been pressing for the
appointment of more judges. It has urged for the sanction of
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169 additional posts in the Delhi Judicial Service. In the
courts manned by the officers of the Delhi Judicial Service
(who on promotion will be members of the Delhi Higher
Judicial Service), there were pending as on 1.9.87, 51,173
Regular Suits, 1210 Small Cause Suits, 974 Civil Appeals,
10,592 Rent Cases. There were 97,943 cases pending before
the courts of Chief and Addi-
260
tional Chief Metropolitan Magistrates, and 2,35,033 cases
pending before other magistrates as on 1.9.87. The Delhi
Administration appears to have not taken any serious notice
of the appalling situation prevailing in the Delhi Courts.
The Administration should look at the recommendation of the
High Court as one intended to give relief to the suffering
litigants who waste their valuable time near the courts for
years waiting for justice. This is a problem which should be
solved on a war-footing. The Delhi Administration should
straightaway increase the strength of the Delhi Judicial
Service at least by 150, the number of posts in the Delhi
Higher Judicial Service, at least by 40, should establish
court premises in different parts of Delhi, and see that the
pending cases, in the order of lakhs, many of which
lingering for the last ten years and more, are disposed of
within two years. If the total strength is increased at all
levels, the farce of placing the judicial officers on
probation after nearly ten years will also end.[271G-H;
272A-E]
The Government should not consider finance as a
constraint because by not appointing sufficient number of
judges, the Government is suffering more financially. The
Government itself being a big litigant is subjected to
several orders of stay, prohibitation, injunction etc.,
leading lo delay in completion of several projects and
works. The indirect effects of frustration amongst the
people lead to a greater financial drain. If by any chance
the arrears of cases come down, then the vacancies in the
Judicial posts may not be filled up. The Court expressed the
hope that the Union of India and Delhi Administration would
sanction at least 150 more posts in the Delhi Judicial
Service and about 40 posts in the Delhi Higher Judicial
Service and also take immediate steps to establish
additional courts. The expenditure on judicial
administration should not be subjected to the constraints of
non-plan expenditure. The judicial department is not an
unproductive department. Peace and tranquillity that will
result from quick disposal of cases is much more valuable
than the economic goods produced by factories. Delay in
disposal of cases affects the gross national product
adversely. Quick disposal of cases will save millions man-
hours now being wasted near the courts. It is imperative
that every State should increase the strength of the
Judicial officers at least by thirty per cent immediately;
otherwise, there would be a catastrophe in about a year or
two. The Court expressed the hope that this warning would
not go unheeded. [272F-H; 273A-C]
The State of Mysore v. M.H. Bellary, [1964] 7 S.C.R.
471, State of Mysore & Anr. v. P.N. Nanjudiah & Anr., [1969]
S.L.R. 346 [1969] 3 S.C.C. 633, and O.P Singla & Anr., etc.,
v. Union of India & Ors., [1985] 1 S.C.R. 351
261
JUDGMENT:
ORlGlNAL JURISDICTION: Writ Petition (Civil) No. 619 of
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1987
(Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India).
Dr. Y.S. Chitale, Brij Bhushan, S.K. Dhingra, Anil
Kumar Gupta and B.N. Singhvi for the Petitioners.
B. Datta, Additional Solicitor General, P.P. Rao, C.M.
Nayyar and Girish Chandra for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
VENKATARAMIAH, J. The above petition was originally
filed by two members of the Delhi Higher Judicial Service,
by name S/Shri R.L. Gupta and S.M. Aggarwal. Since the Court
was of the view that the petition of Shri S.M. Aggarwal
should be considered independently, he was asked to file a
separate petition. The present petition was, therefore,
confined to Shri R.L. Gupta, who is hereafter referred to as
’the petitioner’.
