P.RADHA BAI vs. P.ASHOK KUMAR

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 26-09-2018

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Reportable I N   THE  S UPREME  C OURT   OF  I NDIA C IVIL  A PPELLATE  J URISDICTION IVIL PPEAL O S OF   C  A  N ( ). 7710­7713   2013   ADHA AI AND RS PPELLANT S P. R  B    O . …A ( ) ERSUS V  P. A SHOK  K UMAR   AND  A NR .               …R ESPONDENT ( S )   J U D G M E N T   AMANA   N.V. R , J.   1. These   appeals   are   filed,   aggrieved   by   the   judgment   and order dated 18.06.2012 in the Civil Revision Petition Nos. 2151, 2246, 2383 and 2458 of 2012 passed by the High Court of Judicature at Andhra Pradesh at Hyderabad.  2. An   interesting   question   of   law   arises   in   this   batch   of petitions, concerning the applicability of Section 17 of the Limitation Act, 1963 [‘ Limitation Act ’] for condonation of a delay caused on the account of alleged fraud played on the Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by VISHAL ANAND Date: 2018.09.26 14:57:29 IST Reason: objector   (party  challenging  the   award)  beyond  the   period 1 prescribed   under   Section   34   (3)   of   the   Arbitration   and Conciliation Act of 1996 [‘ ’]. Arbitration Act 3. The facts which give rise to this question fall into a narrow compass.   Originally   one   Mr.   P.   Kishan   Lal   carried   on business and acquired several properties.   On his death, Mr.   P.   Kishan   Lal   was   survived   by   eight   (8)   legal   heirs (Appellant Nos. 1 to 6 and Respondent Nos. 1 and 2).   4. After the death of Mr. Kishan Lal, several disputes have cropped up on the division of properties.   Having failed to resolve the dispute, the parties turned towards arbitration to resolve the dispute.   Five Arbitrators were appointed to adjudicate   and   distribute   eleven   properties   belonging   to them.   5. On 18.02.2010, the arbitrators passed a unanimous Award providing for the division of properties and businesses. The parties   received   the   Award   on   21.02.2010.     There   is   no dispute on the receipt of the Award by the parties.  6. The Respondents allege that after the pronouncement of the award,   the   Appellants   in   bad   faith   entered   into   a Memorandum   of   Understanding   (MoU)   with   the 2 Respondents. According to the Respondents, the Appellants agreed to give certain additional properties to Respondent No. 1, which were more than what were provided in the Award. The Respondents alleged that after entering into the MoU,   the   Appellants   were   required   to   execute   Gift   and Release   Deeds   to   give   effect   to   the   MoU.   However,   the Appellants delayed the execution of the Gift and Release Deeds as contemplated by the MoU. 7. In the meanwhile, the three­month period and the extended period of 30 days for challenging an Award under Section 34(3) of the Arbitration Act had expired. After the time limit expired, the Appellants filed an Execution Petition (EP) for execution of the Award.   The trial court held that EP was not maintainable. On appeal, the High Court set aside the order of the trial court and held that the Execution Petition was maintainable and directed the trial court to decide it on merits.  8. When the  Respondents  realized that the Appellants were delaying the execution of the Gift Deed contemplated by the MoU, the Respondents on 08.02.2011 filed an application under Section 34(3) of the Arbitration Act for setting aside 3 the  Award.  This filing was 236 days after the receipt of the Award   by   the   Respondents.     The   application   was accompanied by another application under Section 5 of the Limitation Act seeking condonation of the delay of 236 days. In the application for condonation of delay, the Respondents alleged that: a. Award was served on the Respondents on 21.02.2010; b. They were laypersons and were not aware of the legal requirement   of   filing   objections   within   the   period prescribed under the Arbitration Act. c. Since they were dissatisfied with the Award, they raised objections   before   the   learned   Arbitrators.     The Arbitrators called upon all the parties and conducted conciliation.     Accordingly,   the   parties   entered   into   a MoU.  The MoU contemplated for execution of Gift Deed and   Release   Deed   in   favour   of   Respondent   No.1. However, the Appellants failed to execute the required documents as per the MoU with an intent to defeat their rights.  4 d. One of the Respondents was physically indisposed for one month.  9. During the pendency of the aforesaid interim application, seeking   condonation   of   the   delay,   the   Respondents   filed another application being I.A. No. 1977 of 2011 in I.A. No. 598 of 2011, seeking an order of the trial court to summon the Sub­registrar, Charminar to prove the veracity of the Memorandum   of   Understanding   and   to   counter   the allegations   raised   by   the   Appellants   herein,   as   to   the falsification   and   fabrication   of   the   Memorandum   dated 09.04.2010. For completeness of narration, it may be stated that additional I.A.s, being I.A. No. 210 and 211 of 2012, were sought by the Respondent seeking certain documents to be brought on record.  10. By order dated 21.02.2012, the trial court dismissed the IA. No. 598 of 2011, pertaining to the condonation of delay in filing   the   Section   34   application.   