UNION OF INDIA vs. ASHISH AGARWAL

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 04-05-2022

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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 3005/2022 Union of India & Ors.             ..Appellant (S) Versus Ashish Agarwal                            ..Respondent (S) With  Civil Appeal No. 3006/2022 With  Civil Appeal No. 3009/2022 With  Civil Appeal No. 3007/2022 With  Civil Appeal No. 3008/2022 With  Civil Appeal No. 3010/2022 With  Signature Not Verified Civil Appeal No. 3013/2022 Digitally signed by R Natarajan Date: 2022.05.04 16:47:06 IST Reason: With  1 Civil Appeal No. 3011/2022 With  Civil Appeal No. 3012/2022 With  Civil Appeal No. 3014/2022 With Civil Appeal No. 3015/2022 With  Civil Appeal No. 3016/2022 With  Civil Appeal No. 3017/2022 With  Civil Appeal No. 3019/2022 With  Civil Appeal No. 3020/2022 With    Civil Appeal No.                   /2022 (arising out of SLP(C) No. 6448/2022) With    Civil Appeal No.                   /2022 (arising out of SLP(C) No. 5381/2022) With  2   Civil Appeal No.                   /2022 (arising out of SLP(C) No. 5079/2022) With    Civil Appeal No.                   /2022 (arising out of SLP(C) No. 6092/2022) With    Civil Appeal No.                   /2022 (arising out of SLP(C) No. 6534/2022) With    Civil Appeal No.                   /2022 (arising out of SLP(C) No. 6158/2022) With    Civil Appeal No.                   /2022 (arising out of SLP(C) No. 6316/2022) With    Civil Appeal No.                   /2022 (arising out of SLP(C) No. 6281/2022) With    Civil Appeal No.                       /2022 (arising out of SLP(C) No. 6545/2022) With    Civil Appeal No.                   /2022 (arising out of SLP(C) No. 6038/2022) J U D G M E N T  3 M. R. Shah, J. Leave   granted   in   SLP   (C)   Nos.   6448/2022,   5381/2022, 5079/2022,   6092/2022,   6534/2022,   6158/2022, 6316/2022, 6281/2022, 6545/2022, 6038/2022.    1. Feeling   aggrieved   and   dissatisfied   with   the   impugned common judgment and order passed by the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad in Writ Tax No. 524/2021 and other allied writ tax petitions, by which the High Court has allowed the said writ petitions and has quashed several reassessment notices issued by the Revenue, issued under section 148 of the Income Tax Act, 1961, on the ground that the same are bad in law in view of the amendment by the Finance Act, 2021 which has amended Income Tax Act by   introducing   new   provisions   i.e.   sections   147   to   151 st w.e.f.   1   April,   2021,   the   Revenue   has   preferred   the present appeals.  2. Similar judgments and orders are passed by various other High Courts including High Court of Delhi; High Court of Rajasthan; High Court of Calcutta; High Court of Madras; 4 High Court of Bombay, the particulars of which are as under: ­
Sl. No.Particulars
1.Ashok Kumar Agarwal Vs. UOI (Allahabad HC)<br>Judgment passed by the Hon’ble High Court of Allahabad<br>at Allahabad in Writ Tax No. 524/2021 dated 30.09.2021
2.Bpip Infra Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Income Tax Officer & Others<br>(Rajasthan HC)<br>Judgment in S.B. Civil Writ Petition No. 13297/2021<br>passed by the Hon’ble High Court of Rajasthan at Jaipur<br>dated 25.11.2021
3.Mon Mohan Kohli Vs. ACIT (Delhi HC)<br>Judgment passed by the Hon’ble High Court of Delhi in<br>W.P.(C) No. 6176/2021 dated 15.12.2021
4.Bagaria Properties & Investment Pvt. Ltd. Vs. UOI<br>(Calcutta HC)<br>Judgment passed by the Hon’ble High Court of Calcutta<br>in W.P.O No. 244/2021 dated 17.01.2022
5.Manoj Jain Vs. UOI (Calcutta HC)
5
Judgment passed by the Hon’ble High Court of Calcutta<br>in W.P.A. No. 11950 of 2021 dated 17.01.2022
6.Sudesh Taneja Vs. ITO (Rajasthan HC)<br>Judgment passed by the Hon’ble High Court of Rajasthan<br>in D.B. Civil Writ Petition No. 969 of 2022 dated<br>27.01.2022
7.Vellore Institute of Technology Vs. CBDT (Madras HC)<br>Judgment passed by the Hon’ble High Court of Madras in<br>W.P. No. 15019/2021 dated 04.02.2022.