Shri R.L. Gupta, the petitioner joined the Judicial
Service of Punjab on January 23, 1962 and became a member of
the Delhi Judicial Service on its initial constitution on
August 2, 197l. He was confirmed in the said service as a
Sub-Judge on August 6, 1971. He was sent on deputation as
the first District & Sessions Judge, Sikkim at Gangtok on
August 19, 1976. While he was on such deputation he was
promoted as Additional District & Sessions Judge in the
Delhi Higher Judicial Service under rule 16 of the Delhi
Higher Judicial Service Rules, 1970. At the end of his
period of deputation the petitioner came back to Delhi and
joined as an Additional District & Sessions Judge. In June,
1979 the petitioner was sent on deputation as Registrar,
Special Courts, New Delhi and he remained on deputation
until March. 1980. Between March, 1980 and June, 1981 the
petitioner again worked as an Additional District & Sessions
Judge, Delhi. On 14.6.1981 on the establishment of the Delhi
Legal Aid and Advice Board the petitioner was sent on
deputation as the first Member Secretary of that Board. When
he was still working as the Member Secretary of the Delhi
Legal Aid and Advice Board, on April 26, 1985 the Government
of India appointed a Commission of Inquiry presided over by
Shri Justice Ranganath Misra, Judge, Supreme Court of India
under the provisions of section 3 of the Commissions of
Inquiry Act, 1952 for the purpose of making enquiries into a
matter of public
262
importance namely, the allegations in regard to the
incidents of organised violence in Delhi following the
assassination of Smt. Indira Gandhi, the late Prime Minister
of India. On May 27, 1985 the Central Government addressed a
letter to the Registrar of the Delhi High Court requesting
the High Court to spare the services of the petitioner for
being appointed as the Secretary of the Commission, referred
to above. The said letter reads thus:
"CONFIDENTIAL/MOST IMMEDIATE
D.O.NO.II. 14013/28/84-IS(US:D.V.)
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS
North Block
New Delhi-110001
27th May, 1985.
DR. S.K. PACHAURI
DIRECTOR (IC-II)
Dear Miss Mehra,
The Central Government vide Notification
dated 26.4.1985, has appointed a Commission of
Inquiry under the Chairmanship of Shri Ranganath
Misra, a sitting Judge of the Supreme Court of
India for the purposes of making an enquiry into
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the allegations in regard to the incidents of
organised violence which took place in Delhi
following the assassination of the former Prime
Minister (copy enclosed). One of the posts
sanctioned for the functioning of this Commission
is Secretary to the Commission in the scale of Rs.
2500-2750. With the approval of Shri Justice Ranga
Nath Misra, it has been proposed to appoint Shri
Ramesh war Lal Gupta, Additional District and
Sessions Judge and Member-Secretary of the Delhi
Legal Aid and Advice Board as Secretary of the
Commission. The post of Secretary has been created
from the date it is filled in and upto 26. 10.1985
for the present but likely to continue.
We shall be grateful if you could kindly
spare the service of Shri Rameshwar Lal Gupta to
act as Secretary of the Commission for the
aforesaid period. This may be treated as Urgent.
263
Regards,
Yours sincerely,
Sd/-
(Dr. S.K. Pachauri)
Miss Usha Mehra
Registrar,
Delhi High Court,
New Delhi.
Encl: As above."
On receipt of the said letter the petitioner was asked
by the High Court whether he was willing to work as the
Secretary of the Commission. The petitioner expressed his
willingness to do so by his letter dated May 30, 1985. On
31.5.85/ 1.6.85 the Registrar addressed a letter to the
petitioner which reads thus:
"Usha Mehra
D.O. No. 279/Gaz.
Dated:31st May, 1985/
1.6.85
Dear Shri R.L. Gupta,
In pursuance to the requisition of the
Central Govt. contained in the Ministry of Home
Affairs demi-official letter No. II-14013/28/84-IS
(US.D.V.) dated 27th May, 1985 and as desired by
you and agreed to by the High Court, you are
hereby permitted to go on deputation as Secretary
to the Commission of Inquiry headed by Hon’ble Mr.
Justice Ranganath Misra, a Judge of the Supreme
Court of India with effect from 1st June, 1985 at
your own risk. Deputation will be upto 26th
October, 1985 or till the date of your recall,
whichever is earlier.
Yours sincerely,
Sd/-
(USHA MEHRA)
264
Shri R.L. Gupta,
Member-Secretary,
Delhi Legal Aid & Advice Board,
New Delhi."
