POONA RAM vs. MOTI RAM (D) TH. LRS.

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 29-01-2019

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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4527 OF 2009 POONA RAM ...APPELLANT VERSUS MOTI RAM (D) TH. LRS. & ORS. ...RESPONDENTS J U D G M E N T MOHAN M. SHANTANAGOUDAR, J. 1. The judgment dated 28.08.2006 passed by the High Court of Judicature of Rajasthan at Jodhpur in Civil Second Appeal No. 97 of 1984 and the concurrent judgment dated 10.10.2006 in Civil Review Petition No. 18 of 2006, dismissing the same, are called in question in this appeal by the unsuccessful defendants. 2. The brief facts leading to this appeal are as under:   A   suit   came   to   be   filed   for   declaration   of   title   and   for possession   by   Respondent   No.   1   herein.   Undisputedly,   the Signature Not Verified plaintiff     Moti   Ram   had   no   document   of   title   to   prove   his Digitally signed by SATISH KUMAR YADAV Date: 2019.01.29 17:11:58 IST Reason: possession,   but   claimed   possessory   title   based   on   prior 1 possession for a number of years.   However, according to the plaintiff, he had been wrongly dispossessed by defendants on 30.04.1972,  which was within the 12 years preceding the filing of the present suit. The Trial Court decreed the suit and the First Appellate Court reversed the findings of the Trial Court. The First Appellate Court dismissed the said suit on the ground that the defendants had proved their title and possession over the suit property. 3 As mentioned supra, the plaintiff did not have any title deed with respect to the suit property. He based his claim mainly on his alleged long possession over the property, and claimed that there was nobody with better title over it than him. Per contra, the   defendants   relied   on   two   sale   deeds,   viz.,   Ex.   A­6   dated 06.02.1956,   executed   by   the   original   owner   Khoom   Singh   in favour of Purkha Ram, and Ex. A­2 dated 21.06.1966, executed by Purkha Ram in favour of the appellant/Defendant No. 1. It was also not disputed that the plaintiff did not have possession as on the date of filing of the suit, inasmuch as he has alleged that   he   was   wrongly   dispossessed   by   the   defendant   on 30.04.1972, prior to filing the suit. 2 4. The only questions to be decided in this appeal are whether the plaintiff had better title over the suit property and whether he was   in   settled   possession   of   the   property,   which   required dispossession in accordance with law.   5. Ms.   Christi   Jain,   learned   counsel   appearing   for   the appellant/Defendant No. 1, taking us through the material on record, contends that there is nothing on record to show that the plaintiff was in possession of the property at any point of time, much less for a longer time lawfully.   There is no material to show that the plaintiff has possessory title over the suit property. Additionally, she argues that the sale deeds mentioned supra relied   upon   by   the   defendants   would   clearly   reveal   that   the defendants were in possession of the property as owner thereof, from the date of purchase of the suit property. 6. Undisputedly   and   as   duly   admitted   by   both   parties,   the property in question originally belonged to Jagirdar Khoom Singh of Barmer.  The property in question is part of a larger property under the Jagirdari system, a few parts of which were rented out or sold. After the system of Jagirdari was abolished, these jagirs were   resumed   in   the   year   1955­56.   While   a   few   persons continued in illegal possession, others had purchased parts of 3 the land from the Jagirdar, and the remaining land vested in the State Government and municipalities. After the resumption of the jagir,   it   seems   that   the   Barmer   Municipality   established   a planned and well­managed colony named Nehru Nagar on the said land.  Ex.12, Ex. 13 and Ex. 14 are the survey maps of the Municipality.  A perusal of Ex. 12 (first survey) reveals that Moti Ram was in possession of the land, the plot to the east of which was  possessed   by   Nawala  Harijan   and   in  the   east  of   Nawala Harijan’s plot, possession of  Purkha Ram  (to recall, predecessor­ in­interest   of   the   defendants)  on   the   site   has   been  indicated. Further, the possession of Purkha Ram has also been indicated on a plot to the south of the land duly possessed by Moti Ram. Thus, it is clear that the plots of land owned by Khoom Singh, in possession   of   these   persons,   were   not   uniformly   situated. However, after the Municipality took over possession, it seems that orderly formation of the plots was undertaken. Though there was some confusion raised by the plaintiff with regard to the boundaries of the property in question, the First Appellate Court being the final court of fact, on due appreciation of the entire material on record, gave a definite finding that the Trial Court was not justified in decreeing the suit, and observed that Purkha 4 Ram was in possession of the property in question even prior to 1966, and had sold the same through registered sale deed in June 1966 vide Ex. A­2. This sale deed shows the measurement of   the   land,   which   corresponds   to   the   plots   in   question approximately. The judgment of the First Appellate Court reveals that the Municipality had let out only three plots to the Jagirdar, and those three plots together measured                 32 x 66 hands   (unit   of   measurement).   Thus,   each   plot   measured 32 x 22 hands.  These were numbered as Plot No. 4, Plot No. 5 and Plot No. 7. The disputed site is Plot No. 7.  7. The official record (survey map), Ex. 14, which relates to the plot in question, i.e., Plot No. 7, reveals that it was owned by Poona Ram, who is Defendant No. 1 and the appellant herein. It is also relevant to note that sanction for constructing the house was given to Purkha Ram in the year 1957.   Obviously, such sanction would have been accorded only on the basis of title and possession of the property.  8. Section 64 of the Limitation Act, 1963 contemplates a suit for   possession   of   immovable   property   based   on   previous possession and not on title, if brought within 12 years from the date of dispossession.     Such a suit is known in law as a suit 5 based   on   possessory   title   as   distinguishable   from   proprietary title.     It  cannot   be   disputed   and   is   by   now   well  settled   that ‘settled possession’ or effective possession of a person without title entitles him to protect his possession as if he were a true owner. 9. The   law   in   India,   as   it   has   developed,   accords   with jurisprudential   thought   as   propounded   by   luminaries   like Salmond.   Salmond on   Jurisprudence   (12 Edn. at paras 59­60) states:­
"These two concepts of ownership and possession,
therefore, may be used to distinguish between the
de factopossessor of an object and itsde jure
owner, between the man who actually has it and
the man who ought to have it. They serve also to
contract the position of one whose rights are
ultimate, permanent and residual with that of one
whose rights are only of a temporary nature.
