LAHARI SAKHAMURI vs. SOBHAN KODALI

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 15-03-2019

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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL/CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION    CIVIL APPEAL NO(s). 3135­3136 OF 2019  (Arising out of SLP(Civil) No(s). 15892­15893 of 2018) LAHARI SAKHAMURI …..Appellant(s) VERSUS SOBHAN KODALI …..Respondent(s) WITH CRIMINAL APPEAL NO(s). 500   OF 2019   (Arising out of SLP(Crl.) No. 2316 of 2018) J U D G M E N T Rastogi, J. Leave granted. 2. Both   the   appeals   although   arise   from   two   separate   orders passed by the High Court of Hyderabad for the State of Telangana th and State of Andhra Pradesh dated 8  February 2018 in a Habeas Signature Not Verified Corpus Petition filed at the instance of the respondent (Sobhan Digitally signed by DEEPAK SINGH Date: 2019.07.29 10:50:35 IST Reason: Kodali)   and   by   the   appellant   (Lahari   Sakhamuri)   under   the 1 Guardians & Wards Act, 1890 primarily for the custody of the two th minor children who were born in the United States on 14  March, th 2012 and 13  October, 2014 and are US citizens and holding US passports.     For   the   custody   of   children,   a   tussle   was   going   on between the parents who are residing in US since 2004­2005.  Their th marriage was solemnized on 14   March 2008 in Hyderabad and both are green card holders and not only highly educated but well placed.  It appears that some differences cropped up which can be a misunderstanding   or   failing   to   understand   each   other,   various efforts were made through conciliation and after the matter came to this Court through the  process  of  mediation,  the   orders of   this Court indicate that lot of efforts were made for reconciliation and at one point of time, it reached to a final stage but unfortunately could not reach to its logical end for various reasons and factors. 3. The persons who are affected are the minor children who have been directly impacted because of the fact that their parents have not   been   able   to   resolve   their   differences.     Children   are   very sensitive and due to the conflict of their parents if could not be resolved at the earliest, the minor children became the victim of 2 time for which they are not at fault but indeed the sufferers.  It has to be examined in different perspective also that rights of the child as a progressive approach to the best interest of the child and what is needed in the best interest of the child is the one which has to be deciphered by us in the instant proceedings through the manifold arguments  being  advanced  from  both  sides  keeping  in view the principles of law on the subject but still remain a guess work.  4. Before this Court may proceed to examine the question, there are plentitude of judgments of this Court but still each case has to be decided on its own facts and circumstances.   Obviously, the ultimate goal which has to be kept in mind is the best interest of the   child   which   is   of   utmost   importance   and   of   a   paramount consideration. 5. The   brief   facts   of   the   case   which   manifests   from   the voluminous record placed before us are that the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) and respondent (Sobhan Kodali) are the parents of the minor children.  Appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) went to USA for her masters in September, 2004 and thereafter started working in USA. She is a Biomedical Engineer by profession.  Respondent (Sobhan 3 Kodali) is also highly qualified and went to USA in July 2005 and is presently   a   Cardiologist   by   profession.     Their   marriage   was th solemnized according to Hindu rites in Hyderabad on 14   March, 2008.  From this wedlock, son, namely, Arthin and daughter Neysa th th were born on 14  March, 2012 and 13  October, 2014 and both are US citizens and also hold US passports.   The couple purchased th house in Pennsylvania on 29  January, 2016 in their joint names and moved to their new home.  The son started going to a school in September 2014 and a daughter in December, 2016.   Both the children being there in US from their birth, the social and cultural value of US certainly was embedded in both of them. 6. This fact cannot be ruled out that something certainly has gone wrong in their marital relations and it went to an extent where the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) took a decision to file petition for st divorce and custody of the minor children in US on 21  December, 2016   on   the   premise   that   there   was   a   complete   irretrievable breakdown of marriage under the Divorce Code, 1980 prevalent in US.  It may be relevant to note that along with the application filed for divorce and custody of minor children, there is a prescribed 4 format which has to be filled disclosing the details of any wrong, if happened physically or abuse has been committed and the fact is that   she   was   completely   silent   and   positive   in   assertion   in   her application.  Although both the parties were residing together in the same house, with joint legal custody of their children who were residing with them and there was no criminal/abuse history ever in the past. 7. Irretrievable   breakdown   of   marriage   can   be   due   to   marital difficulties   with   no   reasonable   prospect   of   reconciliation   but   it appears that in the US before such matrimonial matters are taken up for adjudication on the judicial side, all efforts are being made for conciliation and mediation between the parties which is also being   actively   taken   note   of   under   Section   89   of   Code   of   Civil Procedure of resolving matrimonial and custodial disputes through the process of mediation and which is very successful and effective in India as well. 8. It reveals from the record that on the date of filing of the petition for divorce and custody of minor children by the appellant st (Lahari Sakhamuri), i.e. 21  December, 2016 in US, the order came 5 to be passed on the petition directing respondent (Sobhan Kodali) to th appear for conciliation conference on 20  January, 2017 and both the parties were directed not to change the residence of the children which would affect the other party’s ability to exercise custodial rights.   It may be appropriate to quote the extract of the order which came to be passed on the application filed by the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) which reads as under: ORDER OF COURT You, Sobhan Kodali, Defendant/Respondent, have been sued in court to obtain shared legal and primary physical custody of the children,   Arthin   Kodali,   born   March   14,   2012   and   Neysa Sakhamuri Kodali, born October 13, 2014. You are ordered to appear in person at Room 325, Lehigh County   Courthouse,   455   W.   Hamilton   Street,   Allentown, Pennsylvania, on  January 20, 2017  at  2:00 p.m.  , for 
XXa conciliation or<br>mediation conference.
a pretrial conference.
a hearing before the<br>Court.
