MUNICIPAL CORPN.OF GREATER MUMBAI vs. HARISH LAMBA OF BOMBAY, INDIAN INHABITANT

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 22-10-2019

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Full Judgment Text

1 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO.142 OF 2009 Municipal Corpn. of Greater Mumbai          ..…Appellant(s)  Versus Harish Lamba of Bombay,  Indian Inhabitant & Ors.    ….Respondent(s) J U D G M E N T A.M. Khanwilkar, J. 1. This appeal takes exception to the judgment and order st dated 21  November, 2006 of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay   in   Writ   Petition   No.1206   of   1999,   whereby   the bills/demand   raised   by   appellant   including   towards   water benefit tax and the Warrant of Attachment in respect of the Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by DEEPAK SINGH Date: 2019.10.22 18:20:52 IST Reason: stated   premises   belonging   to   the   respondents   came   to   be quashed and set aside being illegal.   2 2. The appellant is a corporate body constituted under the provisions of the Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888 (for short, “ ” or “ ”) and respondent No.1 is a sole 1888 Act   the Act   proprietor in the business, which was carried on by him in the name   and   style   of   Volga   Frozen   Foods   and   Ice   Cream Company, hereinafter referred to as the “ ”. The stated said firm business   was   located   at   Volga   House,   1­C,   K.K.   Marg, Mahalaxmi,   Bombay­400034,   hereinafter   referred   to   as   the “ ”.   The   respondent   No.2   is   the   landlord   of said   premises respondent   No.1   in   respect   of   the   said   premises.   The respondent No.3 is the tenant of respondent No.2 in respect of the remainder area of the said building other than the area in possession  of  respondent  No.1.   The  respondent  No.1’s  firm required 10 lakh gallons of water for its frozen food and ice cream business, which was being supplied by the appellant (under the fixed quota of 10 lakh gallons of water) till October, th 1983. On 29  October, 1983, an illegal strike call was given by the workmen in the factory of respondent No.1, due to which the   production   work   in   the   factory   was   suspended   by   the 3 management.   Therefore,   the   respondent   No.1   wrote   to   the nd th appellant   on   2   February,   1987   and   15   October,   1987, requesting to discontinue the water quota allotted and then charge them on actual consumption basis, as they did not require the large quantity of water any more due to shut down of the production. Besides, a new water meter came to be th installed   on   15   October,   1987.   Later   on,   the   appellant th informed   respondent   No.1   vide   letter   dated   27   January, 1992, that his water connection will be cut off as requested by th the company. That was finally done on 25   October, 1993. Since then, respondent No.1 is dependent on water supply by private water tankers. 3. Accordingly, respondent No.1 wrote to the appellant vide th letter   dated   10   December,   1993   that   since   the   water connection to the premises has been disrupted/cut off by the Water Department and he having paid all the dues until then amounting to Rs.46,794/­ (Rupees Forty Six Thousand Seven Hundred Ninety Four Only), the appellant ought to install a new water  meter.  Upon  receipt  of   this  communication,   the appellant demanded a deposit of Rs.72,000/­ (Rupees Seventy 4 Two   Thousand   Only)   for   processing   the   request   for   a   new water meter. However, respondent No.1 did not pay the said amount on the ground of financial crisis because of closure of the   factory.   The   respondent   No.1   in   turn   requested   the appellant   to   accept   the   deposit   amount   in   installments   of Rs.5,000/­ (Rupees Five Thousand Only), which request was declined   by   the   appellant.   Therefore,   there   was   no   water connection/meter in the premises of respondent No.1 since th 25  October, 1993. The appellant thereafter in 1997 started raising bills for 4. st the   period   from   1   October,   1993   including   towards   water benefit tax in respect of the subject premises. In January, 1997, seven bills of water tax and water benefit tax were raised st in respect of the said building (for the period from 1  October, th 1993 to 30  September, 1998) aggregating to Rs.10,60,312/­ (Rupees   Ten   Lakh   Sixty   Thousand   Three   Hundred   Twelve Only). The respondent No.3 paid his share of the bill in protest but respondent No.1, on advice, refused to pay his prorata share of the bill.  5 th 5. Resultantly, on 5   August, 1998, the appellant issued Warrant of Attachment and levied an attachment upon the said premises and building for the arrears of stated tax being property tax amounting to Rs.9,11,708/­ (Rupees Nine Lakh Eleven   Thousand   Seven   Hundred   Eight   Only)   and   further penalty   of   Rs.1,48,503/­   (Rupees   One   Lakh   Forty     Eight Thousand   Five   Hundred   Three   Only).   