DELHI AIRPORT METRO EXPRESS PRIVATE LIMITED vs. DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 05-05-2022

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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION  CIVIL APPEAL NO .3657  OF 2022 [Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.4901 of 2022] DELHI AIRPORT METRO EXPRESS PRIVATE LIMITED     ...APPELLANT(S)   VERSUS DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION         ...RESPONDENT(S) J U D G M E N T  B.R. GAVAI, J.     1. Leave granted. 2. The short question involved in the present appeal is, as to whether the “sum” awarded under clause (a) of sub­section (7) of   Section   31   of   the   Arbitration   and   Conciliation   Act,   1996 1 (hereinafter referred to as the “1996 Act”) would include the interest  pendente lite  or not? 3. The undisputed facts in the present case are as under: 4. On being declared as the successful bidder, a Concession th Agreement dated 25   August, 2008 (hereinafter referred to as “the   Concession   Agreement”),   was   entered   into   between   the appellant–Delhi   Airport   Metro   Express   Private   Limited (hereinafter referred to as “DAMEPL”) and the respondent­Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (hereinafter referred to as “DMRC”).  As per the Concession Agreement, the respondent­DMRC was to carry   out   the   civil   works   (excluding   at   the   Depot)   and   the balance works (including the Depot civil works and the Project systems works) were to be executed by the appellant­DAMEPL. As per Article 29 of the Concession Agreement, in the event of termination, it was the respondent­DMRC, which was liable to make   Termination   Payment   (as   defined   in   the   Concession Agreement). 2 During the course of operations of the project, a dispute 5. arose   between   the   appellant­DAMEPL   and   the   respondent­ DMRC.     The   appellant­DAMEPL   terminated   the   Concession th Agreement by Termination Notice dated 8  October, 2012.  The respondent­DMRC   referred   the   dispute   to   Arbitration   under rd Article   36.2   of   the   Concession   Agreement   on   23   October, th 2012.  An Arbitral Award came to be passed on 11  May, 2017. th On 12  May, 2017, the appellant­DAMEPL paid a stamp duty of Rs.4,72,20,000/­ on the Award. Certain interim orders were also passed in the interlocutory proceedings by the Delhi High Court.     Since   the   respondent­DMRC   was   aggrieved   by   the Award, it filed a Petition under Section 34 of the 1996 Act in Delhi   High   Court,   being   OMP   (COMM)   No.307   of   2017, th challenging the Arbitral Award dated 11  May, 2017.  Vide the th judgment and order dated 6  March, 2018, the learned Single Judge of the Delhi High Court upheld the Arbitral Award and rejected the respondent­DMRC’s petition under Section 34 of th the 1996 Act. The said judgment and order dated 6   March, 3 2018 came to be challenged by the respondent­DMRC before the Division Bench of the Delhi High Court by way of appeal being FAO(OS)(COMM) No. 58 of 2018.   The said appeal was partly allowed by the Division Bench of the Delhi High Court th vide the judgment and order dated 15  January, 2019.  Being aggrieved thereby, the appellant­DAMEPL preferred Civil Appeal No.5627 of 2021 [arising out of Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.4115 of 2019] before this Court.  The said appeal came to be th allowed   by   this   Court   by   judgment   and   order   dated   9 th September, 2021, vide which the judgment and order dated 15 January, 2019, passed by the Division Bench of the Delhi High Court was set aside.   6. The   appellant­DAMEPL   thereafter   immediately   filed   an Execution Petition being OMP (ENF.) (COMM) No. 145 of 2021 th on   12   September,   2021,   before   the   Delhi   High   Court   for th enforcement of the Arbitral Award dated 11  May, 2017 passed by the Arbitral Tribunal.  Various orders came to be passed by the learned Single Judge of the Delhi High Court in the said 4 proceedings from time to time. Vide the impugned judgment th and order dated 10  March, 2022, the learned Single Judge of the Delhi High Court issued certain directions with regard to the payment to be made by the respondent­DMRC towards the satisfaction of the Award.   Vide the impugned judgment and order, the application(s) for impleadment filed by the Canara Bank and the Union Bank of India came to be rejected.  In the said   proceedings,   a   contention   was   raised   on   behalf   of   the appellant­DAMEPL that the sum, as specified under clause (a) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act, would include interest for a period from the date on which the cause of action arose to the date on which the award was made.   