RAJESH vs. THE STATE OF HARYANA

Case Type: Criminal Appeal

Date of Judgment: 01-05-2019

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1 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICITON CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 813  OF 2019 [Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 1189 of 2019] Rajesh & Ors. .. Appellants Versus State of Haryana .. Respondents J U D G M E N T M. R. Shah, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. Feeling   aggrieved   and   dissatisfied   with   the   impugned judgment and order dated 19.12.2018 passed by the High Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in Criminal Revision – CRR No. 521 of 2018 by which the High Court has dismissed the said revision   petition   preferred   by   the   appellants   herein   and   has confirmed the order dated 28.10.2017 passed by the learned Trial Court, by which the appellants herein were summoned to face Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by the trial for the offences under Sections 148, 149, 323, 324, 325, VISHAL ANAND Date: 2019.05.02 16:27:11 IST Reason: 2 302, 307 and 506 of the IPC, the appellants herein have preferred the present appeal. 3. The facts leading to the present appeal in nutshell are as under: That one Hukum Singh lodged one FIR No. 180 on 12.06.2016 at Police Station Sadar, Panipat against ten accused, including the appellants herein for the offences under Sections 148, 149, 323, 324, 325, 302, 307 and 506 of the IPC.   It was alleged that on 12.06.2016 at about 1.30 pm, he along with his son Bhajji and Hari   son   of   Parkash   were   going   from   Panipat   to   his   village Chhajpur   Khurd   on   his   tractor.     His   son   had   parked   his motorcycle in front of the shop of Nande at bus stand.  Therefore, his son Bhajji and Hari son of Parkash alighted from the tractor to   pick   up   the   motorcycle.     When   his   son   picked   up   the motorcycle,   in   the   meantime,   Sunil   son   of   Jagpal   came   on Splendor motorcycle.   Ravit son of Ramesh and Vicky son of Jaswant   were   sitting   on   pillion   behind   him   on   motorcycle. Sheela son of Paras was on his motorcycle Pulsar and Sumit son of Jagdish, Rinku son of Rai Singh were sitting behind him on his motorcycle.  Sunder son of Om Singh was on motorcycle Bullet and Rajesh son of Prem and Sanjay son of Bishni were sitting 3 behind him on the said motorcycle.  Ankush son of Rajinder was on his motorcycle make Splendor and Jagdish son of Devi Singh and Tejpal son of Nar Singh were sitting behind him.  Joni son of Sahab Singh was on his motorcycle Bullet and Sachin son of Khilla was sitting behind him.   They were armed with swards, pistols, hockeys, iron bars and gandasi etc.    They attacked his son Bhajji and Hari son of Parkash.   Ravit son of Ramesh was armed with  a  hockey,  Vicky  son  of  Jaswant  was  armed   with wooden  baton,   Sheela  son  of   Paras  was  armed   with   gandasi. Sumit son of Jagdish was armed with pistol, Rinky son of Rai Singh was armed with iron bar, Sunder son of Om Singh was armed with wooden baton, Rajesh son of Prem was armed with sword, Jagdish son of Devi Singh was armed with lathi, Tejpal son of Nar Singh was armed with iron bar, Joni son of Sahab Singh was armed with wooden handle of spade, Sachin son of Ruhla Ram was armed with sword and Joginder son of Sahi Ram was having gandasi with him.   Rajesh son of Prem exhorted to kill   both   of   them   because   they   were   pressing   hard   for   their ejectment   from   panchayat   land.     Pursuant   to   exhortation, accused inflicted injuries to his son and Hari son of Parkash with their respective weapons.  When he raised alarm, accused sped 4 away on their motorcycles threatening to kill them in case any action   is   taken   against   them.     In   the   meantime,   his   brother Mahender came there and they removed both the injured to Prem Hospital where Hari son of Parkash succumbed to his injuries on 14.06.2016 during treatment.  3.1 That all the accused named in the FIR were arrested.  The Investigating Officer conducted the investigation and found ten persons involved in the said incident.  However, the Investigating Officer found that the appellants herein (six in numbers) were not present at the site of incident.     That the Investigating Officer submitted his report under Section 173(2) of the CrPC against four   accused   only.     That,   thereafter   the   Investigating   Agency conducted   further   investigation   by   Jagdeep   Singh   HPS,   DSP, Panipat.   It appears that a report under Section 173(8) of the CrPC was also submitted.  According to the Investigating Officer, on   the   date   of   the   commission   of   the   offence   the   appellants herein were not present at the place of occurrence, rather they were found on different places which have been found by the Investigating   Agency   also.     It   appears   that   thereafter,   as   the appellants herein were in custody, the SHO, Police Station Sadar filed the applications before the Judicial Magistrate, First Class, 5 Panipat   on   01.09.2016   and   28.10.2016   submitting   that   after investigation no challan is filed against the appellants herein and no evidence is found against them and, therefore, they may be discharged/released.     That   the   learned   Magistrate   directed   to release   the   appellants.       That,   thereafter   the   trial   proceeded further   against   the   remaining   accused   against   whom   the challan/charge­sheet was filed.   The prosecution examined two witnesses – P.W.1, the original informant and P.W.2, Bhajji, the injured eye witness.   Both of them corroborated the case of the prosecution and categorically stated that the appellants herein were also present at the time of incident.   Both of them were cross­examined   by   the   defence.     That,   thereafter   the   original informant   P.W.1   submitted   the   application   before   the   learned Magistrate   under   Section   319   of   the   CrPC   to   summon   the appellants herein to face the trial for the offences under Sections 148, 149, 323, 324, 325, 302, 307 and 506 of the IPC.  