Thus,   the   aggregate demand   was   for   Rs.10,60,312/­(Rupees   Ten   Lakh   Sixty Thousand Three Hundred Twelve Only), against respondent th No.1. Further, vide letter dated 18   November, 1999, issued by the Legal Department of the appellant, respondents were informed   that   if   the   arrears   of   taxes   were   not   paid,   the appellant   would   proceed   to   advertise   the   public   auction relating to premises occupied by respondent No.1. Being   aggrieved,   respondent   No.1   filed   Writ   Petition 6. No.1206   of   1999   before   the   High   Court   of   Judicature   at Bombay to quash/set aside the bills and demand raised by the th appellant and the Warrant of Attachment dated 5   August, 1998 for recovery of the amount. The High Court was pleased to   quash   and   set   aside   the   bills/demands   along   with   the 6 th Warrant of Attachment dated 5  August, 1998, vide impugned st order dated 21   November, 2006. For that, the High Court relied   upon   the   judgment   of   this   Court   in   Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay Vs. M/s. Nagpal Printing 1 . The High Court held that the corporation Mills and Another can   levy   charge   only   in   respect   of   water   supplied   to   and consumed by the consumer and to be levied on the basis of measurement  or estimated  measurement.  It concluded that as, admittedly, supply of water to the premises was stopped th from 25   October, 1993, there was no consumption by the respondents   and   hence   they   were   not   liable   for   any   water charge or tax, as the case may be.    7. The appellant has assailed the view so taken by the High Court on the ground that the demand in question was towards property tax in the form of water benefit tax and not referable to demand under Section 169 of the Act, as such. In case of a tax, which is ascribable to Sections 139 and 140 of the Act, it is in the nature of a compulsory imposition or levy to be used for general public good. Had it been a demand for charges 1  (1988) 2 SCC 466 7 towards water actually consumed, it would come within the sweep of Section 169 of the Act. In that case alone it need to be   commensurate   with   the   quantity   of   water   actually consumed. If the  consumer avails the  water supply  facility extended by the corporation, the liability would be towards charges in lieu of water tax, as predicated in Section 169 of the   Act   and   the   Rules   framed   thereunder   namely,   Water Charges Rules in force at the relevant time. In the present case, the dispute relates to the bills raised by the appellant towards property tax in the form of water benefit tax in respect of   the   premises   of   respondent   No.2   (Owner)   and   of   which respondent No.1 is the tenant.  8. It is submitted that water tax or water benefit tax is a property tax and is determinable as a percentage of rateable value of the land or building as prescribed in Section 154 of the Act. Section 141 of the Act postulates that such tax shall be levied in respect of premises (i) to which a private water supply is furnished from OR (ii) which are connected by means of communication pipes with any municipal water works. In the   present   case,   even   though   the   water   connection   was 8 th disconnected on 25  October, 1993, the premises in question were still connected by means of communication pipes with the municipal water works. The term “communication pipes” is defined in Section 260A (a) of the Act to mean a pipe extending from a municipal water main up to and including municipal stop­cock. Hence, the demand raised by the appellant against the respondents towards water benefit tax under Section 141 of the Act was just and proper. It was not a recovery of charges under Section 169 of the Act as such, which could be limited to the quantity of consumed water. If the respondents had continued  to  consume the  water supplied  by the appellant through   communication   pipes   connecting   the   premises   in question, they would have become liable only to pay water charges under Section 169 of the Act, commensurate with the quantity   of   water   consumed   in   lieu   of   water   tax   or   water benefit tax. Having stopped consuming water and by the act of th cutting off the water connection on 25  October, 1993, whilst continuing   the   communication   pipes   connected   to   the premises, the respondents became liable to pay property tax in the form of water benefit tax under Section 141 of the Act.  9 9. It   is   contended   that   the   scheme   of   the   provisions   in question and the interplay of Sections 140, 141, and 142 of the Act on the one hand and Sections 160 and 169 on the other hand, the Bombay High Court in its recent decision in Sumer   Builders   Vs.   Municipal   Corporation   of   Greater 2 opined that water charges recovered under Section Mumbai   169 of the Act are not synonymous to the demand towards property tax in the form of water tax or water benefit tax under Section   141   of   the   Act.   