8.Tata Communications Transformation Services Vs. ACIT<br>(Bombay HC)<br>Judgment passed by the Hon’ble High Court of Bombay<br>in Writ Petition No. 1334 of 2021 dated 29.03.2022
At   this   stage,   it   is   required   to   be   noted   that approximately   90,000   such   reassessment   notices   under section 148 of the unamended Income Tax Act were issued by the Revenue after 01.04.2021, which were the subject matter   of   more   than  9000   writ  petitions  before   various High Courts across the country and by different judgments 6 and orders, the particulars of which are as above, the High Courts have taken a similar view and have set aside the respective reassessment notices issued under section 148 on similar grounds.  2.1 The common judgment and order passed by the Allahabad High Court is the subject matter of the present appeals. Shri N. Venkataraman, learned ASG, stated at the bar that the Revenue is contemplating to prefer appeals against the similar   judgments   and   orders   passed   by   various   High Courts. However, as the issue is common and there will be multiplicity of the proceedings and to lessen the burden of this Court and for the reasons stated hereinbelow, as we propose   to   pass   an   order   in   exercise   of   powers   under Article 142 of the Constitution of India the present order shall govern all the other judgments and orders passed by various   High   Courts   on   the   similar   issue.   Hence,   we observe that the Revenue need not file separate individual appeals which may be more than 9000 in numbers.  7 2.2 In fact, we have heard Shri C.A. Sundaram, learned Senior Advocate, appearing on behalf of the respective assessee, who were before the Delhi High Court also.             3. While appreciating the controversy, a few facts and the relevant   statutory   provisions   applicable   pre   01.04.2021 and post 01.04.2021 are required to be referred to.  The   procedure   governing   initiation   of   reassessment proceedings prior to coming into force of the Finance Act, 2021 was governed by the following provisions: ­  “Income escaping assessment­  147. If the Assessing Officer has reason to believe that any income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for any assessment   year,   he   may,   subject   to   the   provisions   of sections 148 to 153, assess or reassess such income and also any other income chargeable to tax which has escaped assessment and which comes to his notice subsequently in the   course   of   the   proceedings   under   this  section,   or recomputed the loss or the depreciation allowance or any other allowance, as the case may be, for the assessment year concerned (hereafter in this section and in sections 148 to 153 referred to as the relevant assessment year): Provided that where an assessment under sub­section (3) of section 143 or this section has been made for the relevant assessment year, no action shall be taken under this section after the expiry of four years from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless any income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for such assessment year by reason of the failure on the part of the assessee to make a return under section 139 or in response to a notice issued under sub­section (1) of section 142 or section 148 or to disclose 8 fully   and   truly   all   material   facts   necessary   for   his assessment, for that assessment year:  Provided further that nothing contained in the first proviso shall apply in a case where any income in relation to any asset   (including   financial   interest   in   any   entity)   located outside India, chargeable to tax, has escaped assessment for any assessment year:  Provided   also   that   the   Assessing   Officer   may   assess   or reassess   such   income,   other   than   the   income   involving matters   which   are   the   subject   matters   of   any   appeal, reference or revision, which is chargeable to tax and has escaped assessment.  Explanation 1.—Production before the Assessing Officer of account   books   or   other   evidence   from   which   material evidence could with due diligence have been discovered by the   Assessing   Officer   will   not   necessarily   amount   to disclosure within the meaning of the foregoing proviso.  Explanation   2.—For   the   purposes   of   this   section,   the following shall also be deemed to be cases where income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment, namely :— (a) where no return of income has been furnished by the assessee although his total income or the total income of any other person in respect of which he is assessable under this Act during the previous year exceeded the maximum amount which is not chargeable to income­tax;  (b)   where  a  return  of  income  has  been   furnished  by   the assessee but no assessment has been made and it is noticed by the Assessing Officer that the assessee has understated the   income   or   has   claimed   excessive   loss,   deduction, allowance or relief in the return;  (ba) where the assessee has failed to furnish a report in respect of any international transaction which he was so required under section 92E;  (c) where an assessment has been made, but—  (i) income chargeable to tax has been underassessed; or  (ii) such income has been assessed at too low a rate; or (iii)   such   income   has   been   made   the   subject   of excessive relief under this Act; or  9 (iv)   excessive   loss   or   depreciation   allowance   or   any other allowance under this Act has been computed;  (ca) where a return of income has not been furnished by the assessee or a return of income has been furnished by him and on the basis of information or document received from the prescribed income­tax authority, under sub­section (2) of section 133C, it is noticed by the Assessing Officer that the income of the assessee exceeds the maximum amount not chargeable to tax, or as the case may be, the assessee has understated   the   income   or   has   claimed   excessive   loss, deduction, allowance or relief in the return;  (d) where a person is found to have any asset (including financial interest in any entity) located outside India. Explanation   3.