The said contention   was   rejected   by   the   learned   Single   Judge   of   the Delhi High Court by the impugned judgment and order.  Being aggrieved thereby, the present appeal by way of special leave.    7. We   have   heard   Shri   Harish   N.   Salve,   learned   Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant­DAMEPL and Shri 5 Parag P. Tripathi, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the respondent­DMRC. 8. Shri   Harish   N.   Salve,   learned   Senior   Counsel,   submits that the issue is no more  res integra . The majority judgment of this court in the case of   Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited vs. 1   has Governor,   State   of   Orissa   through   Chief   Engineer clearly held that, upon a plain reading of clauses (a) and (b) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act, it is clear that in the sum for which an Award is made, interest may be included for the pre­award period, and that for the post­award period, interest up to the rate of 18% per annum may be awarded on such sum directed to be paid by the Arbitral Tribunal.  Learned Senior   Counsel,   therefore,   submits   that   the   amount   under clause (a) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act would include the Termination Payment of Rs.2782.33 crores plus the amount of interest granted by the Arbitral Tribunal from the date of cause of action till the date of the award.  As such, it is 1 (2015) 2 SCC 189 6 the   contention   of   the   appellant­DAMEPL   that   the   sum,   as specified in clause (a) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act, would be an amount of Rs.4662.59 crores.   It is further submitted that the sum, which is arrived at Rs.4662.59 on the correct construction of clause (a) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act, would therefore carry the interest as awarded by the Arbitral Tribunal from the date of the award till the date of payment.   The learned Senior Counsel would submit   that   the   aforesaid   interpretation   is   the   only   logical interpretation.  He submits that the High Court has, therefore, erred   in   rejecting   the   claim   of   the   appellant­DAMEPL   with regard to addition of the interest  pendente lite  in the sum to be arrived at under clause (a) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act.  9. Shri  Parag   P.   Tripathi,  learned   Senior  Counsel,   on the contrary,   would   submit   that   the   High   Court   has   correctly rejected the claim of the appellant­DAMEPL.  He submits that clause (a) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act itself 7 begins with the phrase “unless otherwise agreed by the parties”. He   submits   that   there   is   a   specific   agreement   between   the parties under Article 29.8 of the Concession Agreement, with regard to payment of interest.  Learned Senior Counsel submits that since there is an agreement between the parties as to how the interest would be awarded and that since the same has been awarded by the Arbitral Tribunal in accordance with the agreement, the majority judgment of this Court in the case of Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited   (supra) would not be of any assistance to the case of the appellant­DAMEPL.  He therefore submits that the present appeal deserves to be dismissed.  As already stated hereinabove, the present appeal needs to 10. be decided in the narrow compass of interpretation of clause (a) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act.   11. Shri Harish N. Salve, learned Senior Counsel is justified in relying on the majority judgment of this Court in the case of Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited  (supra).  S.A. Bobde, J. in his judgment in the said case observed thus: 8
“2. It is not possible to agree with the<br>conclusion in S.L. Arora case [State of<br>Haryana v. S.L. Arora and Co., (2010) 3<br>SCC 690 : (2010) 1 SCC (Civ) 823] that<br>Section 31(7) of the Act does not require<br>that interest which accrues till the date of<br>the award be included in the “sum” from<br>the date of award for calculating the post­<br>award interest. In my humble view, this<br>conclusion does not seem to be in<br>consonance with the clear language of<br>Section 31(7) of the Act.
3. Sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the Act,<br>which deals with the power of the Arbitral<br>Tribunal to award interest, reads as<br>follows:
“31.(7)(a) Unless otherwise<br>agreed by the parties, where and<br>insofar as an arbitral award is for<br>the payment of money, the<br>Arbitral Tribunal may include in<br>the sum for which the award is<br>made interest, at such rate as it<br>deems reasonable, on the whole<br>or any part of the money, for the<br>whole or any part of the period<br>between the date on which the<br>cause of action arose and the<br>date on which the award is made.