It was the case on behalf of the original informant that P.W.1 and P.W.2 who   were   examined   during   the   course   of   the   trial,   in   their depositions   both   of   them   have   corroborated   the   case   of   the prosecution and the statements which they had made before the police have also been found corroborated and their statements 6 before the Court are part of the application filed and, therefore the   appellants   herein   who   were   named   in   the   FIR   are   to   be summoned to face the trial.   That, by a detailed judgment and order, the learned Magistrate in exercise of powers under Section 319  of  the   CrPC   has   directed   to   issue   summons   against   the appellants herein to face the trial along with the other co­accused for the offences under Sections 148, 149, 323, 324, 325, 302, 307 and 506 of the IPC 3.2 The   order   passed   by   the   learned   Magistrate   has   been confirmed   in   revision   by   the   High   Court   by   the   impugned judgment and order.  Hence the present appeal by the appellants herein who are issued the summons to face the trial in exercise of powers under Section 319 of the CrPC. 4. Shri R. Basant, learned Senior Advocate has appeared on behalf of the appellants herein. 4.1 Shri Basant, learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellants has vehemently submitted that, in the facts and circumstances of the case, the learned Magistrate has erred in summoning the appellants herein to face the trial in exercise of powers under Section 319 of the CrPC.    7 4.2 It is vehemently submitted by Shri Basant, learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellants that both, the High Court as well as the learned Trial Court have not properly appreciated the scope and ambit of the powers to be exercised under Section 319 of the CrPC.     Relying upon the decision of this Court in the case of   Hardeep Singh v. State of Punjab (2014) 3 SCC 92, it is submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellants that, as observed and held by this Court, the power under Section 319 of the CrPC is a discretionary and an extraordinary power and it is to be exercised sparingly and only in those cases where the circumstances of the case so warrant.    4.3 It is submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf   of   the   appellants   that   the   learned   Magistrate   has mechanically passed the order despite the fact that there was no strong and cogent evidence on record even at the time of the trial. 4.4 It   is   further   submitted   by   the   learned   Senior   Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellants that, in the present case, as such, the investigating agency thoroughly investigated the case when all the appellants were in judicial custody and after taking into account all the facts and evidence, came to the conclusion 8 that all the appellants were innocent as they were not present at the place of incident and thereafter submitted the report under Section 173(2) of the CrPC and filed the challan only against four accused   persons   and   did   not   file   the   challan   against   the appellants   herein.     It   is   submitted   that   not   only   that,   even thereafter also, further investigation was carried out by the DCP who submitted the report under Section 173(8) of the CrPC and in that report also all the appellants were found innocent.  It is submitted   that,   therefore,   the   SHO,   Police   Station   Sadar submitted   the   applications   praying   for   discharge   of   the appellants specifically stating that the appellants are innocent and   the   learned   Magistrate   allowed   the   said   discharge applications,   though   opposed   by   the   complainant.     It   is submitted that, therefore, once the learned Magistrate discharged the appellants on the applications submitted by the SHO, Police Station, Sadar, thereafter solely on the basis of depositions of P.W.1 and P.W.2 which was nothing but reiteration of what they stated   in   their   statements   before   the   police,   the   learned Magistrate was not justified in summoning the appellants herein to face the trial in exercise of powers under Section 319 of the CrPC.   9 4.5 Relying   upon   the   decision   of   this   Court   in   the   case   of Bijendra Singh v. State of Rajasthan  (2017) 7 SCC 706, it is vehemently submitted by Shri Basant, learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellants that, as observed by this Court, merely on the basis of the deposition of the complainant and some other persons, with no other material to support their so­called verbal/ocular version, no person can be arrayed as an accused in exercise of powers under Section 319 of the CrPC.    It is submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellants that, as observed by this Court in the aforesaid decision, such an “evidence” recorded during the trial is nothing more than the statements which was already there under Section 161 of the CrPC recorded at the time of investigation of the case. Relying upon the aforesaid decision, it is vehemently submitted by   the   learned   Senior   Advocate   appearing   on   behalf   of   the appellants that, in any case, the learned Magistrate was bound to look into the evidence collected by the investigating officer during investigation which suggested that the accused were not present at the time of commission of the offence.  It is submitted that, in the   present   case,   the   learned   Magistrate   on   the   applications submitted by the SHO in fact discharged the accused­appellants 10 herein and allowed the applications submitted by the SHO in which it was categorically stated that the appellants are innocent and that they were not present at the time of the incident.  It is submitted that therefore the High Court has erred in dismissing the   revision   petition   and   confirming   the   order   passed   by   the learned Magistrate in summoning the accused­appellants herein to face the trial for the offences under Sections 148, 149, 323, 324, 325, 302, 307 and 506 of the IPC, which was passed in exercise of powers under Section 319 of the CrPC. 5. Learned   counsel   appearing   on   behalf   of   the   respondent­ State of Haryana has supported the order passed by the learned Magistrate as well as the impugned judgment and order passed by   the   High   Court.     