Full Judgment Text
2012:BHC-AS:2690-DB
VBC 1 wp2545.111.2
IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY
O. O.C. J.
WRIT PETITION NO2545 OF 2011
Sinhagad Technical Education Society. ...Petitioner.
Versus
Commissioner of Income Tax
(Central), Pune & Anr. ...Respondents.
.......
Mr.Jehangir D.Mistri, Senior Advocate with Mr.Niraj Sheth and
Mr.Nitin Dhumal for the Petitioner.
Mr.Vimal Gupta for the Respondents.
......
CORAM : DR. D.Y. CHANDRACHUD &
M.S.SANKLECHA, JJ.
February 1, 2012.
ORAL JUDGMENT (PER DR.D.Y.CHANDRACHUD, J.) :
A notice was issued to the Petitioner under Subsection (3)
of Section 12AA of the Income Tax Act, 1961, on 31 July 2007 for
cancellation of the registration granted to the Petitioner, principally
on the ground that the Petitioner, by charging capitation fees and
donations in respect of admissions and by diverting them for personal
gain to trustees, has ceased to carry on the activities of the Trust in
accordance with the objects of the Trust. The registration was
proposed to be withdrawn with effect from Assessment Year
::: Downloaded on - 01/04/2024 15:37:11 :::
VBC 2 wp2545.111.2
19992000.
2. The proceedings which were initiated pursuant to the notice
to show cause culminated in an order of the Commissioner of Income
Tax (Central), Pune dated 9 October 2007, cancelling the registration
under Section 12AA(3). The order of cancellation was challenged in
appeal before the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal. The Tribunal by its
judgment dated 19 September 2008 came to the conclusion that
under Section 12AA(3), as it then stood, where a trust or an
institution had been granted registration under clause (b) of sub
section (1) thereof, the Commissioner was empowered to pass an
order cancelling registration on certain specific grounds. The
Tribunal held that the Section did not empower the Commissioner of
Income Tax to cancel or withdraw a registration which was granted
under Section 12A. In the present case, since the registration had
been granted to the Petitioner under Section 12A, the Tribunal held
that there was an absence of jurisdiction. The Tribunal held that the
provisions of subSection (3) which were brought on the statute book
::: Downloaded on - 01/04/2024 15:37:11 :::
VBC 3 wp2545.111.2
with effect from 1 October 2004 by the Finance (No.2) Act, 2004
could not have retrospective effect. Consequently, the order of the
Commissioner of Income Tax was set aside. The Revenue has filed an
appeal against the decision of the Tribunal, which has been admitted
by a Division Bench of this Court on 10 June 2009.
3. Section 12AA(3) has since been amended by the Finance
Act of 2010 with effect from 1 June 2010. As amended, the
provisions reads as follows:
“(3) Where a trust or an institution has been granted
registration under clause (b) of sub section (1) or has
obtained registration at any time under section 12A as it
stood before its amendment by the Finance (No.2) Act,
1996 (33 of 1996) and subsequently the Commissioner is
satisfied that the activities of such trust or institution are
not genuine or are not being carried out in accordance with
the objects of the trust or institution, as the case may be, he
shall pass an order in writing cancelling the registration of
such trust or institution:
Provided that no order under this subsection shall be
passed unless such trust or institution has been given a
reasonable opportunity of being heard.” (emphasis
supplied).
::: Downloaded on - 01/04/2024 15:37:11 :::
VBC 4 wp2545.111.2
Following the amendment, the Commissioner of Income Tax has
issued a fresh notice to show cause on 11 March 2011. The notice
recites that in view of the amended provision of subSection (3) of
Section 12AA, which were brought into force with effect from 1 June
2010, it is now provided that registration granted under Section 12A
can also be cancelled by the Commissioner. The Commissioner has
proposed to invoke his powers under the amended provisions of
Section 12AA(3) and to cancel registration of the Petitioner for the
reasons mentioned in his order dated 9 October 2007.
4. In these proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution,
there is a challenge to the constitutional validity of the provisions of
subsection (3) of Section 12AA as amended by the Finance Act of
2010 with effect from 1 June 2010 to the extent that they provide for
revocation of a registration granted under Section 12A. The
submission of the Petitioner is that the power to cancel a registration
was first brought on the statute book by inserting subSection (3) into
Section 12AA by the Finance (No.2) Act of 2004 with effect from 1
::: Downloaded on - 01/04/2024 15:37:11 :::
VBC 5 wp2545.111.2
October 2004. Hence, it is submitted that the amendment which has
been inserted by the Finance Act of 2010 cannot go behind the
insertion of subsection (3) with effect from 1 October 2004.