The   Trial   Court   while dismissing   the   aforesaid   application   as   indicated   above, reasoned as under­ 5 i. That   the   Court   is   not   empowered   to   stretch   the limitation period beyond the requisite period given under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act. ii. Placing   reliance   on   Union   of   India   vs.   Popular Construction   Co. ,   (2001)   8   SCC   470   and Consolidated   Engineering   Enterprises   vs. Principal   Secretary,   Irrigation   Department , (2008) 7 SCC 169, held that the language of Section 34   of   the   Arbitration   Act   mandated   a   strict adherence to the time period provided thereunder and   the   extension   beyond   the   same   was   not possible   under   any   circumstances.   Therefore, Section 5 of the Limitation Act was not applicable to an   application   filed   under   Section   34   of   the Arbitration Act. iii. Based on the aforesaid judgments of this Hon’ble Court, and the provisions of Section 34 (3) of the Arbitration   Act,   the   City   Civil   Court   held   that Section   5   of   the   Limitation   Act,   1963,   has   no application, as the Court has no power to condone the delay beyond three months and thirty days. On 6 this ground alone, the objections filed under Section 34 were liable to be dismissed.  iv. That the trial court rejected the contention that the Respondent   (objector)   was   unable   to   file   the objections   within   the   period   of   limitation   on   the ground   of   illness   and   no   medical   certificate   was provided to substantiate such claim. v. That ignorance of law on behalf of the Respondents, to be not aware of the technicalities provided under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act was not excusable. vi. Moreover, the trial court came to a conclusion that equitable   grounds   cannot   be   utilized   to   create exceptions not mandated under the statutory law.  We may note that the trial court although discussed about the existence of the Memorandum of Understanding dated 09.04.2010 and its impact on the Respondent’s delay in filing   the   Section   34   application,   there   is   no   specific discussion concerning the applicability of Section 17 of the Limitation   Act   in   the   trial   court   order.   Moreover,   other interim   applications   filed   by   the   respondents   were   also dismissed consequentially. 7 11. Being   aggrieved   by   the   dismissal,   respondents   preferred four   Civil   Revision   petitions,   before   the   High   Court   of Andhra Pradesh under Article 227 of the Constitution of India, being C.R.P. No. 2151, 2246, 2383 and 2458 of 2012. By the impugned order dated 18.06.2012, the High Court remanded   the   matter   to   the   trial   court   concerning   the applicability   of   Section   17   of   the   Limitation   Act   in   an application  under   Section   34   of   the   Arbitration   Act.   The High Court observed “Even though Mr. K. Prabhakar, learned counsel for the respondents sought to argue that when Section 5 of the Act is excluded, automatically Section 17 of the Act also gets excluded, I refrain from   expressing   any   opinion   on   this   aspect, because this is required to be considered by the lower court at the first instance before this Court examines the same at an appropriate stage. On this   short  ground,   I   feel   that   it   is   just   and appropriate to remand the matter back to the learned   Chief   Judge,   City   Civil   Court, Hyderabad   for   considering   the   above­ mentioned  pleadings  of the  petitioners   and pronouncing upon the same with reference to the applicability or otherwise of the provision of Section 17 of the Act.   Therefore, without expressing   any   opinion   on   these   aspects,   the learned Chief Judge is directed to reconsider the case only to this limited extent and pass a fresh order after hearing both parties, within a period of two months from the date of receipt of this order. It is made clear that the orders of the 8 lower Court in respect of the other aspects stand confirmed”. ( emphasis supplied ) Aggrieved by the remand order passed by the High Court on 12. the applicability of Section 17 of the Limitation Act to the proceedings, the Appellants have approached this Court in these appeals. 13. Before we delve into any other aspect of this case, it may be important to note that we would have agreed with the High Court wherein a remand may have been required in usual course for considering the applicability of Section 17 of the Limitation   Act   as   there   is   an   apparent   insufficiency   of reasons in the trial court order. But, in this case there has been a considerable delay in resolving the dispute. The very purpose   of   speedy   justice   delivery   mechanism   would   be frustrated by such delays if the matter is allowed to linger before the courts. We had positively persuaded the parties several times to come to an amicable settlement and asked the advocates representing them to use their good offices to refer parties to mediation and avoid decades of litigation. 9 But, our efforts were not met with much success in any event.  14. The   High   Court   could   have   examined   the   legal   issue   of applicability   of   Section   17   of   the   Limitation   Act   to   an application filed under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act. This   is   a   pure   question   of   law.   Only   if   Section   17   of Limitation Act was applicable to a Section 34 application, the   question   of   factual   satisfaction   of   the   ingredients   of Section 17 to the present case and a consequent remand to the trial court would arise.  