The   appellant   would   adopt   the exposition in the said decision to buttress the ground urged before this Court. It is then contended that the High Court erroneously   placed   reliance   upon   Nagpal   Printing   Mills (supra) although it was a case dealing with interpretation of Rule III (d) (i)   of the Water Charges Rules which provided for deemed charges where a quota   of water had been fixed. It is urged that the said case was a case of water charges levied under Section 169 (1) (ii), which has no application to the facts of the present case.  2  2012 (114) BOM. L.R. 3400 10 10. The   appellant   has   also   countered   the   argument canvassed by respondent No.1 in particular to the effect that the   demand   raised   by   the   appellant   was   invalid   being retrospective   in   nature.   According   to   the   appellant,   the decision in  Kalyan Municipal Council and others Vs. Usha 3   as well as  Paper Products (P) Ltd. and another Municipal Corporation   of   City   of   Hubli   Vs.   Subha   Rao 4 dealt with question of Hanumatharao Prayag and Others   levy of property tax after alteration in the assessment list and about   the   power   to   levy   tax   after   authentication   of   the assessment list. These decisions, according to the appellant, have no bearing on the present case. For, the same is founded on the singular plea taken in ground (d) of the writ petition that the demand towards water benefit tax is for period prior th to 10  January, 1994 and is barred by limitation. However, no material fact has been pleaded in the writ petition filed by the respondents before the High Court so as to demonstrate that the   demand   raised   by   the   appellant   was   after   expiry   of limitation period, consequent to alteration in the assessment 3  (1988) 3 SCC 306 4  (1976) 4 SCC 830 11 list or authentication of the assessment list, as the case may be. No factual foundation was laid before the High Court that the   authentication   of   the   assessment   list   had   occurred   3 (three) years preceding the issuance of the impugned demand notices in January 1997. Admittedly, the demand of property tax in the form of water benefit tax dues issued in January st st 1997   was   for   official   year   1993­94   (1   April,   1993   to   31 March, 1994). For that reason, the demand raised in January, st 1997   going   back   only   upto   1   October,   1993   cannot   be considered as being barred by limitation. The appellant would, therefore, urge that the impugned judgment be set aside and the appellant be permitted to proceed with the enforcement of the impugned demand notices and the Warrant of Attachment. 11. Per   contra,   the   respondents   would   contend   that   the demand   was   nothing   but   water   charges   recoverable   under Section 169 of the Act. It ought to have been commensurate to the   quantity   of   water   supplied   and   consumed   by   the respondents. Admittedly, after disconnection of water supply th on 25  October, 1993, no water supply was continued to the premises.   For   that   very   reason,   it   was   not   open   for   the 12 corporation to levy any charges, be it in the name of water tax or water charge. It is urged that the demand is nothing but water charges for supply of water to the premises and not in the nature of tax. Even in case of a tax, the corporation cannot recover   the   same   in   absence   of   supply   of   water   to   the premises,   which   in   the   present   case,   admittedly,   was th disconnected w.e.f. 25   October, 1993. It is urged that the principle   underlying   the   dictum   in   Nagpal   Printing   Mills (supra) would squarely apply, as is applicable to Section 169 of the Act towards water tax.  12. It is then urged that in any case, the impugned demand notice was barred by limitation and had the inevitable effect of levy of property tax with retrospective effect  qua  the premises in question. The respondents would invite our attention to the term   ‘official   year’   defined   in   the   Act   and   the   interplay   of Sections 156, 160, 163, 165, 166, 168 and 169, to contend that the Commissioner is required to prepare assessment book for  every official year and   on authentication of   assessment book under Section 166 of the Act, the assessee can be made liable to pay the property tax for such official year. Reliance is 13 placed   on   the   decision   of   this   Court   in   Municipal   (supra) and  Corporation of City of Hubli Kalyan Municipal Council   (supra) to buttress this contention. It is then urged that it must be presumed that for the official year  1993­94, the assessment book was finalised and authenticated in due course of official business, within prescribed time. However, no demand followed despite finalisation of assessment book for the concerned years in particular official year 1993­94. If the appellant had issued demand notices for the concerned year   towards   property   tax   in   due   course,   the   respondents would have paid the same subject to just exceptions. In other words, the impugned demand notices issued in January, 1997 st for the period commencing from 1  October, 1993, being after expiry of three years,   are barred by limitation. The appellant cannot be allowed to raise any demand which is inherently barred   by   limitation.   