xxxxx
In English law possession is a good title of right against   any   one   who   cannot   show   a   better.   A wrongful possessor has the rights of an owner with respect to all persons except earlier possessors and except the  true owner  himself. Many  other legal systems, however, go much further than this, and treat possession as a provisional or temporary title even   against   the   true   owner   himself.   Even   a wrongdoer, who is deprived of his possession, can recover it from any person whatever, simply on the ground   of   his   possession.   Even   the   true   owner, who takes his own, may be forced in this way to 6
restore it to the wrongdoer, and will not be
permitted to set up his own superior title to it. He
must first give up possession, and then proceed in
due course of law for the recovery of the thing on
the ground of his ownership. The intention of the
law is that every possessor shall be entitled to
retain and recover his possession, until deprived of
it by a judgment according to law.
Legal remedies thus appointed for the protection of
possession even against ownership are called
possessory, while those available for the protection
of ownership itself may be distinguished as
proprietary. In the modern and medieval civil law
the distinction is expressed by the contrasted
termspetitorium(a proprietary suit) and
possessorium(a possessory suit)."
10. As far back as 1924, in the case of  Midnapur Zamindary v , AIR 1924 PC 144, the learned Co. Ltd.  . Naresh Narayan Roy Judge observed that in India, persons are not permitted to take forcible possession; they must obtain such possession as they are entitled to through a court.   Later, in the case of  Nair Service v , AIR 1968 SC 1165, this Court Society Ltd.  . K.C. Alexander ruled   that   when   the   facts   disclose   no   title   in   either   party, possession alone decides.  It was further held that if Section 9 of the Specific Relief Act, 1877 (corresponding to the present Section 6) is employed, the plaintiff need not prove title and the title of the defendant does not avail him. When, however, the period of six 7 months   has   passed,   questions   of   title   can   be   raised   by   the defendant, and if he does so the plaintiff must establish a better title or fail.   In other words, such a right is only restricted to possession in a suit under Section 9 of the Specific Relief Act (corresponding to the present Section 6) but does not bar a suit on   prior   possession   within   12   years   from   the   date   of dispossession, and title need not be proved unless the defendant can provide one.  11. It was also observed by this Court in  Nair Service Society   (supra)   that   a   person   in   possession   of   land   in   assumed Ltd character of owner and exercising peaceably the ordinary rights of ownership   has   a   perfectly   good   title   against   the   entire   world except the rightful owner. In such a case, the defendant must show in himself or his predecessor a valid legal title and probably a possession prior to the plaintiff’s, and thus be able to raise a presumption prior in time.  12. In   the   case   of   Rame   Gowda   (dead)   by   Lrs.   v .     M. Varadappa Naidu (dead) by Lrs. and another , (2004) 1 SCC 769, a three­Judge Bench of  this  Court, while  discussing the Indian law on the subject, observed as under:­ 8 “8. It is thus clear that so far as the Indian law is concerned   the   person   in   peaceful   possession   is entitled   to   retain   his   possession   and   in   order   to protect   such   possession   he   may   even   use reasonable force to keep out a trespasser. A rightful owner who has been wrongfully dispossessed of land may retake possession if he can do so peacefully and without the use of unreasonable force. If the trespasser is in settled possession of the property belonging to the rightful owner, the rightful owner shall have to take recourse to law; he cannot take the law in his own hands and evict the trespasser or interfere with his possession. The law will come to the   aid   of   a   person   in   peaceful   and   settled possession by injuncting even a rightful owner from using force or taking law in his own hands, and also by   restoring   him   in   possession   even   from   the rightful   owner   (of   course   subject   to   the   law   of limitation), if the latter has dispossessed the prior possessor by use of force. In the absence of proof of better   title,   possession   or   prior   peaceful   settled possession is itself evidence of title. Law presumes the possession to go with the title unless rebutted. The   owner   of   any   property   may   prevent   even   by using   reasonable   force   a   trespasser   from   an attempted   trespass,   when   it   is   in   the   process   of being   committed,   or   is   of   a   flimsy   character,   or recurring, intermittent, stray or casual in nature, or has just been committed, while the rightful owner did not have enough time to have recourse to law. In the   last   of   the   cases,   the   possession   of   the trespasser, just entered into would not be called as one acquiesced to by the true owner.” 13. The   crux   of   the   matter   is   that   a   person   who   asserts possessory title over a particular property will have to show that he is under settled or established possession of the said property. But merely stray or intermittent acts of trespass do not give such 9 a right against the true owner.   