AHMED HUSSAIN KHAN vs. STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH

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Date of Judgment: 28-09-1984

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http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 1 of 17 PETITIONER: AHMED HUSSAIN KHAN Vs. RESPONDENT: STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH DATE OF JUDGMENT28/09/1984 BENCH: MADON, D.P. BENCH: MADON, D.P. CHANDRACHUD, Y.V. ((CJ) MISRA RANGNATH CITATION: 1984 AIR 1855 1985 SCR (1) 908 1984 SCC Supl. 467 1984 SCALE (2)561 CITATOR INFO : R 1984 SC1910 (1) ACT: Hyderabad Civil Services Rules-Rule 299(1)(b)- Interpretation of Maximum pension payable to a government servant is Rs. 1000 and not Rs. 857.15 per month in Government of India Currency. Government Notification dated February 3,1971 amending cl. (b) of sub-rule (1) of rule 299 not valid. States Reorganization Act, 1956-Proviso to sub-s. (7) of s. 115-When applicable Pension is a condition of service and any change made by Government in pension disadvantageous to government servant must comply with requirements of proviso to sub-s. (7) of s. 115. Words and Phrases-’Pension’-Pension is a condition of service. HEADNOTE: The appellants in Civil Appeals No. 2627 & 2628 of 1977 joined superior Civil service of the erstwhile Indian State of Hyderabad in the year 1945 and 1942 respectively. At that time their conditions of service were governed by the Hyderabad Civil Services Regulations promulgated in obedience to the Nizam’s Firman. Regulation 6 of these Regulations inter alia provided that an officer’s claim to pension was regulated by the rules in force at the time when the officer retired, Regulation 313(b) provided that the maximum pension ordinarily admissible would be Osmania Sikka (O.S.) Rs. 1,000 a month. ’The erstwhile Indian Slate of Hyderabad had its own currency known as The "Osmania Sikka" denominated in short as "O.S." and the phrase " O.S." Rs. 1000 a month" which occurred in clause (h) of Regulation 313 meant Osmania Sikka Rs. 1000 a month. The Government of India currency was known as Indian Government currency" and denominated in short as "I.G. currency". The standard rate of exchange was 7 O.S. rupees for 6 I.G. rupees. Under clause (22) of section 2 of the Hyderabad General Clauses Act (No. III of 1308 F.), as it then stood, ’rupee" meant a rupee in the O.S. Currency. On the coming into force of the Constitution of India on January 26, 1950, Hyderabad became a part of the http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 2 of 17 territory of India. Consequently the Hyderabad Currency was demonetized with effect from April 1, 1953 and the Hyderabad Currency Demonetization (Consequential and Miscellaneous Provision ) Act, 1953 (Hyderabad Act No. I of 1953) was enacted. Section 2 of the Demonetization Act provided that references in any Hyderabad law, regulations Etc. which immediately before the commencement of this Act were in force in 909 the Hyderabad State shall be construed as if references therein to any amounts in the O.S. Currency were references to the equivalent amounts in I.G. Currency according to the standard rate of exchange. By the Demonetization Act, clause (22) of section 2 of the Hyderabad General Clauses Act was substituted by a new clause which provided that rupee means a rupee in I.G. Currency and fractional denominations of a rupee shall be construed accordingly In 1954, in exercise of the powers under Article 309 of the Constitution the Rajpramukh of the State of Hyderabad promulgated the Hyderabad Civil Services Rules. Rule 4 of these Rules provides, inter alia, that Government servant s claim to pension would be regulated by the rules in force at the time when the Government servant retires. Rule 299 provides for pension Clause (b) of Rule 299 provides that the maximum pension ordinarily admissible will be Rs. 1000 a month. Rule 299 was later renumbered as sub-rule (1) and a new sub-rule (2) was added which is not relevant. By a notification dated February 3, 1971, the Governor of Andhra Pradesh amended clause (b) of sub-rule (1) of rule 299 of the Hyderabad Civil Services Rules and substituted Rs. 857.15 for the expression Rs, 1000. After the passing of the States Reorganization Act, 1956 the services of the two appellants were transferred to the State of Andhra Pradesh under section 115 of the States Reorganization Act. The two appellants retired in April 1972 and April 1973 respectively. At the time of their retirement, the appellants pension was fixed at Rs. 683.11 per month and Rs. 857.15 respectively on the basis that the amount of maximum pension admissible under clause (b) of Rule 299(1) of the Hyderabad Civil Services Rules as amended by notification dated February 3, 1971 was Rs. 857.15. The appellants thereupon filed two writ petitions under Article 226 of the Constitution in the High Court challenging the said amendment made to clause (b) of Rule 299(1) inter alia on the ground that under the proviso to sub-section (7) of section 115 of the State Reorganization Act, 1956 the amendment required the previous approval of the Central Government which had not been obtained. A single Judge of the High Court allowed both the writ petition and issued a writ of mandamus in each of them directing the State of Andhra Pradesh to fix the pension on the basis that the maximum pension admissible under the said rule 299(1)(b) of the Hyderabad Civil Services Rules was Rs. 1000 per month and not Rs. 857.15 per month. In the appeals filed by the State a Division Bench of the High Court by a common judgment held that the amendment was valid as the letter dated April 28, 1973 from the Joint Secretary to the Government of India, to the Secretary to the Government of Andhra Pradesh was in the nature of a previous approval given by the Central Government within the meaning of the proviso to sub-section (7) of section 115 of the State Reorganization Act, 1956, to the impugned amendment to the clause (b) of Rule 299(1) of the Hyderabad Civil Services Rules. Hence these appeals. The Appellants contended that the letter dated April http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 3 of 17 28, 1973, from the Joint Secretary to the Government of India, did not amount to the previous approval of the Central Government to the amendment made by the State Government to clause (b) of Rule 299(1) and the amendment was, therefore, invalid and inoperative. 