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(b) A sum directed to be paid by<br>an arbitral award shall, unless<br>the award otherwise directs,<br>carry interest at the rate of<br>eighteen per centum per annum<br>from the date of the award to the<br>date of payment.”
(emphasis supplied)
4. Clause (a) of sub­section (7) provides<br>that where an award is made for the<br>payment of money, the Arbitral Tribunal<br>may include interest in the sum for which<br>the award is made. In plain terms, this<br>provision confers a power upon the<br>Arbitral Tribunal while making an award<br>for payment of money, to include interest<br>in the sum for which the award is made on<br>either the whole or any part of the money<br>and for the whole or any part of the period<br>for the entire pre­award period between<br>the date on which the cause of action<br>arose and the date on which the award is<br>made. To put it differently, sub­section (7)<br>(a) contemplates that an award, inclusive<br>of interest for the pre­award period on the<br>entire amount directed to be paid or part<br>thereof, may be passed. The “sum”<br>awarded may be the principal amount and<br>such interest as the Arbitral Tribunal<br>deems fit. If no interest is awarded, the<br>“sum” comprises only the principal. The<br>significant words occurring in clause (a) of
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sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the Act are<br>“the sum for which the award is made”. On<br>a plain reading, this expression refers to<br>the total amount or sum for the payment<br>for which the award is made. Parliament<br>has not added a qualification like<br>“principal” to the word “sum”, and<br>therefore, the word “sum” here simply<br>means “a particular amount of money”. In<br>Section 31(7), this particular amount of<br>money may include interest from the date<br>of cause of action to the date of the award.
5. The Oxford Dictionary gives the following<br>meaning to the word “sum”:
Sum, ‘if noun’.—A particular amount<br>of money.
Sum, ‘if verb’.—The total amount<br>resulting from the addition of two or<br>more numbers, amounts, or items.
6. In Black's Law Dictionary, the word<br>“sum” is given the following meaning:
“Sum.—In English law—A summary<br>or abstract; a compendium; a collection.<br>Several of the old law treatises are<br>called ‘sum’. Lord Hale applies the term<br>to summaries of statute law. Burrill.<br>The sense in which the term is most<br>commonly used is ‘money’; a quantity of<br>money or currency; any amount<br>indefinitely, a sum of money, a small<br>sum, or a large sum. United
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States v. Van Auken [24 L Ed 852 : 96<br>US 366 (1878)]<br>and Donovan v. Jenkins [52 Mont 124 :<br>155 P 972 at p. 973] .”
7. Thus, when used as a noun, as it seems<br>to have been used in this provision, the<br>word “sum” simply means “an amount of<br>money”; whatever it may include —<br>“principal” and “interest” or one of the two.<br>Once the meaning of the word “sum” is<br>clear, the same meaning must be ascribed<br>to the word in clause (b) of sub­section (7)<br>of Section 31 of the Act, where it provides<br>that a sum directed to be paid by an<br>arbitral award “shall … carry interest …”<br>from the date of the award to the date of<br>the payment i.e. post­award. In other<br>words, what clause (b) of sub­section (7) of<br>Section 31 of the Act directs is that the<br>“sum”, which is directed to be paid by the<br>award, whether inclusive or exclusive of<br>interest, shall carry interest at the rate of<br>eighteen per cent per annum for the post­<br>award period, unless otherwise ordered.