If you fail to appear as provided by this Order, an order for custody may be entered against you or the Court may issue a warrant for your arrest. You must file with the Court a verification regarding any criminal record or abuse history regarding you and anyone living 6 in your household on or before the initial in­person contact with the   Court   (including,   but   not   limited   to,   a   conference   with   a conference officer or judge or conciliation) but not later than 30 days after service of the Complaint or Petition. No party may make a change in the residence of any child which significantly impairs the ability of the other party to exercise custodial rights without first complying with all of the applicable provisions   of   23   Pa.C.S.   §5337   and   Pa.R.C.P.   No.   1915.17 regarding relocation. YOU SHOULD TAKE THIS PAPER TO YOUR LAWYER AT ONCE.     IF   YOU   DO   NOT   HAVE   A   LAWYER,   GO   TO   OR TELEPHONE THE OFFICE SET FORTH BELOW.   THIS OFFICE CAN   PROVIDE   YOU   WITH   INFORMATION   ABOUT   HIRING   A LAWYER.   IF YOU CANNOT AFFORD TO HIRE A LAWYER, THIS OFFICE MAY BE ABLE TO PROVIDE YOU WITH INFORMATION ABOUT   AGENCIES   THAT   MAY   OFFER   LEGAL   SERVICES   TO ELIGIBLE PERSONS AT A REDUCED FEE OR NO FEE. Lehigh County Bar Association       Lawyer Referral Service P.O. Box 1324 Allentown, PA 18105­1324 Telephone: 610­433­7094 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 The Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County is required by law to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. For   information   about   accessible   facilities   and   reasonable accommodations available to disabled individuals having business before the Court, please contact the Court Administrator’s Office at (610) 782­3014.  All arrangements must be made at least 72 hours prior  to any  hearing   or  business  before  the  Court.   You  must attend the scheduled conference or hearing. 7      BY THE COURT: 12/21/2016               _________________________/RR Date                                             J. ”  9. It reveals from the record that efforts were going on in the st process of conciliation and the same were held on 21  March, 2017 and since the parties could not arrive to any consensus regarding the custody of their children, another conference was scheduled as th agreed for 25  March, 2017.  10. By the time parties could reach to a final consensus by the intervention of the trained conciliators which indisputedly play a very pivotal role in matrimonial matters, there was a sad demise of the maternal grandmother of the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) and in   providing   strength   and   support   to   the   family,   the   appellant rd travelled to India with both the minor children on 23  March, 2017 th with return tickets of 24  April, 2017 and within 20 days of coming to Hyderabad(India) where her family reside, filed a petition in the th Family Court, Hyderabad on 12   April, 2017 seeking custody of minor children and injunction against respondent (Sobhan Kodali) under the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 and she was able to 8 th succeed in getting ex­parte interim injunction on 12  April, 2017. It   would   be   appropriate   to   quote   the   extract   of   the   ex­parte injunction order passed by the learned Family Court, Hyderabad th dated 12  April, 2017 which is as follows:­ AD INTERIM INJUNCTION IN THE COURT OF JUDGIGE ADDITIONAL FAMILY COURT : CITY CIVIL COURT : HYDERABAD        I.A. No. 292 OF 2017                        in              OP No.433 of 2017 BETWEEN : Smt. Lahari Sakhamuri, W/o Sobhan Kodali, Hindu, aged 34 years, R/o Plot No. 443/A­28, Road No.86, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad T.S … Petitioner AND Sobhan Kodali, S/o Dr. Jaya Ramesh Kodali, Hindu, aged about 37 years, R/o # 2C85, Bellflower Lane, Centre Valley, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania­18034, USA      … Respondent To  Sobhan Kodali, S/o Dr. Jaya Ramesh Kodali, Hindu, aged about 37 years, R/o # 2C85, Bellflower Lane, 9 Centre Valley, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania­18034, USA UPON MOTION made unto this court by Sri K. Chaitanya, Counsel   for   the   petitioner   seeking   the   court   to   grant   ad interim injunction restraining the respondent from forcibly taking   away   the  minor   children   Arthin  Kodali  and  Neysa Sakhamur from the custody of the petitioner pending the above O.P.  Upon   hearing   of   the   arguments   of   the   counsel   for   the petitioner   this   court   while   issuing   notice   to   respondent returnable by 26.04.2017 doth order restraining respondent from taking away minor children namely Arthin Kodali and Neysa   Sakhamur   from   the   custody   of   the   petitioner   till 26.04.2017 and that petitioner should not shift the children from the jurisdiction of this court without permission from the court, and that petitioner should also look after food, shelter and medical facilities of the children petition stood posted to 26.04.2017. Given under my hand and the seal of the court on this the th 12  day of April, 2017. Sd/­       JUDGE, ADDL. FAMILY COURT             CITY CIVIL COURT, HYDERABAD 11. After few days, she also filed a FIR against respondent (Sobhan Kodali) and his family members for offence under Section 498A IPC st i.e.   on   21   April,   2017   but   after   investigation,   the   police   filed st closure report on 1  November, 2017.  The fact to be noticed here at this  stage   is   that  the   very   appellant   (Lahari  Sakhamuri)  filed a st petition for divorce and custody of minor children in US on 21 December, 2016, there was no whisper or an averment that there 10 was any domestic violence or abuse either subjected upon her or the   minor   children   by   respondent   (Sobhan   Kodali)   and   he   was rd informed on 23  April, 2017, twelve hours before her flight that she would not be returning and does not have a travel date in mind. Respondent (Sobhan Kodali) and his counsel in the US were orally informed of the ex­parte order which was received by respondent th (Sobhan Kodali) on 29  April, 2017 through e­mail from the counsel for appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) in India. th 12. Immediately, on receiving the oral information, on 26   April, 2017, emergency petition for interim orders in petition for divorce and   custody   filed   at   the   instance   of   the   appellant   (Lahari Sakhamuri) was filed by respondent  (Sobhan  Kodali).   The  said application   was   contested   by   the   appellant   (Lahari   Sakhamuri) through   Attorney   and   in   defence   stated   that   she   had   only temporarily   relocated   to   India   for   attending   her   grandmother’s funeral   and   providing   emotional   support   to   her   mother.     After nd hearing the parties, the US Court passed order on 22  May, 2017 for continuing the jurisdiction over the custody matter and granted temporary physical custody of the children to respondent (Sobhan 11 Kodali) with a further direction that children be returned to the nd jurisdiction of the Court in US by 2   June, 2017.   It would be appropriate to quote the extract of the order passed by US Court on the emergency custody petition filed by respondent Sobhan Kodali nd on 22  May, 2017:­ IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF LEHIGH COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA CIVIL DIVISION Lahari Sakhamuri ) Plaintiff ) File No.2016­FC­1641 Vs ) Sobhan Kodali ) in custody Defendant ) ORDER nd AND NOW, this 22  May, 2017 upon consideration of the   Emergency   Petition   for   Relief   Requesting   an   Interim order of custody filed 26.04.2017, by defendant and hearing conducted   on   22.05.2017   attended   by   the   defendant   / petitioner Sobhan Kodali represented by his legal counsel, Mark B. Dischell, Esquire and plaintiff/respondent, Lahari Sakhamuri   having   failed   to   appear   for   said   hearing,   but represented   by   her   legal   counsel,   Mary   J   B.   Eidelman Esquire; IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that :   1. Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, United States of America shall remain the sole home country, home state and country of the parties’ minor children, Arthin Kodali born 14.03.2012 and Neyas Sakhamuri Kodali, born 13.10.2014. 12 2. This  Court  shall  have  sole  continuing   jurisdiction  of  this custody   matter   which   was   filed   by   the   plaintiff,   Lahari Sakhamuri, on 21.12.2016. 3. Pending further order of court, father is granted temporary physical custody of the children; 4. Mother   shall   return   the   children   to   Lehigh   County, Pennsylvania,   United   States   of   America,   to   the   father’s custody on late than 02.06.2017. 5. Until the children’s return, father shall have telephone and video chat contact with the children each day;   6. Upon her return to this jurisdiction, mother shall not be permitted to travel out of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania with the minor children without further order of court;  7. The passports of the children shall be held in escrow by the parties’ counsel or another mutually agreeable person; 8. Should the mother fail to return the children to father by 02.06.2017, mother shall pay to father $1,000 each day she does not return the children; 9. In   the   event   mother   does   not   return  the   children   to  the father by 02.06.2017, father and/or any of his designees being   his   father,   Jayaramesh   Kodali;   his   mother,   Vijaya Bharathi; his cousin, Chaitanya Kadiyala, shall be permitted to receive the children from mother in India and bring them to Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, United States of America; 10. Until such time as mother returns to the United States, she shall be precluded from seeking child support on behalf of the children; 11. A certified copy of this order shall be sent to the America Consulate in India and shall be registered with appropriate court / jurisdiction in Hyderabad, India; 12. Within thirty (30) days of this order, mother shall pay father $10,000 as partial payment towards counsel fee incurred by father in this matter.  A final determination on the amount of counsel fees to be paid by mother to father will be made 13 by   the   court   after   subsequent   hearing   which   may   be requested by either party. BY THE COURT : Sd/­ Daniel K. McCarthy   13.       Thereafter,   the   respondent   (Sobhan   Kodali)   moved   an application   under   Order   7   Rule   11   CPC   in   the   proceedings instituted in the Family Court, Hyderabad asserting that the Family Court, Hyderabad has no jurisdiction to decide the application for the custody of minor children as they are not the ordinary resident th of Hyderabad but that came to be rejected vide order dated 15 September,   2017   holding   that   the   Family   Court,   Hyderabad   is competent to exercise jurisdiction to examine the application filed at the instance of the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) on merits. 