Full Judgment Text
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO(S). 4324 OF 2015
BSES RAJDHANI POWER LTD. …APPELLANT(S)
VERSUS
DELHI ELECTRICITY
REGULATORY COMMISSION …RESPONDENT(S)
WITH
CIVIL APPEAL NO(S). 4323 OF 2015
BSES YAMUNA POWER LTD. …APPELLANT(S)
VERSUS
DELHI ELECTRICITY
REGULATORY COMMISSION …RESPONDENT(S)
J U D G M E N T
S. ABDUL NAZEER, J.
Signature Not Verified
1. These two appeals have been filed by BSES Rajdhani Power
Digitally signed by
SONIA BHASIN
Date: 2022.10.18
17:29:54 IST
Reason:
Ltd. (C.A. No.4324 of 2015) and BSES Yamuna Power Ltd. (C.A.
1
No.4323 of 2015) (hereinafter referred to as ‘Appellants’) challenging
certain findings of the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity, New Delhi
(‘APTEL’) in the common judgment and order dated 28.11.2014
(‘Impugned Order’) passed in Appeal Nos.61 and 62 of 2012 (‘Tariff
Appeals’). The Tariff Appeals were filed by the appellants before the
APTEL challenging certain findings of the Delhi Electricity
Regulatory Commission (‘DERC’) in the Tariff Order dated
26.08.2012 for Truing Up of financials for FY 200809 and FY
200910 and Aggregate Revenue Requirement (‘ARR’) for FY 2011
12. DERC has also filed appeals (C.A. Nos.866061 of 2015)
challenging certain findings in the common impugned order and the
said appeals will be heard and decided separately.
2. The Appellants are Distribution Licensees (“Discoms”) in terms
of Section 2(17) of the Electricity Act, 2003 (‘2003 Act’). The primary
function of a Discom is to give supply to any premises upon an
application being made by a consumer in compliance with the
applicable laws, including paying requisite charges, except where
prevented by force majeure conditions like cyclones or floods.
2
3. The Appellants purchase 90% to 95% of the power from
Central and State Generating Companies. Tariff of Central
Generating Stations is determined by the Central Electricity
Regulatory Commission (‘CERC’) and, therefore, the Appellants have
no control over the tariff to be paid to the Central Generating
Stations. Simultaneously, the tariff for the State Generating
Companies is determined by the State Regulator i.e. DERC.
4. It is the case of the Appellants that since privatization, the
ARR determined by the DERC was not even sufficient to meet the
actual power purchase cost which has led to creation of a huge
revenue gap. It is also contended that the DERC in repeated
disregard to its statutory regulations and its own statutory advice
has refused to make periodic increase in the tariff rate. The actions
of the DERC have resulted in a situation where the Appellants are
deeply indebted and have been forced to borrow/take loans to fund
their daytoday operations which, in turn, have also dried up
leaving the Appellants without adequate monies to pay their
suppliers.
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5. The Appellants have challenged the finding of the APTEL in the
Impugned Order on the following issues:
A. Change in methodology in computation of Aggregate
Technical and Commercial (AT&C) losses [Issue 14
in Impugned Order]
B. Change in methodology for computation of
Depreciation [Issue 15 in Impugned Order]
C. Disallowance of salary for Fundamental Rules and
Supplementary Rules (FR/SR) structure [Issue 23 in
Impugned order]
D. Disallowance of interest accrued on Consumer
Security Deposit retained by Delhi Power
Corporation Limited (DPCL) [Issue 29 in Impugned
Order]
E. Disallowance of Fringe Benefit Tax [Issue 34 in
Impugned Order]
F. Reduction in Million Units (MUs) in relation to
Enforcement sale for the purpose of calculation of
AT&C Loss [Issue 14 in Impugned Order]
6. It is to be noticed that the abovementioned Issue ‘C’ has been
challenged only by BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd. in C.A. No.4324 of
2015 while the remaining issues have been challenged by both
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BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd. and BSES Yamuna Power Ltd. and are
subjectmatter of C.A. No.4324 of 2015 and C.A.No.4323 of 2015.
7. The Tariff Appeals were filed by the Appellants challenging the
disallowances in their respective Tariff Orders dated 26.08.2012
passed by the DERC for:
(a) Determination of ARR and Tariff for FY 201112;
and
(b) Truing up of financials for FY 200809 and FY 2009
10.
8. According to the appellants, the present Civil Appeals give rise
to substantial questions of law under Section 125 of the 2003 Act
on six issues. It is contended that the said substantial questions of
law have arisen primarily because the DERC has, inter alia,
deliberately refused to follow statutory regulations while truing up.
Further, it is contended that APTEL’s Impugned Order has failed to
note the illegal manner of truing up followed by DERC and, more
importantly, APTEL has failed to follow its own rulings in previous
cases.
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9. However, the respondents have contended that the appellants
have entirely failed to establish the existence of any substantial
question of law as required under Section 125 of the 2003 Act, read
with Section 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (‘CPC’) on any
of the above issues.
10. Before considering the detailed submissions on each of the
above issues, it is necessary to provide an overview of the current
and historical legal framework of electricity laws in India, including
the tariff determination process, and the role and powers of the
DERC in the tariff determination process.
11. Prior to independence, the Indian Electricity Act, 1910 (‘1910
Act’) governed the supply and use of electrical energy in India. Part
II of the 1910 Act was related to supply of electricity and contained
provisions concerning:
(a) Grant of license for supply of electricity by the State
Government in consultation with the State Electricity
Boards (“SEB”) and
(b) Obligation and rights of licensees, consumers, etc.
along with other modalities.
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PartIII of the 1910 Act dealt with Supply, Transmission and Use of
Energy by Nonlicensees. PartIV of the 1910 Act provided for
constitution, duties of advisory boards at the State and Central
levels along with other authorities such as electrical inspectors and
Central Electricity Board (“CEB”). CEB, under Section 37 of the
1910 Act, was empowered to make rules to regulate the generation,
transmission, supply, and use of energy.
12. On 10.09.1948, the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 (“Supply Act,
1948”) was notified to provide for: (a) the rationalization of the
production and supply of electricity, (b) taking of measures
conducive to electrical development; and (c) all matters incidental to
the above. The Supply Act, 1948 was a more detailed and
comprehensive code and provided for establishment of SEBs to
control generation, distribution, and utilization of electricity within
their respective states and the Central Electricity Authority (‘CEA’)
for planning and development of the national power system.
13. On 02.07.1998, the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act,
1998 (‘Commissions Act, 1998’) was notified with effect from
25.04.1998 as an Act to provide for the establishment of a Central
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Electricity Regulatory Commission (“CERC”) and State Electricity
Regulatory Commission (“SERC”), for rationalization of electricity
tariff, transparent policies regarding subsidies, promotion of
efficient and environmentally benign policies and other matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto. ChapterVI of the
Commissions Act, 1998 was related to energy tariff and provided for
the determination of tariff by Central and State Commissions.