Resultantly,   the   appellant   cannot   be permitted to pursue the impugned demand  notices. Taking any other view would legitimize retrospective levy, that cannot be countenanced. As a matter of fact, it must be presumed that the water taxes were never shown in the assessment book 14 for the official year 1993­94 until January, 1997. Keeping in view the exposition in the relied upon decisions of this Court, the High Court order quashing the impugned demand notices be upheld on this count alone.  13. Lastly, it is contended that even if, the respondents fail to persuade this Court to uphold the decision of the High Court, the Court may grant reasonable time to the respondents to pay the dues in suitable installments. Further, the Court may extricate the respondents from their liability to pay interest on the outstanding dues. This is so because the respondents had filed the writ petition before the High Court in April, 1998 immediately after receiving the impugned demand notices and have also succeeded before the High Court. Due to reasons beyond their control the matter had remained pending in this Court, which delay is not attributable to the respondents. It is urged that had the High Court rejected their writ petition, they would have had no option but to pay the outstanding dues long back. Taking into account these facts and circumstances, it is urged that the respondents be absolved from the liability of interest on the principal amount. The other respondents 15 have adopted the argument pursued on behalf of respondent No.1.  We have heard Mr. Atul Y. Chitale, Senior Advocate for 14. the   appellant   and   Mr.   Anirudh   Joshi,   Advocate   for   the contesting respondent (respondent No.1), Mr. Praveen Kumar Rai, Advocate for the respondent No.2 and Mr. Ashish Wad for the respondent No.3. 15. The main issue is whether: the impugned notices can be styled   as   demand   towards   water   charges   or   stricto   sensu demand towards property tax in the form of water benefit tax. That can be answered by adverting to the impugned demand notices   (Annexure   R­5   collectively).   It   may   be   apposite   to reproduce one such notice pertaining to official year 1993­94. The same reads thus:  16 The   impugned   demand   notices   for   subsequent   official 16. years are more or less similar except variation in the figures, as applicable for the concerned official year.   On a bare perusal of these demand notices, it is amply 17. clear that the demand is towards property tax in the form of water benefit tax and sewerage benefit tax. It is not a notice for payment of water charges ascribable to Section 169 of the Act as such.    17 18. The concept of water tax and water benefit tax and that of water charges is qualitatively distinct. By its very nature, the former has been made part of the property tax in terms of Section 140 of the Act, in sub­section 1(a) (i) & (ii) thereof. Section 140 reads thus: 
“140.Property taxes leviable on rateable value, or
on capital value, as the case may be, and at what
rate.
(1)The following property taxes shall be leviable on
buildings and lands in Brihan Mumbai, namely:­
(a) (i)the water tax of so many per centum of their
rateable value,or their capital value, as the case
may be,as theStanding Committeemay consider
necessary for providing water supply;
(ii)an additional water tax which shall be called
'the water benefit tax' of so many per centum
of their rateable value,or their capital value, as
the case may be,as theStanding Committeemay
consider necessary for meeting the whole or part
of the expenditure incurred or to be incurred on
capital works for making and improving the
facilities of water supply and for maintaining and
operating such works;
Provided that all or any of the property taxes may be
imposed on a graduated scale.
(b) (i) the sewerage tax of so many per centum of their
rateable value,or their capital value, as the case may
be,astheStanding Committeemay consider
necessary for collection, removal and disposal of
human waste and other wastes;
(ii) an additional sewerage tax which shall be called the "sewerage benefit tax" of so many per centum of 18
their rateable value,or their capital value, as the case
may be,as theStandingCommitteemay
consider necessary for meeting the whole or a part of
the expenditure incurred or to be incurred on capital
works for making and improving facilities for the
collection, removal and disposal of human waste and
other wastes and for maintaining and operating such
works;
General tax
(c) a general tax of not less than eight and not more
thanfiftyper centum of their rateable value,or of not
less than 0.1 and not more than 1 per centum of their
capital value, as the case may be,together with not
less than one­eighth andnot more than five per
centumof their rateable valueor not less than 0.01
and not more than 0.2 per centum of their capital
value, as the case may be,added thereto in order to
provide for the expense necessary for fulfilling the
duties of the corporation arising under clause (k) of
section 61 and Chapter XIV;
“Provided that, the Corporation shall not levy property
tax leviable under this clause, on residential buildings
or residential tenements, having carpet area of 46.45
sq. meter (500 sq. feet) or less.