—For   the   purpose   of   assessment   or reassessment under this section, the Assessing Officer may assess or reassess the income in respect of any issue, which has escaped assessment, and such issue comes to his notice subsequently in the course of the proceedings under this section,   notwithstanding   that   the   reasons   for   such   issue have not been included in the reasons recorded under sub­ section (2) of section 148.  Explanation   4.—For   the   removal   of   doubts,   it   is   hereby clarified that the provisions of this section, as amended by the   Finance   Act,   2012,   shall   also   be   applicable   for   any assessment year beginning on or before the 1st day of April, 2012. Issue of notice where income has escaped assessment­ 148.(1)   Before   making   the   assessment,   reassessment   or recomputation under section 147, the Assessing Officer shall serve   on   the   assessee   a   notice   requiring   him   to   furnish within   such  period,   as  may   be   specified  in   the   notice,   a return of his income or the income of any other person in respect of which he is assessable under this Act during the previous year corresponding to the relevant assessment year, in the prescribed form and verified in the prescribed manner and   setting   forth   such   other   particulars   as   may   be prescribed; and the provisions of this Act shall, so far as may be,   apply   accordingly   as   if   such   return   were   a   return required to be furnished under section 139:  Provided that in a case—  10 (a)  where a  return has been furnished  during the  period commencing on the 1st day of October, 1991 and ending on the 30th day of September, 2005 in response to a notice served under this section, and  (b) subsequently a notice has been served under sub­section (2) of section 143 after the expiry of twelve months specified in the proviso to subsection (2) of section 143, as it stood immediately before the amendment of said sub­section by the Finance Act, 2002 (20 of 2002) but before the expiry of the time limit for making the assessment, re­assessment or recomputation as specified in sub­section (2) of section 153, every such notice referred to in this clause shall be deemed to be a valid notice: Provided further that in a case—  (a)  where a  return has been furnished  during the  period commencing on the 1st day of October, 1991 and ending on the 30th day of September, 2005, in response to a notice served under this section, and  (b) subsequently a notice has been served under clause (ii) of sub­section   (2)   of   section   143   after   the   expiry   of   twelve months specified in the proviso to clause (ii) of sub­section (2) of section 143, but before the expiry of the time limit for making the assessment, reassessment or recomputation as specified in sub­section (2) of section 153, every such notice referred   to   in   this   clause   shall   be   deemed   to   be   a   valid notice.  Explanation.—For   the   removal   of   doubts,   it   is   hereby declared that nothing contained in the first proviso or the second proviso shall apply to any return which has been furnished   on   or   after   the   1st   day   of   October,   2005   in response to a notice served under this section.  (2)   The   Assessing   Officer   shall,   before   issuing   any   notice under this section, record his reasons for doing so. Time limit for notice­  149. (1) No notice under section 148 shall be issued for the relevant assessment year,—  (a)   if   four   years   have   elapsed   from   the   end   of   the relevant assessment year, unless the case falls under clause (b) or clause (c);  11 (b) if four years, but not more than six years, have elapsed from the end of the relevant assessment year unless   the   income   chargeable   to   tax   which   has escaped assessment amounts to or is likely to amount to one lakh rupees or more for that year;  (c) if four years, but not more than sixteen years, have elapsed from the end of the relevant assessment year unless the income in relation to any asset (including financial interest in any entity) located outside India, chargeable to tax, has escaped assessment.  Explanation.—In   determining   income   chargeable   to   tax which has escaped assessment for the purposes of this sub­ section, the provisions of Explanation 2 of section 147 shall apply as they apply for the purposes of that section.  (2) The provisions of sub­section (1) as to the issue of notice shall be subject to the provisions of section 151.  (3) If the person on whom a notice under section 148 is to be served is a person treated as the agent of a nonresident under   section   163   and   the   assessment,   reassessment   or recomputation to be made in pursuance of the notice is to be made on him as the agent of such non­resident, the notice shall not be issued after the expiry of a period of six years from the end of the relevant assessment year.  Explanation.—For   the   removal   of   doubts,   it   is   hereby clarified that the provisions of sub­sections (1) and (3), as amended by the Finance Act, 2012, shall also be applicable for any assessment year beginning on or before the 1st day of April, 2012. Sanction for issue of notice­  151. (1) No notice shall be issued under section 148 by an Assessing Officer, after the expiry of a period of four years from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless the Principal   Chief   Commissioner   or   Chief   Commissioner   or Principal Commissioner or Commissioner is satisfied, on the reasons recorded by the Assessing Officer, that it is a fit case for the issue of such notice.  (2) In a case other than a case falling under sub­section (1), no notice shall be issued under section 148 by an Assessing Officer, who is below the rank of Joint Commissioner, unless the Joint Commissioner is satisfied, on the reasons recorded 12 by such Assessing Officer, that it is a fit case for the issue of such notice.  (3) For the purposes of sub­section (1) and sub­section (2), the Principal Chief Commissioner or the Chief Commissioner or the Principal Commissioner or the Commissioner or the Joint Commissioner, as the case may be, being satisfied on the reasons recorded by the Assessing Officer about fitness of a case for the issue of notice under section 148, need not issue such notice himself.”   3.1 In pursuance to the power vested under section 3 of the Relaxation   Act,   2020,   the   Central   Government   issued following Notifications inter­alia extending the time lines prescribed   under   section   149   for   issuance   of reassessment notices under section 148 of the Income Tax Act, 1961:
Date of<br>Notificatio<br>nOriginal limitation for<br>issuance of notice<br>under Section 148 of<br>the ActExtended<br>Limitation
31.03.202020.03.2020 to<br>29.06.202030.06.2020
24.06.202020.03.2020 to<br>31.12.202031.03.2021
31.03.202131.03.202130.04.2021
27.04.202130.04.202130.06.2021
st The Explanations to the Notifications dated 31  March, th 2021 and 27  April, 2021 issued under section 3 of the Relaxation Act, 2020 also stipulated that the provisions, as they existed prior to the amendment by the Finance 13 Act, 2021, shall apply to the reassessment proceedings initiated thereunder.  3.2 The  Parliament   introduced   reformative   changes   to Sections   147   to   151   of   the   Income   Tax   Act,   1961 governing   reassessment   proceedings   by   way   of   the th Finance   Act,   2021,   which   was   passed   on   28   March, 2021.   The substituted sections 147 to 149 and section 151 applicable w.e.f. 01.04.2021, passed in the Finance Act, 2021, are as under: ­  Income escaping assessment­  “147. If any income chargeable to tax, in the case of an assessee, has escaped assessment for any assessment year, the   Assessing   Officer   may,   subject   to   the   provisions   of sections   148   to   153,   assess   or   reassess   such   income   or recompute   the   loss   or   the   depreciation   allowance   or   any other   allowance   or   deduction   for   such   assessment   year (hereafter in this section and in sections 148 to 153 referred to as the relevant assessment year).  Explanation.—For   the   purposes   of   assessment   or reassessment   or   recomputation   under   this   section,   the Assessing   Officer   may   assess   or   reassess   the   income   in respect of any issue, which has escaped assessment, and such issue comes to his notice subsequently in the course of the proceedings under this section, irrespective of the fact that the provisions of section 148A have not been complied with.”. Issue of notice where income has escaped assessment­ 148.   Before   making   the   assessment,   reassessment   or recomputation   under   section   147,   and   subject   to   the provisions of section 148A, the Assessing Officer shall serve 14 on the assessee a notice, along with a copy of the order passed,   if   required,   under   clause   (d)   of   section   148A, requiring   him   to   furnish   within   such   period,   as   may   be specified in such notice, a return of his income or the income of any other person in respect of which he is assessable under this Act during the previous year corresponding to the relevant assessment year, in the prescribed form and verified in   the   prescribed   manner   and   setting   forth   such   other particulars as may be prescribed; and the provisions of this Act shall, so far as may be, apply accordingly as if such return were a return required to be furnished under section 139:  Provided that no notice under this section shall be issued unless there is information with the Assessing Officer which suggests   that   the   income   chargeable   to   tax   has   escaped assessment   in   the   case   of   the   assessee   for   the   relevant assessment   year   and   the   Assessing   Officer   has   obtained prior approval of the specified authority to issue such notice. Explanation 1.—For the purposes of this section and section 148A,   the   information   with   the   Assessing   Officer   which suggests   that   the   income   chargeable   to   tax   has   escaped assessment means,— (i) any information flagged in the case of the assessee for the relevant   assessment   year   in   accordance   with   the   risk management strategy formulated by the Board from time to time;  (ii) any final objection raised by the Comptroller and Auditor­ General of India to the effect that the assessment in the case of the assessee for the relevant assessment year has not been made in accordance with the provisions of this Act.  Explanation 2.—For the purposes of this section, where,—  (i)   a   search   is   initiated   under   section   132   or   books   of account, other documents or any assets are requisitioned under section 132A, on or after the 1st day of April, 2021, in the case of the assessee; or  (ii) a survey is conducted under section 133A, other than under sub­section (2A) or sub­section (5) of that section, on or   after   the   1st   day   of   April,   2021,   in   the   case   of   the assessee; or  15 (iii) the Assessing Officer is satisfied, with the prior approval of the Principal Commissioner or Commissioner, that any money, bullion, jewellery or other valuable article or thing, seized or requisitioned under section 132 or under section 132A in case of any other person on or after the 1st day of April, 2021, belongs to the assessee; or  (iv) the Assessing Officer is satisfied, with the prior approval of Principal Commissioner or Commissioner, that any books of   account   or   documents,   seized   or   requisitioned   under section 132 or section 132A in case of any other person on or after the 1st day of April, 2021, pertains or pertain to, or any information contained therein, relate to, the assessee,  the Assessing Officer shall be deemed to have information which   suggests   that   the   income   chargeable   to   tax   has escaped assessment in the case of the assessee for the three assessment   years   immediately   preceding   the   assessment year relevant to the previous year in which the search is initiated or books of account, other documents or any assets are requisitioned or survey is conducted in the case of the assessee or money, bullion, jewellery or other valuable article or thing or books of account or documents are seized or requisitioned in case of any other person.  