910 The Respondent contended that irrespective of the amendment made in clauses (b) of Rule 299(1) by The notification dated February 3, 1971, the maximum pension actually admissible under the clause (b) was only Rs. 857.15 in as much as the sum of Rs. 1000 mentioned in the clause (b) prior to its amendment was not Rs. 1000 in Government of India Currency but in the former Hyderabad Currency, namely, Osmania Sikka, and that the Letters "O.S." which denominated Osmania Sikka in short were omitted from the said Rule 299(1)(b) by an inadvertent printing error. Allowing the appeals, ^ HELD: 1. The Appellants are entitled to receive pension on the basis that the maximum pension admissible under clause (b) of sub-rule (1) of Rule 99 of the Hyderabad Civil Services Rules is Rs. 1000 per month in Government of India Currency and not Rs. 857.15 per month in that Currency. [928 F] 2.1 The first question is whether the omission of the description "O.S." before Rs. 1000 a month in clause (b) of Rule 299 was the result of an in advertent printing error as contended by the Respondent or was a departure deliberately made from what was provided in clause (b) of regulation 313 in order to provide higher pension to Government servants in superior service. In this connection it is pertinent to note that the Rules were made after the erstwhile Indian State of Hyderabad had become a part of the territory of India and after the Demonetization Act had been enacted and had come into force and clause (2) of section 2 of the Hyderabad General Clauses Act (which defined the term rupee ) substituted by a new clause by that Act. After the Demonetization Act there could be no question of any Act or Rules providing for any payment in Osmania Sikka. The word rupees in clause (b) or Rule 299 can, therefore, only refer to rupees in I.G. Currency and not to rupees in O.S. Currency. It is pertinent to point out that the Rules were not a mere reproduction of the Regulations. The arrangement of the Rules is in several respects different from the arrangement of the Regulations. There is no where any amount mentioned in the Rules of O.S. Currency nor are the different amounts mentioned in the Rules the exact equivalent in I.G. Currency of the amounts in O.S. Currency mentioned in the Regulations. It is also significant that Regulation 308 provided that a pension was ordinarily fixed in the current coin of the Hyderabad State even though it might have to be raid to persons residing outside the Hyderabad State, and that in special cases it might be fixed in Government of India Currency subject to the condition that the maximum of O.S. Rs 1000 per mensem fixed in clauses (b) of Regulation 313 was not exceed ed under any circumstances. The note to Regulation 308 stated that a pension transferred to India might be converted from the current coin of the Hyderabad State Indian Government Currency under the principle laid down in the said Regulation. In the Rules, there is no provision corresponding to Regulation 308. If there is any doubt (assuming that there can be any), it is most easily resolved by referring to the Preface to the Eight Edition of the Hyderabad Civil Services Rules Manual, which for the first http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 4 of 17 time published the Rules in a book form. In paragraph 3 of the said Preface, the Secretary to Government, Finance Department, Hyderabad, has expressly stated: The figures for amounts of rupees and annas mentioned in the rules are all in Indian Government Currency. There can thus be no scope for any argument that the sum or 911 Rs. 1000 mentioned as being admissible for maximum pension in clause (b) of Rule 299 was Rs. 1000 in Indian Government Currency and not in Osmania Sikka. [921 D-H; 922 A-D] 2.2 Moreover, the question whether in clause (b) of Rule 299(1) the sum of Rs. 1000 is mentioned in Government of India Currency or in O.S. Currency has been finally decided and it is not open to the Respondent to reagitate this question because in Daulat Rai & Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh Writ Petition No. 3318 of 1969, in which a single Judge of Andhra High Court held that there was no error in mentioning Rs. 1000 in clause (b) of Rule 299(1). This was confirmed in State of Andhra Pradesh v. Daulat Rai and Ors Letters Patent Writ Appeal No. 568 of 1970, decided on 24.9.1970. Against This decision the Special Leave Petition filed in the Supreme Court was dismissed. This point was also not taken by the Respondent in the High Court and for the reason also it is not open to the Respondent to urge it before this Court. [923 B-E] C 3. The second question is of the validity of Government Notification dated February 3, 1971, amending Clause (b) of sub-rule (1) of Rule 299. Pension is a condition of service as already held by this Court in State of Madhya Pradesh v. Shardul Singh. The proviso to sub section (7) of section 115 of the States Reorganization Act provides that the conditions of service of a government servant shall not be varied to his disadvantage except with the previous approval of the Central Government. The Respondents contention is that letter dated April 28, 1973 from the Government of India amounts to previous approval of the Central Government. By letter dated March 13, 1973 the Government of India was requested to accord approval to the said amendment if it considered it necessary so to do. But its reply dated April 12, 1973, the Government of India categorically stated that the amendment did not require its prior approval under section 115 and, therefore, did not give any approval to the said amendment, To equate the not giving of approval with a prior approval satisfying the requirements of the proviso to sub-section (7) of section 115 appears to US to be a contradiction in terms as also to say that a letter written on April 28, 1973 was a prior approval given to an amendment which was made more than two years ago earlier on February 3, 1971. The statement made in the letter dated March 13, 1973, that by the said amendment the conditions of service were not being varied was incorrect because by the said amendment the maximum pension of Rs. 1000 per month in I.G. Currency was being reduced to the equivalent in that Currency of O.S. Rs. 1000 per month, namely, to Rs. 857.15 per month, and that too with retrospective effect from the date of the coming into force of Rules, namely, October 1, 1954. For such an amendment the previous approval of the Central Government was required by the proviso to sub- section (7) of section 115. Such approval was not given and the amendment made by the said Notification was, therefore, invalid and inoperative so far as it concerned persons referred to in sub-section (1) and (2) of section 115 of the States Reorganization Act. [923 F; 925 E; 927 C-G] State of Madhya Pradesh and Others v. Shardul Singh [1070] 3 S.C.R. 302 at p. 306, referred to. http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 5 of 17 4, There is no substance in tho Respondent’s s contention that the appel- 912 lants had waived their right to receive pension on the basis that the maximum pension admissible under clause (b) of Rule 299(1) ii Rs. 1000 and were therefore, estopped from claiming pension on that basis. This point was never taken in the High Court. Further, apart from the fact that