The   learned   counsel   for   the   appellants,   Mr.   Devansh   A. 15. Mohta, argued that­ i. Limitation period provided under Section 34 (3) of the Arbitration Act begins ‘only’ upon the receipt of the award by the parties and the same cannot be diluted by   a   different   starting   point   provided   under   the Limitation   Act,   in   light   of   Section   29   (2)   of   the Limitation Act. 10 ii. The   period   of   limitation   under   Section   34(3)   of   the Arbitration Act is ‘unbreakable’ and is meant to run continuously. iii. Definitive time limit is necessary to ensure expeditious and   effective   resolution   of   disputes   between   the parties. iv. The mandate of     (supra) Popular Construction Case and  Consolidated Engineering Case  (supra) wherein the emphasis on ‘fixed period’ needs to be given effect to. v. The expression ‘had received the arbitral award’ found in   Section   34   (3)   of   the   Arbitration   Act   expressly excludes applicability of Section 17 of the Limitation Act. vi. This Court should appreciate the difference between concealment   of   right   to   action   being   different   from preventing a person from taking action. 16. On the contrary, the learned counsel for the respondents, Mr. Yashraj Singh Deora, had contended that­ i. The reasoning provided under  Popular Construction   (supra)   and   Case Consolidated   Engineering   Case (supra) clearly indicates to the applicability of Section 11 17 of the Limitation Act, similar to the applicability of Section 14 of the Limitation Act. ii. Limitation Act is applicable to all proceedings before the court. iii. It is evident that the Arbitration Act under Section 34 (3) provides for a different time period than the one present   under   Article   137   of   the   Limitation   Act, accordingly, the special law would therefore, prevail in so far as the issue of period of limitation is concerned. However, for ‘computation of the period of limitation’ or arriving   at   the   ‘prescribed   period’   the   provisions   of Section   4   to   24   of   the   Limitation   Act   would automatically apply unless they are expressly excluded by the special law. iv. That   it   has   been   highly   inequitable   for   the respondents, who were victims of bad faith negotiation undertaken   by   the   Appellants   to   derail   the respondents from pursuing this case for enforcement of their rights. 17. We have heard the counsels for both the parties at length, and also perused the material available on record. 12 18. We are now to examine whether Section 17 of the Limitation Act   is   applicable   while   determining   the   limitation   period under Section 34(3) of the Arbitration Act?  19. This analysis has to necessarily begin from Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act, which  states   Where any special or local law prescribes 29 (2) for any suit, appeal or application a period of limitation different from the period prescribed by the Schedule, the provisions of Section 3 shall apply   as   if   such   period   were   the   period prescribed by the Schedule  and  for the purpose of determining any period of limitation prescribed for any suit, appeal or application by any special or local law, the provisions contained in Sections 4 to 24 (inclusive) shall apply only in so far as, and to the extent to which, they are not expressly excluded by such special or local law. (emphasis added) 20. Section 29(2) is divided into 2 limbs. This is evident from the conjunctive “and” in the said provision. The inter­relation between these two limbs was considered by a Bench of five Judges   of   this   Court   in   Vidyacharan   Shukla   v. Khubchand Baghel , [1964] 6 SCR 129. 21. The first part stipulates that the limitation period prescribed by the special law or local law will prevail over the limitation period prescribed in the Schedule to the Limitation Act. In 13 this   case,   the   Arbitration   Act   is   a   “special   law”   which prescribes a specific period of limitation in Section 34(3) for filing objections to an arbitral award passed under the 1996 Act   and   consequently   the   provisions   of   Arbitration   Act would apply. We also note that there is no provision under the Limitation Act dealing with challenging an Award passed under the Arbitration Act.  22. The   second   part   mandates   that   Sections   4   to   24   of   the Limitation   Act   will   apply   for   determining   the   period   of limitation “only in so far as, and to the extent to which, they are not expressly excluded by such special or local law.” Thus the extent of the application of Sections 4 to 24 of Limitation   Act   will   apply   for   determining   the   limitation period   under   the   Arbitration   Act   only   if   they   are   not expressly excluded by Arbitration Act.    We   are   conscious   that   this     Court   in   several 23. pronouncements has extended Section 14 of Limitation Act to Section 34 of Arbitration Act and thereby excluded the time   spent   in   bonafide   pursuing   proceedings   in   a   Court which   lacks   jurisdiction.   ( State   of   Goa   v.   Western 14 Builders   (2006)   6   SCC   239   at   para   25;   Consolidated Engineering   Enterprises   v.   Principal   Secretary, (2008) 7 SCC 169   at para 27 Irrigation Department,  
Coal India Ltd. v. Ujjal Transport Agency,
(2011) 1 SCC 117 at para 6;M.P. Housing Board v.