Explanation 3.—For the purposes of this section, specified authority means the specified authority referred to in section 151.” Conducting inquiry, providing opportunity before issue of notice under section 148 ­ “148A. The Assessing Officer shall, before issuing any notice under section 148,—  (a) conduct any enquiry, if required, with the prior approval of specified authority, with respect to the information which suggests   that   the   income   chargeable   to   tax   has   escaped assessment;  (b) provide an opportunity of being heard to the assessee, with   the   prior   approval   of   specified   authority,   by   serving upon him a notice to show cause within such time, as may be specified in the notice, being not less than seven days and but not exceeding thirty days from the date on which such notice is issued, or such time, as may be extended by him on the basis of an application in this behalf, as to why a notice under   section   148   should   not   be   issued   on   the   basis   of 16 information which suggests that income chargeable to tax has   escaped   assessment   in   his   case   for   the   relevant assessment year and results of enquiry conducted, if any, as per clause (a);  (c)   consider   the   reply   of   assessee   furnished,   if   any,   in response to the show­cause notice referred to in clause (b);  (d)   decide,   on   the   basis   of   material   available   on   record including reply of the assessee, whether or not it is a fit case to issue a notice under section 148, by passing an order, with  the  prior  approval of  specified authority,  within  one month from the end of the month in which the reply referred to in clause (c) is received by him, or where no such reply is furnished, within one month from the end of the month in which time or extended time allowed to furnish a reply as per clause (b) expires:  Provided that the provisions of this section shall not apply in a case where,—  (a) a search is initiated under section 132 or books of account,   other   documents   or   any   assets   are requisitioned under section 132A in the case of the assessee on or after the 1st day of April, 2021; or  (b)  the  Assessing   Officer   is  satisfied,  with the  prior approval   of   the   Principal   Commissioner   or Commissioner   that  any  money,  bullion,  jewellery  or other   valuable   article   or   thing,   seized   in   a   search under   section   132   or   requisitioned   under   section 132A, in the case of any other person on or after the 1st day of April, 2021, belongs to the assessee; or  (c)   the   Assessing   Officer   is   satisfied,   with  the   prior approval   of   the   Principal   Commissioner   or Commissioner   that   any   books   of   account   or documents, seized in a search under section 132 or requisitioned under section 132A, in case of any other person on or after the 1st day of April, 2021, pertains or pertain to, or any information contained therein, relate to, the assessee.  Explanation.—For   the   purposes   of   this   section,   specified authority means the specified authority referred to in section 151.” 17 Time limit for notice­  “149. (1) No notice under section 148 shall be issued for the relevant assessment year,—  (a) if three years have elapsed from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless the case falls under clause (b);  (b) if three years, but not more than ten years, have elapsed from  the end of the relevant assessment year unless the Assessing Officer has in his possession books of account or other documents or evidence which reveal that the income chargeable to tax, represented in the form of asset, which has escaped assessment amounts to or is likely to amount to fifty lakh rupees or more for that year:  Provided that no notice under  section 148 shall be issued at any time in a case for the relevant assessment year beginning on or before 1st day of April, 2021, if such notice could not have been issued at that time on account of being beyond   the   time   limit   specified   under   the   provisions   of clause (b) of sub­section (1) of this section, as they stood immediately before the commencement of the Finance Act, 2021:  Provided further that the provisions of this sub­section shall not apply in a case, where a notice under section 153A, or section 153C read with section 153A, is required to be issued in relation to a search initiated under section 132 or books   of   account,   other   documents   or   any   assets requisitioned under section 132A, on or before the 31st day of March, 2021:  Provided also that for the purposes of computing the period of limitation as per this section, the time or extended time   allowed   to   the   assessee,   as   per   show­cause   notice issued under clause (b) of section 148A or the period during which the proceeding under section 148A is stayed by an order or injunction of any court, shall be excluded:  Provided   also   that   where   immediately   after   the exclusion   of   the   period   referred   to   in   the   immediately preceding proviso, the period of limitation available to the Assessing Officer for passing an order under clause (d) of section 148A is less than seven days, such remaining period shall be extended to seven days and the period of limitation under   this   sub­section   shall   be   deemed   to   be   extended accordingly.  