Accordingly, the petitioner got himself relieved from
the Delhi Legal Aid and Advice Board and joined as Secretary
of the Commission of Inquiry. Within three months from the
date on which the petitioner joined the Commission, the
Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court wrote a letter to Shri
Justice Ranganath Misra stating that it had been decided by
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the High Court to place the petitioner on probation on the
Delhi Higher Judicial Service as his turn had come for the
same and, therefore, he might be relieved from his post of
the Secretary of the Commission to enable him to report to
the High Court as soon as possible but in any case not later
than ten days from the receipt of the said communication. On
receipt of the said letter Shri Justice Ranganath Misra
wrote to the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court stating
that the petitioner had got himself acquainted with the
working of the Commission and at that juncture it was
difficult to relieve him in the public interest.
Accordingly, he was not relieved by the Commission to revert
to the Judicial Service. The letter of Shri Justice
Ranganath Misra was considered by the Full Court of the High
Court at its meeting held on 22.11.85 and the following
resolution was passed:
"Shri R.L. Gupta had been on deputation with
Delhi Legal Aid & Advice Board. Vide this Court’s
demi-official letter No. 293/Gaz./VI.E.l0 dated
23.8.84 and D.O. No. 269/Gaz./VI.E.l0 dated
18.5.1985 he was asked to revert back to his
parent cadre for being considered to be placed on
probation. Mr. R.L. Gupta instead of reverting
back, went on second deputation as Secretary to
R.N. Misra Commission of Enquiry at his own
request and risk. Shri R.L. Gupta was asked vide
this Court’s endt. No. 457 dated 26.8.85 to come
back to parent cadre within l0 days otherwise the
next person shall be placed on probation. Mr. R.L.
Gupta refused to come back and got it intimated
through Justice R.N. Misra vide demi-official
letter dated 19 8.85 that he had come on
deputation at his own risk. Hence the case of Shri
R.L. Gupta for being placed on probation was
considered and as he has declined to be available
to be placed on probation at his own risk, the
same has been rejected. Then the officers next to
him were considered and the following officers
were selected for
265
being placed on probation against regular
vacancies:
1. Shri Jaspal Singh
2. Shri S.C. Jain
3. Shri R.K. Sain
4. Shri Mohd. Shamim
5. Shri P.K. Jain."
By the above resolution S/Shri Jaspal Singh, S.C. Jain,
R.K. Sain, Mohd. Shamim and P.K. Jain were allowed to
supersede the petitioner. During the period of his
deputation as Secretary to the Commission of Inquiry twelve
more officers were placed on probation by 22.8.1986. Thus in
all seventeen Judicial officers were allowed to supersede
the petitioner. On the completion of the work of the
Commission of Inquiry on October 31, 1986 the petitioner was
posted again as Additional District & Sessions Judge and was
placed on probation for a period of two years with effect
from April 4, 1987. Aggrieved by the aforesaid supersession
the petitioner filed the above petition before this Court
questioning the validity of the supersession on several
grounds, some of them being common to the petitioner and
Shri S.M. Aggarwal who had been impleaded as Petitioner No.
2. Since the case of the petitioner can be disposed of on a
short ground we do not propose to express our opinion on the
grounds which are common to the petitioner, S.M. Aggarwal
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and other Judicial officers working in the Delhi Higher
Judicial Service. The contentions of the parties on those
grounds are left open.
The short question which arises for consideration in
this case is whether the supersession of the petitioner made
by the High Court by placing seventeen officers, who were
junior to him, on probation before he was placed on
probation is valid or not. While the petitioner’s contention
is that no officer who is sent on deputation can be made to
suffer from any evil consequences and that on his return to
his parent department he should be placed in the same
position in seniority which he would have occupied had he
not gone on deputation, the submission made on behalf of the
High Court is that the petitioner having gone on deputation
at his own risk, he could not be placed on probation as an
Additional District & Sessions Judge till 4.4.1987 and he
was bound to lose his seniority. It was further urged on
behalf of the High Court that those Judicial officers who
were junior to him in the seniority list but who had been
placed on probation as Additional District and Sessions
Judge before 4.4 1987 were entitled to be treated as his
seniors.