14.   At this stage, respondent (Sobhan Kodali) preferred appeal to the High Court under Section 19(1) of the Family Courts Act against th the order dated 15  September, 2017 passed by the learned Family Court, Hyderabad holding jurisdiction to examine the application filed by the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) regarding custody of the minor   children   under   Guardians   and   Wards   Act,   1890. 14 Simultaneously,   without   any   loss   of   time,   respondent   (Sobhan Kodali) also filed a writ petition seeking Writ of Habeas Corpus for producing the minor children in the custody of the US Court taking st note of the earlier order passed dated 21  December, 2016 followed nd with order dated 22  May, 2017.  The appeal and the writ petition were   clubbed   but   were   decided   by   the   High   Court   by   separate th orders dated 8   February,  2018 holding that  the Family  Court, Hyderabad has no jurisdiction as the children are not ordinarily residing within the jurisdiction of the Family Court, Hyderabad as provided under Section 9 of the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890. In consequence thereof, application filed by the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) stood rejected.  At the same time, in the Habeas Corpus th Petition, Order came to be passed dated 8   February, 2018.   The Court finally ordered as under:­ 36.   In view of the above discussion and the legal position, we are of the considered opinion that it would be in the best interest of the minor children to return to the US so that they can enjoy there in the natural environment, receive the love,   care   and   attention   of   their   father   and   paternal grandparents,   resume   their   school   and   be   with   their teachers, peers and friends. th 37. Accordingly, we hereby direct the 5   respondent to return the children to the petitioner in India within four (04) weeks from the date of receipt of a copy of this order failing which, 15 the Consulate General of the US at Hyderabad shall take the custody and handover the custody of the children to the petitioner in India or in the US by making their comfortable journey to US. th 38. The 5  respondent is also highly educated and was gainfully employed in the US for number of years.   Accordingly, we th hereby grant liberty to the 5  respondent, whenever she feels to  visit   the   children   in  US,   the  petitioner  shall  make   all arrangements i.e., travel, comfortable stay at US and other expenses till the US Court pass directions in the petitions th filed by the 5  respondent or she become the gainful in any country, whichever is earlier. 39. As undertaken by the petitioner that, we direct the petitioner that he shall not insist upon costs and fine imposed by the th Court of US upon the 5  respondent. 40. We also direct the petitioner that if children are in India and th 5   respondent happens to be in India, the children shall th th remain with 5   respondent.   He shall give all access to 5 respondent to chat with the children on whatsapp and video conference etc. 15. Both the orders passed by the High Court while disposing of the appeal filed by the respondent (Sobhan Kodali) under Section 19(1)   of   the   Family   Courts   Act   as   well   as   the   Habeas   Corpus th Petition dated 8   February, 2018 came to be challenged by the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) in the present appeals. 16. In the pending proceedings, in the Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County, Pennsylvania Civil Division­Law, further order has th been passed on 9  March, 2018 permitting the respondent (Sobhan 16 Kodali) to apply for replacement of US passports on behalf of the minor children.  The order is reproduced as under:­ IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF  LEHIGH COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA CIVIL DIVISION – LAW LAHARI SAKHAMURI, : Plaintiff, : NO. 2016­FC­1641 Vs. : : SOBHAN KODALI, : IN CUSTODY Defendant, : ORDER OF COURT th AND   NOW   THIS   9   day   of   March,   2018,   upon consideration   of   the   Defendant’s   Emergency   Petition for Special Relief in Custody, it is hereby ORDERED and DECREED as follows: 1. Defendant’s   Emergency   Petition   for   Special   Relief   is GRANTED; 2. Defendant,   Sobhan   Kodali,   is   granted   sole   legal custody   of   the   minor   children,   Arthin   Kodali,   born March 14, 2012, and Neysa Sakhamuri Kodali, born October 13, 2014; 3. Mother’s   retention   of   the   children   in   India   is   a “wrongful retention” of the children pursuant to the Child Abduction Remedies Act, codified at 23 Pa.C.S. § 5201 et. seq. 17 4. Defendant, Sobhan Kodali, shall be permitted to apply for replacement U.S. Passports on behalf of the minor children,   Arthin   Kodali,   born   March   14,   2012,   and Neysa   Sakhamuri   Kodali,   born   October   13,   2014, through application of Form DS­11 attached hereto as Exhibit “B”, and without Mother’s consent. 5. The   United   States   Department   of   State,   upon presentation of a Certified Copy of this Order, shall issue replacement passports to Sobhan Kodali, Father of the minor children, even though Father previously requested   the   entry   of   the   children   into   the Department’s Child Passport Issuance Alert Program (CPIAP) and received confirmation of the entry of the children into that system on May 24, 2017, via Case Number 1536567. BY THE COURT __________________J. 17. Before the submissions made by the learned counsel for the parties being canvassed, it may reveal from the orders passed by this Court that keeping in view the personal relations of the spouse and the utmost and paramount consideration of the welfare of the children on a high pedestal and to find out if there is any possibility in resolving their matrimonial differences through the process of mediation   which   indisputably   plays   a   very   pivotal   role   in   such matters.   The parties appeared in person on various dates and at one stage, it was sent for mediation as it reveals from Order dated th 12   October 2018, the Court appointed Mediator used his good 18 office to find out an amiable solution which may be acceptable to th the parties and at one stage from Order dated 29  October, 2018, it reveals that the parties had reached to an amicable solution in resolving their on­going matrimonial differences by sitting across the table with the intervention of the Court appointed Mediator. But what happened thereafter is really very unfortunate that parties could   not   reach   to   any   final   conclusion   and   both   the   learned counsel informed this Court that as the mediation could not have been now possible, the matter may be heard and decided on merits. 18. Learned   counsel   for   the   appellant   Ms.   Malavika   Rajkotia, submits that repatriation to US would not be in the best interest of the children and this Court has always held that the best interest of the children cannot be sacrificed on the principle of comity of courts or any other legal principle could not plead in overcoming the best interest   of   the   children   which   is   of   primary   and   paramount consideration.   Learned counsel submits that there is a statutory presumption   in   favour   of   the   mother,   under   the   tender   years doctrine and respondent (Sobhan Kodali) is unable to dispel from the pleadings on record in the instant proceedings and she being a 19 fit mother and the best interest of the children is with mother as the primary caretaker and once the custody of the minor children is with mother appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri), it is in the children’s best interest for the court to ensure the psychological well­being and the legal rights of the mother by protecting her autonomy at the first instance, to exercise her choice of location, particularly when she is distressed in her matrimonial home. 19.   Learned   counsel   further   submitted   that   the   prima   facie assumption may be rebutted in a trial but she cannot be non­suited by not providing her an opportunity in establishing her parental competence and the circumstances leading to protect herself and the children.  Learned counsel further submitted that the appellant (Lahari   Sakhamuri)   and   respondent   (Sobhan   Kodali)   are   Indian citizens and to separate the primary caregiver from the children under the   best interest of child   rule constitutes invasion of her fundamental right of autonomy guaranteed to her under the law and further submitted that in giving parental rights and privileges, what is to be ensured is the best interest of the children that is admittedly difficult as it is related to their life and welfare in such 20 circumstances is being called by a psychologist as the  least worst option  considering that the ideal of proximity with both parents is not possible in a given situation.    The children and their mother are in India and is an accessible jurisdiction for the father being married in India and Indian law applies in a cultural context that is well appreciated here and respondent (Sobhan Kodali) father has means to come to India and meet his children in India. 20. Learned counsel for the appellant further submits that though she has been completely silent in her proceedings instituted in the US Court in a divorce and custody petition of the children as there is   a   provision   in   US   that   one   can   seek   divorce   if   there   is   a irretrievable break down of marriage and prospects of conciliation is reasonably   ruled   out   hence   there   was   no   occasion   for   her   to indicate what mentally and physically she has suffered and how constrained it was to live due to acute mental, emotional and even physical violence and it is not in the interest of the children that their mother be pinned into an unhappy, abusive situation.   It is not in the welfare of the children to be witness to their mother being devalued.     It   is   also   not   in   their   interest   that   they,   witness 21 continued toxic conflict of their parents living as a family or even in proximity of collaborative parenting.  In such cases, distance with the spouse, with the child as the only point of contact between two parents in their own location is the best solution. 21.   Learned counsel for the appellant submits that due to the harassment meted out and humiliation suffered by her and their minor   children   at   the   hands   of   respondent   (Sobhan   Kodali) husband, no other option was left with her other than staying away from US. Further, the children are admitted in the best school in Hyderabad where they are presently studying.  