Explanation.– For the purposes of the above proviso,
the term “residential buildings or residential
tenements, having carpet area of 46.45 sq. meter (500
sq. feet) or less” means the residential buildings or
residential tenements, existing on the date of coming
into force of the Mumbai Municipal Corporation
(Amendment) Act, 2019, having carpet area of 46.45
sq. meter (500 sq. feet) or less and recorded with such
area in the Municipal records on the 1stJanuary 2019
or in respect of which the permission to occupy has
been granted by the Corporation permitting such area
to be occupied after such date of coming into force of
the said Act.”.
Education cess
(ca) the education cess leviable under section 195E;
(cb) the street tax leviable under section 195G
(d) betterment charges leviable under Chapter XII­A.
19
(2) Any reference in this Act or in any instrument to a
water tax or a halalkhor tax shall after the
commencement of the Bombay Municipal Corporation
(Amendment) Ordinance, 1973, be construed as a
reference to the water tax or the water benefit tax or
both, or the sewerage tax or the sewerage benefit tax,
or both as the context may require.”
   (emphasis supplied) It may be useful to advert to Section 141, which permits levy of   water   tax   and   water   benefit   tax   concerning   prescribed premises. The same reads thus:  “141. Water taxes on what premises to be levied.   (1) Subject to the provisions of section 169, the water tax shall be levied only in respect of premises– (a)   to  which   a   private   water  supply  is   furnished from   or   which   are   connected   by   means   of communication   pipes   with,   any   municipal   water works ; or (b)   which   are   situated   in   a   portion   of Brihan Mumbai in which the Commissioner has given public notice   that   sufficient   water   is   available   from   the municipal   water   works   for   furnishing   a   reasonable supply to all the premises in the said portion.  (2)   Subject to the provisions of section 169, the water benefit tax shall be levied in respect of all premises   situated   in   Brihan   Mumbai,   except  the buildings and lands or parts thereof vesting in, or in   the   occupation   of,   any   consul   de   carriers, whether called as a consul general, consul, vice­ consul, consular agent, pro­consul or by any other name of a foreign State recognised as such by the Government of India, or of any members (not being citizens of India) of staff of such officials, and such buildings and lands or parts thereof which are used 20 or intended to be used for any purpose other than for the purpose of profit .” (emphasis supplied) The water benefit tax is thus determined on prescribed per centum of rateable value of specified premises or its capital value, as the case may be. The levy of water benefit tax being a property tax, however, has been made subject to Section 169 of the Act. Section 169 of the Act reads thus: 
“169. Rules for water taxes and charges.
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in section
128, the Standing Committeeshall, from time to time,
make such rules as shall be necessary for supply of
water and for charging for the supply of water and for
any fittings, fixtures or services rendered by the
Corporation under Chapter X and shall by such rules
determine ­
(i) the charges for the supply of water by a water<br>tax and a water benefit tax levied under section<br>140 of a percentage of the rateable value or the<br>capital value, as the case may be, of any property<br>provided with a supply of water; or
(ii) a water charge in lieu of a water tax, based on a<br>measurement or estimated measurement of the<br>quantity of water supplied; or
(iii) combined charges under clauses (i) and (ii); or
(iv) a compounded charge in lieu of charges under<br>clauses (i) and (ii).
(2)A person who is charged for supply of water
under clause (ii) or (iv) of sub­section (1)shall not be
liable for payment of the water tax, but any sum
payable by him and not paid when it becomes due
21
shall be recoverable by the Commissioner as if it were
an arrear of property tax due.
(3)Notwithstanding anything contained in section
146, the water taxes and charges shall be primarily
recoverable from person or persons actually occupying
the premises.”