266
At the hearing of this case we asked the learned
counsel appearing for both the parties to show whether there
were any rules governing the deputation of an officer
working in the judicial department. No such rules were
produced before us. This case has, therefore, to be
determined on the principles of justice, equity and relevant
judicial precedents.
In the State of Mysore v. M.H. Bellary, [1964] 7
S.C.R. 471 the facts of the case were these. The respondent
in that case, M.H. Bellary, was a Government servant in one
of the departments of the Bombay Government. He was sent on
deputation to another department and after serving there for
a long period and getting a number of promotions he was
reverted back to his parent department and ordered to be
posted at a considerably lower grade, while another
Government servant who was below his rank had been promoted
as Assistant Secretary. Thereupon the respondent therein
filed a petition before the High Court of Mysore (Karnataka)
under Article 226 of the Constitution of India challenging
the order of his posting. There was a rule, rule 50(b) in
the Bombay Civil Services Rules which read as follows:
"50(b). Services in another post, other than a
post carrying less pay referred to in clause (a)
of rule 22 whether in a substantive or officiating
capacity, service on deputation and leave other
than extra ordinary leave count for increments in
the time scale applicable to the post on which the
Government servant holds a lien as well as in time
scale applicable to the post or posts, if any, on
which he would hold a lien had his lien not been
suspended:
Provided that Government may, in any case in
which they are satisfied that the leave was taken
on account of illness or for any other cause
beyond the Government servant’s control, direct
that extra-ordinary leave shall be counted for
increment under this clause."
That rule referred to the right of the Government
servant who goes on deputation to earn increments in the pay
scale applicable to the post on which he held a lien on his
return to the parent department from the department to which
he had been deputed. One of the questions which arose for
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consideration in that case also was whether the respondent
who had gone on deputation was entitled to claim the
promotion which he would have got in his parent department
had he
267
not been sent on deputation. The High Court accepted the
case of the respondent therein who had filed the writ
petition and granted him the relief sought by him. Aggrieved
by the decision of the High Court the appellant, State of
Mysore, filed an appeal before this Court. In that appeal
this Court observed thus:
The other submission of learned counsel was that a
Government servant though he had a right to
increments in a time scale applicable to the post
that he held on the date of his transfer on
deputation and on which he had a lien, had no
legal right to be promoted to a higher post and
that the construction adopted by the High Court
virtually conceded or guaranteed to officers on
deputation a right to an automatic promotion which
they would not have had if they had not been
posted on deputation. We see no force in this
contention either. Learned Counsel is right only
in so far as the promotion involved relates to a
selection post. But where it is based on
seniority-cum-merit, those considerations are not
relevant. The service of an officer on deputation
in another department is treated by the rule as
equivalent to service in the parent department and
it is this equation between the services in the
two departments that forms the basis of Rule
50(b). So long therefore as the service of the
employee in the new department is satisfactory and
he is obtaining the increments and promotions in
that department, it stands to reason that that
satisfactory service and the manner of its
discharge in the post he actually fills, should be
deemed to be rendered in the parent department
also so as to entitle him to promotions, which are
often on seniority-cum-merit basis. What is
indicated here is precisely what is termed in
official language the ’next below rule’ under
which F an officer on deputation is given a paper-
promotion and shown as holding a higher post in
the parent department if the officer next below
him there is being promoted. If there are adverse
remarks against him in the new department o
punishments inflicted on him there, different
considerations would arise and these adverse
remarks etc. would and could certainly be taken
into account in the parent department also, but
that is not the position here. In view of the
facts of the case it is not necessary to discuss
this aspect in any detail or any further."
(underlining by us)
268
The above decision was followed by this Court in the
State of Mysore and Another v. P.N. Nanjundiah and Another,
[1969] S.L.R. 346=(1969) 3 S.C.C. 633. In that case this
Court observed thus:
"So long as the service of the employee in
the new department is satisfactory and he is
obtaining the increments and promotions in that
department, it stands to reason that the
satisfactory service and the manner of its
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discharge in the post he actually fills, should be
deemed to be rendered in the parent department
also so as to entitle him to promotion which are
open on seniority-cum-merit basis."