there cannot be any waiver of the right to receive Pension payable under the Rules made in that behalf there is no factual basis whatever for this contention. [928 A-Bl JUDGMENT: CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION Civil Appeal Nos. 2627 & 2628 of 1977 Appeals by Special leave from the Judgment and order dated the 2nd February, 1976 of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Writ Appeal Nos. 835 & 920 of 1974. S. Markandeya for the Appellant. U.R. Lalit and Narsimhulu for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by MADON, J. These two Appeals by Special Leave granted by this Court raise a common question of law as regarded the maximum amount of pension for superior service admissible under clause (b) of sub-rule (1) of Rule 299 of the Hyderabad Civil Services Rules. According to the Appellant in each of these two Appeals, such amount is Rs. 1,000 per month while according to the State of Andhra Pradesh, the Respondent in both these Appeals, it is Rs. 857.15 per month. Before considering which of these two rival contentions is correct, it would be contentions to relate first the relevant facts which have given rise to this controversy. Prior to the coming into force of the Constitution of India on January 26, 1950, Hyderabad was an Indian State within the meaning of that term as defined in section 311(1) of the Government of India Act, 1935, and its Ruler within the meaning of that term as defined in the said section 311(1) was the Nizam. The Appellant in Civil Appeal No. 2627 of 1977, Ahmed Hussain Khan, joined the service of the Public Work Department of the erstwhile Indian State of Hyderabad in the year 1945 and retired on April 5, 1972, as Chief Engineer, Electricity (operation), Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board. At the time of his retirement he was drawing a salary of Rs. 1,980 per month. By a Government Order, namely, G.O. MS 913 No. 664, Public Works (E) Department, dated June 22, 1973, this Appellant’s pension after deducting the pension equivalent of death-cum-retirement gratuity was fixed at Rs. 801.96 per month on the basis that the maximum amount of pension admissible under Rule 299(1)(b) of the Hyderabad Civil Services Rules was Rs. 1,000 per month. By another Government order, namely, G.O. MS No. 769, Public Works (Pen I) Department, dated July 2, 1913, the amount of pension payable to this Appellant was fixed at Rs. 683.11 per month after deducting the pension equivalent of death-cum- retirement gratuity on the basis that by a Notification dated February 3, 1971, amending the said clause (b) of Rule 299(1), the amount of maximum pension admissible under the said clause was restricted to Rs. 877.15. Ahmed Hussain Khan thereupon filed a writ petition under Article 226 of the Constitution of India in the High Court of Andhra Pradesh, http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 6 of 17 being Writ Petition No. 7113 of 1973, challenging the said amendment made to clause (b) of Rule 299(1) inter alia on the ground that under the proviso to sub-section (7) of section 115 of the States Reorganization Act, 1956, the said amendment required the previous approval of the Central Government which had not been obtained. D The Appellant in Civil Appeal No. 2628 of 1977, S. Gopalan, joined the service of the Public Works Department of the erstwhile Indian State of Hyderabad in the year 1942 and retired on April, 14, 1973, as Chief Engineer, Major Irrigation and General Public Works Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh. At the time of his retirement he was drawing a salary of Rs. 2,180 per month. By a Government order, namely, G.O. MS No. 462, P.W., (L1) Department, dated May 8, 1973, his pension was fixed at Rs. 857.15 per month pursuant to the said amended clause (b) of Rule 299(1). He thereupon filed a writ petition under Article 226 of the Constitution of India in the High Court of Andhra Pradesh, being Writ Petition No. 7114 of 1973, on the same grounds as the Appellant Ahmed Hussain Khan Both these writ petitions were heard together and disposed of by a common judgment by a learned Single Judge of the said High Court. The aforesaid contention raised in the said writ petition found favour with the learned Single Judge and he allowed both the said writ petitions and issued a writ of mandamus m each of them directing the State of Andhra Pradesh to fix the pension payable to the Appellant in each of these two Appeals from The date he became eligible for pension, that is, from the date on which he retired from Government service, on the basis that the maximum pension admissible under the 914 said Rule 299(1)(b) of the Hyderabad Civil Services Rules was Rs. 1,000 per month and not Rs. 857.15 per month. The learned Single Judge also directed the State of Andhra Pradesh to pay the costs of both these writ petitions. The appeals filed by the State of Andhra Pradesh against the said judgment and orders of the learned Single Judge, being Writ Appeals Nos. 835 of 1974 and 920 of 1974, were allowed, with no order as to costs, by a Division Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High Court by a common judgment holding that a letter No. S/8/73-SR(S) dated April 28, 1973, from the Joint Secretary to the Government of India, Cabinet Secretariat, Department of Personnel and A.R., to the Secretary to the Government of Andhra Pradesh, Finance Department, was in the nature of a previous approval given by the Central Government within the meaning of the proviso to sub-section (7) of section 115 of the States Reorganization Act, 1956, to the impugned amendment to clause (b) of Rule 299(1) of the Hyderabad Civil Services Rules. The correctness of the judgment and orders of the Division Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High Court are assailed before us in these two Appeals. At the hearing of these two Appeals, Mr. Markandeya, learned Counsel for the Appellant in each of these two Appeals, submitted that the said letter dated April 28, 1973, from the Joint Secretary to the Government of India, did not amount to the previous approval of the Central Government to the amendment made by the State Government to clause (b) of Rule 299(1) and the said amendment was, therefore, invalid and. inoperative. He further submitted that the right to receive pension was property under sub- clause (f) of clause (1) of Article 19 and Clause (1) of Article 31 of the Constitution of India and the State Government could not withhold it by a mere executive order. http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 7 of 17 So far as Appellant, Ahmed Hussain Khan, was concerned, Mr. Markandeya further submitted that his pension having already been fixed under the said Rule 299(1)(b) at Rs. 801.96 per month, on the basis that the maximum pension admissible under the said Rule was Rs. 1,000 per month, it could not subsequently be