(emphasis supplied) 19. Section 169 is an enabling provision which empowers the standing committee to make rules for supply of water and for charging for the supply of water and for any fittings, fixtures or services rendered by the corporation. The extent to which such charges can be levied has been delineated in Section 169 of the Act. This provision envisages levy of charges for the supply of water and further that if such supply materialises, water charges be levied in lieu of a tax (water tax/water benefit tax) prescribed under Section 140 of the Act. Concededly, the primary   liability   to   pay   property   tax   in   the   form   of   water benefit tax is co­extensive with meeting the whole or part of the expenditure incurred or to be incurred on capital works for making and improving the facilities of water supply and for maintaining and operating such works, as the case may be in terms of Sections 140 and 141 of the Act. The levy towards property tax fructifies on fulfilment of conditions stipulated 22 therefor in Section 139 read with Sections 140 and 141 of the Act. The extent of such levy is also predicated in Sections 140 and 141 of the Act. It is a compulsory imposition.  20. If it is a compulsory imposition, the fact that the water is de   facto   utilised   by   the   occupants   or   the   owners   of   the building becomes insignificant. It is not a tax on income where the levy is linked to income. We are concerned with property tax, which becomes payable in respect of specified property. Water Tax or Water Benefit Tax, in law, is a property tax and described by the legislature as being one of the component of property   tax.   That   becomes   payable   as   soon   as   the owner/occupant of the premises is in a position to avail of water connection to his premises in the prescribed manner. That liability is inevitable in terms of Section 141 of the Act, even if the water supply/water meter is later on disconnected.   21. Indeed, in case of disconnection of water supply/water meter   the   corporation   cannot   recover   water   charges   under Section   169   of   the   Act.   For,   the   water   charges   can   be recovered   commensurate   to   the   quantity   of   water   actually supplied   and   consumed   from   the   connection   of 23 communication   pipes   or   municipal   water   works   to   the premises concerned.  Reverting to the view taken by the High Court, we agree 22. with   the   appellant   that   the   High   Court   has   palpably misapplied the decision in  Nagpal Printing Mills   (supra) by erroneously assuming that the present case was also a case of levy of ‘water charges’ referable to Section 169 of the Act. The High Court completely glossed over the distinction between the concept of property tax in the form of water benefit tax on the one hand; and water charges in respect of the quantity of water actually consumed on the other hand. In the former case, being a property tax, it is a compulsory imposition and liability to pay the same accrues   irrespective of the quantity of water supplied and consumed in the premises concerned. That liability flows from Sections 139 read with 140 and 141 of the Act. The quantum of tax payable is specified by the standing committee from time to time on the basis of per centum of   rateable value of premises or its capital value. The impugned demand notices,   are ascribable to Section 141 of the ex facie, 24 Act. The same in no manner can be construed as having been issued under Section 169 of the Act. Had it been a case of demand under Section 169 of the 23. Act,  the   principle   stated  in   Nagpal   Printing   Mills   (supra) would have come into play. We agree with the appellant that the decision in    (supra) is in reference Nagpal Printing Mills to interpretation of Rule (3) (d) (1) of Water Charges Rules framed under Section 169 of the Act. The principle stated in that decision, therefore, can have no application to a demand notice(s) towards property tax in the form of water tax or water benefit tax, payable in respect of the premises by virtue of Section 139 read with Sections 140 and 141 of the Act. The appellant has justly relied on the exposition of the High Court of Bombay in  Sumer Builders   (supra), wherein the Court after considering the interplay between the relevant provisions of the Act, observed as follows:  “7.   Conjoint   reading   of   the   above   provisions   and Sections 142 and 170 is required, to understand levy of the two taxes and charges by respondent No. 1. Section   140   of   the   M.M.C.   Act   states   different components of the property taxes. They are, water tax, water benefit tax, sewerage tax, sewerage benefit tax, general tax, education cess, street tax and betterment 25 charges.   The   water   tax/   sewerage   tax   and   water benefit/sewerage benefit tax are quantified by certain per centum of the rateable value of the property on which the property taxes are to be levied. The rateable value   of   any   property   is   to   be   determined   under Section   154   of   the   M.M.C.   Act.   