8. Thus, sub­section (7) of Section 31 of<br>the Act provides, firstly, vide clause (a)<br>that the Arbitral Tribunal may include<br>interest while making an award for<br>payment of money in the sum for which<br>the award is made and further, vide clause<br>(b) that the sum so directed to be made by
12 the award shall carry interest at a certain rate for the post­award period.  The purpose of enacting this provision 9. is   clear,   namely,   to   encourage   early payment   of   the   awarded   sum   and   to discourage   the   usual   delay,   which accompanies the execution of the award in the same manner as if it were a decree of the court vide Section 36 of the Act. 10.  In this view of the matter, it is clear that the interest, the sum directed to be paid by the arbitral award under clause ( b ) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the Act is inclusive of interest pendente lite. 11.  At this juncture, it may be useful to refer to Section 34 CPC, also enacted by Parliament and conferring the same power upon   a   court   to   award   interest   on   an award   i.e.   post­award   interest.   While enacting   Section   34   CPC   Parliament conferred   power   on   a   court   to   order interest   “ on   the   principal   sum   adjudged ” and not on merely the “sum” as provided in the Arbitration Act. The departure from the language of Section 34 CPC in Section 31(7)   of   the   1996   Act   is   significant   and shows the intention of Parliament.  It   is   settled   law   that   where   different 12. language   is   used   by   Parliament,   it   is 13 intended to have a different effect. In the Arbitration   Act,   the   word   “sum”   has deliberately not been qualified by using the word “principal” before it. If it had been so used, there would have been no scope for the contention that the word “sum” may include “interest.” In Section 31(7) of the Act, Parliament has deliberately used the word “sum” to refer to the aggregate of the amounts that may be directed to be paid by the Arbitral Tribunal and not merely the “principal” sum without interest.  Thus, it is apparent that vide clause 13. ( a ) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the Act, Parliament intended that an award for payment   of   money   may   be   inclusive   of interest,   and   the   “sum”   of   the   principal amount plus interest may be directed to be paid by the Arbitral Tribunal for the pre­ award   period.   Thereupon,   the   Arbitral Tribunal may direct interest to be paid on such “sum” for the post­award period vide clause ( ) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 b of   the   Act,   at   which   stage   the   amount would   be   the   sum   arrived   at   after   the merging of interest with the principal; the two components having lost their separate identities. 14.  In   fact   this   is   a   case   where   the language of sub­section (7) clauses ( a ) and ( b ) is so plain and unambiguous that no question   of   construction   of   a   statutory 14 provision   arises.   The   language   itself provides   that   in   the   sum   for   which   an award is made, interest may be included for the pre­award period and that for the post­award period interest up to the rate of eighteen   per   cent   per   annum   may   be awarded on such sum directed to be paid by the arbitral award.”   12. Abhay Manohar Sapre, J. in his concurring judgment in the case of   Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited   (supra) has also agreed with the view of S.A. Bobde, J.   13. It could thus be seen that the majority view of this Court in the case of   (supra) is that Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited the sum awarded may include the principal amount and such interest as the Arbitral Tribunal deems fit.   It is further held that, if no interest is awarded, the “sum” comprises only the principal amount.  The majority judgment held that clause (a) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act refers to the total amount or sum for the payment for which the award is made.  As such, the amount awarded under clause (a) of sub­ section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act would include the 15 principal amount plus the interest amount  pendente lite .  It was held that the interest to be calculated as per clause (b) of sub­ section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act would be on the total sum arrived as aforesaid under clause (a) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act.  S.A. Bobde, J. in his judgment, has referred to various authorities of this Court as well as  Maxwell on the Interpretation of Statutes .  He emphasized that the Court must give effect to the plain, clear and unambiguous words of the legislature and it is not for the Courts to add or subtract the words, even though the construction may lead to strange or surprising, unreasonable or unjust or oppressive results.   14. Sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act is already reproduced in the judgment of S.A. Bobde, J. in the case of   (supra).     Applying   the Hyder   Consulting   (UK)   Limited principle of plain interpretation of the language employed by the legislature, the position that would emerge, on an analysis of clause (a) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act, is as under: 16 (i) It begins with the words “Unless otherwise agreed by the parties”; (ii) where   and   insofar   as   an   arbitral   award   is   for   the payment of money, the Arbitral Tribunal may include interest component in the sum for which the award is made; (iii) the   interest   may   be   at   such   rate   as   the   Arbitral Tribunal deems reasonable;  (iv) the interest may be on the whole or any part of the money; (v) the interest may be for the whole or any part of the period between the date on which the cause of action arose and the date on which the award is made. It could thus be seen that the part which deals with the 15. power of the Arbitral Tribunal to award interest, would operate if it  is   not   otherwise   agreed   by   the   parties.     If   there   is an agreement   between   the   parties   to   the   contrary,   the   Arbitral 17 Tribunal would lose its discretion to award interest and will have to be guided by the agreement between the parties. The provision is clear that the Arbitral Tribunal is not bound to award interest.  It has a discretion to award the interest or not to award.  It further has a discretion to award interest at such rate as it deems reasonable. It further has a discretion to award interest on the whole or any part of the money. It is also not necessary for the Arbitral Tribunal to award interest for the entire period between the date on which the cause of action arose and the date on which the award is made.  It can grant interest for the entire period or any part thereof or no interest at all.    16. We   find   that   in   the   present   case,   the   words   “unless otherwise agreed by the parties” would assume significance. The said words fell for consideration before this Court in the 2 case of  N.S. Nayak & Sons vs. State of Goa .  This Court in the said case had an occasion to consider the scope of the 2 (2003) 6 SCC 56 18 phrase   “unless   otherwise   agreed   by   the   parties”   in   various provisions of the 1996 Act.  This Court observed thus: “ 14 .   …   The   phrase   ‘unless   otherwise agreed   by   the   parties’   used   in   various Sections, namely, 17, 21, 23(3), 24(1), 25, 26, 29, 31, 85(2)( a ), etc. indicates that it is open   to   the   parties   to   agree   otherwise. During   the   arbitral   proceedings,   right   is given   to   the   parties   to   decide   their   own procedure.   So   if   there   is   an   agreement between   the   parties   with   regard   to   the procedure to be followed by the arbitrator, the arbitrator is required to follow the said procedure. Reason being, the arbitrator is appointed   on   the   basis   of   the   contract between the parties and is required to act as per the contract. However, this would not   mean   that   in   appeal   parties   can contend   that   the   appellate   procedure should be as per their agreement.” 17. This   Court   in   the   case   of   Sree   Kamatchi   Amman Constructions   vs.   Divisional   Railway   Manager   (Works), 3 Palghat and others  had an occasion to directly consider the aforesaid phrase as employed by the legislature in sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act.  R.V. Raveendran, J. in the said case observed thus: 3 (2010) 8 SCC 767 19 “ 19 .   Section   31(7)   of   the   new   Act   by using the words ‘ unless otherwise agreed ’ categorically clarifies that by the parties the arbitrator is bound by the terms of the   contract   insofar   as   the   award   of interest  from the date of cause of action to the date of award . Therefore, where the parties had agreed that no interest shall   be   payable,   the   Arbitral   Tribunal cannot award interest between the date when the cause of action arose to the date of award.” 18. If clause (a) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act is given a plain and literal meaning, the legislative intent would   be   clear   that   the   discretion   with   regard   to   grant   of interest would be available to the Arbitral Tribunal only when there is no agreement to the contrary between the parties.  The phrase   “unless   otherwise   agreed   by   the   parties”   clearly emphasizes that when the parties have agreed with regard to any of the aspects covered under clause (a) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act, the Arbitral Tribunal would cease to have any discretion with regard to the aspects mentioned in the said provision.  