Learned counsel has further submitted that in  Nithya Anand Raghavan Vs. State(NCT 1   of   Delhi)   and   another   ,   this   Court   has   disagreed   with   the conclusions drawn in  Surya Vadanan Vs. State of Tamil Nadu 2   and Others     laying down the “first strike” principle that weightage should   be   given   to   the   order   of   the   foreign   Court   which   has jurisdiction   and   held   that   the   best   interest   and   welfare   of   the children is of paramount importance and that if handing over of the 1  2017(8) SCC 454 2  2015(5) SCC 450 22 children to the foreign Court’s jurisdiction would harm their best interest and welfare, the Court would not direct their return to the place   falling   within   the   jurisdiction   of   the   foreign   Court.     That applying the principles laid down in the said case, the two minor children who are happily placed in the company of the appellant and her parents, if are entrusted to the foreign court’s jurisdiction, the   same   may   not   be   in   their   best   interest   and   welfare   of   the children.  Learned   counsel   submits   that   Indian   Courts   have jurisdiction because the parties had married here and the Hindu Marriage Act applies to Divorce and Section 26 deals with custody. What is being pleaded by the respondent under Order 7 Rule 11 CPC   is  a  mixed   question  of   law   and   facts   and   hence   could  be examined only during the course of the trial but not at this stage.  22. In   support   of   the   submission,   learned   counsel   has   placed reliance on the decision of this Court in  Jasmeet Kaur Vs. Navtej 3     holding   that   the   jurisdiction   founded   on   domicile   is   a   Singh   matter of trial and cannot be decided summarily and submitted that the custody petition filed under Guardians and Wards Act, 3  2018(4) SCC 295 23 1890 has been rejected by the High Court without taking note of the given fact situation and the scope under Order 7 Rule 11 CPC. 23. Per   contra,   learned   senior   counsel   for   the   respondent   Ms. Meenakshi   Arora,   referred   to   the   decisions   of   this   Court   in 4 ; Surinder Kaur Sandhu  Vs.  Harbax Singh Sandhu and Anr.     5 Elizabeth Dinshaw  Vs.  Arvand M. Dinshaw and Another     ;   V. 6 ;   Ravi   Chandran(Dr.)  Vs.  Union   of   India   and   Others     Nithya Anand   Raghavan’s   case (supra)   and   Surya   Vadanan’s (supra),and   taking   assistance   thereof,   submitted   that   two case minor children were born in US and both of them are US citizens and are school goers and they enjoyed their schooling (which is evident   from   the   photographs   filed   along   with   the   additional documents) and removal of children from the US despite the Order of the US Court affects their future and the same may not be in their best interest. 24. Learned counsel further submitted that the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri)   and   respondent   (Sobhan   Kodali)   started   their 4  1984(3) SCC 698 5  1987(1) SCC 42 6  2010(1) SCC 174 24 matrimonial life in the US and been there for almost 14 years, they are being acclimatized with that culture and in their married life, except for duration on short visit to India, they spent their good time in US and removing the children from the US, in the given circumstances, may not be in their best interest.  Learned counsel submitted   that   the   appellant   (Lahari   Sakhamuri)   had   herself admitted   that   children   were   in   shared   custody   with   respondent (Sobhan Kodali) and she was never subjected to domestic violence at any given point of time and she had invoked the jurisdiction of US Court for divorce and custody of minor children based on their residence and, therefore, it may not be open for her to disregard nd the orders of US Court, more specially the order dated 22   May, 2017 whereby respondent (Sobhan Kodali) was granted temporary physical custody of the children and appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) was   directed   that   minor   children   should   be   returned   to   the nd jurisdiction of US Court by 2  June, 2017. 25. Learned counsel submitted that from the material which has come on record, even inference cannot be drawn that there could be any harm caused to the minor children in returning to their native 25 state,   i.e.   US.     Moreover,   in   the   proceedings   on   behalf   of   the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) filed before the US Court, it is her own   admission   that   there   was   no   domestic   violence   having perpetrated upon her nor she was subjected to cruelty rather had asked for shared custody of children along with respondent (Sobhan Kodali) and in the given circumstances, her unilateral decision to return to India cannot deprive the minor children in terms of the love,   attention,   care   and   facilities,   amenities,   upbringing   and environment to which they are accustomed to while in the US.  No doubt, it is not the decision of the minor children to remain in India away from their father and their school and their peers.   The US Court has the most intimate contact and closest concern to decide on the issue of minor children which has been extensively examined by   the   High   Court   and   finding   has   been   recorded   under   the impugned judgment upholding children best interest. 26. Learned counsel submitted that best interest of children has been sidelined while deciding to stay back in India with the minor children   who   are   admittedly   US   citizens   and   were   permanently rd residing in US till 23  March, 2017 when they were removed from 26 st US in contravention of the Order dated 21  December, 2016 passed by the US Court and forcibly separated from their father respondent herein   and   the   environment   in   US   which   children   were experiencing,   is   their   natural   environment   and   in   the   given circumstances, detention of the children in India is unlawful and in violation   of   Child   Abduction   Remedies   Act   of   minor   children applicable in US and US Court has rightly directed the appellant nd (Lahari Sakhamuri) to bring back the children to US Court by 2 June, 2017 and the findings which have been recorded by the High Court are based on cogent available material on records and needs no further interference. 27. Learned counsel further submits that the minor children are not   ordinary   residents   of   the   jurisdiction   of   Family   Court, Hyderabad as defined under Section 9 of the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 as both are natural born US citizens and came to India rd only on 23  March, 2017 and within 20 days, application came to th be filed by the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) on 12   April, 2017 before the Family Court, Hyderabad for the custody of the children with ex­parte interim injunction passed by the learned Court and 27 even from the pleadings, nothing is borne out that how the Ld. Family   Court,   Hyderabad   was   having   jurisdiction   to   entertain application under Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 and in the given circumstances,   the   application   filed   by   the   respondent   (Sobhan Kodali) under Order 7 Rule 11 CPC was arbitrarily rejected by the Ld. Family Court and that was reviewed by the High Court on the material  available   on  record   and   the   finding   has   been   recorded holding   that   the   children   are   not   the   ordinary   residents   of jurisdiction of the Family Court, Hyderabad where an application was filed by the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) for custody of the children and no error was committed by the High Court in rejecting the  application  filed   by   the   appellant  (Lahari Sakhamuri)  under Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 for lack of jurisdiction and merely because their marriage was solemnized in Hyderabad would not confer a territorial jurisdiction to the Family Court, Hyderabad for the purpose of custody of the minor children under the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890. 28. Learned   counsel   further   submits   that   both   the   issues   in respect of the custody of the minor children and rejection of an 28 application   due   to   lack   of   territorial   jurisdiction   entertained   by learned   Family   Court,   Hyderabad   has   been   discussed   in   detail under the two separate impugned judgments by the High Court and needs no further interference of this Court. 29. We have heard learned counsel for the parties and with their assistance perused the record and also the plentitude of judgments cited of this Court.  Before we proceed, it will be appropriate to take note of what transpired between the hearing of the instant appeals. th On   26   March,   2018,   this   Court   directed   the   appellant   (Lahari Sakhamuri) and respondent (Sobhan Kodali) to remain personally th present on the  next date  of hearing which  was 9   April, 2018. During pendency of the proceedings, respondent (Sobhan Kodali) was allowed to meet children possibly keeping in view the amicable solution, if possible, to be arrived at between the parties and at one th stage by Order dated 12  October, 2018, the parties were granted liberty to resolve their issues inter se amicably and to facilitate the parties in arriving at an amicable solution, a senior counsel was requested to mediate which was voluntarily accepted by the parties. Pursuant thereto, possibilities of settlements were explored and at 29 one stage, settlement was also arrived at possibly acceptable to the th parties as it reveals from the Order dated 29  October, 2018 of this Court.  It will be appropriate to quote the extract of the order dated th th 29   October, 2018 followed by Order dated 27   November, 2018, which are as under:­ th   Order dated 29      October, 2018 Both   the   respondent/husband   and petitioner/wife are present. We are extremely  happy that they have decided to forgive each other, forget the past and take their family life forward.  Mrs. Lahri Sakhamuri/petitioner has submitted that she will withdraw all the cases filed by her in India and   abroad   and   she   does   not   want   to   pursue   any criminal proceedings.  Since Mr. Sobhan Kodali/respondent has to go back to  United  States tomorrow  i.e.  on 30.10.2018, post this matter on 14.11.2018 for formal orders, on the basis of the arrangement the parties have jointly made.  We   stay   all   the   pending   cases   between   Mrs. Lahari Sakhamuri and Sobhan Kodali, both civil and criminal.  We also restrain them from instituting any case against each other or the members of their family or filing   any   petition/complaint   against   each   other   or their family members, without express permission from this Court.  30 We   record   our   appreciation   for   the   strenuous efforts   taken   by   Mr.   