He   has   also   relied   upon   some   of   the observations made by this Court in the case of  Hardeep Singh (supra) and even some of the observations made by this Court in the case of   (supra). Bijendra Singh 5.1 It is vehemently submitted by the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the State that it is not correct to state that the appellants herein were discharged by the learned Magistrate on the applications filed by the SHO,    It is submitted that the SHO 11 submitted the applications to discharge the appellants from the custody   and   to   release   them   as   they   were   in   jail   and   those applications came to be allowed.   It is submitted that therefore the orders dated 01.09.2016 and 28.10.2016 cannot be said to be   the   orders   of   discharge   in   stricto   sensu ,   as   sought   to   be contended on behalf of the appellants. 5.2 It is submitted that, in the present case, even at the initial stage when the investigating officer submitted the report under Section 173(2) of the CrPC and the challan was filed only against four accused persons, out of ten accused persons named in the FIR   and   the   remaining   six   accused   (appellants   herein)   were dropped,   nothing   is   on   record   that   the   learned   Magistrate accepted the report/closure report against the appellants and, that   too,   by   following   the   procedure   as   required   as   per   the decision   of   this   Court   in   the   case   of   Bhagwant   Singh   v. Commissioner of Police   (1985) 2 SCC 537.     It is submitted that, as per settled law, before even accepting the closure report, an opportunity is required to be given to the informant to submit the objections/protest and only thereafter the closure report can be accepted.  It is submitted that, in the present case, no such 12 procedure was followed.  It is submitted that thereafter when in the   examination­in­chief/cross­examination,   P.W.1   and   P.W.2, who are the informant and the injured eye witness respectively, categorically deposed that the appellants were also present at the time of the incident and they actively participated in commission of offence and, therefore, in the facts and circumstances of the case,   the   learned   Magistrate   was   justified   in   issuing   the summons against the appellants to face the trial along with the other co­accused.       It is submitted that, therefore, the order passed by the learned Trial Court is rightly confirmed by the High Court by the impugned judgment and order. 5.3  Making the above submissions, it is prayed to dismiss the present appeal.    6. Heard learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respective parties at length.     We have also perused and considered the orders passed by the High Court as well as the learned Trial Court in depth. 6.1 At the outset, it is required to be noted that, in the present case, what is under challenge is the impugned order passed by the   High   Court   dismissing   the   revision   application   and confirming   the   order   passed   by   the   learned   Trial   Court 13 summoning the accused in exercise of powers under Section 319 of the CrPC and to face the trial for the offences under Sections 148, 149, 323, 324, 325, 302, 307 and 506 of the IPC.     It is required   to   be   noted   that,   in   the   present   case,   the   original complainant­first  informant   specifically   named   ten   persons   as accused, including the appellants herein.   However, thereafter after the investigation, the investigating officer filed the charge­ sheet/challan   against   four   accused   persons   only   and   no challan/charge­sheet   was   filed   against   the   appellants   herein. Nothing is on record whether at that time any specific closure report was submitted by the investigating officer or not.  Nothing is on record whether at that stage an opportunity was given to the   complainant/original   informant   to   submit   any   protest application   or   not.     Assuming   that   non­filing   of   the   charge­ sheet/challan against the remaining accused named in the FIR can be said to be a closure report, in that case also, as per the settled proposition of law and more particularly, the decision of this   Court   in   the   case   of   (supra),   before Bhagwant   Singh   accepting the closure report, the Magistrate is bound to issue notice   to   the   complainant/original   informant   and   the complainant/original   informant   is   required   to   be   given   an 14 opportunity   to   submit   the   protest   application   and,   thereafter, after   giving   an   opportunity   to   the   complainant/original informant, the Magistrate may either accept the closure report or may not accept the closure report and direct to proceed further against   those   persons   for   whom   the   closure   report   was submitted.    In the present case, nothing is on record that such a   procedure   was   followed   by   the   learned   Magistrate.     That, thereafter the trial proceeded against the four accused persons against whom the charge­sheet/challan was filed.   During the trial, the depositions of P.W.1 and P.W.2 were recorded.  Both of them were even cross­examined.   In the deposition, P.W.1 and P.W.2 specifically stated the overacts by the appellants herein and the role played by them and categorically stated that at the time of the incident/commission of the offence, the appellants herein were also present and they participated in the commission of the offence. That, thereafter, on the application submitted by the   original   complainant   submitted   under   Section   319   of   the CrPC, the learned Magistrate found a  prima facie  case against the appellants herein and summoned the appellants herein to face the trial along with other co­accused.  The said order has been confirmed   by   the   High   Court.     Therefore,   the   short   question 15 posed for the consideration of this Court is whether, in the facts and circumstances of the case, the Trial Court was justified in summoning the appellants herein to face the trial in exercise of powers under Section 319 of the CrPC?     7. While   considering   the   aforesaid   question/issue,   few decisions   of   this   Court   are   required   to   be   referred   to   and considered. 