14. Insofar as the National Capital Territory (“NCT”) of Delhi is
concerned, on 08.03.2001, the Delhi Electricity Reforms Act, 2000
(“Reforms Act, 2000”) was notified to:
(a) provide restructuring of the electricity industry
(unbundling of generation, transmission, and
distribution),
(b) increasing avenues for participation of private sector
in the electricity industry; and
(c) generally, for taking measures conducive to the
development and management of the electricity
industry in an efficient, commercial, economic, and
competitive manner in the NCT of Delhi and for
matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
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15. With effect from 01.07.2002, pursuant to the unbundling,
restructuring and reform of the erstwhile Delhi Vidyut Board
(“DVB”) and privatization of distribution of electricity, the appellants
succeeded to the respective Distribution Undertakings and
Business in their area of supply. The appellants have been granted
Distribution and Retail Supply License by DERC to undertake
distribution (wheeling) and retail supply of electricity in their
respective areas of supply in the NCT of Delhi. From 01.07.2002 till
31.03.2007, the Delhi Transco Ltd. (“DTL”) was entrusted with the
responsibility of bulk procurement and bulk supply of power in the
NCT of Delhi.
16. In the year 2003, the Parliament repealed the previous three
laws viz., the 1910 Act, the Supply Act, 1948 and the Commissions
Act, 1998, and enacted a comprehensive consolidated law called the
Electricity Act, 2003. The objectives of the Act are:
(a) to consolidate the laws relating to generation, transmission,
distribution, trading and use of electricity,
(b) taking measures conducive to development of
electricity industry, promoting competition therein,
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protecting interest of consumers and supply of electricity
to all areas,
(c) rationalization of electricity tariff, ensuring
transparent policies regarding subsidies, promotion of
efficient and environmentally benign policies,
(d) constitution of the CEA, Electricity Regulatory
Commissions, and establishment of an Appellate
Tribunal and for matters connected therewith or
incidental thereto.
17. The scheme of the 2003 Act is predicated on consolidating all
laws governing electricity and repealing the existing laws. The
legislative policy of distancing the Government from the tariff
determination was carried forward in the 2003 Act. The intent and
purpose of the 2003 Act is to liberalize the electricity sector and to
ensure that the distribution and supply of electricity is conducted
on commercial principles. The legislature intended to promote
factors that encourage and reward efficiency, competition,
economical use of resources and optimum investments and
safeguard the interest of the consumers visàvis recovery of cost of
electricity in a reasonable manner as envisaged under Section 61 of
the 2003 Act.
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18. Being regulated licensees responsible for distribution and
retail supply of electricity in their designated areas within the NCT
of Delhi in terms of Section 12 of 2003 Act, the annual revenue
requirement of the Appellants to conduct the licensed business and
consequently the tariff to be recovered from the consumers, is
regulated by the DERC, being the State Electricity Regulatory
Commission. DERC is vested with a substantial set of divergent
powers – legislative, executive, adjudicatory and advisory – each
being distinctly defined and governed by law. One of the critical
issues arising in these Civil Appeals relates to sanctity of each such
function and their interplay. In this regard, it is noteworthy that
Section 3 of the 2003 Act provides as under:
“Section 3. National Electricity Policy and Plan.
(1) The Central Government shall, from time to time,
prepare the National Electricity Policy and tariff policy,
in consultation with the State Governments and the
Authority for development of the power system based
on optimal utilisation of resources such as coal,
natural gas, nuclear substances or materials, hydro
and renewable sources of energy.
(2) The Central Government shall publish National
electricity Policy and tariff policy from time to time.
(3) The Central Government may, from time to time in
consultation with the State Governments, and the
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Authority review or revise the National Electricity
Policy and tariff policy referred to in subsection (1).
(4)The Authority shall prepare a National Electricity Plan
in accordance with the National Electricity Policy and
notify such plan once in five years.
Provided xxx xxx xxx
(5)The Authority may review or revise the National
Electricity Plan in accordance with the National
Electricity Policy.”
19. Section 14 of the 2003 Act provides for grant of licences on
application made under Section 15 of the Act (a) to transmit
electricity as a transmission licensee; or (b) to distribute electricity
as a distribution licensee; or (c) to undertake trading in electricity
as an electricity trader, in any area which may be specified in the
licence.
20. Section 43 of the 2003 Act provides for the universal supply
obligation of the Discoms, which is as under:
“43. Duty to supply on request –
(1) Save as otherwise provided in this Act, every
distribution licensee, shall, on an application by the
owner or occupier of any premises, give supply of
electricity to such premises, within one month after
receipt of the application requiring such supply.
Provided xxx xxx xxx
12
(2) & (3) xxx xxx xxx”
21. Section 61 of the 2003 Act lays down the guiding principles for
tariff which are as under:
“61. Tariff regulations. The Appropriate Commission
shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, specify the
terms and conditions for the determination of tariff, and
in doing so, shall be guided by the following, namely:
(a) the principles and methodologies specified by the
Central Commission for determination of the tariff
applicable to generating companies and transmission
licensees;
(b) the generation, transmission, distribution and supply
of electricity are conducted on commercial principles;
(c) the factors which would encourage competition,
efficiency, economical use of the resources, good
performance and optimum investments;
(d) safeguarding of consumers' interest and at the same
time, recovery of the cost of electricity in a reasonable
manner;
(e) the principles rewarding efficiency in performance;
(f) multiyear tariff principles;
(g) that the tariff progressively reflects the cost of supply
of electricity and also, reduces crosssubsidies in the
manner specified by the Appropriate Commission;
(h) the promotion of cogeneration and generation of
electricity from renewable sources of energy;
(i) the National Electricity Policy and tariff policy:
Provided that the terms and conditions for determination
of tariff under the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, the
Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 1998 and the
enactments specified in the Schedule as they stood
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immediately before the appointed date, shall continue to
apply for a period of one year or until the terms and
conditions for tariff are specified under this section,
whichever is earlier.”
22. Sections 62 and 64 of the 2003 Act lay down the procedure for
determination of tariff for, inter alia, wheeling and retail sale of
electricity as under:
“ 62. Determination of tariff.
(1) The Appropriate Commission shall determine the tariff in
accordance with the provisions of this Act for –
(a) supply of electricity by a generating company to a
distribution licensee:
Provided that the Appropriate Commission may, in case of
shortage of supply of electricity, fix the minimum and
maximum ceiling of tariff for sale or purchase of
electricity in pursuance of an agreement, entered into
between a generating company and a licensee or between
licensees, for a period not exceeding one year to ensure
reasonable prices of electricity;
(b) transmission of electricity;
(c) wheeling of electricity;
(d) retail sale of electricity:
Provided that in case of distribution of electricity in the same
area by two or more distribution licensees, the Appropriate
Commission may, for promoting competition among
distribution licensees, fix only maximum ceiling of tariff for
retail sale of electricity.
(2) The Appropriate Commission may require a licensee or a
generating company to furnish separate details, as may be
14
specified in respect of generation, transmission and
distribution for determination of tariff.
(3) The Appropriate Commission shall not, while determining
the tariff under this Act, show undue preference to any
consumer of electricity but may differentiate according to the
consumer's load factor, power factor, voltage, total
consumption of electricity during any specified period or the
time at which the supply is required or the geographical
position of any area, the nature of supply and the purpose for
which the supply is required.