unilaterally reduced to Rs. 683.11 per month on the basis that the maximum pension admissible under the said Rule 299(1)(b) was Rs. 857.15 per month as was purported to be done by the said Government order dated July 2, 1973, without according the said Appellant an opportunity of showing cause against the same. Mr, Lalit, appearing on behalf of the Respondent-the State of Andhra Pradesh, raised the following four contentions: 915 (1) Irrespective of the said amendment made in the said clause (b) of Rule 299(1) by the said Notification dated February 3, 1971, the maximum pension actually admissible under the said clause (b) was only Rs. 857.15 inasmuch as the sum of Rs. 1,000 mentioned in the said clause (b) prior to its amendment was not Rs. 1,000 in Government of India currency but in the former Hyderabad currency, namely, Osmania Sikka, and that the letters "O.S." which denominated Osmania Sikka in short were omitted from the said Rule 299(1)(b) by an inadvertent printing error. (2) In any event, under the Hyderabad Currency Demonetization (Consequential and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1953, the said sum of Rs. 1,000 was to be construed as its equivalent amount in the Government of India currency and, therefore, according to the standard rate of exchange the equivalent of Rs. 1,000 in Osmania Sikka was Rs. 857.15 in Government of India currency. (3) The said letter dated April 21, 1973, from the Joint Secretary to the Government of India to the Secretary to the Government of Andhra Pradesh, Finance Department, constituted the prior approval of the Central Government within the meaning of the proviso to sub-sec(ion (7) of section 115 of the States Reorganization Act, 1956, to the amendment made in the said clause (b) of Rule 299(1). (4) The Appellant in each of these two Appeals had received without any protest pension on the basis that the maximum pension admissible under the said Rule 299(1)(b) was Rs. 857.15 per month and had thereby waived his right to claim pension on the basis that the maximum pension admissible under the said Rule was Rs. 1,000 per month and he was, therefore, estopped from raising this contention. In Deokinandan Prasad v. State of Bihar and others this Court held that the payment of pension does not depend upon the discretion of the State but is governed by the rules made in that behalf and a Government servant coming within such rules is entitled to claim pension. It was further held that the grant of pension does not 916 depend upon an order being passed by the authorities to that effect though for the purpose of quantifying the amount having regard to the period of service and other allied matters, it may be necessary for the authorities to pass an order to that effect, but the right to receive pension flows to an officer not because of the said order but by virtue of the rules. It was also held in that case that pension is not a bounty payable at the sweet will and pleasure of the http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 8 of 17 Government but is a right vesting in a Government servant and was property under clause (1) of Article 31 of the Constitution of India and the State had no power to withhold the same by a mere executive order and that similarly this right was also property under sub-clause (f) of clause (1) of Article 19 of the Constitution of India and was not saved by clause (5) of that Article. It was further held that this right of the Government servant to receive pension cannot be curtailed or taken away by the State by an executive order. It is, therefore, necessary for us to see the statutory provisions governing the payment of pension to Government servants who had joined the service of the erstwhile Indian State of Hyderabad and had continued in service and retired after the Constitution of India came into force. At the time when the Appellant in each of these two Appeals joined service on the terms and conditions of the service of Government servants in the erstwhile Indian State of Hyderabad were governed by the Hyderabad Civil Service Regulations, herein after for the sake of brevity referred to as "the Regulations". The Regulations were promulgated in obedience to the Nizam’s Firman dated 25th Ramzan, 1337 H. corresponding to 18th Amardad, 1328 F. They were amended from time to time. Regulation 1 of the Regulations stated that the Regulations were intended to define the conditions under which salaries, leave, pension and other allowances were earned by service in the Civil Departments and the manner in which they were calculated. Regulation 6 provided as follows: "6. An officer’s claim to pay and allowances is regulated by the rules in force at the time in respect of which the pay and allowances are earned; to leave by the rules in force at the time the leave is applied for and granted and to pension by the rules in force at the time when the officer retires." (Emphasis supplied) 917 Civil Service in the erstwhile Indian State of Hyderabad was of two kinds, namely, Superior service and Inferior service. Clause (a) of Regulation 37 provided that service in all appointments the pay of which did not exceed Rs. 40 per mensem was inferior service and That all other service was Superior Service. The Appellant in each of these two Appeals was, therefore, a member of the Superior Service. Regulation 313 provided for the amount of pensions and gratuities for superior service. Clause (a) of Regulation 313 dealt with a qualifying service of less than ten years. Clause (b) of Regulation 313 dealt with a qualifying service of ten years or more. The Appellant in each of these two Appeals had put in a qualifying service of more than ten years and the amount of his pension, had the Regulations continued in force until he retired, would have been governed by clause (b) of Regulation 313. The relevant provisions of Regulation 313 were as follows: "The amount of pensions and gratuities for superior service is regulated as follows: X X X "(b) After a qualifying service of 10 years or more, the amount of the pension will be calculated according to the following rule; the average salary should be multiplied by the period of qualifying service, and the product divided by 60; the result will be the amount of pension admissible. The maximum pension ordinarily admissible will be O.S. Rs. 1,000 a month. In applying the above rule qualifying service of 25 years or above, whatever its length may be, will be http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 9 of 17 treated as 30 years service." It may be mentioned that the erstwhile Indian State of Hyderabad had its own currency known as the "Osmania Sikka" denominated in short as "O.S." and the phrase "O.S. Rs. 1,000 a month’’ which occurred in clause (b) of Regulation 313 meant Osmania Sikka Rs. 1,000 a month. The Government of India currency was known as "Indian Government currency" and denominated in short as "I.G. currency". The standard rate of exchange was 7 O.S. rupees for 6 I.G. rupees. Under clause (22) of section 2 of the Hyderabad General Clauses Act (No. III of 1308 F.), as it then stood, "rupee" meant a rupee in the O.S. currency. 