As   stated   in   that provision, the factors relevant for determination of the rateable   value   are   (i)   nature   and   type   of   land   and structure of the building, (ii) area of the land or carpet area of the building, (iii) the different categories of use of the property, (iv) the age of the building and (v) such other factors as may be specified by the rules made for the purpose . It is obvious from Section 140 that water tax or sewerage tax payable under it, has no connection whatsoever with the actual supply of the services therefor. Another aspect that becomes clear   from   the   provision   is   that   the water/sewerage taxes run along with the property, whether constructed upon or not, also whether put to actual use or not. Even an open piece of land is subject to property tax, the components of which include   water/sewerage   tax,   water benefit/sewerage   benefit   tax.   Sections   141   and 142, though refer to only water/sewerage taxes, as such, make it clear that the same are subject to the   provisions   of   Section   169   and   170 respectively.   Therefore,  Sections  169  and  170,  the controlling   sections   would   be   the   most   relevant provisions. They provide for rules for water/sewerage taxes and water/sewerage charges and to determine the charges. They empower the Standing Committee of the   Municipality   to   make   such   rules   as   may   be necessary for, supply and for charging for the supply of water etc., and for supply of service of removing human   wastes,   polluted   matters,   effluents   etc. Sections 169 and 170 provide for four modes of payment   of   the   charges.   The   first   mode   is   by payment   of   water/sewerage   tax   and water/sewerage benefit tax under Section 140 by way of a percentage of a rateable value. The second mode is payment of water/sewerage charge in lieu of water/sewerage tax based on measurement or estimated   measurement   of   the   quantity   of   the water   supplied   or   of   the   quantity   of   water 26 discharged from the premises. The third mode is of combined charges under the first two modes i.e. partly   by   way   of   taxes   and   partly   by   way   of charges. The fourth mode is a compounded charge in lieu of the first two modes i.e. a fixed sum to be paid in lieu of the taxes and charges. These modes, in particular the first and the second mode, make it very clear that water/sewerage charges are not synonymous with water/sewerage taxes and there is   no   scope   for   confusing   one   for   the   other. Therefore, I find substance in the submission of Mr. Pakale that even if there is no water supply given to the property for which no charges can be recovered by the Municipality, there is no escape from payment of water   taxes/   sewerage   taxes   by   a   property   owner, which is solely dependent upon the rateable value of the property fixed.” (emphasis supplied) 24. Having said this, we must conclude that the High Court misread the impugned demand notices as being under Section 169 of the Act, when in fact the same were for recovery of property tax in the form of water benefit tax under Section 139 read with Sections 140 and 141 of the Act. The liability to pay such   tax   arises   irrespective   of   disconnection   of   water supply/water meter including due to non­payment of taxes, being   a   compulsory   imposition.   However,   if   the owner/occupant   of   the   premises   were   to   utilise   the   water supply   facility   made   available   to   the   premises   through connection by means of communication pipes or municipal 27 water works, as the case may be, the liability would be to pay only   water   charges   on   the   basis   of   the   quantity   of   water actually consumed, in lieu of property tax in the form of water tax or water benefit tax by virtue of Section 169 of the Act and in particular sub­section (2) thereof.   25. That takes us to the next plea of the respondents about th the demand for the period preceding 10  January, 1994, i.e. st th 1   October,   1993   to   9   January,   1994,   being   barred   by limitation. It is also urged that the impugned demand notices entail in levy of taxes retrospectively. This argument has been justly rejected by the High Court by relying on the dictum of the   same   High   Court   in   State   Bank   of   India   Vs. Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay 5 . In  similar  situation,   the   Court  had   observed and  Others   thus:  “7. Insofar as the first contention is concerned, there is really no merit in the contention. The respondents have not imposed any tax with retrospective effect. All that the respondents have done is issuance of bills for the period previous to the date of the bills. In other words the bills are issued for the period for which they are payable by sending a bill after that period. There is 5  MANU/MH/0667/2004=2005 (1) Bom. C.R. 296, 2005 (107(1)) BOM.L.R.   271, 2004 (4) Mh.L.J. 773 28 no provision either under the Act or rules by which claim   for   sewerage   charges/sewerage   tax   can   be anticipated or made in advance. That can only be done subsequent   to   the   charge/taxes   becoming   due   and payable.   