Only in the absence of such an agreement, the 20 Arbitral Tribunal would have a discretion to exercise its powers under clause (a) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act.  The discretion is wide enough.  It may grant or may not grant interest.  It may grant interest for the entire period or any part thereof.  It may also grant interest on the whole or any part of the money. If   the   contention   as   raised   on   behalf   of   the   appellant­ 19. DAMEPL is to be accepted, the phrase “unless otherwise agreed by   the   parties”   would   be   rendered   redundant   and   would become otiose.   20. It will be apposite to refer to the following observation of this Court in the case of  Reserve Bank of India vs. Peerless 4 : General Finance and Investment Co. Ltd. and others33.  Interpretation must depend on the text and the context. They are the bases of interpretation. One may well say if the text is the texture, context is what gives the colour. Neither can be ignored. Both are important. That interpretation is best which makes  the  textual interpretation 4 (1987) 1 SCC 424 21 match the contextual. A statute is best interpreted   when   we   know   why   it   was enacted.   With   this   knowledge,   the statute must be read, first as a whole and then section by section, clause by clause, phrase by phrase and word by word.   If   a   statute   is   looked   at,   in   the context of its enactment, with the glasses of the statute­maker, provided by such context,   its   scheme,   the   sections, clauses,   phrases   and   words   may   take colour and appear different than when the   statute   is   looked   at   without   the glasses   provided   by   the   context.   With these glasses we must look at the Act as a whole and discover what each section, each clause, each phrase and each word is meant and designed to say as to fit into the scheme of the entire Act. No part of a statute and no word of a statute can be construed in isolation. Statutes have to be construed so that every word has a place and everything is in its place. It is by looking at the definition as a whole in the   setting   of   the   entire   Act   and   by reference   to   what   preceded   the enactment and the reasons for it that the Court   construed   the   expression   “Prize Chit”   in  Srinivasa  [(1980)   4   SCC   507   : (1981) 1 SCR 801 : 51 Com Cas 464] and we   find   no   reason   to   depart   from   the Court's construction.” 21. It could thus be seen that each and every word and each and every phrase mentioned in the provision will have to be 22 given effect to.      Statutes have to be construed so that every word has a place and everything is in its place.  22. An   important   aspect   that   has   to   be   taken   into consideration is that the 1996 Act itself emphasizes on party autonomy.  As such, the legislative intent is clear that when the parties have agreed to the contrary on any of the aspects as mentioned in clause (a) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act, the Arbitral Tribunal will cease to have any discretion and would be bound by an agreement between the parties.   23. As   already   discussed   hereinabove,   any   interpretation which would render the phrase “unless otherwise agreed by the parties” otiose or redundant will have to be avoided.  It will be apposite   to   refer   to   the   following   observations   of   the Constitution Bench of this Court in the case of  Hardeep Singh 5 : vs. State of Punjab and others “44.  No   word   in   a   statute   has   to   be construed as surplusage. No word can be rendered   ineffective   or   purposeless. 5 (2014) 3 SCC 92 23 Courts   are   required   to   carry   out   the legislative   intent   fully   and   completely. While construing a provision, full effect is   to   be   given   to   the   language   used therein,  giving reference to the  context and other provisions of the statute. By construction, a provision should not be reduced   to   a   “dead   letter”   or   “useless lumber”. An interpretation which renders a   provision   otiose   should   be   avoided otherwise it would mean that in enacting such   a   provision,   the   legislature   was involved in “an exercise in futility” and the   product   came   as   a   “purposeless piece”   of   legislation   and   that   the provision had been enacted without any purpose and the entire exercise to enact such a provision was “most unwarranted besides being uncharitable”. (Vide  Patel  v.  Chunibhai   Dajibha Narayanrao Khanderao   Jambekar  [AIR   1965   SC 1457]   ,  Martin   Burn   Ltd.  v.  Corpn.   of Calcutta  [AIR   1966   SC   529]   ,  M.V. Elisabeth  v.  Harwan   Investment   and Trading (P) Ltd.  [1993 Supp (2) SCC 433 : AIR   1993   SC   1014]   ,  Sultana Begum  v.  