918 After India became independent, a Standstill Agreement was entered into in November 1947 by the Nizam with the Dominion of India, ensuring virtual accession of the erstwhile Indian State of Hyderabad to the Dominion of India in respect of defence, external affairs and communications. By a Firman dated November 23, 1949, the Nizam declared and directed that the Constitution of India shortly to be adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India should be the Constitution for the erstwhile Indian State of Hyderabad as for the other parts of India, and would be enforced as such and that the provisions of the Constitution of India would, as from the date of its commencement, supersede and abrogate all other constitutional provisions inconsistent therewith which were then in force in the erstwhile Indian State of Hyderabad. By the said Firman, the Nizam further declared that the said decision taken by him would be subject to ratification by the people of the State whose will as expressed through the Constituent Assembly of that State would finally determine the nature of the relationship between the erstwhile Indian State of Hyderabad and the Union of India as also the Constitution of that State itself. (see White Paper on Indian States 1950, pp. 113 and 369-70). The Constituent Assembly of Hyderabad set up shortly thereafter ratified the decision taken by the Nizam. On the coming into force of the Constitution of India on January 26, 1950, Hyderabad became a part of the territory of India as a Part B State. Consequent upon the above constitutional change, Hyderabad currency was demonetized with effect from April 1, 1953, and the Hyderabad Currency Demonetization (Consequential and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1953 (Hyderabad Act No. 1 of 1953) (herein after referred to as "the Demonetization Act"), enacted. The Demonetization Act came into force with effect from April 1, 1953. Section 2 of the Demonetization Act provided as follows . "2. Provisions consequential on demonetization of Hyderabad O.S. Currency: Subject to the provisions of the Act references express or implied in any Hyderabad law, Regulation, notification, order, bye-law, contract and agreement (oral or written) bond and other instruments which immediately before the commencement of this Act were in force in the Hyderabad State shall be cons trued as if references therein to any amounts in O.S. Currency were references to the equivalent amounts in I.G. currency according to the standard rate of exchange and all rights and 919 liabilities express or implied in O.S. Currency in force before such commencement shall be construed accordingly: Provided that nothing in this section shall http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 10 of 17 preclude a person from paying his dues in equivalent o. s. Currency to the extent and for the purposes for which the same continues as legal tender in the Hyderabad State after the thirty-first day of March 1953. Illustration-References to O.S. Rs. 7 in any law or other matters mentioned in this section shall be construed as if such references to (sic) Rs. 6 in I.G. Currency according to the standard rate of exchange." By the Demonetization Act, the said clause (22) of section 2 of the Hyderabad General Clauses Act was substituted by a new clause which provided as follows: "(22) ’rupee’ means a rupee in I.G. Currency and fractional denominations of a rupee shall be construed accordingly." The definitions contained in section 2 of the Hyderabad General Clauses Act apply for the interpretation of the terms defined thereby when occurring in any "Hyderabad law" which expression includes Regulations made by the Nizam and would thus include the Hyderabad Civil Service Regulations. In view of the provisions of the Demonetization Act, the maximum pension admissible under clause (b) of Regulation 313 would be Rs. 857.15 being the equivalent in I.G. Currency of O.S. Rs. 1,000. Had the matter rested there, neither of the Appellants would have any case because under Regulation 6 reproduced earlier, a Government servant’s claim to pension was to be regulated by the rules in force at the time the officer retired and the pension that each of them would then have got would be on the basis that the maximum pension admissible under clause (b) of Regulation 313 was O.S. Rs. 1,000 a month, that is, Rs. 857.15 a month in I.G. currency. The Regulations, however, did not continue in existence much longer and were not in force when the Appellant in each of these two Appeals retired, for they were replaced in 1954 by the Hyderabad Civil Services Rules which were made by the Rajpramukh of the State of Hyderabad in exercise of the power conferred by the proviso to Article 309 of the Constitution of India. The proviso to Article 309 confers upon the Governor of a State and, prior to its amendment by 920 the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, conferred upon the Rajpramukh of a State, or such person as he may direct in the case of services and posts in connection with the affairs of the State, the power to make rules regulating the recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed, to such services and posts until provision in that behalf is made by or under an Act of the appropriate Legislature under the said Article 309, and any rules so made are to have effect subject to the provisions of any such Act. The Hyderabad Civil Services Rules (hereinafter referred to as "the Rules") inter alia provide for general conditions of service, pay, travelling allowances, dismissal, removal, suspension and compulsory retirement of civil servants, and their pension, leave, etc. The Rules came into force on October 1, 1954. Rule 4 of the Rules is in pari materia with Regulation 6 of the Regulations. Rule 4 provides as follows: "4. A Government Servants claim to pay and allowances is regulated by the rules in force at the time in respect of which the pay and allowances are earned; to leave by the rules in force at the time the leave is applied for and granted; and to pension by the rule in force at the time when the Government servant http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 11 of 17 retires or is discharged from the service of Government." (Emphasis supplied) The Rules preserved the distinction between Inferior Service and Superior Service. Under clause (26) of Rule 7, ’Inferior or Class IV service’ is defined as meaning "service in all appointments, the pay of which does not exceed Rs. 40 per mensem". Under clause (48) of Rule 7, ’Superior service’ is defined as meaning "any kind of service which is not inferior vide Rule 