Mohanlal & Co., (2016) 14 SCC 199at para 13).
Similarly,   this   Court   also   extended   Section   12   of   the Limitation Act to the Arbitration Act and excluded  the day on   which   the   Award   was   received   from   computing   the starting period under Section 34(3). We note that none of these cases dealt with the question whether the scheme of Section 17 of the Limitation Act is consistent with Section 34 of the Arbitration Act.  Relying   on   these   pronouncements,   the   Respondents’ 24. counsel   asserted   that   there   is   no   express   exclusion   of Section 17 in the Arbitration Act and therefore the benefit of Section   17   of   Limitation   Act   should   be   extended   while determining the period of limitation under Section 34(3).  This requires us to consider the phrase “express exclusion” 25. in Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act. This Court in a series of cases held that the express exclusion can be inferred 15 either from the language of the special law or it can be necessarily   implied   from   the   scheme   and   object   of   the special law.  26. A   Bench   of   five   Judges   in   Vidyacharan Shukla  v.  Khubchand   Baghel,   AIR   1964   SC   1099, interpreting the phrase “express exclusion” observed: 
“The contention is that sub­section (3) of<br>Section 116­A of the Act not only provides a<br>period of limitation for such an appeal, but<br>also the circumstances under which the<br>delay can be excused, indicating thereby<br>that the general provisions of the Limitation<br>Act are excluded. There are two answers to<br>this argument. Firstly, Section 29(2)(a) of<br>the Limitation Act speaks of express<br>exclusion but there is no express exclusion<br>in sub­section (3) of Section 116­A of the<br>Act; secondly, the proviso from which an<br>implied exclusion is sought to be drawn
does not lead to any such necessary
implication”.
27. This principle was further crystallised in Hukumdev<br>Narain Yadav v. Lalit Narain Mishra, (1974) 2 SCC 133<br>wherein a Bench of three Judges held that:
"It is contended before us that the words<br>"expressly excluded" would mean that there
16
must be an express reference made in the<br>special or local law to the specific provisions of<br>the Limitation Act of which the operation is to<br>be excluded. As usual the meaning given in the<br>Dictionary has been relied upon, but what we<br>have to see is whether the scheme of the<br>special law, that is, in this case the Act, and<br>the nature of the remedy provided therein are<br>such that the Legislature intended it to be a<br>complete code by itself which alone should<br>govern the several matters provided by it. If on<br>an examination of the relevant provisions it is
clear that the provisions of the Limitation Act
are necessarily excluded, then the benefits
conferred therein cannot be called in aid to
supplement the provisions of the Act. In our<br>view, even in a case where the special taw does
not exclude the provisions of Sections 4 to 24
of the Limitation Act by an express reference, it
would nonetheless be open to the Court to
examine whether and to what extent the
nature of those provisions or the nature of the
subject­matter and scheme of the special law
exclude their operation”. (emphasis added)
28. A Bench of three Judges in  Commissioner of Customs
and Central Excise v. Hongo India (P) Ltd., (2009) 5
SCC 791reiterated this principle when it held:
 “It was  contended before us that the words “expressly excluded” would mean that there must   be   an   express   reference   made   in   the special or local law to the specific provisions of the Limitation Act of which the operation is to be excluded. In this regard, we have to see the scheme of the special law which here in this case is the Central Excise Act. The nature 17 of the remedy provided therein is such that the legislature intended it to be a complete code by itself which alone should govern the several   matters   provided   by   it.   If,   on   an examination of the relevant provisions, it is clear that the provisions of the Limitation Act are   necessarily   excluded,   then   the   benefits conferred therein cannot be called in aid to supplement the provisions of the Act. In our considered view, that even in a case where the special law does not exclude the provisions of Sections 4 to 24 of the Limitation Act by an express   reference,   it   would   nonetheless   be open to the court to examine whether and to what extent, the nature of those provisions or the nature of the subject­matter and scheme of the special law exclude their operation.  In other words, the applicability of the provisions of the Limitation Act, therefore, is to be judged not from the terms of the Limitation Act but by  the provisions  of the  Central Excise Act relating to filing of reference application to the High Court”. 29. These principles were reiterated by this Court in  Union of India v. Popular Construction Co. , (2001) 8 SCC 470 at page   474;   Chhattisgarh   State   Electricity   Board   v. Central   Electricity   Regulatory   Commission ,   (2010)   5 SCC 23 at para 32;   Gopal Sardar v. Karuna Sardar, (2004) 4 SCC 252 at para 13. 18
30. Thus, the inquiry is ­ whether the text or the scheme and<br>object of the Arbitration Act excludes the application of<br>Section 17 of Limitation Act while determining the limitation<br>period?