It is not disputed in this case that the petitioner
would have been placed on probation as a matter of course on
22.11.1985 if he had been serving as an Additional District
and Sessions Judge and would have continued to be senior to
Shri Jaspal Singh who was placed on probation on that date.
In regard to the quality of the work rendered by the
petitioner in the capacity of the Secretary to the
Commission of Inquiry headed by Shri Justice Ranganath
Misra, we may quote the certificate issued by Shri Justice
Ranganath Misra on 29.11.1986. It reads thus:
"Shri R.L. Gupta, a Member of the Delhi
Superior Judicial Service, worked as the Secretary
of the Commission of Inquiry set up under my
Chairmanship to inquire into the atrocities in
Delhi, Kanpur and Bokaro following the
assassination of the late Prime Minister Mrs.
Indira Gandhi. He worked in the Commission in that
capacity from the beginning of June, 1985 till
October, 1986.
Shri Gupta handled his job with ability and
efficiency. He impressed me as a brilliant
judicial officer. I found him to be well versed in
law. He exhibited character, courage and sagacity.
I was impressed by his sense of social vision,
legal acumen and capacity to comprehend human
problems."
On his return to the Delhi Judicial Service from the
Commission of Inquiry the High Court placed him on probation
with effect from 4.4.1987. The question for consideration,
therefore, is whether it is just and reasonable to deprive
the petitioner of his seniority only because he was not
working in the Delhi Higher Judicial Service dur-
269
ing the period when his juniors were allowed to supersede
him.
We are not impressed by the submission made on behalf
of the High Court that the petitioner having been informed
by the High Court that he was going on deputation at his own
risk he could not retain his seniority over his juniors who
were placed on probation during the period of deputation. It
is well-known that many officers have to be sent on
deputation in the public interest to other departments in
order to meat the exigencies of public service and that
before sending them on deputation their consent is
invariably taken. Merely because they have given their
consent to go on deputation they should not be allowed to
suffer unless there is a specific rule to the contrary or
other good reason for it. That is the ratio of the decision
in State of Mysore v. M.H. Bellary (supra) and of the
decision in State of Mysore and Anr. v. P.N. Nanjundiah
(supra). These decisions declare that an officer on
deputation is entitled to get increments in the pay scale
attached to the post in their parent department and also to
get promotion when it is based on seniority cum merit as and
when his junior in the parent department is promoted by the
application of the ’next below rule’. When increments and
promotion can be earned, there is no reason why he should
not be treated as being on probation also in the post held
by him in the parent department even while he is on
deputation. In this case the petitioner was not even sent on
deputation to a department where his services could be
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absorbed permanently. He was sent on deputation as Secretary
to a Commission which was asked to enquire into a certain
matter of public importance which was to be over in a short
time. The Commission itself was to become functus officio on
the submission of its report. The Commission was presided
over by a Judge of the Supreme Court of India and it was not
possible for him to give up his post as Secretary of the
Commission without the permission of the Chairman of the
Commission and to return to the Delhi Judicial Service. He
continued in the post of the Secretary to the Commission of
Inquiry as the Chairman of the Commission found it difficult
to relieve him in the midst of the inquiry. The object of
placing an officer on probation is only to assess whether he
is suitable for the post to which he is appointed. It is not
necessary that such assessment should always be made by the
appointing authority unless there is any legal impediment.
Such assessment can also be made by the authority under whom
the officer is required to work on deputation. In the
instant case the authority under whom the petitioner was
asked to work while on deputation was a Judge of the Supreme
Court of India who had approved the service of the
petitioner as can be seen from the certificate issued on
29.11.1986 which is extracted above. It may also
270
be seen from the decision of this Court in O.P. Singla &
Anr. etc. v. Union of India & Ors., [1985] 1 S.C.R. 351 that
the High Court had placed some of the officers of the Delhi
Higher Judicial Service on probation for the purpose of
confirming them in the Delhi Higher Judicial Service while
they were on deputation in other departments. Shri D.C.