18 Explanation.—For   the   purposes   of   clause   (b)   of   this subsection, “asset” shall include immovable property, being land or building or both, shares and securities, loans and advances, deposits in bank account. (2) The provisions of sub­section (1) as to the issue of notice shall be subject to the provisions of section 151.’ Sanction for issue of notice­  “151. Specified authority for the purposes of section 148 and section 148A shall be—  (i)   Principal   Commissioner   or   Principal   Director   or Commissioner or Director, if three years or less than three years have elapsed from the end of the relevant assessment year;  (ii) Principal Chief Commissioner or Principal Director General   or   where   there   is   no   Principal   Chief Commissioner   or   Principal   Director   General,   Chief Commissioner or Director General, if more than three years   have   elapsed   from   the   end   of   the   relevant assessment year.”  3.3 In sub­section (1) of section 151A of the Income Tax Act, in the opening portion, after the words and figures “issuance of notice under section 148”, the words, figures and letter “or   conducting   of   enquiries   or   issuance   of   show­cause notice   or   passing   of   order   under   section   148A”   are inserted. 4. Despite the substituted sections 147 to 151 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 by the Finance Act, 2021 coming into force 19 st on 1  April, 2021, according to learned ASG, the Revenue issued approximately 90,000 reassessment notices to the respective assessees under the erstwhile sections 148 to 151 thereof by relying on explanations in the Notifications st th dated   31   March,   2021   and   27   April,   2021.   The   said reassessment   notices   were   the   subject   matter   of   writ petitions before the various High Courts. The respective High Courts have held that all the respective reassessment notices issued under the erstwhile sections 148 to 151 of the   Income   Tax   Act,   1961,   are   bad   in   law   as   the reassessment notices issued after 01.04.2021 are governed by the substituted sections 147 to 151 of the Income Tax Act,   1961,   substituted   by   the   Finance   Act,   2021. Consequently, the respective High Courts have set aside all the reassessment notices issued under section 148 of the Income   Tax   Act,   1961   wherever   assailed.   The   common judgment and order passed by the High Court of Allahabad is the subject matter of the present appeals. However, the High Court of Delhi in its common judgment and order dated   15.12.2021   while   quashing   the   respective reassessment   notices   has   also   observed   that   if   the   law 20 permits  the revenue to take further steps in the matter they shall be at liberty to do so. 5. We   have   heard   Shri   N.   Venkataraman,   learned   ASG appearing   on   behalf   of   the   Revenue   and   Shri   C.A. Sundaram and Shri S. Ganesh, learned Senior Advocates and   other   learned   counsel   appearing   on   behalf   of   the respective assessee.  6. It cannot be disputed that by substitution of sections 147 to 151 of the Income Tax Act (IT Act) by the Finance Act, 2021, radical and reformative changes are made governing the   procedure   for   reassessment   proceedings.   Amended sections 147 to 149 and section 151 of the IT Act prescribe the   procedure   governing   initiation   of   reassessment proceedings. However, for several reasons, the same gave rise   to   numerous   litigations   and   the   reopening   were challenged  inter alia,  on the grounds such as (1) no valid “reason   to   believe”   (2)   no   tangible/reliable material/information in possession of the assessing officer leading   to  formation   of   belief   that   income   has   escaped assessment,   (3)   no   enquiry   being   conducted   by   the 21 assessing   officer   prior   to   the   issuance   of   notice;   and reopening is based on change of opinion of the assessing officer and (4) lastly the mandatory procedure laid down by this Court in the case of  GKN Driveshafts (India) Ltd. Vs. ; (2003) 1 SCC 72, has not Income Tax Officer and ors been followed.  6.1 Further   pre­Finance   Act,   2021,   the   reopening   was permissible for a maximum period up to six years and in some cases beyond even six years leading to uncertainty for a considerable time. Therefore, Parliament thought it fit to   amend   the   Income   Tax   Act   to   simplify   the   tax administration,   ease   compliances   and   reduce   litigation. Therefore, with a view to achieve the said object, by the Finance Act, 2021, sections 147 to 149 and section 151 have been substituted.  6.2 Under the substituted provisions of the IT Act vide Finance Act, 2021, no notice under section 148 of the IT Act can be issued without following the procedure prescribed under section 148A of the IT Act. Along with the notice under 22 section   148   of   the   IT   Act,   the   assessing   officer   (AO)   is required to serve the order passed under section 148A of the IT Act. section 148A of the IT Act is a new provision which   is   in   the   nature   of   a   condition   precedent. Introduction of section 148A of the IT Act can thus be said to be a game changer with an aim to achieve the ultimate object   of   simplifying   the   tax   administration,   ease compliance and reduce litigation.  6.3 But prior to pre­Finance Act, 2021, while reopening an assessment,   the   procedure   of   giving   the   reasons   for reopening   and   an   opportunity   to   the   assessee   and   the decision of the objectives were required to be followed as per   the   judgment   of   this   Court   in   the   case   of   GKN Driveshafts (India) Ltd.  (supra).  