31. We therefore have to contrast Section 17 of the Limitation Act with Section 34(3) of the Arbitration Act. The relevant part of Section 17 states 17. Effect of fraud or mistake.— (1) Where, in the case of any suit or application for which a period of limitation is prescribed by this Act,— (a)   the   suit   or   application   is   based   upon   the fraud  of the defendant or respondent or his agent; or (b) the knowledge of the right or title on which a suit or application is founded is concealed by the fraud of any such person as aforesaid; or (c) the suit or application is for relief from the consequences of a mistake; or (d) where any document necessary to establish the right of the plaintiff or applicant has been fraudulently concealed from him,  the period of limitation shall not begin to run until   plaintiff   or   applicant   has   discovered   the 19 fraud or the mistake or could, with reasonable diligence, have discovered it; or in the case of a concealed   document,   until   the   plaintiff   or   the applicant first had the means of producing the concealed   document   or   compelling   its production:  32. Section 17 does not extend or break the limitation period. It only   postpones   or   defers   the   commencement   of   the limitation period. This is evident from the phrase “ the period of limitation shall not begin to run ”.  33. In contrast, Section 34(3) of the Arbitration Act states  34. Application for setting aside arbitral award­ … … (3) An application for setting aside  may not be made after three months have elapsed from the date on which the party making that application had received the arbitral award or, if a request had been made under section 33, from the date on which that request had been disposed of by the arbitral tribunal. Provided that if the Court is satisfied that the applicant was prevented by sufficient cause from making the application within the said period of three months  it may entertain the  application within a further period of thirty days,  but not thereafter. (emphasis added) 34. Section   34(3)   deserves   careful   scrutiny   and   its characteristics must be highlighted: 20 (a) Section 34 is the only remedy for challenging an award passed under Part I of the Arbitration Act. Section 34(3) is a limitation provision, which is an inbuilt into the remedy   provision.   One   does   not   have   to   look   at   the Limitation Act or any other provision for identifying the limitation period for challenging an Award passed under Part I of the Arbitration Act.    (b) The time limit for commencement of limitation period is also provided in Section 34(3) i.e. the time from which a party making an application " had received the Arbitral ” or disposal of a request under Section 33 for Award corrections and interpretation of the Award. (c) Section 34(3) prohibits the filing of an application for setting   aside   of   an   Award   after   three   months   have elapsed from the date of receipt of Award or disposal of a request under Section 33. Section 34(3) uses the phrase “ an application for setting aside may not be made after ”.   The phrase “may not be three months have elapsed 1 made” is from the UNCITRAL Model Law  and has been 1  “ An application for setting aside may not be made after three months have elapsed   from   the   date   on   which   the   party   making   that   application   had received the award or, if a request had been made under article 33, from the date on which that request had been disposed of by the arbitral tribunal”.  21 understood to mean “cannot be made”. The High Court of Singapore in  ABC Co. Ltd v. XYZ Co. Ltd,   [2003] SGHC 107)  “The starting point of this discussion must be the Model Law itself.   On the aspect of time, Article 34(3) is brief.   All it says is that the application may not be made after the lapse of three months from a specified date.   Although the words used are ‘may not’ these must be interpreted as ‘cannot’ as it is clear that the intention is to limit the time during which an award may be challenged.  This interpretation is   supported   by   material   relating   to   the discussions amongst the drafters of the Model Law.  It appears to me that the court would not be   able   to   entertain   any   application   lodged after the expiry of the three months period as Article   34   has   been   drafted   as   the   all­ encompassing, and only, basis for challenging an award in court.  