(4) No tariff or part of any tariff may ordinarily be amended,
more frequently than once in any financial year, except in
respect of any changes expressly permitted under the terms of
any fuel surcharge formula as may be specified. The
Electricity Act, 2003.
(5) The Commission may require a licensee or a generating
company to comply with such procedures as may be specified
for calculating the expected revenues from the tariff and
charges which he or it is permitted to recover.
(6) If any licensee or a generating company recovers a price or
charge exceeding the tariff determined under this section, the
excess amount shall be recoverable by the person who has
paid such price or charge along with interest equivalent to the
bank rate without prejudice to any other liability incurred by
the licensee.”
“64. Procedure for tariff order.
(1) An application for determination of tariff under section 62
shall be made by a generating company or licensee in such
manner and accompanied by such fee, as may be determined
by regulations.
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(2) Every applicant shall publish the application, in such
abridged form and manner, as may be specified by the
Appropriate Commission.
(3) The Appropriate Commission shall, within one hundred
and twenty days from receipt of an application under sub
section (1) and after considering all suggestions and
objections received from the public,
(a) issue a tariff order accepting the application with such
modifications or such conditions as may be specified in
that order;
(b) reject the application for reasons to be recorded in
writing if such application is not in accordance with the
provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations made
thereunder or the provisions of any other law for the time
being in force:
Provided that an applicant shall be given a reasonable
opportunity of being heard before rejecting his
application.
(4) The Appropriate Commission shall, within seven days of
making the order, send a copy of the order to the Appropriate
Government, the Authority, and the concerned licensees and
to the person concerned.
(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in Part X, the tariff for
any interState supply, transmission or wheeling of electricity,
as the case may be, involving the territories of two States
may, upon application made to it by the parties intending to
undertake such supply, transmission or wheeling, be
determined under this section by the State Commission
having jurisdiction in respect of the licensee who intends to
distribute electricity and make payment therefor.
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(6) A tariff order shall, unless amended or revoked, continue
to be in force for such period as may be specified in the tariff
order.”
23. ARR of the Appellants, and consequently the tariff to be
recovered from the consumers, is regulated by the DERC, and
determined under Section 62 read with Section 61 of the 2003 Act.
24. Section 86 of the 2003 Act lays down the functions of the
State Commissions i.e. DERC in this case, and the rulemaking
power of the Central Government is set out in Section 176 thereof.
25. Before considering the other questions, let us consider the
preliminary objection raised by learned counsel for the respondent
DERC as to whether the appeals involve any substantial question of
law as required under Section 125 of the 2003 Act read with Sec
tion 100 of the CPC?
26. Section 125 of the 2003 Act provides for an appeal to this
Court against the decision or order of the APTEL which reads as
under:
“ 125. Appeal to Supreme Court.
Any person aggrieved by any decision or order of the
Appellate Tribunal, may, file an appeal to the Supreme
Court within sixty days from the date of communication
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of the decision or order of the Appellate Tribunal, to him,
on any one or more of the grounds specified in section
100 of the Code of Civil Procedure,1908 (5 of 1908):
Provided that the Supreme Court may, if it is satisfied
that the appellant was prevented by sufficient cause from
filing the appeal within the said period, allow it to be filed
within a further period not exceeding sixty days.”
27. Thus, an appeal to this Court under Section 125 could be filed
on the grounds specified in Section 100 of the CPC. Under Section
100 of the CPC, an appeal could be filed only when the case
involves ‘a substantial question of law’, as may be framed by the
appellate court. Thus, the existence of a ‘substantial question of
law’ arising from the judgment of the APTEL is for
sine qua non
exercise of jurisdiction by this Court under Section 125 of the 2003
Act.
28. The expression ‘appeal’ has not been defined in the CPC.
th
Black’s Law Dictionary (10 Edn.) defines an ‘appeal’ as “a
proceeding undertaken to have a decision reconsidered by bringing
it to a higher authority.” An appeal is judicial examination of a
decision of a subordinate court by a higher court to rectify any
possible error(s) in the order under appeal. The law provides the
18
remedy of an appeal in recognition of the fact that those manning
the judicial tiers too may commit errors.
29. The test to determine whether a question is a substantial
question of law or not was laid down by a Constitution Bench of
this Court in Sir Chunilal V. Mehta & Sons Ltd. v. The Century
1
as under : (AIR p. 1318, para 6)
Spg. & Mfg. Co. Ltd.
“ 6. … The proper test for determining whether a question
of law raised in the case is substantial would, in our
opinion, be whether it is of general public importance or
whether it directly and substantially affects the rights of
the parties and if so whether it is either an open question
in the sense that it is not finally settled by this Court or
by the Privy Council or by the Federal Court or is not free
from difficulty or calls for discussion of alternative views.
If the question is settled by the highest court or the
general principles to be applied in determining the
question are well settled and there is a mere question of
applying those principles or that the plea raised is
palpably absurd the question would not be a substantial
question of law.”
30. Thus, the word ‘substantial’ as qualifying ‘question of law’
means, of having substance, essential, real, of sound worth,
important or considerable. It is to be understood as something in
contradistinction with technical, of no substance or consequence,
1 1962 Supp (3) SCR 549 : AIR 1962 SC 1314
19
or academic. For determining whether a case involves substantial
question of law, the test is not merely the importance of the
question, but its importance to the case itself necessitating the
decision of the question. The appropriate test for determining
whether the question of law raised in the case is substantial would
be to see whether it directly and substantially affects the rights of
the parties. If it is established that the decision is contrary to law or
the decision has failed to determine some material issue of law or if
there is substantial error or defect in the decision of the case on
merits, the court can interfere with the conclusion of the lower
court or tribunal. The stakes involved in the case are immaterial as
long as the impact or effect of the question of law has a bearing on
the lis between the parties.
31. Thus, in a second appeal, the appellant is entitled to point out
that the order impugned is bad in law because it is de hors the
pleadings, or it was based on no evidence or it was based on
misreading of material documentary evidence or it was recorded
against the provision of law or the decision is one which no Judge
acting judicially could reasonably have reached. Once the appellate
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court is satisfied, after hearing the appeal, that the appeal involves
a substantial question of law, it has to formulate the question and
direct issuance of notice to the respondent/s.
32. Now, let us consider as to whether the present appeals involve
any substantial question(s) of law.
33. The APTEL has recorded findings on 35 issues raised by the
appellants. According to the appellants, six issues decided by the
APTEL give rise to substantial question of law which are as follows:
1. Change in methodology in computation of AT&C
Losses.
2. Change in methodology for computation of
Depreciation.
3. Disallowance of salary for FR/SR Structure.
4. Disallowance of interest incurred on Consumer
Security Deposit retained by DPCL.
5. Disallowance of Fringe Benefit Tax.
6. Reduction in MUs in relation to Enforcement sale
for the purpose of calculation of AT&C Losses (this
issue deals with theft/unauthorized use of
electricity).
