EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (R AND B) vs. GOKUL CHANDRA KANUNGO (DEAD) THROUGH ITS LRS.

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 30-09-2022

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Full Judgment Text

REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION  CIVIL APPEAL NO. 8990 OF 2017 EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (R AND B)  AND OTHERS           ...APPELLANT(S) VERSUS GOKUL CHANDRA KANUNGO (DEAD)  THR. HIS LRS. ...RESPONDENT(S) J U D G M E N T B.R. GAVAI, J. 1. The appellants have challenged the judgment dated th 18   April 2012 passed by the learned Single Judge of the High Court of Orissa in Arbitration Appeal No. 25 of 2007, thereby dismissing the appeal filed by the appellants. 2. The facts in brief giving rise to the present appeal are as under: The   respondent   was   awarded   the   contract   for construction   of   3   kilometers   missing   link   on   NH­6   from th Kanjipani to Kuntala on 16  December 1971.  The work was th to be completed within one year that is before 15  December 1972.   The contract amount was Rs.4,59,330/­.   However, the work could not be completed by the stipulated date and it 1 th was completed only on 30  August 1977, by which date, the respondent was already paid an amount of Rs.3,36,465/­.  th 3. The respondent, on 25   July 1989, issued a notice to the appellant regarding his claim.   The said notice was th replied   to   by   the   appellant   on   10   August   1989   stating therein   that,   as   against   the   claim   of   Rs.3,34,744/­,   the respondent had been paid an amount of Rs.3,36,465/­.  The respondent thereafter filed a suit being O.S. No. 206 of 1989 before   the   Court   of   Civil   Judge   (Senior   Division), Bhubaneswar   (hereinafter   referred   to   as   the   “trial   court”) under Section 20 of the Arbitration Act, 1940 (for short, “the 1940 Act”) seeking reference of the dispute to arbitration. By th order of the trial court dated 14   February 1990, the suit was decreed in favour of the respondent and he was directed to file the original F­2 agreement in the court for referring the dispute to arbitration.  However, the respondent did not file the original F­2 agreement as directed.  In the meantime, the 1940 Act was repealed and the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (for short, “the 1996 Act”) came into force. 4. The respondent thereafter filed an application in the disposed   of   suit   before   the   trial   court,   praying   for appointment   of   an   arbitrator   under   the   provisions   of   the 2 1996 Act.  The same was rejected by the trial court vide order th dated   4   February   2000   for   lack   of   jurisdiction.     The respondent thereafter moved an application being MJC No. 36 of 2000 under Section 11 of the 1996 Act before the High Court for appointment of an arbitrator.   The learned Single th Judge of the High Court, vide order dated 15  October 2001, allowed   the   said   application   and   appointed   Shri   S.K. Mohanty,   former   Judge   of   the   same   High   Court   as   the Arbitrator.  th 5. On 15  March 2002, the respondent filed his claim of Rs.1,45,28,198/­ under 15 heads of claim and demanded st th 19.5% interest from 1  April 1976 to 15  March 2002.  The th learned   Arbitrator,   vide   award   dated   24   August   2004, awarded a sum of Rs.9,20,650/­ in respect of head Nos. 1 to 14.   The learned Arbitrator also awarded interest   pendente st lite  with effect from 1  April 1976 to the date of the award at the rate of 18% per annum which came to Rs. 46,90,000/­. The learned Arbitrator further directed the future interest to be paid at the rate of 18% per annum on the total of the aforesaid two amounts till actual payment.  Being aggrieved thereby,   the   appellants   filed   a   petition   being   Arbitration Petition No. 153 of 2004 before the Court of District Judge, 3 Cuttack under Section 34 of the 1996 Act for setting aside th the award.   The same was rejected by an order dated 25 July 2007. Being aggrieved thereby, the appellants filed an appeal under Section 37 of the 1996 Act before the High Court.     The   same  was  also   dismissed   vide  the   impugned judgment.  Being aggrieved thereby, the present appeal. 6. We   have   heard   Shri   Sibo   Sankar   Mishra,   learned counsel   appearing   on   behalf   of   the   appellants   and   Shri Ashok Panigrahi, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respondents. 7. Shri Mishra submitted that the learned Arbitrator has grossly erred in awarding interest for the period from 1977   to   1989   inasmuch   as   the   respondent   was   in   deep slumber for a period of twelve years and did not take any step for raising his claim.   It is further submitted that the learned Arbitrator has also erred in awarding interest for the period from the year 1990 to 2000 inasmuch as, though vide th decree   dated   14   February   1990,   the   respondent   was directed to file the original F­2 agreement for referring the dispute to arbitration, the respondent did nothing in that regard.  