Gurukrishna   Kumar,   learned senior counsel, for facilitating the reconciliation. th   Order dated 27      November, 2018  Learned counsel for both sides on instructions submit   that   they   will   withdraw   all   the   cases   filed against each other either in India or in United States.  We direct the petitioner­Mrs. Lahari Sakhamuri to   withdraw   all   the   cases   in   both   the   jurisdictions within   a   period   of   one   week   from   today.   Let   the respondent also withdraw all the cases filed both in India or in United States within the same period of time.  Learned counsel for the respondent­husband on instructions   submits   that   within   10   days,   he   will arrange for the passport of the minor child­Arthin from U.S. Consulate. It is also stated that husband will take all   necessary   steps   for   resolving   all   issues,   if   any, pertaining to the immigration and Visa status of the petitioner within the same period of time.  Once   such   issues   are   cleared,   we   direct   the petitioner to travel to U.S. along with her husband and children within a week of obtaining such clearances.  We   record   our   appreciation   for   the   strenuous efforts   taken   by   Shri   Gurukrishna   Kumar,   learned senior counsel for assisting the parties to arrive at an amicable settlement and for reunion.  List on mentioning by either side. 30. What   unfolded   thereafter   may   not   be   appropriate   for   this Court to take notice but the fact remains that agreement arrived at 31 between the parties could not be taken to its logical end.  It would have been better and in the interest of the parties themselves to amicably resolve their differences for their better future but as they have failed to do so, the judicial process has to intervene to decide the case on merits based on judicial precedents. 31. In the instant case, the facts on record clearly manifest that parties were residing in US since 2004­2005 and their marriage was th solemnized in Hyderabad on 14  March, 2008.  Both the children th th were born in US on 14  March, 2012 and 13  October, 2014 and are US citizens with US passports.  Notably, the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri)   filed   application   for   divorce   and   custody   of   minor st children in the US Court on 21  December, 2016 and order came to st be passed by the US Court on 21  December, 2016.  Despite that interim order, the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) came to India on rd 23  March, 2017 and within 20 days of her arrival in India, filed an th application on 12  April, 2017 for custody of minor children in the Family  Court,   Hyderabad   concealing   her   application  for   custody filed in the US Court. She also did not disclose that an order came nd to be passed by the US Court against her dated 22   May, 2017 32 after hearing the counsel for the parties.   In the given facts and circumstances, we find no difficulty in upholding the opinion of the High Court that the minor children were not ordinary residents of Hyderabad(India) as envisaged under Section 9(1) of the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890.   Resultantly, the application for custody of minor children filed before the Family Court, Hyderabad is rightly rejected by the High Court in exercise of power under Order 7 Rule 11 of CPC.  At the same time, when the orders have been passed by the   US   Court,   the   parties   cannot   disregard   the   proceedings instituted before the US Court filed at the instance of the appellant (Lahari   Sakhamuri)   who   is   supposed   to   participate   in   those proceedings.     32. The   judgment   relied   upon   by   the   learned   counsel   for   the appellant   of   Jasmeet   Kaur’s   case (supra)   may   not   be   of   any assistance for the reason that it was a case where one of the child was born in India which was one of the reason prevailed upon this Court to hold that principle of comity of courts or principle of forum convenience cannot determine the threshold bar of jurisdiction and when paramount consideration is the best interest of the child, it 33 can be the subject­matter of final determination in proceedings and not   under   Order   7   Rule   11   CPC.   In   our   considered   view,   the application for custody of minor children filed at the instance of the appellant   was   rightly   rejected   by   the   High   Court   under   the impugned judgment, in consequence thereof, no legal proceedings in reference to custody of the minor children remain pending in India. 33. The custody of minor children has been considered difficult in adjudication   by   the   Courts   apart   from   raising   delicate   issues, especially when the spouses are non­resident Indians(NRIs). 34. This   Court   in   (supra)   was Surinder   Kaur   Sandhu’s   case concerned with the custody of a child who was British citizen by birth   whose   parents   had   been   settled   in   England   after   their marriage.  A child was removed by the husband from the house and was brought to India.  The wife obtained a judicial order from the UK  Court   whereby   the   husband   was   directed   to   hand   over  the custody of a child to her.   The said order was later confirmed by Court of England and thereafter the wife came to India and filed a writ petition in the High Court of Punjab and Haryana praying for 34 custody and production of the child which came to be dismissed against which the wife appealed to this Court.  This Court keeping in view the  welfare of the child ,  comity of courts  and  jurisdiction of the State which has most intimate contact with the issues arising in the case  held thus:­ “10.  We may add that the spouses had set up their matrimonial home in England where the wife was working as a clerk and the husband as a bus driver. The boy is a British citizen, having been born in England, and he holds a British passport. It cannot be controverted that, in these circumstances, the English   Court   had   jurisdiction   to   decide   the question   of   his   custody.   The   modern   theory   of Conflict   of   Laws   recognises   and,   in   any   event, prefers the jurisdiction of the State which has the most intimate contact with the issues arising in the case. Jurisdiction is not attracted by the operation or creation of fortuitous circumstances such as the circumstance as to where the child, whose custody is in issue, is brought or for the time being lodged. To allow the assumption of jurisdiction by another State   in   such   circumstances   will   only   result   in encouraging   forum­shopping.   Ordinarily, jurisdiction must follow upon functional lines. That is to say, for example, that in matters relating to matrimony and custody, the law of that place must govern which has the closest concern with the well­ being   of   the   spouses   and   the   welfare   of   the offsprings of marriage. The spouses in this case had made England their home where this boy was born to   them.   The   father   cannot   deprive   the   English Court of its jurisdiction to decide upon his custody by   removing   him   to   India,   not   in   the   normal movement of the matrimonial home but, by an act which was gravely detrimental to the peace of that home. The fact that the matrimonial home of the 35 spouses   was   in   England,   establishes   sufficient contacts or ties with that State in order to make it reasonable and just for the courts of that State to assume   jurisdiction   to   enforce   obligations   which were   incurred   therein   by   the   spouses(See International Shoe Company  v.  State of Washington [90 L Ed 95 (1945) : 326 US 310] which was not a matrimonial   case   but   which   is   regarded   as   the fountainhead   of   the   subsequent   developments   of jurisdictional   issues   like   the   one   involved   in   the instant case.) It is our duty and function to protect the   wife   against   the   burden   of   litigating   in   an inconvenient forum which she and her husband had left   voluntarily   in   order   to   make   their   living   in England, where they gave birth to this unfortunate boy. 35. In  Elizabeth Dinshaw’s case (supra), this Court held that it is the duty of courts in all countries to see that a parent doing wrong by   removing   children   out   of   the   country   does   not   gain   any advantage by his or her wrongdoing and was guided by the factors such as the longer time spent by the child in the US in which the child was born and became US citizen and also the fact that the child has not taken roots in India and was still not accustomed and acclimatized to the conditions and environment obtaining in the place of his origin in the United States of America.  This Court took note of the fact that the child’s presence in India is the result of an illegal act of abduction and the father who is guilty of the said act 36 cannot claim any advantage by stating that he has already put the child in some school in Pune.  36. In   V.   Ravi   Chandran(Dr.)’s   case (supra),   this   Court   was concerned with the custody of the child removed by a parent from one country to another in contravention of the orders of the Court where the parties had set up their matrimonial home.  This Court 7 took note of the English decisions, namely     L(Minors) in re     and 8   and also noticed the decision of this Court in   McKee Vs. McKee   Elizabeth   Dinshaw’s   case (supra)   and   Dhanwanti   Joshi  Vs. 9    keeping into consideration the fact that the child   Madhav Unde   was left with his mother in India for nearly twelve years, this Court held that it would not exercise its jurisdiction summarily to return the child to the US on the ground that his removal from US in 1984 was contrary to the orders of US Courts.  The relevant portion is as under:­
29.While dealing with a case of custody of a child
removed by a parent from one country to another in
contravention of the orders of the court where the
7  (1974) 1 All ER 913(CA) 8  (1951) AC  352 9  1998(1) SCC 112 37
parties had set up their matrimonial home, the court
in the country to which the child has been removed
must first consider the question whether the court
could conduct an elaborate enquiry on the question of
custody or by dealing with the matter summarily order
a parent to return custody of the child to the country
from which the child was removed and all aspects
relating to the child's welfare be investigated in a court
in his own country. Should the court take a view that
an elaborate enquiry is necessary, obviously the court
is bound to consider the welfare and happiness of the
child as the paramount consideration and go into all
relevant aspects of welfare of the child including
stability and security, loving and understanding care
and guidance and full development of the child's
character, personality and talents. While doing so, the
order of a foreign court as to his custody may be given
due weight; the weight and persuasive effect of a
foreign judgment must depend on the circumstances of
each case.