It does not provide for any extension of the time period and, as the court derives its jurisdiction to hear the application from the Article alone, the absence of such a provision   means   the   court   has   not   been conferred with the power to extend time". (d) The limitation provision in Section 34(3) also provides for condonation of delay. Unlike Section 5 of Limitation Act,  the   delay   can only  be  condoned  for   30   days  on showing sufficient cause. The crucial phrase “but not 22 thereafter” reveals the legislative intent to fix an outer boundary period for challenging an Award.  (e) Once   the   time   limit   or   extended   time   limit   for challenging   the   arbitral   award   expires,   the   period   for enforcing the award under Section 36 of the Arbitration Act commences. This is evident from the phrase “ where the   time   for   making   an   application   to   set   aside   the 2 arbitral award under Section 34 has expired ”.   There is an integral nexus between the period prescribed under Section   34(3)   to   challenge   the   Award   and   the commencement of the enforcement period under Section 36 to execute the Award.  35. If Section 17 of the Limitation Act were to be applied to determining   the   limitation   period   under   Section   34(3),   it would have the following consequences  (a) In   Section   34(3),   the   commencement   period   for computing limitation is the date of receipt of award or
236. Enforcement.—Wherethe time for making an application to set aside
the arbitral award under section 34 has expired, or such application having
been made, it has been refused, the award shall be enforced under the Code
of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) in the same manner as if it were a decree
of the Court.
23 the date of disposal of request under Section 33 (i.e correction/additional award).  If   Section   17   were   to   be   applied   for   computing   the limitation   period   under   Section   34(3),   the   starting period of limitation would be the date of discovery of the   alleged   fraud   or   mistake.   The   starting   point  for limitation under Section 34(3) would be different from the Limitation Act.  (b) The   proviso   to   Section   34(3)   enables   a   Court   to entertain an application to challenge an Award after the three months period is expired, but only within an additional period of thirty dates, “but not thereafter”. The use of the phrase “but not thereafter” shows that the   120   days   period   is   the   outer   boundary   for challenging an Award. If Section 17 were to be applied, the outer boundary for challenging an Award could go beyond   120   days.   The   phrase   “but   not   thereafter” would be rendered redundant and otiose. This Court has consistently taken this view that the words “but not thereafter” in the proviso of Section 34 (3) of the Arbitration   Act   are   of   a   mandatory   nature,   and 24 couched in negative terms, which leaves no room for doubt.   ( State   of   Himachal   Pradesh   v.   Himachal ,   (2010)   12   SCC   210, Techno   Engineers   &   Anr. Assam Urban Water Supply & Sewerage Board v. ,   (2012)  2   SCC Subash  Projects   &  Marketing   Ltd. 624 and  Anilkumar Jinabhai Patel (D) through LRs (2018) SCC v. Pravinchandra Jinabhai Patel & Ors. Online SC 276) 36. In our view, the aforesaid inconsistencies with the language of Section 34(3) of Arbitration Act tantamount to an “express exclusion” of Section 17 of Limitation Act.  37. This Court in  (supra) at page Popular Construction Case    474   followed   the   same   approach   when   it   relied   on   the phrase   “but   not   thereafter”   to   hold   that   Section   5   of Limitation Act was expressly excluded.  12.  As far as the language of Section 34 of the 1996 Act is concerned, the crucial words are “but not thereafter” used in the proviso to sub­section (3). In our opinion, this phrase would amount to an   express   exclusion   within   the   meaning   of Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act, and would therefore bar the application of Section 5 of that Act. Parliament did not need to go further.  To hold   that   the   court   could   entertain   an 25
application to set aside the award beyond the
extended period under the proviso, would render
the phrase “but not thereafter” wholly otiose. No
principle of interpretation would justify such a
result.