7(26)". Rule 299 of the Rules Provides for the pension and gratuity for superior service. Clause (a) or Rule 299 deals with a case where the qualifying service is less than ten years. Clause (b) deals with a case where the qualifying service is of ten years or more. The relevant provisions of Rule 299 are as follows: "299. The pension and gratuity for superior service is regulated as follows: X X X 921 (b) After qualifying service of 10 years or more, the amount of the pension will be calculated according to the following rule; the average salary should be multiplied by the period of qualifying service, and the product divided by 60; the result will be the amount of pension admissible. The maximum pension ordinarily admissible will be Rs. 1,000 a month. In applying the above rule qualifying service of 25 years or above, whatever its length may be, will be treated as 30 years service." It will be noticed that clause (b) of Rule 299 is in pari materia with clause (b) of Regulation 313 with this difference that while under clause (b) of Regulation 313 the maximum pension ordinarily admissible has to be "O.S. Rs. 1000 a month", under clause (b) of Rule 299 the maximum pension ordinarily admissible is to be "Rs. 1,000 a month". The first question which falls for determination is whether the omission of the description "O.S." before "Rs. 1,000 a month" in clause (b) of Rule 299 was the result of an inadvertent printing error as contended by the Respondent or was a departure deliberately made from what was provided in clause (b) of Regulation 313 in order to provide higher pension to Government servants in superior service. In this connection, it is pertinent to note that the Rules were made after the erstwhile Indian State of Hyderabad had become a part of the territory of India and after the Demonetization Act had been enacted and had come into force and clause (22) of section 2 of the Hyderabad General Clauses Act (which defined the term ’rupee’) substituted by a new clause by that Act. After the Demonetization there could be no question of any Act or Rules providing for any Payment of Osmania Sikka. The word "rupees" in clause (b) of Rule 299 can, therefore, only refer to rupees in I.G. Currency and not to rupees in O.S. Currency. It is also pertinent to point out that the Rule were not a mere reproduction of the Regulations. The arrangement of the Rules is in several respects different from the arrangement of the Regulations. There is nowhere any amount mentioned in the Rules in O.S. Currency nor are the different amounts mentioned in the Rules the exact equivalent in I.G. Currency of the amounts in O.S. Currency mentioned in the Regulations. For instance, the rates of mileage allowance for journeys by road mentioned in Rule 99 are not equivalent in I.G. Currency of the rates mentioned in Regulation 455. It is also significant that Regulation 308 provided that a pension was ordinarily fixed in the current coin of the Hyderabad State http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 12 of 17 even though it might have to be paid to persons residing outside the 922 Hyderabad State, and that in special cases it might be fixed in Government of India Currency subject to the condition that the maximum of O.S. Rs. 1,000 per mensem fixed in clause (b) of Regulation 313 was not exceeded under any circumstances. The not to Regulation 308 stated that a pension transferred to India might be converted from the current coin of the Hyderabad State to Indian Government currency under the principle laid down in the said Regulation. In the Rules, we do not find any provision corresponding to Regulation 308. If there is any doubt (assuming that there can be any), it is most easily resolved by referring to the Preface to the Eighth Edition of the Hyderabad Civil Services Rules Manual, which for the first time published the Rules in a book form. In paragraph 3 of the said Preface, the Secretary to Government, Finance Department, Hyderabad, has expressly stated: "The figures for amounts of rupees and annas mentioned in the rules are all in Indian Government Currency". There can thus be no scope for any argument that the sum of Rs. 1,000 mentioned as being admissible for maximum pension in clause (b) of Rule 299 was Rs. 1,000 in Indian Government Currency and not in Osmania Sikka. We also find that it is not open to the Respondent to raise this contention. The State of Hyderabad ceased to be a separate entity from November 1, 1956, on the coming into force of the States Reorganization Act, 1956 (Act No. XXXVII of 1956). Under the States Reorganization Act, the territories of the State of Hyderabad were added partly to the State of Andhra, partly to the State of Mysore (now Karnataka) and partly to the State of Bombay (now Maharashtra) and ceased to form part of the State of Hyderabad. By section 3(1) of the States Reorganization Act, the name of the State of Andhra was changed to the State of Andhra Pradesh. Consequent upon this reorganization by the Andhra Pradesh Adaptation order, 1957, the words ’Hyderabad State’ occurring in section 2 of the Demonetization Act were substituted by the words "Hyderabad Area of the State of Andhra Pradesh" and by the Andhra Pradesh Act IX of 1961, the words "Hyderabad Area of the State of Andhra Pradesh" were substituted by the words "Telangana Area of the State of Andhara Pradesh". Similar amendments were made in the Hyderabad General Clauses Act and the said Act is now called the Andhra Pradesh (Telangana Area) General Clauses Act, 1308 F. Almost fifteen years after the Rules came into force, by a memorandum, being Memorandum No. 27439/500/Pen.I/69 dated April 28, 1969, the Assistant Secretary to the Government of Andhra Pradesh, Finance Department, issued an erratum to the said clause 923 (b) of Rule 299 purporting to correct the amount of Rs. 1,000 mentioned therein to O.S. Rs. 1,000. Three retired Government servants thereupon filed a writ petition in the Andhra Pradesh High Court being Writ Petition No. 3318 of 1969 Daulat Rai and others v. State of Andhra Pradesh. A learned Single Judge of the said High Court allowed the said writ petition, holding that there was no error in mentioning Rs. 1,000 and that what the said erratum purported to do was to amend clause (b) of Rule 299 and that the Rules promulgated by the Rajpramukh under the proviso so Article 309 of the Constitution of India cannot be amended or altered merely by issuing an erratum and that the said Assistant Secretary to the Government of Andhra Pradesh was http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 13 of 17 not entitled to amend any such rule unless the sanction of the Governor of Andhra Pradesh had been obtained thereto. The said writ petition was thereupon allowed. A Letters Patent Appeal filed against the said judgment, being Writ Appeal No. 568 of 1970 State of Andhra Pradesh v. Daulat Rai and others, was dismissed