Aggarwal was placed on probation while he was working as a
Member of the Sales Tax Tribunal, Shri Mahesh Chandra was
placed on probation while he was a Member of the Central
Government Industrial Tribunal and Ms. Santosh Duggal had
been placed on probation during her tenure as Member,
Customs, Excise and Gold Control Appellate Tribunal. It is
stated that the High Court declined to place the petitioner
on probation when he was working as the Secretary of the
Commission on account of the observation made by Justice
Mukharjee in O.P. Singla’s case (supra) at page 396 of the
Reports that such probations while the officers were on
deputation were meaningless formalities. But the High Court
overlooked that the same learned Judge had observed little
lower down in the said judgment that "an appointment on
probation is not a jurisprudential sine qua non for
absorption into the services, though normally and generally
various rules of different services make such provisions as
rule 12(2) here. But as has been noted in the working out
the practice of Delhi Judicial Service placement of
promotees on probation has not been very strictly followed.
The promotees cannot suffer for this." Even though it had
been stated that the petitioner was sent on deputation at
his own risk to the Commission of Inquiry it would be unjust
to hold that the High Court could have on the facts and
circumstances of this case passed orders which would have
the effect of superseding the petitioner. We also fail to
appreciate the implication of the observation made in the
course of the resolution of the High Court that the
petitioner had ’refused to come back and got it intimated
through Justice R.N. Misra vide demi-official letter dated
19.8.85 that he had come on deputation at his own risk.’ It
was not truly a case of refusal on the part of the
petitioner to go back to the Delhi Higher Judicial Service
nor can it be said that he was responsible for what Shri
Justice R.N. Misra had written. Shri Justice R.N. Misra
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found it difficult to relieve the petitioner in the midst of
the inquiry for obvious reasons and that could not be used
against the petitioner for depriving him of his seniority.
The stand taken by the High Court in this case cannot,
therefore, be upheld. We may, however, state at this stage
that Shri P. Dutta, Additional Solicitor-General of India
appearing on behalf of the Union of India has very fairly
supported the case of the petitioner.
At this stage we have to observe that no innocent
officer should
271
be exposed to the grave risk to which the petitioner has
been exposed in this case. In the instant case, the
petitioner was promoted as an Additional District and
Sessions Judge under rule 16 of the Delhi Higher Judicial
Service Rules in 1976. The post to which he was promoted was
called a temporary post although truly it was not a
temporary post. Neither the High Court nor the Delhi
Administration ever believed that the post to which the
petitioner was promoted would ever cease to exist. There was
no chance of its abolition at all. Yet it was called a
temporary because it was in excess of the strength of the
posts in the Delhi Higher Judicial Service which had been
fixed at 16 by rule 4 read with the Schedule attached to the
Delhi Higher Judicial Service Rules in the year 1970. If the
Schedule had been amended from time to time by increasing
the number of posts keeping pace with the reality of the
situation perhaps the strength should have been increased to
50 by now. Rule 12(2) of the said Rules states that all
candidates, other than those appointed at the initial
constitution of the Service on appointment to the Service
shall be on probation for a period of two years. In the
circumstances by appointing the Judicial officers of the
Higher Judicial Service to temporary posts instead of
appointing them to permanent posts the Delhi Administration
has virtually made a mockery of the rules of recruitment. To
place a Judicial officer, promoted to the Higher Judicial
Service, on probation nearly 9 years after his promotion as
in this case is a mere farce. Ordinarily an officer should
be on probation from the date of his appointment and if he
is found unsuitable within the period of probation he should
be weeded out of service. We are told that the reason for
not placing a judicial officer on probation on his
appointment is that the strength of the cadre is fixed at
16. Is it just and reasonable to place an officer on
probation nearly 9 years after his appointment and then turn
him out of service if his services are found to be not
satisfactory during the period of probation which would fall
in the 10th and 11th year of his service in that cadre?