Prem Chand Jain  [(1997) 1 SCC 373]   ,  State   of   Bihar  v.  Bihar   Distillery Ltd.  [(1997) 2 SCC 453 : AIR 1997 SC 1511]   ,  Institute   of   Chartered Accountants   of   India  v.  Price Waterhouse  [(1997)   6   SCC   312] and  South   Central   Railway   Employees Coop.   Credit   Society   Employees' Union  v.  Registrar   of   Coop. 24 Societies  [(1998) 2 SCC 580 : 1998 SCC (L&S) 703 : AIR 1998 SC 703] .)” 24. If the interpretation, as placed by the appellant­DAMEPL is to be accepted, the phrase “unless otherwise agreed by the parties” would be reduced to a “dead letter” or “useless lumber”. In our considered view, such an interpretation would be wholly impermissible.    25. It appears from the facts in the case of  Hyder Consulting  (supra) that there was no agreement between the (UK) Limited parties with regard to payment of interest.  Such is not the case here.     It   will   be   relevant   to   refer   to   Article   29.8   of   the Concession Agreement, which reads thus: “29.8 Termination   Payments :   The Termination   Payment   pursuant to this Agreement shall become due   and   payable   to   the Concessionaire by DMRC within thirty days of a demand  being made   by   ∙the   Concessionaire with   the   necessary   particulars duly   certified   by   the   Statutory Auditors.   If   DMRC   fails   to disburse   the   full   Termination 25 Payment within 30 (thirty) days, the   amount   remaining   unpaid shall   be   disbursed   along   with interest at an annualised rate of SBI PLR plus two per cent for the   period   of   delay   on   such amount.” 26. It could thus clearly be seen that as per Article 29.8 of the Concession   Agreement,   the   Termination   Payment   would become due and payable to the Concessionaire by DMRC within thirty days of a demand being made by the Concessionaire.  It further  provides  that if  the  DMRC  fails  to disburse  the  full Termination Payment within 30 days, the amount remaining unpaid shall be disbursed along with interest at an annualized rate of SBI PLR plus two per cent for the period of delay on such amount.  It can thus clearly be seen that Article 29.8 of the Concession Agreement deals with payment of interest on Termination Payment amount.  27. The Arbitral Tribunal rightly construing the Concession Agreement has directed thus: 26 “129.  Therefore,   the   Termination Payment to DAMEPL works out to Rs.   983.02   +Rs.   1260.73   +Rs. 538.58 crores =Rs. 2782.33 crores. As   regards   rate   of   interest   on   the Termination payment, the stipulation of   Article   29.8   of   CA   is   at   an annualized rate of SBI PLR +2%.  We have   noted   from   the   financial documents   of   DAMEPL   (Pg   299   of CD11­Supplementary reply of DMRC dated   22.2.2014   to   the   Counter Claim   of   the   Respondent)   that   the secured   loan   taken   by   DAMEPL carries the rate of interest of 12.75% on Rupee Term Loan and is in the range of 4.83% to 5.6% for Foreign Currency Loan. Although the rates of interest on loans taken by DAMEPL are lower than SBI PLR +2%, we are of the opinion that it is beyond the competence of the Tribunal to change or alter or  modify the  provisions of CA.   As   such,   we   decide   that   the Termination payment will be as per the provisions of Article 29.8 of CA and   the   interest   on   the Termination   payment   will   accrue from   7.8.2013   (i.e.   the   date   30 days   after   the   demand   of Termination payment by DAMEPL on 08.07.2013). In terms of Article 29.9  of  CA,  this   amount  shall  be paid by DMRC by way of credit to 27 the   Escrow   Account,   details   of which   are   available   in   Annexure CC­4   of   the   Counter   Claim.   We award accordingly. It is thus clear that the Arbitral Tribunal has directed that 28. the Termination payment would be as per the provisions of the Concession   Agreement   and   the   interest   on   the   Termination th payment would accrue from 7  August, 2013 (i.e., the date 30 days after the demand of Termination payment by DAMEPL on th 8  July, 2013).  It is pertinent to note that though the Arbitral Tribunal has found that the rates of interest on loans taken by the appellant­  DAMEPL are lower than SBI PLR + 2%, it has observed that it was  beyond the  competence of the Arbitral Tribunal   to   change   or   alter   or   modify   the   provisions   of   the Concession Agreement.   The  Arbitral Tribunal, therefore, has granted interest at an annualized rate of SBI PLR + 2%, though it had found that the rate of  interest on which the loan was taken by the appellant­DAMEPL was on the lower side.   The Arbitral   Tribunal,   therefore,   has   rightly   given   effect   to   the 28 specific agreement between the parties with regard to the rate of interest.  