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34. Mr. Arvind P. Dattar and Mr. Dhruv Mehta, learned senior
counsel appearing for the appellants, would submit that the
findings of the APTEL on Issue Nos.1, 2, 3 and 5 are contrary to the
binding DERC Tariff Regulations. It is argued that the Regulator
cannot ‘change the rules of the game after it has begun’ in the
‘truing up exercise’. In this regard, they have taken us through the
findings of the DERC in the Tariff Order and also the findings of the
DERC after the truing up stage. It is further argued that the tariff
order is in the nature of a quasijudicial determination and that in
the guise of truing up, the DERC cannot amend a tariff order.
35. On the other hand, Mr. Nikhil Nayyar, learned senior counsel
appearing for the respondentDERC, submits that one of the facets
of the tariff determination exercise is the process of ‘truing up’.
Since the initial tariff order is prepared by the DERC, based on the
projections submitted by the Discoms as its ARR petition, the
subsequent tariff order is issued after the financial year pursuant to
the ‘truing up’ exercise. It is also pointed out that the findings on
the aforesaid six issues are neither contrary to law nor opposed to
any regulations.
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36. Having considered the submissions of the learned counsels for
the parties and after perusing the Impugned Order, we are of the
view that these appeals involve the following substantial questions
of law:
“
On Issue No.1
(a) Whether the impugned findings on Issue No.1 are
contrary to the mandate of Sections 3, 61(b), (c), (d) and
(e), 62, 64 (read with the Tariff Policy) and 86(3) of the
2003 Act in terms of which:
(i) Tariff must ensure recovery of all costs of
undertaking distribution of electricity with
reasonable return, rewarding efficiency in
performance?
(ii) Regulator cannot “change the rules of the game
after it has begun” in the ‘truing up exercise’?
(b) Whether the impugned findings violate the principles and
methodology for tariff determination specified in the
binding DERC’s Tariff Regulations?
On Issue No.2
(a) Whether the impugned Findings on Issue No.2 are
contrary to the mandate of Sections 3, 61(b), (c), (d) and (e),
62, 64 (read with the Tariff Policy) and 86(3) of the 2003 Act in
terms of which:
(i) Tariff must ensure recovery of all costs of
undertaking distribution of electricity with
reasonable return, rewarding efficiency in
performance?
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(ii) Regulator cannot “change the rules of the game
after it has begun” in the ‘truing up exercise’?
(b) Whether the impugned findings violate the principles and
methodology for tariff determination specified in the
binding DERC’s Tariff Regulations?
On Issue No.3
(a) Whether the impugned Findings on Issue No.3 are
contrary to the mandate of Sections 3, 61(b), (c), (d) and (e),
62, 64 (read with the Tariff Policy) and 86(3) of the 2003 Act in
terms of which:
(i) Tariff must ensure recovery of all costs of
undertaking distribution of electricity with
reasonable return, rewarding efficiency in
performance?
(ii) Regulator cannot “change the rules of the game
after it has begun” in the ‘truing up exercise’?
(b) Whether the impugned findings violate the binding
statutory Transfer Scheme and the TriPartite Agreements
between the GONCTD, the DVB and the Employees’ Unions,
which form the basis of the privatization of Discoms?
On Issue No.4
(a) Whether the impugned findings on Issue No.4 are
contrary to the mandate of Sections 3, 61(b), (c), (d) and (e),
62, 64 (read with the Tariff Policy) and 86(3) of the 2003 Act in
terms of which tariff must ensure recovery of all costs of
undertaking distribution of electricity with reasonable return,
rewarding efficiency in performance?
On Issue No.5
(a) Whether the impugned Findings on Issue No.5 are
contrary to the mandate of Sections 3, 61(b), (c), (d) and (e),
24
62, 64 (read with the Tariff Policy) and 86(3) of the 2003 Act in
terms of which:
(i) Tariff must ensure recovery of all costs of
undertaking distribution of electricity with
reasonable return, rewarding efficiency in
performance?
(ii) Regulator cannot “change the rules of the game
after it has begun” in the ‘truing up exercise’?
(b) Whether the impugned findings violate the principles and
methodology for tariff determination specified in the
binding DERC’s Tariff Regulations?
On Issue No.6
(a) Whether the impugned Findings on Issue No.6 are
contrary to the mandate of Sections 3, 61(b), (c), (d) and
(e), 62, 64 (read with the Tariff Policy) and 86(3) of the
2003 Act in terms of which Tariff must ensure recovery of
all costs of undertaking distribution of electricity with
reasonable return, rewarding efficiency in performance?
(b) Whether the impugned findings are against settled law
that when a statute creates a legal fiction i.e. energy
assessed is “deemed” to be consumed, the same has to be
given effect to with all its consequences i.e. same
quantum of energy is to be accounted for as supplied?
37. One of the substantial questions of law raised on four issues
(Issue Nos.1, 2, 3 and 5) is whether it is permissible to amend the
tariff order made under Section 64 of the 2003 Act during the
‘truing up’ exercise which needs to be answered before answering
each of the aforesaid issues.
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38. Section 82 of the 2003 Act envisages the constitution of a
State Electricity Regulatory Commission. By virtue of Section 84 of
the Act, such State Commission comprises of a Chairperson and
Members, being persons possessing “
ability, integrity and standing
who have adequate knowledge of, and have shown capacity in,
dealing with problems relating to engineering, finance, commerce,
economics, law or management”, with the Chairperson being a
person who is, or has been, a Judge of a High Court.
39. DERC, constituted under Section 82 of the 2003 Act, is an
expert body vested with wide powers and functions under the Act.
This includes the power to frame regulations and the power to
determine tariff.
40. Under Section 86 of the 2003 Act, the State Commission
carries out various functions including determination of “ the tariff
for generation, supply, transmission and wheeling of electricity,
wholesale, bulk or retail, as the case may be, within the State”. The
process of determination of tariff in the present case, as part of the
broader regulatory power of the Commission, is to be done in
accordance with Section 62 and 64 of the 2003 Act. As per Section
26
62, the Appropriate Commission (the State Commission in the
present case) shall determine the tariff in accordance with the
provisions of the Act for inter alia retail supply of electricity.
41. In addition to the above functions, the State Commission is
also vested with the power to make regulations, under Section 181
of the 2003 Act, dealing with inter alia “the terms and conditions
for determination of tariff under Section 61” and “ issue of tariff order
with modifications or conditions under subsection (3) of Section 64”.
42. It is pertinent to note that while framing the Regulations, the
State Commission is required to be guided by the principles
specified in Section 61 of the 2003 Act.
43. In framing such regulations, the Commission, as an expert
policy making body, is entrusted with the duty of striking a balance
between the various competing concerns and interests. This
balance is expressed in the DERC (Terms and Conditions for
Determination of Wheeling Tariff and Retail Supply Tariff)
Regulations, 2007 (“2007 MYT Regulations”) which are the relevant
regulations governing the issues in the present case.
27
44. DERC, for a given MultiYear period (also called the Control
Period), frames regulations for determination of tariff. DERC then
determines the ARR for the said Control Period in a Tariff Order
known as the MultiYear Tariff Order based on the data available.