7.1 The first decision which is required to be considered is a decision of the Constitution Bench of this Court in the case of  (supra) which has been consistently followed by Hardeep Singh this Court in subsequent decisions.    7.2 In the case of   Hardeep Singh   (supra), this Court had the occasion to consider in detail the scope and ambit of the powers of the Magistrate under Section 319 of the CrPC; the object and purpose of Section 319 of the CrPC etc.     In the said case, the following five questions fell for consideration before this Court: “( i ) What is the stage at which power under Section 319 CrPC can be exercised? ( ii ) Whether the word “evidence” used in Section 319(1)   CrPC   could   only   mean   evidence   tested   by cross­examination   or   the   court   can   exercise   the power under the said provision even on the basis of the   statement  made  in  the   examination­in­chief  of the witness concerned? 16 ( iii ) Whether the word “evidence” used in Section 319(1) CrPC has been used in a comprehensive sense and   includes   the   evidence   collected   during investigation or the word “evidence” is limited to the evidence recorded during trial? ( iv ) What is the nature of the satisfaction required to   invoke   the   power   under   Section   319   CrPC   to arraign   an   accused?   Whether   the   power   under Section   319(1)   CrPC   can   be   exercised   only   if   the court is satisfied that the accused summoned will in all likelihood be convicted? ( v ) Does the power under Section 319 CrPC extend to persons not named in the FIR or named in the FIR but not charged or who have been discharged?” 7.3 While   considering   the   aforesaid   questions,   this   Court observed and held as under: “12.  Section   319   CrPC   springs   out   of   the doctrine  judex   damnatur   cum   nocens absolvitur  (Judge   is   condemned   when   guilty   is acquitted)   and   this   doctrine   must   be   used   as   a beacon light while explaining the ambit and the spirit underlying the enactment of Section 319 CrPC. 13.  It is the duty of the court to do justice by punishing the real culprit. Where the investigating agency for any reason does not array one of the real culprits as an accused, the court is not powerless in calling the said accused to face trial. The question remains   under   what   circumstances   and   at   what stage   should   the   court   exercise   its   power   as contemplated in Section 319 CrPC? 14.  The submissions that were raised before us covered a very wide canvas and the learned counsel have taken us through various provisions of CrPC and the judgments that have been relied on for the said   purpose.   The   controversy   centres   around   the stage at which such powers can be invoked by the 17 court and the material on the basis whereof such powers can be exercised. 17.  Section 319 CrPC allows the court to proceed against any person who is not an accused in a case before it. Thus, the person against whom summons are   issued   in   exercise   of   such   powers,   has   to necessarily not be an accused already facing trial. He can either be a person named in Column 2 of the charge­sheet   filed   under   Section   173   CrPC   or   a person   whose   name   has   been   disclosed   in   any material before the court that is to be considered for the   purpose   of   trying   the   offence,   but   not investigated. He has to be a person whose complicity may be indicated and connected with the commission of the offence. 18.  The legislature cannot be presumed to have imagined all the circumstances and, therefore, it is the duty of the court to give full effect to the words used   by   the   legislature   so   as   to   encompass   any situation which the court may have to tackle while proceeding to try an offence and not allow a person who deserves to be tried to go scot­free by being not arraigned in the trial in spite of the possibility of his complicity   which   can   be   gathered   from   the documents presented by the prosecution. 19.  The court is the sole repository of justice and a duty is cast upon it to uphold the rule of law and, therefore,   it   will   be   inappropriate   to   deny   the existence   of   such   powers   with   the   courts   in   our criminal justice system where it is not uncommon that   the   real   accused,   at   times,   get   away   by manipulating   the   investigating   and/or   the prosecuting agency. The desire to avoid trial is so strong that an accused makes efforts at times to get himself absolved even at the stage of investigation or inquiry even though he may be connected with the commission of the offence. 22.  In   our   opinion,   Section   319   CrPC   is   an enabling   provision   empowering   the   court   to   take appropriate steps for proceeding against any person 18 not being an accused for also having committed the offence under trial.  ..... 47.  Since after the filing of the charge­sheet, the court reaches the stage of inquiry and as soon as the court frames the charges, the trial commences, and therefore, the power under Section 319(1) CrPC can be  exercised  at  any  time  after  the  charge­sheet is filed   and   before   the   pronouncement   of   judgment, except during the stage of Sections 207/208 CrPC, committal,   etc.   which   is   only   a   pre­trial   stage, intended to put the process into motion. This stage cannot be said to be a judicial step in the true sense for it only requires an application of mind rather than a judicial application of mind. At this pre­trial stage, the   Magistrate   is   required   to   perform   acts   in   the nature   of   administrative   work   rather   than   judicial such as ensuring compliance with Sections 207 and 208   CrPC,   and   committing   the   matter   if   it   is exclusively triable by the Sessions Court. Therefore, it would be legitimate for us to conclude that the Magistrate at the stage of Sections 207 to 209 CrPC is   forbidden,   by   express   provision   of   Section   319 CrPC, to apply his mind to the merits of the case and determine as to whether any accused needs to be added or subtracted to face trial before the Court of Session. 53.  It is thus aptly clear that until and unless the case reaches the stage of inquiry or trial by the court, the power under Section 319 CrPC cannot be exercised. ............ 54.  