Settled possession means such possession over the property which has existed for a sufficiently long   period   of   time,   and   has   been  acquiesced   to   by   the   true owner.   A casual act of possession does not have the effect of interrupting the possession of the rightful owner.   A stray act of trespass,  or  a possession which  has  not  matured  into  settled possession, can be obstructed or removed by the true owner even by using necessary force.   Settled possession must be (i) effective, (ii) undisturbed, and (iii) to the knowledge of the owner or without any attempt at concealment by the trespasser. There cannot be a straitjacket formula to determine settled possession. Occupation of a property by a person as an agent or a servant acting at the instance of the owner will not amount to actual legal possession. The possession should contain an element of  animus possidendi . The nature of possession of the trespasser is to be decided based on the facts and circumstances of each case.  14. As   mentioned   supra,   Purkha   Ram   had   purchased   three plots from Jagirdar Khoom Singh.   In sale deed Ex. A­6, three plots have been mentioned as plots of three houses. One of these, being Plot No. 7, was sold by Purkha Ram to the appellant, one 10 plot being Plot No. 4 was sold to Teja Ram and the third plot being Plot No. 5 was retained by Purkha Ram.   15. In order to prove possession of the property, the plaintiff relied upon the rent note Ex. 1, which shows that the plot in question was let out by the plaintiff to one Joga Ram in the year 1967.   On   12.05.1967,   a   fire   broke   out   and   the   entire   fodder stored on the plot got burnt. Thereafter, the plot was kept vacant. DW­7, who has been referred to in order to establish spreading of the fire, stated that the fire started due to sparks coming from a railway engine. But there was no railway line adjacent to the disputed land which could have caused a fire.   Even otherwise, the rent note Ex. 1 does not refer to the plot in question, and its boundaries have also not been mentioned.   Merely on doubtful material and cursory evidence, it cannot be held that the plaintiff was ever in possession of the property, and that too in settled possession. 16. The plaintiff/Respondent No. 1 makes much of the old body of a motor vehicle belonging to him lying on the property. Ex. 2 clearly reveals that one part of the motor vehicle was lying on the disputed property and another part was lying on the plot of the plaintiff.  The said body of the motor vehicle is about 3 to 4 feet in 11 length   only   and   the   same   was   lying   on   the   boundary   of   the disputed property.   But the plaintiff/Respondent No. 1 claims possession of the entire plot based on such fact. Absolutely no material is found to show that the plaintiff/Respondent No. 1 was in actual possession, much less continuous possession, of the property   for   a   longer   period   which   may   be   called   settled possession or established possession. As mentioned supra, mere casual possession, that too relying on a motor vehicle body lying on a part of the property, would not prove settled possession of the plaintiff. 17. The plaintiff has to prove his case to the satisfaction of the Court. He cannot succeed on the weakness of the case of the defendant.   Even otherwise, there is no confusion at all regarding the   identity   of   the   property   in   question   and   on   the   basis   of material on record, the First Appellate Court has correctly ruled that   the   appellant/Defendant   No.   1   has   proved   his   title   and possession over the suit property since the date of his purchase of the property.   Prior to the purchase, his predecessor­in­interest was in possession of the same. 18. Having regard to the position of law and facts of the case, we are of the considered opinion that the High Court was not 12 justified in interfering with the judgment of the First Appellate Court,   which   has   come   down   very   heavily   on   the   procedure adopted   by   the   trial   Judge   in   deciding   the   matter,   more particularly   when   no   fault   can   be   found   on   facts   with   the judgment of the First Appellate Court.   Generally, it is not open to the High Court to interfere with the findings of fact recorded by the First Appellate Court when such findings are based on the evidence on record, and are not perverse or against the material on record. 19. The   conclusion   arrived   at   by   the   High   Court   and   the reasons assigned for the same are not correct inasmuch as there is absolutely no material in favour of the case of the plaintiff to show   possessory   title.   In   order   to   claim   possessory   title,   the plaintiff will have to prove his own case, and also will have to show that he has better title than any other person. Since there is no documentary proof that the plaintiff was in possession of the suit property, that too for a long period, he cannot be allowed to succeed based on minor discrepancies in the evidence of the defendants.  Accordingly, the appeal succeeds and is allowed. 20. The   impugned   judgment   of   the   High   Court   dated 28.08.2006 and its review stands set aside and the judgment of 13 the First Appellate Court is restored. Consequently, suit stands dismissed.  ………………………………..J. [ N.V. Ramana]         ………………………………..J.     [Mohan M. Shantanagoudar]    New Delhi; January 29, 2019. 14