45. It is also necessary to note that subsection (6) of Section 62 of
the 2003 Act mandates that the Tariff Order shall continue to be in
force for such period as may be specified in the Tariff Order unless
amended or revoked. Therefore, if any of the parties are aggrieved
by any of the clauses in the Tariff Order, they are at liberty to seek
its amendment or revocation under this provision. Secondly, the
said order is also appealable under Section 111 of the 2003 Act
before the Appellate Tribunal and thereafter before this Court under
Section 125. The Tariff Order made under Section 64 is quasi
judicial in nature and it is binding asitis on the parties unless it is
amended or modified in a process known to law.
46. Mr. Arvind Datar and Mr. Dhruv Mehta, learned senior coun
sel appearing for the appellants have submitted that ‘truing up’
cannot be used to upset the methodology used for determination of
ARR. According to them, such a conduct essentially amounts to
28
‘changing the rules of the game after the game has started’ or
‘changing the goal post’ with the sole intention to deny legitimate al
lowances to the appellants. It is also argued that ‘truing up’ stage
is not an opportunity for the DERC to rethink on the basic
de novo
principles, premises and issues involved in the initial projections of
revenue requirement of the licensee. It was also argued that DERC
has no unfettered power to control the tariff determination process
as well as ‘truing up’ exercise.
47. On the other hand, Mr. Nikhil Nayyar, learned senior counsel
appearing for the respondentDERC, has submitted that one of the
facets of tariff determination exercise is the process of ‘truing up’.
Since the initial tariff order is prepared by the DERC based on pro
jections submitted by the Discoms with its ARR petition, the subse
quent tariff order is issued after the financial year pursuant to the
‘truing up’ exercise. The process of ‘truing up’ requires the DERC
to carry out a prudence check. A prudence check is not a mere ac
counting or mathematical exercise. A prudence check requires a
scrutiny of reasonableness of the expenditure incurred or proposed
to be incurred by the Discoms and also such other factors that the
29
DERC considers appropriate for determination of tariff. DERC being
an expert body, due deference ought to be given to their under
standing as recorded in various regulations. It is argued that the
controlling factor throughout the entire ‘truing up’ exercise is the
MYT Regulations itself. It is further argued that the tariff determina
tion exercise carried out by the DERC is a continuous process. The
tariff determination exercise includes the initial tariff order in the
instant case it is 23.02.2008 a ‘truing up’ inter alia the ARR and
MultiYear Tariff Order for the years, F.Y. 200708 to F.Y.201011,
as well as the subsequent Tariff Order dated 26.08.2011, inter alia,
‘true up’ for F.Y. 200809 and F.Y. 200910. Mr. Nayyar has placed
reliance on the judgment of this Court in Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam
2
in support of
Limited v. Tarini Infrastructure Limited & Others
his submissions.
48. We have carefully considered the submissions of the learned
senior counsel for the parties. We have already noticed that the
State Electricity Regulatory Commissions constituted under Section
82 of the 2003 Act are a multimember body comprising a Chairper
2 (2016) 8 SCC 743
30
son and members being persons having adequate knowledge, of
ability, integrity and standing who have adequate knowledge, and
have shown capacity, in dealing with problems relating to engineer
ing, finance, commerce, economics, law or management, with the
Chairperson being a person who is or has been Judge of a High
Court. Under Section 86 of the 2003 Act, the State Commission
carries out various functions including determination of tariff for
generation, supply, transmission and wheeling of electricity in
wholesale, bulk or retail as the case may be within the State. The
process of determination of tariff has to be done in accordance with
Sections 62 and 64 of the 2003 Act. It is well settled that the Com
mission (in this case, the DERC) performs a quasijudicial function
while determining tariff. This has been expressly recognized by the
Constitution Bench of this Court in PTC India Limited v. Central
3
Electricity Regulatory Commission, Through Secretary as un
der:
Applying the above test, price fixation exercise is re
“50.
ally legislative in character, unless by the terms of a par
ticular statute it is made quasijudicial as in the case of
3 (2010) 4 SCC 603
31
tariff fixation under Section 62 made appealable under
Section 111 of the 2003 Act, though Section 61 is an en
abling provision for the framing of regulations by CERC.
If one takes “tariff” as a subjectmatter, one finds that
under Part VII of the 2003 Act actual determination/fixa
tion of tariff is done by the appropriate Commission un
der Section 62 whereas Section 61 is the enabling provi
sion for framing of regulations containing generic propo
sitions in accordance with which the appropriate Com
mission has to fix the tariff. This basic scheme equally
applies to the subjectmatter “trading margin” in a differ
ent statutory context as will be demonstrated by discus
sion hereinbelow.”
49. The DERC determines the tariff of the licensee under Section
62 in such a manner as determined by the 2007 MYT Regulations.
This function is governed, inter alia, by safeguarding all consumers’
interest and at the same time recovering the cost of electricity in a
reasonable manner, such that ‘distribution and supply of electricity
are conducted on commercial principles’ which encourage and re
ward competition, efficiency, economic use of resources, good per
formance and optimum investments.
50. DERC determines ARR of the licensee i.e. costs of undertaking
the licensed business which are permitted in accordance with the
requirement specified by DERC which is to be recovered from the
tariff in the year end. ARR determined by DERC is based on projec
32
tions. Since the tariff and the ARR are regulated, the Discoms can
not recover anything more than from its consumers than what is al
lowed by the DERC.
51. As noticed above, a tariff order is quasijudicial in nature
which becomes final and binding on the parties unless it is
amended or revoked under Section 64(6) or set aside by the Appel
late Authority. Apart from this, we are also of the view that at the
stage of ‘truing up’, the DERC cannot change the rules/methodol
ogy used in the initial tariff determination by changing the basic
principles, premises and issues involved in the initial projection of
ARR.
4
52. ‘Truing up’ has been held by APTEL in SLDC v. GERC to
mean the adjustment of actual amounts incurred by the Licensee
against the estimated/projected amounts determined under the
ARR. Concept of ‘truing up’ has been dealt with in much detail by
5
the APTEL in its judgment in NDPL v. DERC wherein it was held
as under:
4 2015 SCC Online APTEL 50 [Para. 17]
5 2007 ELR (APTEL) 193
33
“60. Before parting with the judgment we are constrained
to remark that the Commission has not properly
understood the concept of truing up. While considering
the Tariff Petition of the utility the Commission has to
reasonably anticipate the Revenue required by a
particular utility and such assessment should be based
on practical considerations. … The truing up exercise is
meant (sic) to fill the gap between the actual expenses at
the end of the year and anticipated expenses in the
beginning of the year. When the utility gives its own
statement of anticipated expenditure, the Commission
has to accept the same except where the Commission has
reasons to differ with the statement of the utility and
records reasons thereof or where the Commission is able
to suggest some method of reducing the anticipated
expenditure. This process of restricting the claim of the
utility by not allowing the reasonably anticipated
expenditure and offering to do the needful in the truing
up exercise is not prudence.”