We find that the arbitral award has been passed in consonance with the provisions as contained in clause (a) of sub­section (7) of Section 31 of the 1996 Act and specifically, in consonance with the phrase “unless otherwise agreed by the parties”. As   already   discussed   herein   above,   from   the   majority 29. judgment of S.A. Bobde and Abhay Manohar Sapre, JJ. in the case   of   Hyder   Consulting   (UK)   Limited   (supra),   it   would appear   that   the   situation,   where   there   was   an   agreement between the parties on the point of payment of interest, did not fall for consideration in the said case.   30. We may gainfully refer to the three­judge Bench judgment of this Court in the case of   Union of India and others vs. 6 Dhanwanti   Devi   and   others ,   wherein   this   Court   has observed thus: 6 (1996) 6 SCC 44 29 “  …..Every   judgment   must   be   read   as 9. applicable to the particular facts proved, or assumed to be proved, since the generality of   the   expressions   which   may   be   found there is not intended to be exposition of the whole law, but governed and qualified by the particular facts of the case in which such expressions are to be found…” It can thus clearly be seen that e very judgment must be 31. read as applicable to the particular facts proved, or assumed to be proved.  The generality of the expressions which are found in a   judgment   cannot   be   considered   to   be   intended   to   be exposition of the whole law.  They will have to be governed and qualified   by   the   particular   facts   of   the   case   in   which   such expressions are to be found.   32. It will also be apposite to refer to the following observation of another three­Judge Bench of this Court in the case of  The 7 Regional Manager and another vs. Pawan Kumar Dubey : “ 7.  ……Even   where   there   appears   to   be some conflict, it would, we think, vanish when the ratio decidendi of each case is 7 (1976) 3 SCC 334 30 correctly   understood.   It   is   the   rule deducible   from   the   application   of   law   to the   facts   and   circumstances   of   a   case which constitutes its ratio decidendi and not   some   conclusion   based   upon   facts which   may   appear   to   be   similar.   One additional   or   different   fact   can   make   a world of difference between conclusions in two cases even when the same principles are applied in each case to similar facts.” 33. This Court has held that the   ratio decidendi is the rule deducible   from   the   application   of   law   to   the   facts   and circumstances of a case which constitutes its ratio decidendi and not some conclusion based upon facts which may appear to be similar. It has been held that one additional or different fact can make a world of difference between conclusions in two cases even when the same principles are applied in each case to similar facts. 34. As   discussed   hereinabove,   in   the   case   of   Hyder   (supra),   there   was   no   agreement Consulting   (UK)   Limited between the parties with regard to the payment of interest and as such, the phrase “unless otherwise agreed by the parties” 31 did not fall for consideration in the said case.  As a caution, we have also gone through the judgment of the High Court from which the appeal arose to this Court in the case of   Hyder   (supra).     A   perusal   of   the   said Consulting   (UK)   Limited judgment   would   also   reveal   that   there   was   no   agreement between the parties with regard to payment of interest.   As such, in the case of   Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited   (supra), this Court did not have an occasion to consider the import of the phrase “unless otherwise agreed by the parties”.   35. We are therefore of the considered view that in view of the specific agreement between the parties, the interest prior to the date of award so also after the date of award will be governed by Article 29.8 of the Concession Agreement, as has been directed by the Arbitral Tribunal.  The findings recorded by the Arbitral Tribunal   have   reached   finality   in  view   of   the   judgment   and th order dated 9  September, 2021, passed by this Court in Civil Appeal No.5627 of 2021 [arising out of Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.4115 of 2019]. 32 We   therefore,   see   no   error   in   the   observations   of   the 36. learned Single Judge of the Delhi High Court in paragraph 30 of th the   impugned   judgment   and   order   dated   10   March,   2022, passed in Execution Petition being OMP (ENF.) (COMM) No. 145 of 2021.  In the result, we find no merit in the present appeal.  The 37. appeal is accordingly dismissed.  38. Pending   application(s),   if   any,   shall   stand   disposed   of. There shall be no order as to costs.  …..….......................J. [L. NAGESWARA RAO] …….........................J.        [B.R. GAVAI] NEW DELHI; MAY 05, 2022. 33