It is further submitted that the interest awarded at the rate of 18% per annum is totally unreasonable.     It is 4 submitted   that   the   interest   amount   of   Rs.46,90,000/­   is almost   five   times   that   of   the   main   award   amount   of Rs.9,20,650/­.  He relies on the judgment of this Court in the cases   of   Rajendra   Construction   Co.   v.   Maharashtra 1 Housing   &   Area   Development   Authority   and   Others , Krishna   Bhagya   Jala   Nigam   Ltd.   v.   G.   Harischandra 2 Reddy and Another  and  Mcdermott International Inc. v. 3   in support  of  the Burn  Standard  Co.  Ltd.  and  Others proposition that the exorbitant amount of interest awarded by the Arbitrator and upheld by the learned Single Judge of the High Court would be contrary to the interest of justice. 8. Shri Panigrahi, on the contrary, submitted that there is no reason to interfere with the rate of interest awarded by the learned Arbitrator, which has been concurrently upheld by   the   District   Judge   as   well   as   the   High   Court.     He submitted that in view of the provisions of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act, which has been construed by a three­Judges   Bench   of   this   Court   in   the   case   of   Hyder Consulting   (UK)   Limited   v.   Governor,   State   of   Orissa 1 (2005) 6 SCC 678 2 (2007) 2 SCC 720 3 (2006) 11 SCC 181 5 4 Through   Chief   Engineer ,   no   interference   would   be warranted in the present case. Section 31(7)(a) of the 1996 Act reads as under: 9.31.  Form and contents of arbitral award.         ………………… (7)(a)  Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, where and in so far as an arbitral award is for the   payment   of   money,   the   arbitral  tribunal may include in the sum for which the award is made   interest,   at   such   rate   as   it   deems reasonable, on the whole or any part of the money, for the whole or any part of the period between the date on which the cause of action arose   and   the   date   on   which   the   award   is made.” 10. The provisions of Section 31(7)(a) of the 1996 Act fell for consideration before this Court in many cases including in the cases of   (supra) and Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited Delhi   Airport   Metro   Express   Private   Limited   v.   Delhi 5 .   A perusal of clause (a) of sub­ Metro Rail Corporation section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act would reveal that, no doubt,   a   discretion   is   vested   in   the   arbitral   tribunal   to include in the sum for which the award is made interest, on the whole or any part of the money, for the whole or any part of the period between the date on which the cause of action arose and the date on which the award is made. However, it 4 (2015) 2 SCC 189 5 2022 SCC OnLine SC 549 6 would reveal that the section itself requires interest to be at such rate as the arbitral tribunal deems reasonable.  When a discretion is vested to an arbitral tribunal to award interest at a rate which it deems reasonable, then a duty would be cast upon the arbitral tribunal to give reasons as to how it deems the rate of interest to be reasonable.  It could further be seen that the arbitral tribunal has also a discretion to award interest on the whole or any part of the money or for the whole or any part of the period between the date of cause of action and the date on which the award is made.  When the arbitral tribunal is empowered with such a discretion, the arbitral tribunal would be required to apply its mind to the facts of the case and decide as to whether the interest is payable on whole or any part of the money and also as to whether it is to be awarded to the whole or any part of the period between the date on which the cause of action arose and the date on which the award is made. A perusal of the award as also the judgment and 11. order of the District Judge as well as the High Court would reveal that no such exercise has been done.   The learned Arbitrator, without assigning any reasons, has awarded the interest at the rate of 18% per annum for the period during 7 which the proceedings were pending and also at the same rate after the award was made till the actual payment. 12. The   undisputed   position   is   that   though   final st measurement was done on 30  August 1977, for a period of th twelve years, i.e., till 25  July 1989, the respondent did not take any step to raise his claim.  It is only on that date, i.e., th 25   July   1989,   the   respondent   issued   a   notice   to   the appellants regarding his claim. As such, the very conduct of the respondent for remaining silent for such a long period would disentitle him for the interest during the said period.   th 13. Similarly,   though   a   decree   was   passed   on   14 February 1990 and the respondent was directed to file the th original agreement, he took no step till 4  February 2000.  