Reliance is sought to be placed on the judgment of the Supreme Court
in Sedco Forex International Drill Inc.vs. Commissioner of Income
1
Tax .
5. There is no merit in the challenge to the constitutional
validity of the provision. As a result of the amendment, which has
been brought about by the Finance Act of 2010, Subsection (3) of
Section 12AA has been amended specifically to empower the
Commissioner to cancel a registration obtained under Section 12A as
it stood prior to its amendment by the Finance (No.2) Act, 1996. Sub
Section (3) was inserted into the provisions of Section 12AA by the
Finance (No.2) Act, 2004 with effect from 1 October 2004. As it
originally stood, under subsection (3), a power to cancel registration
was conferred upon the Commissioner where a trust or an institution
1 (2005) 279 ITR 310 (SC)
::: Downloaded on - 01/04/2024 15:37:11 :::
VBC 6 wp2545.111.2
had been granted registration under clause (b) of subsection (1) of
Section 12AA. The Commissioner, after satisfying himself that the
objects of the trust or an institution are not genuine or are not being
carried out in accordance with the objects of the trust or institution,
as the case may be, was vested with the power to pass an order in
writing cancelling the registration of such trust or institution. By the
Finance Act of 2010, subsection (3) was amended so as to empower
the Commissioner to cancel the registration of a trust or an institution
which has obtained registration at any time under Section 12A (as it
stood before its amendment by the Finance (No.2) Act, 1996). As a
result of the amendment, a regulatory framework is now sought to be
put in place so as to cover also a trust or an institution which has
obtained registration under Section 12A as it stood prior to its
amendment in 1996. Every statutory provision which operates in
respect of a trust, which has already been registered in the past does
not have a retrospective character. A law which operates with respect
to an event which has occurred in the past is not necessarily
retrospective. A provision is retrospective when it takes away a right
::: Downloaded on - 01/04/2024 15:37:11 :::
VBC 7 wp2545.111.2
which has vested or accrued in the past. The effect of the provision is
to empower the Commissioner to cancel the registration of a trust
where he is satisfied that the activities of the trust are not genuine or
are not being carried out in accordance with the objects of the trust or
institution. This cannot by any stretch of imagination, be regarded
as a retrospective alteration of the law. In any event, Parliament has
plenary powers as a legislative body to enact legislation either with
retrospective or prospective effect subject only to the requirement that
such legislation should not offend the provisions of Part III of the
Constitution. Empowering the Commissioner to cancel the registration
of a trust or institution on the ground that the activities of the trust or
institution are not genuine or are not being carried out in accordance
with the objects of the trust or institution cannot be construed as a
conferment of arbitrary power. Where a benefit is granted by the
legislature, whether by way of an exemption or otherwise, the
legislature is entitled to ensure that the benefit conferred by the
statute is utilized only for the purpose for which it is conferred. A
provision enacted for the withdrawal of the benefit conferred for
::: Downloaded on - 01/04/2024 15:37:11 :::
VBC 8 wp2545.111.2
breach of the underlying purpose cannot be regarded as arbitrary.
The power is carefully structured by the requirements which are
specified by the legislature in subsection (3) including observance of
the principles of natural justice. A cancellation of registration under
subsection (3) of Section 12AA is subject to an appeal before the
Tribunal under Section 253(1)(c). A judicial remedy is available
against a cancellation of registration.
6. In our view, the decision in Sedco Forex (supra) is
inapplicable to the facts of the present case. The issue involved in
Sedco Forex was whether the substituted explanation to Section 9(1)
(ii), brought in by the Finance Act, 1999 was retrospective in nature.
The Finance Act, 1999 specifically provided that the substituted
explanation would come into effect from 1 April 2000. In the above
case, it was contended by the appellant that the explanation would
not apply while assessing income for the years 199293 and
199394. The Supreme Court observed that the High Court had while
::: Downloaded on - 01/04/2024 15:37:11 :::
VBC 9 wp2545.111.2
dealing with the appeal from the decision of the Tribunal purported
to give retrospective effect to the explanation introduced in 1999.