In our opinion, the stage of inquiry does not contemplate any evidence in its strict legal sense, nor could   the   legislature   have   contemplated   this inasmuch   as   the   stage   for   evidence   has   not   yet arrived. The only material that the court has before it is the material collected by the prosecution and the court at this stage prima facie can apply its mind to find   out   as   to   whether   a   person,   who   can   be   an accused, has been erroneously omitted from being arraigned or has been deliberately excluded by the 19 prosecuting agencies. This is all the more necessary in   order   to   ensure   that   the   investigating   and   the prosecuting   agencies   have   acted   fairly   in   bringing before  the   court  those   persons   who   deserve   to  be tried   and   to   prevent   any   person   from   being deliberately shielded when they ought to have been tried. This is necessary to usher faith in the judicial system whereby the court should be empowered to exercise such powers even at the stage of inquiry and it   is   for   this   reason   that   the   legislature   has consciously used separate terms, namely, inquiry or trial in Section 319 CrPC. 55.  Accordingly,   we   hold   that   the   court   can exercise the power under Section 319 CrPC only after the trial proceeds and commences with the recording of the evidence and also in exceptional circumstances as explained hereinabove. 56.  ........ What is essential for the purpose of the section is that there should appear some evidence against a person not proceeded against and the stage of   the   proceedings   is   irrelevant.   Where   the complainant   is   circumspect   in   proceeding   against several persons, but the court is of the opinion that there appears to be some evidence pointing to the complicity of some other persons as well, Section 319 CrPC acts as an empowering provision enabling the court/Magistrate to initiate proceedings against such other persons. The purpose of Section 319 CrPC is to do complete justice and to ensure that persons who ought   to   have   been   tried   as   well   are   also   tried. Therefore, there does not appear to be any difficulty in invoking powers of Section 319 CrPC at the stage of trial in a complaint case when the evidence of the complainant   as   well   as   his   witnesses   are   being recorded .” 7.4 While answering question No. (iii), namely whether the word “evidence” used in Section 319(1) of the CrPC has been used in a 20 comprehensive sense and includes the evidence collected during investigation or the word “evidence” is limited to the evidence recorded during trial, this Court, in the aforesaid decision has observed and held as under:
“58. To answer the questions and to resolve the<br>impediment that is being faced by the trial courts in<br>exercising of powers under Section 319 CrPC, the<br>issue has to be investigated by examining the<br>circumstances which give rise to a situation for the<br>court to invoke such powers. The circumstances that<br>lead to such inference being drawn up by the court<br>for summoning a person arise out of the availability<br>of the facts and material that come up before the<br>court and are made the basis for summoning such a<br>person as an accomplice to the offence alleged to<br>have been committed. The material should disclose<br>the complicity of the person in the commission of the<br>offence which has to be the material that appears<br>from the evidence during the course of any inquiry<br>into or trial of offence. The words as used in Section<br>319 CrPC indicate that the material has to be “where<br>… it appears from the evidence” before the court.
59. Before we answer this issue, let us examine<br>the meaning of the word “evidence”. According to<br>Section 3 of the Evidence Act, “evidence” means and<br>includes:
“(1) all statements which the court permits or<br>requires to be made before it by witnesses, in<br>relation to matters of fact under inquiry;
such statements are called oral evidence;
(2) all documents including electronic records<br>produced for the inspection of the court;
such documents are called documentary<br>evidence.”
21 78.  It is, therefore, clear that the word “evidence” in Section 319 CrPC means only such evidence as is made before the court, in relation to statements, and as   produced   before   the   court,   in   relation   to documents.   It   is   only   such   evidence   that   can   be taken into account by the Magistrate or the court to decide whether the power under Section 319 CrPC is to   be   exercised   and   not   on   the   basis   of   material collected during the investigation.  This   pre­trial   stage   is   a   stage   where   no 82. adjudication on the evidence of the offences involved takes place and therefore, after the material along with the charge­sheet has been brought before the court,   the   same   can   be   inquired   into   in   order   to effectively proceed with framing of charges. After the charges are framed, the prosecution is asked to lead evidence and till that is done, there is no evidence available in the strict legal sense of Section 3 of the Evidence   Act.   The   actual   trial   of   the   offence   by bringing the accused before the court has still not begun.   What   is   available   is   the   material   that   has been   submitted   before   the   court   along   with   the charge­sheet. In such situation, the court only has the preparatory material that has been placed before the court for its consideration in order to proceed with the trial by framing of charges.  It is, therefore, not any material that can be 83. utilised, rather it is that material after cognizance is taken by a court, that is available to it while making an inquiry into or trying an offence, that the court can utilise or take into consideration for supporting reasons   to   summon   any   person   on   the   basis   of evidence adduced before the court, who may be on the   basis   of   such   material,   treated   to   be   an accomplice   in   the   commission   of   the   offence.   The inference that can be drawn is that material which is not exactly evidence recorded before the court, but is a material collected by the court, can be utilised to corroborate   evidence   already   recorded   for   the 22 purpose of summoning any other person, other than the accused. ........ 