6.4 However, by way of section 148A, the procedure has now been streamlined and simplified. It provides that before issuing any notice under section 148, the assessing officer shall   (i)   conduct   any   enquiry,   if   required ,   with   the approval   of   specified   authority,   with   respect   to   the 23 information which suggests that the income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment; (ii) provide an opportunity of being heard to the assessee, with the prior approval of specified authority; (iii) consider the reply of the assessee furnished, if any, in response to the show­cause notice referred to in clause (b); and (iv) decide, on the basis of material   available   on   record   including   reply   of   the assessee, as to whether or not it is a fit case to issue a notice under section 148 of the IT Act and (v) the AO is required to pass a specific order within the time stipulated. 6.5 Therefore, all safeguards are provided before notice under section 148 of the IT Act is issued. At every stage, the prior approval of the specified authority is required, even for conducting the enquiry as per section 148A(a). Only in a case where, the  assessing  officer is  of the  opinion  that before any notice is issued under section 148A(b) and an opportunity   is   to   be   given   to   the   assessee,   there   is   a requirement   of   conducting   any   enquiry,   the   assessing officer may do so and conduct any enquiry. Thus if the assessing   officer   is   of   the   opinion   that   any   enquiry   is required, the assessing officer can do so, however, with the 24 prior approval of the specified authority, with respect to the information which suggests that the income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment.  6.6 Substituted section 149 is the provision governing the time limit for issuance of notice under section 148 of the IT Act. The substituted section 149 of the IT Act has reduced the permissible   time   limit   for   issuance   of   such   a   notice   to three years and only in exceptional cases ten years. It also provides further additional safeguards which were absent under the earlier regime pre­Finance Act, 2021.  7. Thus, the new provisions substituted by the Finance Act, 2021   being   remedial   and   benevolent   in   nature   and substituted with a specific aim and object to protect the rights and interest of the assessee as well as and the same being in public interest, the respective High Courts have rightly held  that the  benefit of  new provisions  shall  be made available even in respect of the proceedings relating to past assessment years, provided section 148 notice has st been issued on or after 1  April, 2021. We are in complete 25 agreement with the view taken by the various High Courts in holding so.  8. However, at the same time, the judgments of the several High Courts would result in no reassessment proceedings at all, even if the same are permissible under the Finance Act, 2021 and as per substituted sections 147 to 151 of the IT Act.  The Revenue cannot be made remediless and the   object   and   purpose   of   reassessment   proceedings cannot be frustrated.   It is true that due to a bonafide mistake and in view of subsequent extension of time vide various   notifications,   the   Revenue   issued   the   impugned notices   under   section   148   after   the   amendment   was enforced w.e.f. 01.04.2021, under the unamended section 148.  In our view the same ought not to have been issued under the unamended Act and ought to have been issued under the substituted provisions of sections 147 to 151 of the IT Act as per the Finance Act, 2021.  There appears to be   genuine   non­application   of   the   amendments   as   the officers of the Revenue may have been under a bonafide belief   that   the   amendments   may   not   yet   have   been 26 enforced.     Therefore,   we   are   of   the   opinion   that   some leeway   must   be   shown   in   that   regard   which   the   High Courts could have done so.  Therefore, instead of quashing and setting aside the reassessment notices issued under the unamended provision of IT Act, the High Courts ought to   have   passed   an   order   construing   the   notices   issued under unamended Act/unamended provision of the IT Act as those deemed to have been issued under section 148A of the IT Act as per the new provision section 148A and the Revenue ought to have been permitted to proceed further with the reassessment proceedings as per the substituted provisions of sections 147 to 151 of the IT Act as per the Finance   Act,   2021,   subject   to   compliance   of   all   the procedural requirements and the defences, which may be available to the assessee under the substituted provisions of sections 147 to 151 of the IT Act and which may be available   under   the   Finance   Act,   2021   and   in   law. Therefore, we propose to modify the judgments and orders passed by the respective High Courts as under: ­  27 (i) The respective impugned section 148 notices issued to the respective assessees shall be deemed to have been issued under section 148A of the IT Act as substituted by the Finance Act, 2021 and treated to be show­cause notices in terms of section 148A(b). The respective assessing officers shall within thirty days   from   today   provide   to   the   assessees   the information   and   material   relied   upon   by   the Revenue   so   that   the   assessees   can   reply   to   the notices within two weeks thereafter; (ii) The requirement of conducting any enquiry with the prior   approval   of   the   specified   authority   under section   148A(a)   be   dispensed   with   as   a   one­time measure   vis­à­vis   those   notices   which   have   been issued   under   Section   148   of   the   unamended   Act from   01.04.2021   till   date,   including   those   which have been quashed by the High Courts; (iii) The assessing officers shall thereafter pass an order in