In the meantime, the 1996 Act came into force.  Thereafter, the respondent filed an application in the disposed of suit which th came to be dismissed on 4  February 2000.  Thereafter, he moved an application being MJC No. 36 of 2000 before the High Court for appointment of arbitrator under Section 11 of th the 1996 Act which came to be allowed on 15  October 2001. It could thus be seen that for a period of almost ten years, the respondent was again in silent mode.  Had he filed the original agreement immediately after the decree was passed 8 th on 14   February  1990,  the  arbitration proceedings  would have commenced and concluded immediately thereafter.  As such, the learned Arbitrator was not justified in awarding th th interest   for   the   period   from   14   February   1990   to   4 February   2000.   A   party   cannot   be   permitted   to   derive benefits from its own lapses.   14. It   is   further   to   be   noted   that,   though   after   the commencement of the 1996 Act, the respondent could not have moved an application in the disposed suit, he chose to do so and only after dismissal of the said application on the ground of lack of jurisdiction, did he move an application for appointment of an arbitrator under Section 11 of the 1996 th Act before the High Court, which was allowed on 15  October 2001.   We therefore find that the respondent would not be th entitled for interest for the period from 14  February 1990 to th 15  October 2001. 15. That leaves us with the rate of interest awarded by the learned Arbitrator which has been upheld by the District Judge and the High Court.  It will be apposite to refer to the following observations of this Court in the case of  Rajendra Construction Co.  (supra): 9
30.The question then remains as to interest.
The appellant had claimed interest in the
suits. The arbitrator awarded interest at the
rate of 18 per cent per annum on the principal
amount from the date of the suits to the date
of awards and also from the date of the awards
to the date of payment or up to the date of
decrees, “whichever is earlier”. This Court has
dealt with the power of the arbitrator to award
interest for (i) pre­reference period (Executive
Engineer, Dhenkanal Minor Irrigation
Divisionv.N.C. Budharaj[(2001) 2 SCC 721] );
(ii)pendente lite (Secy., Irrigation Deptt., Govt.
of Orissav.G.C. Roy[(1992) 1 SCC 508] ); and
(iii) post­award period (Hindustan Construction
Co. Ltd.v.State of J&K[(1992) 4 SCC 217] ).
InBhagawati Oxygen Ltd.v.Hindustan Copper
Ltd.[(2005) 6 SCC 462 : AIR 2005 SC 2071 :
JT (2005) 4 SC 73] , one of us (C.K. Thakker,
J.) had an occasion to consider the relevant
decisions on the power of the arbitrator to
award interest at all the three stages. It was
held that the arbitrator had power to award
interest. Keeping in view the facts and
circumstances of the present case that the
contract was entered into in 1987, the work
was completed in 1990 after extension granted
by MHADA and the arbitrator passed awards
in 1995, it would be proper, equitable and in
the interest of justice if we reduce the rate of
interest to 10 per cent per annum.”
16. This Court, after referring to the earlier decisions on the power of the Arbitrator to award interest at all the three stages that is pre­reference period,   pendente lite   and post award period, found that, in the facts and circumstances of the   said   case,   it   would   be   proper,   equitable   and   in   the 10 interest of justice to reduce the rate of interest to 10% from 18% per annum. 17. This Court, in the case of  Mcdermott International , has observed thus: Inc.  154.  The   power   of   the   arbitrator   to   award interest   for   pre­award   period,   interest pendente lite and interest post­award period is not in dispute. Section 31(7)( a ) provides that the Arbitral Tribunal may award interest, at such rate as it deems reasonable, on the whole or any part of the money, for the whole or any part of the period between the date on which the   cause   of   action   arose   and   the   date   on which   award   is   made   i.e.   pre­award   period. This, however, is subject to the agreement as regards the rate of interest on unpaid sums between   the   parties.   The   question   as   to whether interest would be paid on the whole or part of the amount or whether it should be awarded in the pre­award period would depend upon   the   facts   and   circumstances   of   each case. The Arbitral Tribunal in this behalf will have to exercise its discretion as regards ( i ) at what   rate   interest   should   be   awarded;   ( ii ) whether   interest   should   be   awarded   on   the whole   or   part  of   the   award   money;   and   ( iii ) whether   interest   should   be   awarded   for   the whole or any part of the pre­award period. 155.  The 1996 Act provides for award of 18% interest.   