84.  The   word   “evidence”   therefore   has   to   be understood in its wider sense both at the stage of trial and, as discussed earlier, even at the stage of inquiry, as used under Section 319 CrPC. The court, therefore, should be understood to have the power to proceed against any person after summoning him on the   basis   of   any   such   material   as   brought   forth before   it.   The   duty   and   obligation   of   the   court becomes   more   onerous   to   invoke   such   powers cautiously on such material after evidence has been led during trial. 85.  In   view   of   the   discussion   made   and   the conclusion   drawn   hereinabove,   the   answer   to   the aforesaid question posed is that apart from evidence recorded   during   trial,   any   material   that   has   been received by the court after cognizance is taken and before the trial commences, can be utilised only for corroboration and to support the evidence recorded by the court to invoke the power under Section 319 CrPC. The “evidence” is thus, limited to the evidence recorded during trial.” 7.5 While answering question No. (ii), namely whether the word “evidence” used in Section 319(1) of the CrPC means as arising in examination­in­chief or also together with cross­examination, in the   aforesaid   decision,   this   Court   has   observed   and   held   as under: “86.  The second question referred to herein is in relation to the word “evidence” as used under Section 319 CrPC, which leaves no room for doubt that the evidence   as   understood   under   Section   3   of   the Evidence Act is the statement of the witnesses that 23
are recorded during trial and the documentary<br>evidence in accordance with the Evidence Act, which<br>also includes the document and material evidence in<br>the Evidence Act. Such evidence begins with the<br>statement of the prosecution witnesses, therefore, is<br>evidence which includes the statement during<br>examination­in­chief. In Rakesh [(2001) 6 SCC 248 :<br>2001 SCC (Cri) 1090 : AIR 2001 SC 2521] , it was<br>held that: (SCC p. 252, para 10)
“10. … It is true that finally at the time of<br>trial the accused is to be given an opportunity to<br>cross­examine the witness to test its<br>truthfulness. But that stage would not arise<br>while exercising the court's power under Section<br>319 CrPC. Once the deposition is recorded, no<br>doubt there being no cross­examination, it would<br>be a prima facie material which would enable the<br>Sessions Court to decide whether powers under<br>Section 319 should be exercised or not.”
87. In Ranjit Singh [Ranjit Singh v. State of<br>Punjab, (1998) 7 SCC 149 : 1998 SCC (Cri) 1554 :<br>AIR 1998 SC 3148] , this Court held that: (SCC p.<br>156, para 20)
“20. … it is not necessary for the court to<br>wait until the entire evidence is collected for<br>exercising the said powers.”
88. In Mohd. Shafi [Mohd. Shafi v. Mohd. Rafiq,<br>(2007) 14 SCC 544 : (2009) 1 SCC (Cri) 889 : AIR<br>2007 SC 1899] , it was held that the prerequisite for<br>exercise of power under Section 319 CrPC is the<br>satisfaction of the court to proceed against a person<br>who is not an accused but against whom evidence<br>occurs, for which the court can even wait till the<br>cross­examination is over and that there would be no<br>illegality in doing so. A similar view has been taken<br>by a two­Judge Bench in Harbhajan Singh v. State of<br>Punjab [(2009) 13 SCC 608 : (2010) 1 SCC (Cri) 1135]<br>. This Court in Hardeep Singh [Hardeep<br>Singh v. State of Punjab, (2009) 16 SCC 785 : (2010)<br>2 SCC (Cri) 355] seems to have misread the judgment
24 in  Mohd. Shafi [ Mohd. Shafi  v.  Mohd. Rafiq , (2007) 14 SCC 544 : (2009) 1 SCC (Cri) 889 : AIR 2007 SC 1899] , as it construed that the said judgment laid down that for the exercise of power under Section 319 CrPC, the court has to necessarily wait till the witness   is   cross­examined   and   on   complete appreciation   of   evidence,   come   to   the   conclusion whether there is a need to proceed under Section 319 CrPC. 89.  We have given our thoughtful consideration to the diverse views expressed in the aforementioned cases. Once examination­in­chief is conducted, the statement becomes part of the record. It is evidence as per law and in the true sense, for at best, it may be   rebuttable.   An   evidence   being   rebutted   or controverted   becomes   a   matter   of   consideration, relevance and belief, which is the stage of judgment by the court. Yet it is evidence and it is material on the basis whereof the court can come to a prima facie opinion as to complicity of some other person who may be connected with the offence. 90.  As held in  Mohd. Shafi  [ Mohd. Shafi  v.  Mohd. Rafiq , (2007) 14 SCC 544 : (2009) 1 SCC (Cri) 889 : AIR 2007 SC 1899] and   [(2009) 13 Harbhajan Singh SCC   608   :   (2010)   1   SCC   (Cri)   1135]   ,   all   that   is required for the exercise of the power under Section 319 CrPC is that, it must  appear  to the court that some other person also who is not facing the trial, may   also   have   been   involved   in   the   offence.   The prerequisite for the exercise of this power is similar to the prima facie view which the Magistrate must come to   in   order   to   take   cognizance   of   the   offence. Therefore, no straitjacket formula can and should be laid with respect to conditions precedent for arriving at such an opinion and, if the Magistrate/court is convinced even on the basis of evidence appearing in examination­in­chief, it can exercise the power under Section   319   CrPC   and   can   proceed   against   such other person(s). It is essential to note that the section also   uses   the   words   “such   person  could  be   tried” 25 instead of  should  be tried. Hence, what is required is not   to   have   a   mini­trial   at   this   stage   by   having examination   and   cross­examination   and   thereafter rendering a decision on the overt act of such person sought to be added. In fact, it is this mini­trial that would   affect  the   right   of   the   person   sought   to   be arraigned as an accused rather than not having any cross­examination at all, for in light of sub­section (4) of Section 319 CrPC, the person would be entitled to a   fresh   trial   where   he   would   have   all   the   rights including   the   right   to   cross­examine   prosecution witnesses   and   examine   defence   witnesses   and advance   his  arguments   upon  the   same.  