30.However, in a case where the court decides to
exercise its jurisdiction summarily to return the child
to his own country, keeping in view the jurisdiction of
the court in the native country which has the closest
concern and the most intimate contact with the issues
arising in the case, the court may leave the aspects
relating to the welfare of the child to be investigated by
the court in his own native country as that could be in
the best interests of the child. The indication given
inMcKeev.McKee[1951 AC 352 : (1951) 1 All ER 942
(PC)] that there may be cases in which it is proper for a
court in one jurisdiction to make an order directing
that a child be returned to a foreign jurisdiction
without investigating the merits of the dispute relating
to the care of the child on the ground that such an
order is in the best interests of the child has been
explained inL (Minors), In re[(1974) 1 WLR 250 :
(1974) 1 All ER 913 (CA)] and the said view has been
38
approved by this Court inDhanwanti Joshi[(1998) 1
SCC 112] . Similar view taken by the Court of Appeal
inH. (Infants), In re[(1966) 1 WLR 381 (Ch & CA) :
(1966) 1 All ER 886 (CA)] has been approved by this
Court inElizabeth Dinshaw[(1987) 1 SCC 42 : 1987
SCC (Cri) 13].
37. This Court once again reiterated the principles of the closest concern, most intimate contact with the issues arising in the case, natural habitat of the minor child, best interest of the child and comity of Courts.   This Court eventually directed the child to be taken to US from where he was removed to enable the parties to establish their right in the native state of the child, i.e. US. 38. In   case(supra), it was a case where the Surya Vadanan’s   spouses were of Indian origin and later the husband became the citizen of UK.  They got married in India and had two daughters in UK.    The   wife   also   became   a  British   citizen  and   had   a  British passport.  After matrimonial dispute arose between them, the wife returned to India with her daughters and filed a petition under Section 13(1)(ia) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 seeking divorce in the Family Court.  At the same time, husband filed a petition in the High Court of Justice.  The said Court had passed an order making the   children   wards   of   the   Court   during   their   minority   or   until 39 further orders of the court and the wife was directed to return the children to the jurisdiction of the foreign court.  This Court applied the principles of (i) “the first strike”, i.e the UK Court had passed effective and substantial order declaring the children of the parties as wards of that court, (ii) the comity of courts and (iii) the best interest   and   welfare   of   the   child.     It   also   held   that   the   “most intimate contact” doctrine and the “closest concern” laid down in Surinder Kaur Sandhu’s case (supra) are very much alive and cannot   be   ignored   only   because   their   application   might   be uncomfortable in certain situations.  The Court also reiterated that the   best   interest   and   welfare   of   the   child   are   of   paramount importance which shall always be kept in mind by the courts while adjudicating the disputes. 39. This was followed by a three Judge Bench of this Court in (supra) in which one of us(Justice Nithya Anand Raghavan’s case th Khanwilkar) was a party.  In that case, the couple married on 30 November,   2006   at   Chennai   and   shifted   to   UK   in   early   2007. Disputes arose between the spouse.   The wife had conceived in December, 2008 came to New Delhi in June 2009 and stayed there 40 with her parents and she gave birth to a girl child in August, 2009 at Delhi.  After the husband arrived in India, the couple went back to UK in March, 2010 and following certain unsavoury events, the wife and the daughter returned to India in August 2010.   After exchange of legal correspondence, the wife and her daughter went back to London in December 2011.  In July, 2014, the wife returned to India along with her daughter and early 2015 the child became ill and was diagnosed with cardiac disorder and due to the alleged violent behavior of her husband filed complaint against him at the GAW Cell, New Delhi.   In 2016, husband filed custody/wardship petition in UK to seek return of the child.   He also filed habeas corpus petition in 2017 in Delhi High Court which was allowed. The matter was brought before this Court by the wife.  This Court heavily   relied   upon   its   earlier   judgment   in   Dhanwanti   Joshi’s (supra) which in turn referred to   (supra) where case Mckee’s case the Privy Council held that the order of foreign court would yield to the welfare of the child and that the comity of courts demanded not its enforcement, but its grave consideration.  This Court also relied upon the judgment in   (supra) and held V. Ravi Chandran’s case 41 that the role of the High Court in examining the cases of custody of a   minor   is   on   the   touchstone   of   principle   of   parents   patriae jurisdiction, as the minor is within the jurisdiction of the Court. This Court further held that the High Court while dealing with the petition for issuance of habeas corpus concerning a minor child in a given case, may direct return of the child or decline to change the custody of the child keeping in mind all the attending facts and circumstances into consideration.  It was held further by this Court that   each   case   must   depend   on   the   totality   of   the   facts   and circumstances brought before it while considering the welfare of the child which is of paramount consideration and the order of the foreign Court must yield to the welfare of the child and the remedy of writ of habeas corpus cannot be used for mere enforcement of the directions given by the foreign court against a person within its jurisdiction and convert that jurisdiction into that of an executing court.     It   was   further   observed   that   writ   petitioner   can   take recourse to such other remedy as may be permissible in law for enforcement of the order passed by the foreign court or resort to any proceedings as may be permissible in law before the Indian 42 Court for the custody of the child, if so advised.   This Court has disapproved   paragraph   56   (a)   to   (d)   in   Surya   Vadanan’s (supra) which reads as follows:­ case    However, if there is a pre­existing order of a “56. foreign   court   of   competent   jurisdiction   and   the domestic   court   decides   to   conduct   an   elaborate inquiry (as against a summary inquiry), it must have special reasons to do so. An elaborate inquiry should not be ordered as a matter of course. While deciding whether a summary or an elaborate inquiry should be conducted,   the   domestic   court   must   take   into consideration: ( a )   The   nature   and   effect   of   the   interim   or interlocutory order passed by the foreign court. ( b ) The existence of special reasons for repatriating or not repatriating the child to the jurisdiction of the foreign court. ( c ) The repatriation of the child does not cause any moral or physical or social or cultural or psychological harm to the child, nor should it cause any legal harm to the parent with whom the child is in India. There are instances where the order of the foreign court may result in the arrest of the parent on his or her return to   the   foreign   country.   [ Arathi   Bandi  v.  Bandi Jagadrakshaka Rao , (2013) 15 SCC 790 : (2014) 5 SCC (Civ) 475] In such cases, the domestic court is also   obliged   to   ensure   the   physical   safety   of   the parent. ( d )   The   alacrity   with   which   the   parent   moves   the foreign   court   concerned   or   the   domestic   court concerned,   is   also   relevant.   If   the   time   gap   is unusually large and is not reasonably explainable and the   child   has   developed   firm   roots   in   India,   the 43 domestic court may be well advised to conduct an elaborate inquiry. 40. As regards clauses (a) to (c) of paragraph 56 above, this Court termed the same as tending to drift away from the exposition in Dhanwanti   Joshi’s   case (supra)   and   V.   Ravi   Chandran’s (supra) and with regard to clause (d), this Court disagreed with case the same, and it was finally concluded as under:­
69.We once again reiterate that the exposition
inDhanwanti Joshi[Dhanwanti Joshiv.Madhav
Unde, (1998) 1 SCC 112] is a good law and has been
quoted with approval by a three­Judge Bench of this
Court inV. Ravi Chandran (2)[V. Ravi Chandran
(2)v.Union of India, (2010) 1 SCC 174 : (2010) 1 SCC
(Civ) 44] . We approve the view taken inDhanwanti
Joshi, inter alia, in para 33 that so far as non­
Convention countries are concerned, the law is that
the court in the country to which the child is removed
while considering the question must bear in mind the
welfare of the child as of paramount importance and
consider the order of the foreign court as only a factor