This according to the Supreme court was not permissible as the
explanation had not come into effect during the assessment years in
question. The Supreme Court further held that a cardinal principle of
tax Law is that the law to be applied is that which is in force during
the relevant assessment years unless otherwise provided expressly or
by necessary implication. In that view it was held that the explanation
was not retrospective.
7. In the present case, the issue is not with regard to the
assessment of income of the petitioners as in the case of Sedco Forex
(supra). The issue in this case is with regard to the power to cancel
registration of the trust under Section 12AA in view of the
amendment to sub section (3) to Section 12AA brought about with
effect from 1 June 2010. The amendment to Sub Section 3 of Section
12AA empowers the Commissioner to cancel the registration of a trust
which has been obtained at any time under Section 12A . The
::: Downloaded on - 01/04/2024 15:37:11 :::
VBC 10 wp2545.111.2
amendment to sub section(3) of Section 12AA gives wide powers to
cancel a registration obtained at any time. In Sedco Forex (supra)
the explanation to Section 9(1)(ii) was effective from 1 April 2000.
Therefore, it was to be applicable post 1 April 2000 and was not to
apply to assessment of income for earlier years. In this case the
amendment to sub section 3 of Section 12AA is with effect from 1
June 2010. Therefore the amended section 12AA becomes effective
from 1 June 2010. Consequently from 1 June 2010 the Commissioner
can exercise the power under Section 12AA(3) and cancel the
registration of a Trust registered under Section 12A. Parliament
while empowering the Commissioner to cancel registration of a Trust
registered under Section 12A has deliberately used the words
“obtained registration at any time under Section 12A”. Therefore,
power under Section 12AA(3) can be exercised by the Commissioner
in respect of a trust registered prior to 1 June 2010. The mere fact
that a part of the requisites for the action under Section 12AA (3) is
drawn from a time prior to its passing namely registration as a
charitable trust under Section 12A prior to 2010 would not make the
::: Downloaded on - 01/04/2024 15:37:11 :::
VBC 11 wp2545.111.2
amendment retrospective in operation. The amendment does not take
away any vested right nor does it create new obligations in respect of
past actions. Therefore, the decision in Sedco Forex (supra) is
inapplicable to the facts of the petitioner’s case.
8. In the present case, by and as a result of the amendment by
the Finance Act of 2010, the Commissioner has been empowered to
initiate steps for the cancellation of the registration of a trust or
institution where the activities of the trust/institution are not genuine
or are not being carried out in accordance with the objects thereof
even in relation to a trust which was registered under Section 12A as
it then stood. Such an amendment cannot be regarded as taking
away a vested right retrospectively. Alternately, even if it is construed
to be retrospective, it cannot be held to be violative of Article 14.
9. In so far as the merits of the present matter are concerned,
the earlier notice to show cause that was issued to the Petitioner on
31 July 2007, culminated in an order cancelling the registration
::: Downloaded on - 01/04/2024 15:37:11 :::
VBC 12 wp2545.111.2
which was passed on 9 October 2007. The only ground on which the
Tribunal interfered with the order was that under Subsection (3) of
Section 12AA, as it then stood, the Commissioner had no power to
cancel the registration of a trust or institution granted under Section
12A. This decision of the Tribunal was rendered on 19 September
2008, which was prior to the amendment, which was brought in by
the Finance Act of 2010. After the amendment by the Finance Act
with effect from 1 June 2010, the Commissioner has issued a fresh
notice dated 11 March 2011 proposing to invoke the powers under
the amended provisions of Section 12AA(3) for cancellation of the
registration for the reasons mentioned in the order dated 9 October
2007. The notice which has been issued by the Commissioner is a
notice to show cause and it would be open to the Petitioner to submit
a reply to the notice on all grounds, including those which are
contained in the order dated 9 October 2007. In other words, the
contents of the order dated 9 October 2007 shall be treated as a
notice to show cause to the Petitioner to which the Petitioner shall be
at liberty to file a reply before the Commissioner. We decline to
::: Downloaded on - 01/04/2024 15:37:11 :::
VBC 13 wp2545.111.2
exercise our jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution, at the
present stage, to interdict the hearing of the notice to show case. We
clarify that we have not expressed any opinion on the allegation
levelled against the Petitioner, the correctness of which is left open to
be determined by the Commissioner in the course of the proceedings.
10. The Petition is accordingly rejected. No order as to costs.
( Dr.D.Y.Chandrachud, J.)
( M.S.Sanklecha, J.)
::: Downloaded on - 01/04/2024 15:37:11 :::