Therefore, even on the basis of examination­in­chief, the court or the Magistrate can proceed against a person as long   as   the  court   is   satisfied  that   the   evidence appearing against such person is such that it prima facie necessitates bringing such person to face trial. In   fact,   examination­in­chief   untested   by   cross­ examination, undoubtedly in itself, is an evidence. 91.  Further, in our opinion, there does not seem to   be   any   logic   behind   waiting   till   the   cross­ examination of the witness is over. It is to be kept in mind   that   at   the   time   of   exercise   of   power   under Section 319 CrPC, the person sought to be arraigned as an accused, is in no way participating in the trial. Even   if   the   cross­examination   is   to   be   taken   into consideration, the person sought to be arraigned as an   accused   cannot   cross­examine   the   witness(es) prior to passing of an order under Section 319 CrPC, as such a procedure is not contemplated by CrPC. Secondly, invariably the State would not oppose or object to naming of more persons as an accused as it would only help the prosecution in completing the chain   of   evidence,   unless   the   witness(es)   is obliterating the role of persons already facing trial. More   so,   Section   299   CrPC   enables   the   court   to record   evidence   in   absence   of   the   accused   in   the circumstances mentioned therein. 26 92.  Thus,   in   view   of   the   above,   we   hold   that power under Section 319 CrPC can be exercised at the stage of completion of examination­in­chief and the court does not need to wait till the said evidence is   tested   on   cross­examination   for   it   is   the satisfaction of the court which can be gathered from the   reasons   recorded   by   the   court,   in   respect   of complicity   of   some   other   person(s),   not   facing   the trial in the offence.” 7.6 While answering question No. (iv), namely what is the degree of satisfaction required for invoking the power under Section 319 of the CrPC, this Court after considering various earlier decisions on the point, has observed and held as under: 105.  Power   under   Section   319   CrPC   is   a discretionary and an extraordinary power. It is to be exercised sparingly and only in those cases where the circumstances of the case so warrant. It is not to be exercised   because   the   Magistrate   or   the   Sessions Judge is of the opinion that some other person may also be guilty of committing that offence. Only where strong and cogent evidence occurs against a person from   the   evidence   led   before   the   court   that   such power should be exercised and not in a casual and cavalier manner. 106.  Thus,   we   hold   that   though   only   a   prima facie case is to be established from the evidence led before the court, not necessarily tested on the anvil of cross­examination,   it   requires   much   stronger evidence than mere probability of his complicity. The test that has to be applied is one which is more than prima facie case as exercised at the time of framing of charge, but short of satisfaction to an extent that the evidence,   if   goes   unrebutted,   would   lead   to conviction. In the absence of such satisfaction, the 27 court   should   refrain   from   exercising   power   under Section 319 CrPC. In Section 319 CrPC the purpose of providing if “it appears from the evidence that any person   not   being   the   accused   has   committed   any offence”   is   clear   from   the   words   “ for   which   such person could be tried together with the accused ”. The words used are not “for which such person could be convicted”. There is, therefore, no scope for the court acting under Section 319 CrPC to form any opinion as to the guilt of the accused.” 7.7 While answering question No. (v), namely in what situations can   the   power   under   Section   319   of   the   CrPC   be   exercised: named   in   the   FIR,   but   not   charge­sheeted   or   has   been discharged, this Court has observed and held as under: “112.  However, there is a great difference with regard   to   a   person   who   has   been   discharged.   A person   who   has   been   discharged   stands   on   a different   footing   than   a   person   who   was   never subjected to investigation or if subjected to, but not charge­sheeted. Such a person has stood the stage of inquiry   before   the   court   and   upon   judicial examination   of   the   material   collected   during investigation, the court had come to the conclusion that there is not even a prima facie case to proceed against such person. Generally, the stage of evidence in trial is merely proving the material collected during investigation and therefore, there is not much change as regards the material existing against the person so discharged.   Therefore,   there   must   exist   compelling circumstances   to   exercise   such   power.   The   court should keep in mind that the witness when giving evidence   against   the   person   so   discharged,   is   not doing so merely to seek revenge or is naming him at the behest of someone or for such other extraneous considerations. The court has to be circumspect in 28 treating such evidence and try to separate the chaff from the grain. If after such careful examination of the evidence, the court is of the opinion that there does exist evidence to proceed against the person so discharged, it may take steps but only in accordance with   Section   398   CrPC   without   resorting   to   the provision of Section 319 CrPC directly. 116.  