to be taken into consideration. The summary
jurisdiction to return the child be exercised in cases
where the child had been removed from its native land
and removed to another country where, may be, his
native language is not spoken, or the child gets
divorced from the social customs and contacts to
which he has been accustomed, or if its education in
his native land is interrupted and the child is being
subjected to a foreign system of education, for these
are all acts which could psychologically disturb the
child. Again the summary jurisdiction be exercised
44
only if the court to which the child has been removed
is moved promptly and quickly. The overriding
consideration must be the interests and welfare of the
child.
41. The essence of the judgment in   Nithya Anand Raghavan’s (supra)   is   that   the   doctrines   of   comity   of   courts,   intimate case connect, orders passed by foreign courts having jurisdiction in the matter   regarding   custody   of   the   minor   child,   citizenship   of   the parents and the child etc. cannot override the consideration of the best interest and the welfare of the child and that the direction to return the child to the foreign jurisdiction must not result in any physical, mental, psychological, or other harm to the child. 42. In  Kanika Goel Vs. State of Delhi through Station House 10   Officer and another     in which one of us(Justice Khanwilkar) is a member, the marriage of the couple was solemnized in New Delhi and accordingly girl child was born in US in 2014.   The mother along with the child came to India in December, 2016 with their return  ticket  to   Chicago  in   January   2017.     She   filed   a  divorce petition after coming to India in Delhi and husband filed emergency custody petition in US Court.  Wife obtained an ex­parte order from 10  2018(9) SCC 578 45 Family Court, Delhi restraining husband from removing the child th from   India   on   11   January,   2017.     Husband   obtained   ex­parte th order for interim sole custody on 13   January, 2017 from foreign Court.  At the same time, husband filed Habeas Corpus Petition in Delhi High Court which ordered the mother to comply with the order  of   UK   Court.     This   Court,   after   taking   into   consideration totality of facts and circumstances, observed that the custody of the minor   girl   child   to   remain   with   the   appellant   mother   until   she attains the age of majority or the court of competent jurisdiction, trying the issue of custody of the minor. 43. The expression  best interest of child  which is always kept to be of paramount consideration is indeed wide in its connotation and it cannot remain the love and care of the primary care giver, i.e., the mother in case of the infant or the child who is only a few years old. The definition of  best interest of the child  is envisaged in Section 2(9) of the Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Act, 2015, as to mean   the   basis   for   any   decision   taken   regarding   the   child,   to ensure fulfilment of his basic rights and needs, identify, social well­ being and physical, emotional and intellectual development . 46 44. We   shall   now   consider   as   to   whether   the   facts   and circumstances of the present case warrant summary enquiry into the   question   of   custody   of   minor   children,   namely,   Arthin   and Neysa (as no legal proceedings between the parties remain pending in   India)   or   whether   an   elaborate   enquiry   procedure   will   be necessary for entrustment of custody of the two minor children to the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) until they are produced before the US Court. 45. Indisputedly,   the   appellant   (Lahari   Sakhamuri)   and respondent (Sobhan Kodali) both were residing in US since 2004­ 2005 and are well educated as the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) did Biomedical Engineering and the respondent (Sobhan Kodali) is a th Cardiologist by profession.  Their marriage was solemnized on 14 March, 2008 and two loving children namely, Arthin and Neysa, th th were born from this wedlock in US on 14   March, 2012 and 13 October 2014.  Both have started going to school.  They purchased a   house   in   their   joint   name   and   moved   to   the   new   house   in January, 2016.   Something must have been gone wrong between them which compelled the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) in filing a 47 divorce and custody petition of the minor children in the Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County, Pennsylvania Civil Division on st 21   December,   2016,   seeking   divorce,   equitable   distribution   of marital property, primary physical and shared legal custody of the minor   children.     In   the   divorce   petition,   the   appellant   (Lahari Sakhamuri)   made   a   specific   averment   about   the   permanent residence in US for both the parties and securing children’s custody and also admitted that both the minor children were residing in US. It was also admitted that both the children were in joint custody of the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) and respondent (Sobhan Kodali) and   they   resided   at   2085,   Bellflower   Lane,   Canter   Valley, Pennsylvania 18034. 46. It was her own admission in the declaration form annexed to the application that no mode of domestic violence or abuse was ever subjected upon her or upon the minor children by the respondent (Sobhan Kodali).  The respondent (Sobhan Kodali) had purchased to and fro tickets of the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) and of minor children as also of his mother in law who was staying together in th their matrimonial home, US with return tickets of 24  April, 2017 48 rd but after   coming  to   India  on  23   March,   2017,   because  of  the alleged death of her maternal grandmother, the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri)   refused   to   return   back   and   was   advised   to   file   a th Guardianship Petition before the Family Court, Hyderabad on 12 April, 2017 and took the ex­parte order concealing the material facts from the Family Court that such a petition is pending in US st filed   at   her   instance   and   there   was   an   order   passed   on   21 December,   2016   restraining   both   the   parties   not   to   change residence of the children which would affect the other parties ability to exercise custodial rights. 47. It is not in dispute that both the minor children, from the very rd inception of their birth, till removal from the US on 23   March, 2017 were living with their parents in US.  This fact was admitted by   the   appellant   (Lahari   Sakhamuri)   also   in   the   guardianship petition filed before the Family Court, Hyderabad and also in the divorce   and   custody   petition   filed   by   her   in   US   and   only   after hearing learned counsel for the parties, order was passed by the US nd Court   on   22   May,   2017   on   the   emergency   custody   petition granting temporary physical custody of the children with further 49 direction to the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) to return along with nd the children to the jurisdiction of US Court on 2  June, 2017.  In nd case she was aggrieved by the order dated 22  May, 2017 passed by the US Court after affording an opportunity of hearing which she contested through her Attorney, all the courses were available to her to assail the order of the Court.   Since the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) failed in returning the children to the jurisdiction of the nd US Court despite order dated 22  May, 2017, there was no option left   with   the   respondent   (Sobhan   Kodali)   but   to   file   a   Habeas Corpus Petition and pray that the children be repatriated back to US in compliance of the order of the US Court.   48. It is true that this Court has to keep in mind the best interest of the child as the paramount consideration.  The observations of the US Court clearly show that principle of welfare of the children has been taken into consideration by the US Court in passing of the order as it reiterates that both the parties are necessary for proper upbringing of the children and the ultimate decision of custody and guardianship of the two minor children will be taken by the US which has the exclusive jurisdiction to take the decision as the 50 children happened to be the US citizens and further order been passed on the respondent’s emergency petition with special release th in custody on 9  March, 2018 permitting the respondent (Sobhan Kodali) to apply for US passports on behalf of the minor children without appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) being mother’s consent.  The appellant   (Lahari   Sakhamuri)   cannot   disregard   the   proceedings instituted   at   her   instance   before   the   US   Court   and   she   must participate in those proceedings by engaging solicitors of her choice to espouse her cause. 