53. This view has been consistently followed by the APTEL in its
subsequent judgments and we are in complete agreement with the
above view of the APTEL. In our opinion, ‘truing up’ stage is not an
opportunity for the DERC to rethink de novo on the basic princi
ples, premises and issues involved in the initial projections of the
revenue requirement of the licensee. ‘Truing up’ exercise cannot be
done to retrospectively change the methodology/principles of tariff
34
determination and reopening the original tariff determination order
thereby setting the tariff determination process to a naught at ‘true
up’ stage.
54. In , this Court was
Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Ltd. (supra)
considering a case where tariff was incorporated in the power
purchase agreement between a generating company and a
distribution licensee. This Court held that it is not possible to hold
that the tariff agreed by and between the parties, though finding a
mention in a contractual context, is the result of an act of volition of
the parties which can, in no case, be altered except by mutual
consent. We are of the view that this judgment is not applicable to
the facts of the present case.
55. Revision or redetermination of the tariff already determined
by DERC on the pretext of prudence check and truing up would
amount to amendment of the tariff order, which can be done only as
per the provisions of subSection (6) of Section 64 of the 2003 Act
within the period for which the Tariff Order was applicable. In our
view, DERC cannot amend the tariff order for the period 01.04.2008
to 31.03.2010 in the guise of ‘trueup’ after the relevant financial
35
year is over and the same is replaced by a subsequent tariff Order.
This would amount to a retrospective revision of tariff when the
relevant period for such tariff order is already over. Therefore, we
hold that it is not permissible to amend the tariff order made under
Section 64 of the 2003 Act during the ‘truing up’ exercise.
56. Issue Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 5 : We have already noticed that one
of the substantial questions of law involved in Issue Nos.1, 2, 3 and
5 is whether the Regulator can ‘change the rules of the game after
it has begun’ in the ‘truing up exercise’.
57. : In the original MYT determination (Tariff Order
Issue No. 1
dated 28.05.2009), the DERC took into account the full late pay
ment surcharge (‘LPSC’) revenue as also the DVB arrears while
computing the targets of Collection Efficiency as under:
“3.10. An analysis of the components of AT&C loss level
indicates that the revenue collection on account of sale of
energy was Rs.2810.3 Crs. However, this amount could
not be verified from the audited accounts of the peti
tioner. The petitioner has, instead, submitted a daily col
lection sheet to substantiate its collection of Rs.2810.3
Crs.
36
3.11 The Commission is not receptive to the methodology
of verifying the collection from the Daily Collection Sheet
as proposed by the petitioner. Accordingly, the petitioner
was directed during the validation session to reconcile
the amount of cash collected bases on the opening levels
of debtors, sales made during the year, DVB arrears col
lected and the closing level of debtors, with the total col
lections shown for FY 0708. However, the petitioner ex
pressed inability to reconcile the figures using this
methodology.
3.12.The petitioner was, thereafter, directed to provide a
copy of the daily collection sheet duly audited by its
Statutory Auditors. The petitioner was also directed that
the Statutory Auditors should establish that the amount
mentioned in the Daily Collection Sheet does not in
cluded any collections on account of other sources of rev
enue like sale of power through bilateral, intrastate, UI,
etc. and revenue from operations (nonenergy).
3.13. In response to the above, the petitioner submitted
a copy of its Statutory Auditor’s certificate certifying the
Daywise Collection Statement for FY 0708 vide its letter
th
no.RCM/0809/245 dated 16 February, 2009. The Cer
tificate clarified the exclusion of collections made on ac
count of trading of energy, nonenergy charges, subsidy
37
received from GoNCTD, etc. and inclusion of LPSC, elec
tricity duty, amount collected by BYPL on behalf of BRPL,
etc.
3.14. Accordingly, based on the clarifications provided in
the statutory auditor’s certificate and the audited finan
cial statements, the amount mentioned in the Daily Col
lection Sheet submitted by the petitioner has been taken
into account.
…
3.24. In the light of the above background, the revised
AT&C loss levels of the petitioner for the first year of the
Control Period i.e. FY 0708 is as summarized in the
Table 6 below:
Table 6: Truedup AT&C loss for FY 0708 (Rs.crs.)
| Particulars | Amount |
|---|---|
| Add: | |
| Theft Collection | 60.4 |
| Subsidy | 48.4 |
| Rebate | 47.8 |
| DVB Arrears collected from<br>Government Bodies by<br>DPCL | 64.5 |
| Total Other Collections<br>during FY 0708 | 221.0 |
| (A) Total Collections in FY<br>0708 | 3031.27 |
| (B) Billed Revenue consid<br>ered for AT&C | 2889.99 |
38
| (C) Collection Efficiency (A/B) | 104.89% |
|---|---|
| Distribution Loss Level FY 0708 | 30.89% |
| AT&C Loss for FY 0708 | 27.51%” |
58. However, while truing up for the year in question, the DERC
has retrospectively sought to take away part of the LPSC revenue by
deducting the Financing Cost on LPSC in comparing the actual Col
lection Efficiency with the projected Collection Efficiency. Hence,
allowing the Financing Costs on LPSC revenue and then deducting
it from the LPSC revenue would tantamount to giving by one hand
and taking it away by the other. This order of the DERC is contrary
to the original MYT determination.
59. Issue No.2 : In the Original Determination Order dated
28.05.2009 (F.Y. 200809), DERC has allowed depreciation on the
assets funded by consumer contributions. However, DERC changed
the methodology of computation of ARR at the stage of true up. Ac
cording to the learned counsel for the respondent, DERC had inad
vertently made an error and adopted an approach contrary to the
mandate of 2007 MYT Regulations while computing the deprecia
tion when originally issuing the tariff order, which was rectified in
39
the true up exercise. However, learned counsel for the appellants
submit that no error has been committed by the DERC in the tariff
order dated 28.05.2009 and it is only after considering the relevant
MYT Regulations that depreciation to the appellants on the assets
that were funded by consumer contributions was allowed.
60. Perusal of the Tariff Order dated 28.05.2009 would clearly in
dicate that after considering the contentions of the parties the
aforesaid depreciation has been allowed. We have already held that
it is not permissible to amend the tariff order during true up exer
cise. On the pretext of prudence check and truing up, DERC could
not have amended the tariff order.
61. Issue No.3 : During projection of expenses for the entire con
trol period, the Tariff Order dated 23.02.2008 had projected em
ployee expenses considering inter alia the impact of the anticipated
Sixth Central Pay Commission Report. The relevant portion of the
said Tariff Order is as under:
“ 4.99 The Petitioner has submitted the employee expenses
for FY07 as Rs 137.60 Cr and has considered the same as
the base for the Control Period. The Petitioner has
considered the following factors while projecting the
40
escalation factor for the employee expenses for the Control
Period:
(a) Anticipated 6th Pay Commission report
(c) Research of lead HR consultants on salary trends in
the country
(c) Initiatives undertaken to retain quality manpower
and demand for employees in the power industry.
(d) Inflation during last 12 months € increase in
employees to cater to growth of consumers.