Retrospectivity   in   levying   tax   would   mean that a law has been enacted with retrospective effect. That   is   not   the   case   over   here.   All   that   the respondents have done is to merely make demands for charges which had become due prior to issuance of the bills. That cannot be said to be levying of tax with retrospective   effect.   The   first   contention   must therefore, be rejected.” 26. Indisputably, the challenge on the ground of limitation is th st limited to period prior to 10  January, 1994, i.e., between 1 th October, 1993 to 9   January, 1994. This period falls within st st the official year 1993­94 (from 1   April, 1993 to 31   March, 1994). In that sense, the amount towards property tax had become   due   and   payable   upon   completion   of   official   year st 1993­94 i.e., 31  March, 1994. Three years limitation period, th therefore, would have expired on 30  March, 1997. However, th the   impugned   demand   notice(s)   have   been   issued   on   10 January, 1997. Thus, the challenge to the impugned demand notice(s) being barred by limitation, as asseverated in ground (d) of the memo of writ petition filed by the respondents, is devoid   of   merits.   No   other   averment   is   found   in   the   writ petition filed before the High Court to reinforce the plea under 29 consideration. In our opinion, therefore, the decisions of this Court in     (supra) and   Kalyan Municipal Council Municipal Corporation of City of Hubli  (supra) will have no bearing on the matter under consideration. Resultantly, the challenge to the impugned demand notice(s) being barred by limitation or having the effect of retrospective tax demand, is rejected.  27. The next question is: whether the respondents should be called upon to pay statutory interest on the delayed payment of principal amount stated in the impugned demand notices. We find merits in the submission of the respondents that they be relieved from the liability to pay statutory interest for the period spent by them in pursuing the proceedings in good faith before the High Court and thereafter before this Court. Inasmuch as, time so spent is not attributable to the inaction or neglect of respondents in making payment; moreso because of the interim orders operating in favour of the respondents during the pendency of writ petition before the High Court and also because the impugned demand notices were set aside by the High Court. As the said notices will be revived in terms of this   order,   therefore,   the   respondents   are   entitled   to   an 30 equitable arrangement to meet the ends of justice. Somewhat similar situation has been dealt with in  State of Rajasthan 6 and Another Vs. J.K. Synthetics Limited and Another   and Kanoria Chemicals and Industries Ltd. and Others Vs. 7 U.P.   State   Electricity   Board   and   Others .   Applying   the principle underlying these decisions, we deem it appropriate to quantify the interest component at the rate of 18% per annum on   the   outstanding   principal   tax   amount   or   the   statutory interest   as   may   have   been   prescribed   under   the   extant Regulations,   whichever   is   less,   for   the   period   during   the pendency of writ petition and the present appeal, as the case may be. For rest of the default period, from the date of demand notices until payment of the outstanding amount mentioned therein, the respondents shall be liable to pay interest at the rate as prescribed in the extant Regulations applicable in that regard. This would meet the ends of justice.    28. It   is   seen   from   the   records   that   impugned   demand th notice(s)   were   issued   on   10   January,   1997,   when   the principal tax amount had become due and payable forthwith. 6  (2011) 12 SCC 518 (paragraph nos.12, 23, 41 & 42)  7  (1997) 5 SCC 772 31 The interest at the statutory rate, therefore, would commence from that date. However, for the period from the date of filing st of the writ petition on 21  April, 1999 till the judgment of the st High   Court   dated   21   November,   2006,   the   interest   be reckoned   as   aforestated.   Similarly,   for   the   period   during th pendency   of   special   leave   petition   in   this   Court   from   27 August, 2007 till the pronouncement of this judgment. Except these   two   periods,   the   rate   of   interest   payable   by   the respondents for the delayed payment would be as prescribed in the governing Regulations. The respondents shall pay the outstanding amounts including interest within three months from   today,   failing   which   it   will   be   open   to   the   appellant­ corporation to proceed against the respondents in accordance with law.  29. For the view that we have taken, it is unnecessary to dilate   on   the   efficacy   of   the   provisions   contained   in   Water Charges Rules as applicable at the relevant time framed under Section 169 of the Act.  32 30. The   appeal   is   allowed   in   the   aforementioned   terms. Impugned judgment of the High Court is set aside. No order as to costs.  31. All pending applications are also disposed of in the above terms.       …………………………….. J       (A.M. Khanwilkar)       …………………………….. J       (Ajay Rastogi) New Delhi; October 22, 2019.