(emphasis added)
38. Further,   the   exclusion   of   Section   17   is   also   necessarily implied when one looks at the scheme and object of the Arbitration Act. the purpose of Arbitration Act was to provide for a 39. First,   speedy dispute resolution process. The Statement of Objects and Reasons reveal that the legislative intent of enacting the Arbitration Act was to provide parties with an efficient alternative dispute resolution system which gives litigants an   expedited   resolution   of   disputes   while   reducing   the burden on the courts. Article 34(3) reflects this intent when it   defines   the   commencement   and   concluding   period   for challenging an Award. This Court in  Popular Construction  (supra) highlighted the importance of the fixed periods Case under the Arbitration Act. We may also add that the finality is a fundamental principle enshrined under the Arbitration Act and a definitive time limit for challenging an Award is necessary   for   ensuring   finality.   If   Section   17   were   to   be 26 applied, an Award can be challenged even after 120 days. This would defeat the Arbitration Act’s objective of speedy resolution of disputes. The finality of award would also be in a limbo as a party can challenge an Award even after the 120 day period.  40. Second,  extending Section 17 of Limitation Act to Section 34 would do violence to the scheme of the Arbitration Act. As discussed above, Section 36 enables a party to apply for enforcement of Award when the period for challenging an Award under S.34 has expired. However, if Section 17 were to be extended to Section 34, the determination of “time for making an application to set aside the arbitral award” in Section 36 will become uncertain and create confusion in
the
and object of the Arbitration Act.  Third , Section 34(3) reflects the principle of unbreakability. 41. Dr.   Peter   Binder   in   International   Commercial   Arbitration nd and Conciliation in UNCITRAL Model Law Jurisdictions, 2 Ed., observed:  “An application for setting aside an award can only   be   made   during   the   three   months following the date on which the party making the application has received the award. Only if 27 a party has made a request for correction or interpretation of the award under Art. 33 does the time limit of three months begin after the tribunal   has   disposed   of   the   request.   This exception from the three­month time limit was subject to criticism in the Working group due to fears that it could be used as a delaying tactics.   However,   although   “an   unbreakable time   limit   for   applications   for   setting   aside” was sought as being desirable for the sake of “certainty and expediency” the prevailing view was that the words ought to be retained “since they presented the reasonable consequence of article 33”.  According to this “unbreakability” of   time   limit   and   true   to  the   “certainty   and expediency”   of   the   arbitral   awards,   any grounds   for   setting   aside   the   award   that emerge after  the  three­month  time  limit  has expired cannot be raised. 42. Extending   Section   17   of   the   Limitation   Act   would   go contrary to the principle of ‘unbreakability’ enshrined under Section 34(3) of the Arbitration Act. 43. The   Respondents   have   argued   that   if   Section   17   is   not extended to Section 34, it would cause enormous injustice and   provide   scope   for   parties   to   play   mischief.   The Respondents   have   cited   several   illustrations   where   on account of fraud of the party, an objecting party can be precluded from challenging an Award and extending Section 17 would come to the rescue of such a party. 28 44. The Respondent’s contention proceeds on a misconceived notion of Section 17. Even if Section 17 were to be extended to   Section   34,   it   would   not   address   the   Respondent’s grievance. Section 17 does not defer the starting point of the limitation   period   merely   because   the   Appellants   has committed fraud. Section 17 does not encompass all kinds of   frauds   and   mistakes.   Section   17(1)(b)   and   (d)   only encompasses   only   those   fraudulent   conduct   or   act   of concealment   of   documents  which   have   the   effect   of suppressing the knowledge entitling a party to pursue its legal remedy. Once a party becomes aware of the antecedent facts necessary to pursue a legal proceeding, the limitation period commences. 45. This   principle   is   illustrated   by   a   ruling   of   this   Court  in Yeswant   Deorao   Deshmukh   v.   Walchand   Ramchand Kothari , 1950 SCR 852 . The facts of this case are broadly similar. A decree holder files an execution petition after the expiry   of   limitation   period   (12   years   of   the   passing   of decree). To overcome the limitation bar, the decree­holder alleged that the judgement debtor prevented the execution 29 of a decree by suppressing the ownership of certain assets (ownership   of   newspaper   in   those   facts)   and   in   support placed   reliance   on   Section   18   of   Limitation   Act,   1908 3 (equivalent  of Section  17)   Rejecting this  contention,  this Court observed: 19. In   our   opinion,   the   facts   necessary   to establish   fraud   under   Section   18   of   the Limitation   Act   are   neither   admitted   nor proved in the present case. Concealing from a person the knowledge of his right to apply for execution of a decree is undoubtedly different from preventing him from exercising his right, of which he has knowledge. Section 18 of the Limitation   Act   postulates   the   former alternative.   ……   The   fraud   pleaded,   namely suppression   of   ownership   of the  Prabhat  newspaper,  did not conceal from him   his   right   to   make   an   application   for execution of the decree. 