The Administrators should know that the work in courts
has increased by two or three times in almost every court
during the last decade. The population has increased by 20
crores during this period. Laws have multiplied,
transactions have increased and people are becoming more and
more conscious of their rights. But the number of Judges has
remained constant. This has led to frustration amongst
litigants, lawyers and Judges. This frustration gives rise
to different kinds of tensions including the tension which
is now prevailing in the city of Delhi. We are told that the
Delhi High Court has been pressing for the appointment of
more number of Judges. The High Court
272
addressed a letter to the Delhi Administration requesting it
to sanction 169 additional posts in the Delhi Judicial
Service on 16.1.1983. The Delhi Administration sought some
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clarifications. In reply the High Court has again by its
letter dated 7th/ 11th January, 1988 urged for the
sanctioning of 169 posts. This letter shows that as on
1.9.1987 in the courts manned by the officers of the Delhi
Judicial Service (who on promotion will be members of the
Delhi Higher Judicial Service) there were 51,173 Regular
Suits, 1210 Small Cause Suits, 974 Civil Appeals, 10,592
Rent cases, pending before courts dealing with such cases.
There were 97,943 cases pending before the courts of Chief
and Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrates and 2,35,033
cases pending before other Magistrates as on 1.9.1987. The
Delhi Administration appears to have not taken any serious
notice of the appalling situation prevailing in the Delhi
courts. The Administrators should not look at the
recommendation as one which is intended to provide some jobs
to lawyers. They should look at the recommendation of the
High Court as one intended to give relief to the suffering
litigants who waste their valuable time near courts for
years waiting for justice. This is a problem which should be
solved on a war-footing. The Delhi Administration should
straightaway increase the strength of the Delhi Judicial
Service at least by 150, increase the number of posts in the
Delhi Higher Judicial Service at least by 40, establish
court premises in different parts of the Union Territory of
Delhi and see that the pending cases which are in the order
of lakhs, many of which are lingering for the last ten years
and more, are disposed of within two years. If the total
strength is increased at all levels, this farce of placing
the Judicial officers on probation after nearly ten years
will also end. We must also observe that the Government
should not consider finance as a constraint because by not
appointing sufficient number of Judges the Government is
suffering more financially. The Government itself being a
big litigant is subjected to several orders of stay,
prohibitory orders, injunctions etc. leading to delay in
completion of several projects and works. The indirect
effects of frustration amongst the people lead to a greater
financial drain. We may add here that if by any chance the
arrears of cases come down, then the vacancies in judicial
posts may not be filled up. The expenditure on judicial
department will thus automatically come down. We hope that
the Union of India and Delhi Administration will sanction at
least 150 more posts in the Delhi Judicial Service and about
40 posts in the Delhi Higher Judicial Service and also take
immediate steps to establish additional courts. We also
suggest that the expenditure on judicial administration
should not be subjected to the constraints of non-plan
expenditure. The judicial department is not an unproductive
department. Peace and tran-
273
quility that will result from quick disposal of cases is
much more valuable than the economic goods produced by
factories. Delay in disposal of cases affects the gross
national product adversely. In fact peace and tranquility
will help in greater production of economic goods. Quick
disposal of cases will also save millions of man-hours which
are now being wasted near the courts in India. There must be
a change of attitude on the part of the Governments and the
administrators at the secretariats. It is imperative that
every State should increase the strength of Judicial
officers at least by thirty per cent immediately. Otherwise
there would be a catastrophe in about a year or two. It is
hoped that this warning will not go unheeded.
We are of the view that the petitioner in this case
should have been placed on probation on 22.11.1985 even
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though he was on deputation on that date and on his
confirmation he is entitled to maintain his seniority above
Shri Jaspal Singh. We, therefore, direct that the petitioner
shall be deemed to have been on probation from 22.1.1985 and
his services shall be regulated accordingly. The petitioner
shall also be deemed to be above Shri Jaspal Singh in the
seniority list of officers in the Delhi Higher Judicial
Service.
In making this order, as already stated, we have not
considered the other contentions raised in the petition
including the contention that the petitioner should be
deemed to have been on probation from the date of his
promotion to the cadre of Additional District Judge or any
other date prior to 22.11.1985. All those contentions are
left open. The Writ Petition is allowed accordingly. There
is no order as to costs.
S.L. Petition allowed.
274