on September 24, 1970, by a Division Bench of the said High Court which also rejected an application for certificate to appeal to this Court and a petition for special leave to appeal against the said judgment was dismissed by this Court. The question whether in clause (b) of Rule 299 the sum of Rs. 1,000 is mentioned in Government of India Currency or in O.S. Currency has thus been finally decided and it is not open to the Respondent to reagitate this question. This point was also not taken by the Respondent in the High Court and for this reason also it is not open to the Respondent to urge it before us. We not address ourselves to the question of the validity of the said Government Notification dated February 3, 1971, amending clause (b) of sub-rule (1) of Rule 299. Before setting out the text of the said Notification, we may mention that it appears that after the judgment of the Division Bench in Daulat Rai’s case Rule 299 was renumbered as sub-rule (1) and a new sub-rule (2) was added, sub-rule (2) is not relevant for our purpose. The said Notification was as follows: In exercise of the powers conferred by the proviso under article 309 read with article 313 of the Constitution of India and of all other powers hereunto enabling, the Governor of Andhra Pradesh hereby makes the following amendment to the Hyderabad Civil Service Rules:- 924 The amendment hereby made shall be deemed to have come into force on the Ist October, 1954. AMENDMENT In clause (b) of sub-rule (1) of rule 299 of the said Rules for the expression "1,000 a month" the expression "Rs. 857.15 a month" shall be substituted. (BY ORDER AND IN THE NAME OF THE GOVERNOR OF ANDHRA PRADESH) P. R. KALE, Joint Secretary to Government In order to appreciate the challenge to the said Notification, it is necessary to reproduce the relevant provisions of section l l S of the States Reorganization Act, 1956, namely, sub-sections (2), (3), (4) and (7) thereof: These sub-sections are as follows: "(2) Every person who immediately before the appointed day is serving in connection with the affairs of an existing State part of whose territories is transferred to another State by the provisions of Part II shall as from that day, provisionally continue to serve in connection with the affairs of the principal successor State to that existing State, unless he is required by general or special order of the Central Government to serve provisionally in connection with the affairs of any other successor State. "(3) As soon as may be after the appointed day, the Central Government shall by general or special order, deter mine the successor State to which every person referred to in sub-section (2) shall be finally allotted for service and the date with effect from which such allotment shall take effect or be deemed to have taken effect. "(4) Every person who is finally allotted under the provisions of sub-section (3) to a successor State, http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 14 of 17 shall if he is not already serving therein be made available for serving in that successor State from such date as may be agreed upon between the Governments concerned, and in default of such agreement as may be determined by the Central Government. 925 "(7) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to effect after the appointed day the operation of the provisions of Chapter I of Part XIV of the Constitution in relation to the determination of the conditions of service of persons serving in connection with the affairs of the Union or any State; Provided that the conditions of service applicable immediately before the appointed day to the case of any person referred to in sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) shall not be varied to his disadvantage except with the previous approval of the Central Government. Under clause (a) of section 2 of the States Reorganization Act, 1956, ’principal successor State’ in relation to the State of Hyderabad means the State of Andhra Pradesh. Chapter I of part XIV of the Constitution of India deals with services under the Union and the States and consists of Articles 308 to 313. What is pertinent for our purpose is that under the proviso to sub-section (7) of section 115 of the States Reorganization Act, the conditions of service applicable immediately before the appointed day, namely, November 1, 1956, in the case of any person referred to inter aila in sub-section (2) of section 115 cannot be varied to his disadvantage except with the previous approval of the Central Government. Pension is a condition of service as held by this Court in State of Madhya Pradesh and others v. Shardul Singh and, therefore, if any rules are to be made by the Governor of a State varying the amount of pension to the disadvantage of those who were in service on the appointed day, such rules would not be valid without the previous approval of the Central Government. The amendment made by the said Notification reduced the amount of pension payable to Government servants who were in the service of the erstwhile State of Hyderabad and whose services continued under the principal successor State to the State of Hyderabad, namely, the State of Andhra Pradesh. The contention of the Respondent, however, is that such approval has, in fact, been given by the Central Government by the said letter dated April 28, 1973. This contention found favour with the Division Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High Court. The said letter dated April 28, 1973, was in reply to a letter dated March 13, 1973, written by the Joint Secretary to the Government of Andhra 926 Pradesh, Finance Department. In the said letter dated March 13, 1973, after referring to the Demonetization Act and the Rules it was stated that there was an omission to convert the maximum limit of pension of O.S. Rs. 1,000 into I.G. Currency but in practice, how ever, the figure was treated as O.S. Rs. 1,000 and all pensions sanctioned before November 1, 1956, were restricted to Rs. 857.15 being the equivalent in I.G. Currency of O.S. Rs. 1,000. Incidentally, there is nothing on the record to bear out this statement. The issue of the said erratum and the judgment the Andhra Pradesh High Court striking it down were then recited in the said letter. It was then stated that the Government held the view that as no one was paid more than Rs. 857.15 in I.G. Currency prior to November 1, 1956, the condition of service that the maximum pension admissible should be Rs. 1,000 in http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 15 of 17 I.G. Currency did not exist and that it came into being only by virtue of the judgment delivered by the Andhra Pradesh High Court In 1970, that is, in the said writ petition filed by Daulat Rai and two others, and that it was, therefore, felt by the State Government that what it had done was not a variation in the conditions of service of any employee