The   arbitrator   in   his   wisdom   has granted   10%   interest   both   for   the   principal amount as also for the interim. By reason of the   award,   interest   was   awarded   on   the principal amount. An interest thereon was up to the date of award as also the future interest at the rate of 18% per annum. 11 156.  However, in some cases, this Court has resorted  to  exercise   of  its   jurisdiction  under Article   142   in   order   to   do   complete   justice between the parties. 157.  In  Pure   Helium   India   (P)   Ltd.  [(2003)   8 SCC   593]   this   Court   upheld   the   arbitration award for payment of money with interest at the rate of 18% p.a. by the respondent to the appellant. However, having regard to the long lapse of time, if award is satisfied in entirety, the   respondent   would   have   to   pay   a   huge amount by way of interest. With a view to do complete justice to the parties, in exercise of jurisdiction   under   Article   142   of   the Constitution of India, it was directed that the award shall carry interest at the rate of 6% p.a. instead and in place of 18% p.a. 158.  Similarly   in  Mukand   Ltd.  v.  Hindustan Petroleum   Corpn.   Ltd.  [(2006)   9   SCC   383   : (2006) 4 Scale 453], while this Court confirmed the decision of the Division Bench upholding the modified award made by the learned Single Judge, the Court reduced the interest awarded by the learned Single Judge subsequent to the decree   from   11%   per   annum   to   7½   %   per annum observing that 7½ % per annum would be the reasonable rate of interest that could be directed   to   be   paid   by   the   appellant   to   the respondent for the period subsequent to the decree.  In this case, given the long lapse of time, 159. it will be in furtherance of justice to reduce the rate of interest to 7½ %.” 18. It   could   thus   be   seen   that   while   exercising   the jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of India, 12 this   Court   has   reduced   the   rate   of   interest   to   7.5%   per annum. 19. Again, in the case of  Krishna Bhagya Jala Nigam (supra), this Court, while reducing the rate of interest, Ltd.  observed thus:
11.On the merits of the claims made by the
contractor we find from the impugned award
dated 25­6­2000 that it contains several
heads. The arbitrator has meticulously
examined the claims of the contractor under
each separate head. We do not see any reason
to interfere except on the rates of interest and
on the quantum awarded for letting machines
of the contractor remaining idle for the periods
mentioned in the award. Here also we may add
that we do not wish to interfere with the award
except to say that after economic reforms in
our country the interest regime has changed
and the rates have substantially reduced and,
therefore, we are of the view that the interest
awarded by the arbitrator at 18% for the pre­
arbitration period, for the pendente lite period
and future interest be reduced to 9%.”
Noticing the similarity between the aforesaid cases 20. and the present case, we find that the present case is also a fit case wherein this Court needs to exercise its powers under Article 142 of the Constitution of India to reduce the rate of interest.   As   already   discussed   hereinabove,   taking   into consideration the conduct of the respondent in delaying the proceedings at every stage which led to a long pendency of 13 the dispute, we are of the view that, though it will not be in the interest of justice to interfere with the principal award, this is a fit case wherein the interest at all the three stages, that  is  pre­reference  period,     and  post­award pendente  lite period, requires to be reduced. 21. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and pass the following order: (i) The respondent would not be entitled to any interest th th for the period between 30   August 1977 and 25 th July 1989 and for the period between 14  February th 1990 and 15  October 2000; (ii) In respect of the remaining period at all the three stages, that is pre­reference period,  pendente lite  and post­award period, the respondent would be entitled to interest at the rate of 9% per annum. 22. We are informed that the execution proceedings are still   pending.   The   parties   shall   submit   their   calculation before   the   Executing   Court   in   accordance   with   what   has been held by us hereinabove within a period of one month from the date of this judgment.  The Executing Court would quantify   the   amount   in   accordance   with   the   aforesaid 14 directions   within   a   period   of   one   month   thereafter.   The appellants   shall   make   the   payment   of   the   amount   as determined by the Executing Court within a period of one month thereafter. 23. Pending application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of in the above terms. No order as to costs. .…..….......................J. [B.R. GAVAI]  ……….......................J.        [B.V. NAGARATHNA] NEW DELHI; SEPTEMBER 30, 2022. 15