49. The  crucial  factors  which have  to be  kept in  mind  by the Courts   for   gauging   the   welfare   of   the   children   equally   for   the parent’s can be inter alia,  delineated, such as (1) maturity and judgment;   (2)   mental   stability;   (3)   ability   to   provide   access   to schools;   (4)   moral   character;   (5)   ability   to   provide   continuing involvement in the community; (6) financial sufficiency and last but not the least the factors involving relationship with the child, as opposed to characteristics of the parent as an individual. 50. While dealing with the younger tender year doctrine,   Janusz Korczar   a   famous   Polish­Jewish   educator   &   children’s   author 51 observed  children cannot wait too long and they are not people of tomorrow, but are people of today.  They have a right to be taken seriously, and to be treated with tenderness and respect.   They should be allowed to grow into whoever they are meant to be ­ the unknown person inside each of them is our hope for the future. Child  rights   may   be   limited   but   they   should   not   be   ignored or eliminated   since   children   are   in   fact   persons   wherein   all fundamental rights are guaranteed to them keeping in mind the best interest of the child and the various other factors which play a pivotal role in taking decision to which reference has been made taking note of the parental autonomy which courts do not easily discard.   51. The doctrines of comity of courts, intimate connect, orders passed by foreign courts having jurisdiction in the matter regarding custody of the minor child, citizenship of the parents and the child etc., cannot override the consideration of the best interest and the welfare of the child and that the direction to return the child to the foreign   jurisdiction   must   not   result   in   any   physical,   mental, psychological,   or   other   harm   to   the   child.     Taking   a   holistic 52 consideration of the entire case, we are satisfied that all the criteria such as comity of courts, orders of foreign court having jurisdiction over the matter regarding custody of the children, citizenship of the spouse and the children, intimate connect, and above all, welfare and   best   interest   of   the   minor   children   weigh   in   favour   of   the respondent (Sobhan Kodali) and that has been looked into by the High Court in the impugned judgment in detail.   That needs no interference under Article 136 of the Constitution of India. 52. Before we conclude, we would like to observe that it is much required to express our deep concern on the issue.   Divorce and custody battles can become quagmire and it is heart wrenching to see that the innocent child is the ultimate sufferer who gets caught up in the legal and psychological battle between the parents.  The eventful agreement about custody may often be a reflection of the parents’ interests, rather than the child’s.   The issue in a child custody dispute is what will become of the child, but ordinarily the child is not a  true  participant in the  process.   While the best­ interests   principle   requires   that   the   primary   focus   be   on   the interests of the child, the child ordinarily does not define those 53 interests himself or does he have representation in the ordinary sense. 53. The child’s psychological balance is deeply affected through the marital disruption and adjustment for changes is affected by the way parents continue positive relationships with their children. To focus on the child rights in case of parental conflict is a proactive step   towards   looking   into   this   special   situation   demanding   a specific articulation of child rights.   54. The judicial resolution of a custody dispute may permanently affect or even end the parties’ legal relationship but the social and psychological   relationship   will   usually   continue   and   it   seems appropriate   that   a   negotiated   resolution   between   the   parents   is preferable from the child’s perspective for several reasons.  A child’s future   relationship   with   each   of   his   parents   may   be   better maintained   and   his   existing   relationship   is   less   damaged   by   a negotiated   settlement   than   by   one   imposed   by   a   court   after adversarial proceedings. 54 55. In the present case, there is every possibility that the parties may reconcile and start over their relationship afresh, at least for the sake of happiness of their own off­spring if for no other reason. The parties are indeed mature and sensible enough to understand that the ordinary wear and tear of married life has to be put up in within   the   larger   interests   of   their   own   happiness   and   of   the healthy, normal growth and development of their offspring, whom destiny has entrusted to their joint parental care.   Spouses must come over the temperamental disharmony which usually exists in every marriage, rather than magnifying it with impulsive desires and   passions.     Parents   are   not   only   caretakers,   but   they   are instrumental in the development of their child’s social, emotional, cognitive and physical well­being and work harmoniously to give their children a happy home to which they are justly entitled to.  We hope   and   trust   that   the   parties   will   forget   and   forgive   their differences   and   join   hands   together   in   providing   the   congenial atmosphere which may be good not for themselves but also for the development of their minor children.           55 56. In   our   view,   the   best   interest   of   the   children   being   of paramount importance will be served if they return to US and enjoy their natural  environment with  love,  care  and attention of  their parents including grandparents and to resume their school and be with their teachers and peers. 57. We   accordingly   direct   the   appellant   (Lahari   Sakhamuri)   to return to  US   along   with   both  the   children,   namely,  Arthin  and Neysa, within a period of six weeks from today.  We further direct respondent (Sobhan Kodali) to make all arrangements of stay and travel   expenses(including   air   tickets)   of   the   appellant   (Lahari Sakhamuri) and both the children as well as her companion, if any, in their own house or if she is not willing to stay for any personal reasons, make all arrangements for stay at the place of her choice at   reasonable   cost.     In   case   the   appellant   (Lahari   Sakhamuri) reports that she is not inclined to travel to US along with the minor children, or do not show any interest to accompany the children, the respondent (Sobhan Kodali) shall deposit a sum of Rs. 15 lakhs in the bank account of the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) and proof of  deposit  shall  be   placed   in  the   Registry   of   the   High  Court of 56 Andhra   Pradesh   who   shall   thereupon   call   upon   the   Consulate General of the US at Hyderabad to take the custody of the minor children, namely, Arthin and Neysa, along with their passports and other travel documents from the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) and hand   over   the   same   to   the   respondent   (Sobhan   Kodali)   with   a condition for taking the custody of the minor children (Arthin and Neysa) for being taken to US and hand over to the jurisdictional Court   in   US   until   further   orders   are   passed   in   the   pending proceedings by the US Court.   The appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) will be at liberty to utilize the money deposited by the respondent (Sobhan Kodali) in connection with her visit to US, if so desired, in future   and   the   respondent   (Sobhan   Kodali)   shall   not   take   any coercive   steps   against   her   which   in   any   manner   may   result   in adverse consequences. 58. It is further made clear that the observations which has been made   by   us   are   only   for   the   limited   purpose   of   engaging   in summary inquiry for consideration in the petition of Habeas Corpus and   will   be   of   no   assistance   to   either   party   in   the   custody 57 proceedings pending in the US Court which indeed will be decided on its own merits.  59. While parting, we express our word of gratitude for the sincere efforts   put   in   by   Mr.   Gurukrishna   Kumar,   Senior   Advocate,   in persuading the parties to arrive at an amicable settlement. 60. Consequently,   Civil   Appeals   arising   out   of   SLP(Civil)   Nos. 15892­15893 of 2018 are dismissed.  No costs. 61. The Criminal Appeal arising out of SLP(Crl.) No. 2316 of 2018 stands disposed of in the above terms. 62. Pending application(s), if any, stand disposed of. ………………………….…J.  (A.M. KHANWILKAR) …………………………….J.  (AJAY RASTOGI) NEW DELHI March 15, 2019 58