4.100 The Petitioner has projected its total employee
expenses for the Control Period considering different
escalation rates for different components of the employee
expenses. The annual growth rates for various
components of employee expenses as proposed by the
Petitioner are given below:
(a) Basic Salary: The year on year increase in basic
salary for all the employees during the Control Period has
been estimated at 23.2%, 11.1%, 11.3%, and 11.5% for
FY08, FY09, FY10 and FY11 respectively.
(b) Dearness Allowance (DA): Annual estimated increase
in DA is considered as 9%, 6%, 6%, and 6% for FY08,
FY09, FY10 and FY11 respectively.
(c) Terminal Benefits: Contribution to terminal
benefits/liability fund is considered at 26% of basic salary
and dearness allowance for each year of the Control
Period.
41
(d) Other Allowances and expenses including HRA:
Considered in proportion to the basic salary.”
62. The DERC, while projecting employee expenses for the entire
control period in its MYT Tariff Order dated 23.02.2008, had
categorically acknowledged the uncontrollable nature of the Sixth
Central Pay Commission Report as well as the impact of the same
on the salaries of FR&SR employees and held that since the salary
of FR&SR employees was an uncontrollable item and that it would
be trued up on actuals as under:
“4.108 During the privatization process, part of the
employees of the erstwhile DVB were transferred to BRPL.
As per the Transfer Scheme, the terms and conditions of
service applicable to the erstwhile Board employees in the
Transferee Company shall in no way be less favourable
than or inferior to that applicable to them immediately
before the Transfer. Further, their services shall continue
to be governed by various rules and laws applicable to
them prior to privatization. Thus the salary/compensation
and promotion of the erstwhile DVB employees in BRPL
are still governed by the rules and pay scales as specified
by the GoNCTD.
4.109 In consideration of the above, the Commission has
th
recognized the uncontrollable nature of the 6 Pay
Commission recommendations in determination of
employee expenses during the Control Period. The
Commission has assumed that the revision in pay, if any,
shall be applicable from January 1, 2006. The
42
Commission has considered an increase of 10% in total
employee expenses for the values in FY06 (3 months) and
FY07 due to the same.
…
4.112 Similarly, the increase in salaries has been
considered for each year, but the impact of such increase
has only been taken from FY09 onwards. The
th
Commission shall trueup the impact on account of 6 Pay
Commission recommendations based on the actual impact
of the same.
4.113 The summary of the revised employees expenses
th
considering the effect of 6 Pay Commission
recommendations is given below:
Table 72: Revised Employee Expenses for FY06 and FY07
(Rs Cr)
| Particulars | FY06 | FY07 |
| Employee Cost Approved in<br>True up | 167.5<br>4 | 184.0<br>5 |
| Less: SVRS Amortization<br>approved | (46.41<br>) | (46.45<br>) |
| Net Employee Expenses | 121.1<br>3 | 137.6<br>0 |
| Employee expenses pertaining<br>to DVB employees | 75.64 | 85.92 |
| Employee expenses pertaining<br>to NonDVB employees | 45.50 | 51.68 |
| 10% escalation due to Pay<br>Commission recommendations | 1.89 | 8.60 |
| Revised Employee Expenses | 123.0<br>2 | 146.1<br>9 |
43
4.114 For the calculation of the employee expenses for the
Control Period, the Commission has considered the
following:
(a) Revised employee expenses for the base year have
been escalated as per the escalation factors mentioned in
Table 67 to arrive at the employee expenses for the
Control Period.
th
(b) All arrears due to the impact of the 6 Pay
Commission recommendations would be payable in FY09.
For the purpose of projecting the arrears arising due to
th
recommendation of the 6 Pay Commission for FY08, the
Commission has considered the difference between the
employee expenses for FY08 arrived by escalating the
revised employees expenses for FY07 (i.e. Rs 146.19 Cr)
and the employees expenses for FY08 arrived by
escalating the trued up employee expenses (net of SVRS
amortization) for FY07 (i.e. Rs 137.60 Cr).”
63. However, contrary to its own undertaking, the DERC in Tariff
Order dated 26.08.2011 has erroneously changed its own
methodology at the stage of truing up, by not allowing employee
expenses of FR/SR employees as per actuals. The DERC, at the
stage of truing up, has changed the methodology and disallowed the
actual salary of FR&SR employees, which is impermissible. The
DERC in the Tariff Order dated 26.08.2011 has acted contrary to its
own undertaking of truing up the impact of employee expenses on
account of the Sixth Central Pay Commission Report.
44
64. Issue No.5 : This issue is in relation to disallowance of fringe
benefit tax. The DERC has allowed fringe benefit tax in the MYT
Order dated 23.02.2008. Relevant extract of the MYT Order dated
23.02.2008 is as under:
“Commission’s Analysis
4.242 The Commission is of the opinion that projecting the
actual tax liability for the Control Period is difficult and
complex. Thus for simplicity, the Commission provisionally
approves Rs 5.00 Cr each year towards income tax and
fringe benefit expenses. The Commission would, however,
trueup the tax expenses based on the actual tax liability
at the end of each year of the Control Period. The
Commission has allocated the tax expenses into Wheeling
and Retail Supply in the ratio of 20:80, respectively.”
65. The DERC, at the stage of truing up for the F.Y. 200809, has
changed the methodology and disallowed the fringe benefit tax
incurred by the appellants.
66. We have already taken a view that DERC cannot reopen the
basis of determination of tariff at the stage of ‘truing up’. Revision
or redetermination of the tariff already determined by the DERC on
the pretext of prudence check and truing up would amount to
amendment of tariff order, which is not permissible in law. Truing
45
up stage is not an opportunity for DERC to rethink de novo the
basic principles, premises and issues involved in the initial
projection of the revenue requirements of the licensee.
67. Therefore, the findings of the DERC, as confirmed by the
APTEL in the impugned order, on issue nos. 1, 2, 3 and 5 are
contrary to the order of the original MYT determination (Tariff
Order(s) dated 23.02.2008 and 28.05.2009) which are accordingly
set aside. In view of the above, it is unnecessary for us to consider
the other substantial questions of law on the aforesaid four issues.
68. Issue No.4 : This issue relates to disallowance of interest
incurred on Consumers Security Deposit retained by Delhi Power
Company Limited (‘DPCL’). The DERC in the tariff order dated
26.08.2011 has disallowed the interest on Consumers Security
Deposit paid for preprivatization period received by DVB, which is
yet to be transferred to the appellants. The APTEL has confirmed
this order of the DERC. It is to be stated here that, at the time of
unbundling of the erstwhile DVB (w.e.f. 01.07.2022), the quantum
of Consumers Security Deposit reflected in the opening balance
46
sheet notified in terms of statutory transfer scheme, was not
transferred by the DPCL (the Holding Company wholly owned by the
Government of NCT of Delhi) to the appellants and other successor
private Discoms. The appellants being distribution licensees under
the 2003 Act are required to and are continuing to pay interest on
the said Consumers Security Deposit in terms of Section 47(4) of
the 2003 Act even though the principal sum was never transferred
to them in its entirety by DPCL.
69. The DERC by its order dated 23.04.2007 has held that it does
not have power to issue any directions to DPCL.