terms of section 148A(d) after following the due 28 procedure   as   required   under   section   148A(b)   in respect of each of the concerned assessees;  (iv) All   the   defences   which   may   be   available   to   the assessee under section 149 and/or which may be available under the Finance Act, 2021 and in law and whatever rights are available to the Assessing Officer under the Finance Act, 2021 are kept open and/or shall continue to be available and; (v) The present order shall substitute/modify respective judgments and orders passed by the respective High Courts quashing the similar notices issued under unamended section 148 of the IT Act irrespective of whether they have been assailed before this Court or not.  9. There   is   a   broad   consensus   on   the   aforesaid   aspects amongst   the   learned   ASG   appearing   on   behalf   of   the Revenue   and   the   learned   Senior   Advocates/learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respective assessees. 29 We are also of the opinion that if the aforesaid order is passed, it will strike a balance between the rights of the Revenue as well as the respective assesses as because of a bonafide belief of the officers of the Revenue in issuing approximately 90000 such notices, the Revenue may not suffer as ultimately it is the public exchequer which would suffer.  Therefore, we have proposed to pass the present   order with a view avoiding filing of further appeals before this Court   and   burden   this   Court   with   approximately   9000 appeals against the similar judgments and orders passed by  the  various   High Courts,  the  particulars  of  some  of which are referred to hereinabove. We have also proposed to pass the aforesaid order in exercise of our powers under Article 142 of the Constitution of India by holding that the present   order   shall   govern,   not   only   the   impugned judgments   and   orders   passed   by   the   High   Court   of Judicature at Allahabad, but shall also be made applicable in respect of the similar judgments and orders passed by 30 various High Courts across the country and therefore the present order shall be applicable to  .       PAN INDIA 10. In view of the above and for the reasons stated above, the present Appeals are ALLOWED IN PART. The impugned common judgments and orders passed by the High Court of   Judicature   at   Allahabad   in   W.T.   No.   524/2021   and other allied tax appeals/petitions, is/are hereby modified and substituted as under: ­  (i) The   impugned   section   148   notices   issued   to   the respective   assessees   which   were   issued   under unamended section 148 of the IT Act, which were the subject   matter   of   writ   petitions   before   the   various respective High Courts shall be deemed to have been issued   under   section   148A   of   the   IT   Act   as substituted by the Finance Act, 2021 and construed or   treated   to   be   show­cause   notices   in   terms   of section  148A(b).  The  assessing  officer  shall,  within thirty   days   from   today   provide   to   the   respective assessees   information   and   material  relied   upon  by 31 the Revenue, so that the assesees can reply to the show­cause notices within two weeks thereafter; (ii) The   requirement   of   conducting   any   enquiry,   if required,   with   the   prior   approval   of   specified authority under section 148A(a) is hereby dispensed with as a one­time measure vis­à­vis those notices which   have   been   issued   under   section   148   of   the unamended Act from 01.04.2021 till date, including those which have been quashed by the High Courts. Even otherwise as observed hereinabove holding any   enquiry   with   the   prior   approval   of   specified authority is not mandatory but it is for the concerned Assessing Officers to hold any enquiry, if required; (iii) The assessing officers shall thereafter pass orders in terms of section 148A(d) in respect of each of the concerned   assessees;   Thereafter   after   following   the procedure as required under section 148A may issue notice under section 148 (as substituted); 32 (iv) All defences which may be available to the assesses including those available under section 149 of the IT Act   and   all   rights   and   contentions   which   may   be available   to   the   concerned   assessees   and   Revenue under   the   Finance   Act,   2021   and   in   law   shall continue to be available. 11. The present order shall be applicable     and all PAN INDIA judgments and orders passed by different High Courts on the   issue   and   under   which   similar   notices   which   were issued after 01.04.2021 issued under section 148 of the Act are set aside and shall be governed by the present order and shall stand modified to the aforesaid extent. The present order is passed in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution of India so as to avoid any further appeals by the Revenue on the very issue by challenging similar judgments and orders, with a view not to burden this   Court   with   approximately   9000   appeals.     We   also observe that present order shall also govern the pending writ   petitions,   pending   before   various   High   Courts   in 33 which similar notices under Section 148 of the Act issued after 01.04.2021 are under challenge. 12. The impugned common judgments and orders passed by the High Court of Allahabad and the similar judgments and   orders   passed   by   various   High   Courts,   more particularly, the respective judgments and orders passed by   the   various   High   Courts   particulars   of   which   are mentioned hereinabove, shall stand modified/substituted to the aforesaid extent only.  All these appeals are accordingly partly allowed to the aforesaid extent.  In the facts of the case, there shall be no order as to costs.      …………………………………J.                   (M. R. SHAH) …………………………………J.  (B.V. NAGARATHNA) New Delhi,  May 4, 2022. 34