to his disadvantage but an action taken to give effect to an actual situation that existed prior to November 1, 1956. The said letter then went on to state: "It, therefore, does not appear necessary to obtain previous approval of Government of India for this amendment under the proviso to section 115 of the S.R. Act, 1956. Should however Government of India consider it otherwise they may kindly accord approval for the amendment as explained earlier." Along with the papers forwarded with the said letter was a copy of the said Notification dated February 3, 1971. By his reply dated April 28, 1973, to the said letter, the Joint Secretary to the Government of India, Cabinet Secretariat, Department of Personnel and A.R., stated as follows: "I am directed to refer to the correspondence resting with Shri P.R. Kale’s letter No. 14154- A/462/Pen.I/72, dated March 13, 1973 on the above subject and to say that the Government of India agrees with the view of the State Government that since no retired employee was paid a pension of more than Rs. 857.15 in Indian currency before 927 1.11.1956, the proposed amendment in the Hyderabad Civil Service Rules is not a variation in the conditions of service of any employee to his disadvantage after 1.11.1956 and does not require prior approval of the Government of India under Section 115 of the States Reorganization Act, 1956." The Division Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High Court took the view that "when all the facts relating to the pension admissible to an employee governed by the Hyderabad Civil Service Rules were placed before the Government of India and when gave a considered opinion, that opinion is a prior approval satisfying the requirement of section 115 (7)". We are unable to follow this line of reasoning, By the said letter dated March 13, 1973, the Government of India was requested to accord approval to the said amendment if it considered it necessary so to do. By its said reply dated April 28, 1973, the Government of India categorically stated that the said amendment did not require its prior approval under the said section 115 and, therefore, did not give any approval to the said amendment. To equate the not giving of approval with a prior approval satisfying the requirements of the proviso to sub-section (7) of section 115 appears to us to be a contradiction in terms as also to say that a letter written on April 28, 1973, was a prior approval given to an amendment which was made more than two years earlier on February 3, 1971. The Statement made in the said letter dated March 13, 1973 that by the said amendment the conditions of service were not being varied was incorrect because by the said amendment the maximum pension of Rs 1,000 per month in I.G. Currency was being reduced to the equivalent in that currency of O.S. Rs. 1,000 per month, namely, to Rs. 857.15 per month and that too with retrospective effect from the date of the coming into force of the rules, namely, October 1, 1954. For such an amendment the previous approval of the Central Government was required by the proviso to sub-section (7) of section 115. Such http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 16 of 17 approval was not given and the amendment made by the said Notification was, therefore, invalid and inoperative so far as it concerned persons referred to in sub-section (1) and (2) of section 115 of the States Reorganization Act. The question whether even with respect to persons other than those referred it in the said sub-sections, the said Notification in so far as it is retrospective is valid does not arise in these Appeals and does not fall to be decided. In this view of the matter it is unnecessary to consider the other points arising in these Appeals except the Respondent’s con- 928 tention that the Appellant in each of these two Appeals had waived his right to receive pension on the basis that the maximum pension admissible under clause (b) of Rule 299 (1) is Rs. 1,000 and was, therefore, estopped from claiming pension on that basis. There is no substance in this contention. This point was never taken in the High Court. Further, apart from the fact that there cannot be any waiver of the right to receive pension payable under the rules made in that behalf, there is no factual basis whatever for this contention. The Appellant Ahmed Hussain Khan retired on April S, 1972. By [he said Government order dated June 22, 1973, his pension was in fact fixed on the basis that the maximum pension admissible under Rule 299 (1) (b) was Rs. 1,000 per month in I.G. Currency. This order was revised by the order dated July 2, 1973, by which his pension was fixed on the basis that the maximum pension admissible was Rs. 857.15 per month. Within a short time thereafter in the course of that year he filed his writ petition in the High Court and the said writ petition was heard and disposed of by the learned Single Judge by his judgment delivered on July 16, 1974. So far as the Appellant S. Gopalan is concerned, he retired on April 14, 1973, and his pension was fixed by the Government order dated May 8, 1973, on the basis that the maximum pension admissible under the Rules was Rs. 857.15 per month. He also filed his writ petition in the same year and it was decided along with the writ petition filed by Ahmed Hussain Khan by the said judgment delivered on July 16, 1974. For the reasons set out above, we hold that the Appellant in each of these two Appeals is entitled to receive pension on the basis that the maximum pension admissible under clause (b) of sub-rule (1) of Rule 299 of the Hyderabad Civil Services Rules is Rs. 1,000 per month in Government of India Currency and not Rs. 857.15 per month in that currency. In the result, we allow both these Appeals, reverse the judgment of the Division Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High Court and set aside the orders appealed against. We direct the State of Andhra Pradesh to fix within one month from today the pension payable to the Appellant in each of these two Appeals from the date on which he became eligible for payment of pension, that is, from the date on which he retired from Government service on the basis that the maximum pension admissible under clause (b) of sub-rule (1) of Rule 299 of the Hyderabad Civil Services Rules in Rs. 1,000 per month in Government of India Currency. We further direct the State of 929 Andhra Pradesh to pay to the Appellant in each of these two Appeals the balance of the amount of pension payable to him for the past period according to such refixation within one month from the date of refixation of his pension. The Respondent will pay to the Appellant in each of http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 17 of 17 these two Appeals the costs of the Appeal in this Court and of the writ petition and the writ appeal in the Andhra Pradesh High Court. H.S.K. Appeals allowed 930