Thus, it is evident that power under Section 319   CrPC   can   be   exercised   against   a   person   not subjected   to   investigation,   or   a   person   placed   in Column   2   of   the   charge­sheet   and   against   whom cognizance had not been taken, or a person who has been discharged. However, concerning a person who has   been   discharged,   no   proceedings   can   be commenced against him directly under Section 319 CrPC without taking recourse to provisions of Section 300(5) read with Section 398 CrPC.” 7.8 Considering the law laid down by this Court in the case of (supra)   and   the   observations   and   findings Hardeep   Singh   referred to and reproduced hereinabove, it emerges that (i) the Court can exercise the power under Section 319 of the CrPC even on the basis of the statement made in the examination­in­chief of the witness concerned and the Court need not wait till the cross­ examination of such a witness and the Court need not wait for the evidence against the accused proposed to be summoned to be tested by cross­examination; and (ii) a person not named in the FIR or a person though named in the FIR but has not been charge­sheeted   or   a  person   who   has   been   discharged   can   be 29 summoned under Section 319 of the CrPC, provided from the evidence (may be on the basis of the evidence collected in the form   of   statement   made   in   the   examination­in­chief   of   the witness concerned), it  appears that such person can be tried along with the accused already facing trial. 7.9 In   the   case   of   S.   Mohammed   Ispahani   v.   Yogendra Chandak  (2017) 16 SCC 226 in para 35, this Court has observed and held as under:
“35. It needs to be highlighted that when a person<br>is named in the FIR by the complainant, but police,<br>after investigation, finds no role of that particular<br>person and files the charge­sheet without implicating<br>him, the Court is not powerless, and at the stage of<br>summoning, if the trial court finds that a particular<br>person should be summoned as accused, even<br>though not named in the charge­sheet, it can do so.<br>At that stage, chance is given to the complainant also<br>to file a protest petition urging upon the trial court to<br>summon other persons as well who were named in<br>the FIR but not implicated in the charge­sheet. Once<br>that stage has gone, the Court is still not powerless<br>by virtue of Section 319 CrPC. However, this section<br>gets triggered when during the trial some evidence<br>surfaces against the proposed accused.”
7.10 Thus, even in a case where the stage of giving<br>opportunity to the complainant to file a protest petition urging<br>upon the trial Court to summon other persons as well who were<br>named in the FIR but not implicated in the charge­sheet has
30 gone, in that case also, the Court is still not powerless by virtue of Section 319 of the CrPC and even those persons named in the FIR but not implicated in the charge­sheet can be summoned to face the trial provided during the trial some evidence surfaces against the proposed accused. 8. Applying the law laid down by this Court in the aforesaid decisions to the facts of the case on hand, we are of the opinion that, in the facts and circumstances of the case, neither the learned Trial Court nor the High Court have committed any error in summoning the appellants herein to face the trial along with other   co­accused.     As   observed   hereinabove,   the   appellants herein were also named in the FIR.   However, they were not shown as accused in the challan/charge­sheet.   As observed hereinabove, nothing is on record whether at any point of time the complainant was given an opportunity to submit the protest application   against   non­filing   of   the   charge­sheet  against   the appellants.  In the deposition before the Court, P.W.1 and P.W.2 have specifically stated against the appellants herein and the specific   role   is   attributed   to   the   accused­appellants   herein. Thus, the statement of P.W.1 and P.W.2 before the Court can be said to be “evidence” during the trial and, therefore, on the basis 31 of the same and as held by this Court in the case of  Hardeep   (supra), the  persons against whom no charge­sheet is Singh filed can be summoned to face the trial.  Therefore, we are of the opinion that no error has been committed by the Courts below to summon the appellants herein to face the trial in exercise of power under Section 319 of the CrPC. 9. Now,   so   far   as   the   submissions   made   on   behalf   of   the appellants herein relying upon the orders passed by the learned Magistrate   dated   01.09.2016   and   28.10.2016   that   once   the appellants herein were discharged by the learned Magistrate on an application submitted by the Investigating Officer/SHO and, therefore, thereafter it was not open to the learned Magistrate to summon the accused to face the trial in exercise of power under Section 319 of the CrPC is concerned, it appears that there is some mis­conception on the part of the appellants.     At the outset,   it   is   required   to   be   noted   that   the   orders   dated 01.09.2016  and   28.10.2016  cannot  be  said  to  be  the   orders discharging the accused.   If the applications submitted by the Investigating   Officer/SHO   and   the   orders   passed   thereon   are considered, those were the applications to discharge/release the 32 appellants herein from custody as at that stage the appellants were   in   judicial   custody.     Therefore,   as   such,   those   orders cannot be said to be the orders of discharge in   stricto sensu . Those are the orders discharging the appellants from custody. Under   the   circumstances,   the   submission   on   behalf   of   the accused that as they were discharged by the learned Magistrate and   therefore   it   was   not   open   to   the   learned   Magistrate   to exercise   the   power   under   Section   319   of   the   CrPC   and   to summon the appellants to face the trial, cannot be accepted.   10.  In view of the above and for the reasons stated above, we see   no   reason   to   interfere   with   the   impugned   judgment   and order passed by the High Court confirming the order passed by the   learned   Magistrate   summoning   the   accused­appellants herein to face the trial in exercise of the power under Section 319 of the CrPC.  We are in complete agreement with the view taken by the High Court.   No interference is called for by this Court.    In the facts and circumstance of the case and for the reasons   stated   hereinabove,   the   present   appeal   fails   and deserves to be dismissed and is according dismissed.  33 ............................................J.       [L. NAGESWARA RAO] NEW DELHI;      ............................................J. MAY 1, 2019.                 [M.R. SHAH]