Pallav Sheth v. Custodian, (2001) 7 SCC 549,
this Court observed that Section 17 comes to the rescue of a party for “ failing to adopt legal proceedings when the facts or material   necessary   for   him   to   do   so   have   been   willfully "   concealed from him   3 Although there is a slight difference in the text of S.18 of Limitation Act, 1908 and S.17 of Limitation Act, 1963, the relevant provision for the present case remains the same. 30 47. In the context of Section 34, a party can challenge an award as soon as it receives the award. Once an award is received, a   party   has   knowledge   of   the   award   and   the   limitation period   commences.   The   objecting   party   is   therefore precluded from invoking Section 17(1)(b) & (d) once it has knowledge   of   the   Award.   Section   17(1)(a)   and   (c)   of Limitation Act may not even apply, if they are extended to Section   34,   since   they   deal   with   a   scenario   where   the application is “based upon” the fraud of the respondent or if the   application   is   for   “relief   from   the   consequences   of   a mistake”. Section 34 application is based on the award and not on the fraud of the respondent and does not seek the relief of consequence of a mistake. 48. The fraudulent conduct where Section 17 of the Limitation Act would have helped the objecting party is where there was a fraud in the delivery of the award. However, in such a scenario, resort to section 17 is not necessary. If there is any   fraud   in   the   delivery   of   Award,   the   requirement   of receipt of Award under Section 34(3) itself is not satisfied. Any receipt of Award must be effective receipt. This Court in 31 Union   of   India   v.   Tecco   Trichy   Engineers   & held that: Contractors , (2005) 4 SCC 239  “8.   The delivery of an arbitral award under sub­section (5) of Section 31 is not a matter of mere formality. It is a matter of substance. It is only after the stage under Section 31 has passed that the stage of termination of arbitral  proceedings  within the  meaning   of Section 32 of the Act arises.  The delivery of arbitral award to the party, to be effective, has   to   be   “received”   by   the   party.  This delivery by the Arbitral Tribunal and receipt by   the   party   of   the   award   sets   in   motion several   periods   of   limitation   such   as   an application for correction and interpretation of an award within 30 days under Section 33(1),   an   application   for   making   an additional award under Section 33(4) and an application for setting aside an award under Section 34(3) and so on. As this delivery of the copy of award has the effect of conferring certain rights on the party as also bringing to an end the right to exercise those rights on expiry of the prescribed period of limitation which would be calculated from that date, the   delivery   of   the   copy   of   award   by   the Tribunal   and   the   receipt   thereof   by   each party constitutes an important stage in the arbitral proceedings. 9.  In the context of a huge organisation like the Railways, the copy of the award has to be   received   by   the   person   who   has knowledge   of   the   proceedings   and   who would be the best person to understand and appreciate   the   arbitral  award   and  also   to take a decision in the matter of moving an application under sub­section (1) or (5) of 32 Section   33   or   under   sub­section   (1)   of Section 34”. 49. In   view   of   the   above,   we   hold   that   once   the   party   has received   the   Award,   the   limitation   period   under   Section 34(3) of the Arbitration Act commences. Section 17 of the Limitation   Act   would   not   come   to   the   rescue   of   such objecting party. 50. In   the   present   case,   the   Respondents   had   a   right   to challenge   the   Award   under   Section   34   the   moment   they received it. In this case, Respondents received the Award on 21.02.2010. The alleged MoU was executed on 09.04.2010. Once the Respondents received the Award, the time under Section   34(3)   commenced   and   any   subsequent   disability even as per Section 17 or Section 9 of Limitation Act is immaterial. Merely because the  Appellant had  committed some fraud, it would not affect the Respondents right to challenge   the   Award   if   the   facts   entitling   the   filing   of   a Section 34 Application was within their knowledge.   The moment   the   Respondents   have   received   the   Award,   the three months period prescribed under Section 34(3) begins to commence.   It was incumbent on the Respondents to 33 have instituted an application under Section 34 challenging an award. Therefore, in light of the discussion above, there would not have been any point for meaningful remand as the question of law is answered against the Respondents herein. 51. In light of the aforesaid legal position, the judgment and order of the High court dated 18.06.2012, in Civil Revision Petition Nos. 2151, 2246, 2383 and 2458 of 2012 are set­ aside,   and   also   the   order   allowing   I.A.   No.   598   of   2011 condoning the delay of 236 days in filing the objections is set  aside,   accordingly   these   appeals   are   allowed   with   no order as to costs.  ………………………J. ( N. V. Ramana ) ………………………J. (   ) S. Abdul Nazeer New Delhi, September 26, 2018 34