70. Learned counsel for the respondentDERC submits that the
appellants have sought transfer of deposits along with interest from
DPCL and the issue of DPCL to make this payment is pending
before the Delhi High Court in W.P. (Civil) No.2396/2008. It is
further submitted that, should the appellants succeed in their claim
against DPCL and receive the deposit amount along with interest,
the amount would be made over to the appellants along with
interest. As such, if the expenses were to be presently allowed in the
47
ARR, and interest burden was passed on to the consumers
presently, the Discoms would, in effect, receive double benefit at the
time of disposal of the writ petition since the consumers would have
already borne the costs of interest which would also be then made
over by DPCL to the appellants. It is argued that, as a Regulator, it
is incumbent upon the DERC to protect the consumers’ interest.
71. We are of the view that disallowing interest paid by the
appellants towards Consumers Security Deposit held by DPCL in
the ARR of the appellants is wholly misconstrued. Interest on
consumers’ deposit which is being paid by the appellants is a
legitimate expense. It is not in dispute that the security deposit
was not transferred by the DPCL to the appellants. However, the
appellants were required to bear the costs of the same. In case, the
principal sum on Consumers Security Deposit held by DPCL is
transferred to the appellants with interest, the appellants would,
subject to their legitimate expenditures, retain such interest and
benefit of any balance of excess interest received by the appellants
would be passed on to the consumers in tariff. Therefore, there is
no merit in the contention of the learned counsel for the respondent
48
that if the interest burden is passed on to the consumers presently,
the appellants would, in effect, receive a double benefit in case they
succeed in the writ petition pending before the High Court.
72. Therefore, we hold that the appellants are entitled to recover
interest on Consumers Security Deposit as held by the DPCL. We
direct the DERC to allow the interest on Consumers Security
Deposit held by the DPCL and impact thereof to the appellants. The
findings of the DERC and the APTEL in this regard are set aside.
73. Issue No.6 : This issue pertains to enforcement sales i.e.
sales which are deemed to have been occurred in cases of electricity
theft. The question for consideration is whether the impugned
findings in the order of the APTEL are against the legal principle
that when the statute creates a legal fiction i.e. energy assessed is
‘deemed’ to be consumed, the same has to be given effect to with all
its consequences i.e. same quantum of energy is to be accounted for
as supplied?
74. Electricity transmitted may be stolen or used unauthorizedly.
While theft/unauthorized use was approximately 60% before
49
privatization, it has now been brought down to 7 to 8%.
Unauthorized use and theft are dealt with in Section 126 of the
2003 Act, relevant clauses whereof are as under:
“Section 126: (Assessment): (1) If on an
inspection of any place or premises or after
inspection of the equipments, gadgets, machines,
devices found connected or used, or after
inspection of records maintained by any person,
the assessing officer comes to the conclusion that
such person is indulging in unauthorized use of
electricity, he shall provisionally assess to the
best of his judgement the electricity charges
payable by such person or by any other person
benefited by such use.
[…]
[(5) If the assessing officer reaches to the
conclusion that unauthorised use of electricity has
taken place, the assessment shall be made for the
entire period during which such unauthorized use
of electricity has taken place and if, however, the
period during which such unauthorised use of
electricity has taken place cannot be ascertained,
such period shall be limited to a period of twelve
50
months immediately preceding the date of
inspection.]
(6) The assessment under this section shall be
made at a rate equal to twice the tariff rates
applicable for the relevant category of services
specified in subsection (5).”
(Emphasis supplied)
75. The Vigilance/Enforcement Department detects
theft/unauthorized use of electricity. After giving due opportunity,
the bills are generated for electricity stolen/unauthorized use.
These are called enforcement sales/assessed sales. The statutory
charge for such theft/unauthorized use is twice the normal rate.
76. While settling enforcement cases of small consumers, Lok
Adalats often provide discounts to errant consumers on the
assessed equivalent of the rupee amount and not on the assessed
units of energy. The assessment of units of energy as deemed to be
sales to the consumers is in accordance with Section 126 of the
2003 Act read with provisions for such assessment specified by the
DERC itself.
51
77. In a particular case of unauthorized use of electricity under
Section 126, suppose using the ‘LDHF formula’ (specified by DERC
itself), the appellants assess the consumer as having consumed 100
units of electricity.
(a)By virtue of the Supply Code Regulations framed
by the DERC itself, these 100 units are to be
treated as “sales”.
(b)Upon the assessment of 100 Units, the Appellant
raises a bill on the said consumer. Under Section
126 of the Electricity Act, the bill has to be raised
at twice the normal billing rate. If the normal
ABR were Rs. 5 per Unit, the Section 126 Bill will
be raised for Rs 1,000 (i.e. 100×[Rs 5×2]);
(c) By virtue of a Settlement which is entered into
between the Appellant and the consumer before
the Lok Adalat etc., suppose the Appellant agrees
to give up Rs 200, the Appellant then recovers Rs
800/ rather than Rs 1,000/.
(d)Now, though the settlement is only for the Rupee
equivalent of the Assessed Bill and not the ‘Units
sold’, the DERC now takes Rs 800, divides it by
Rs 10 (i.e. twice the ABR) and arrives at an
imaginary ‘sales’ figure of electrical energy of 80
Units.
(e) This is in complete contrast to the Assessment of
Energy sold of 100 Units in terms of the LDHF
Formula specified by the DERC itself according to
which the sales are “deemed to be” 100 units.
(f) Therefore, by entering into a settlement before
the Lok Adalat (which is in harmony with the
entire Lok Adalat philosophy), the Appellant first
loses Rs 200 in monetary terms and then loses
20 Units of electricity which the Appellant is
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deemed to have sold such consumer in the first
place.
78. Learned counsel for the appellants submit that when the
statute creates a legal fiction, i.e. energy assessed is deem to be
consumed, the same has to be given effect to with all its
consequences i.e. same quantum of energy is to be accounted for as
supplied. However, learned counsel appearing for the respondent
DERC submitted that that concurrent findings of the DERC and the
APTEL cannot be reversed and the methodology adopted by the
Commission has to be maintained.
79. Having considered this question in detail, we are not in
agreement with the stand taken by the respondent. We are of the
view that the methodology adopted by the DERC is contrary to the
settled principle of law that when the law deems a certain imaginary
state of affairs as real, DERC would not let its imagination boggle at
treating the 100 units as sales. We are of the view that such
imaginary state of affairs must be taken to its logical end and
commend the treatment of 100 units as ‘sales’.
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80. We are of the view that the assessed energy has to be
considered as supply by the appellants in enforcement cases.
Therefore, we direct the DERC to consider assessed energy for
calculation of enforcement sales and allow the impact of the same
along with carrying costs. In view of our conclusion as above, we do
not deem it necessary to answer the other contentions on this
issue.
81. The substantial questions of law are answered accordingly.
Resultantly, the appeals are allowed and the order(s) of the DERC
and the judgment of the APTEL impugned herein, to the extent
mentioned above. are hereby set aside. Parties to bear their
respective costs.
………………………………J.
(S. ABDUL NAZEER)
………………………………J.
(KRISHNA MURARI)
New Delhi;
October 18, 2022.
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