Full Judgment Text
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NOS. 218788 of 2011
| Raveen Kumar | ..... Appellant(s) |
|---|---|
| VERSUS | |
| State of Himachal Pradesh | .....Respondent(s) |
JUDGMENT
Surya Kant, J:
These Criminal Appeals have been heard over video
conferencing.
2. The appellant, Raveen Kumar, challenges the judgment dated
23.04.2010 and the order dated 18.05.2010 passed by a Division
Bench of the High Court of Himachal Pradesh, whereby his acquittal
under Section 20 of the Narcotics, Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances Act, 1985 (“NDPS Act”) was reversed and a sentence of
twoyears rigorous imprisonment with a fine of Rs.50,000 was instead
imposed.
F ACTS
Signature Not Verified
Digitally signed by
SATISH KUMAR YADAV
Date: 2020.10.26
16:53:50 IST
Reason:
3. Briefly put, the prosecution case is that on 01.11.1994 at
around 3:30 P.M., a police party while conducting traffic checks for
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suspected ammunition near the HPJ&K border at Surangani, stopped
a Maruti van which was being driven by the appellant. The police in
the course of rummaging found that the van was loaded with tins of
ghee, a bag of maize, 20 bottles of honey, rajmah , angithi, thermos,
stepney and some other miscellaneous articles. A polythene bag
underneath the driver’s seat was also discovered. Suspecting it to
contain narcotics, the police summoned two local shopkeepers
(including Nam Singh, PW1) as independent witnesses. The appellant
was informed of his statutory right to be searched in the presence of a
magistrate or gazetted officer but he consented to being searched by
the police party itself. The contents of the bag were then examined
and charas, in the form of dhoopbati and balls was found. It was
weighed using scales obtained from a nearby shop and was found to
be 1 kg and 230 gms. After a 10 gm sample of the contraband was
extracted, the charas was sealed and seized, and other procedural
formalities were completed. The appellant was arrested and statement
of one of the two independent witnesses – Nam Singh (PW1) was
recorded. The sample was sent for chemical analysis where it was
confirmed to be with a resin content of 34.5%. The
charas
prosecution, accordingly, charged the appellant for offence under
Section 20 of the NDPS Act.
4. Over the course of trial, five witnesses were examined by the
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prosecution and various documents including PW1’s statement,
appellant’s written consent for search, recovery memo, arrest memo,
seals and site plan were adduced in evidence. PW1 was declared
hostile by the prosecution as he denied having personally witnessed
seizure of the charas, but nevertheless he broadly supported the
prosecution case as regards procedural compliances, sealing of the
recovered narcotics and presence of the appellant. PW2 to PW5, being
police witnesses, corroborated the prosecution version regarding
search, seizure, and other statutory compliances under the NDPS Act.
The appellant, in his defence, denied possession of any prohibited
substance and claimed that the charges were fabricated by the police
given his earlier refusal to contribute money towards a sports meet
organised by the jurisdictional police. No defence evidence, however,
was led and the appellant instead focused on highlighting
contradictions between statements of the police witnesses.
5. The learned Special Judge vide his judgment dated 10.07.1995,
acquitted the appellant observing that possession of a prohibited
substance had not been proved beyond reasonable doubt. In reaching
such conclusion, the Court placed heavy reliance on an earlier reply
dated 09.11.1994 given by the prosecution to oppose appellant’s
prayer for bail, wherein the police claimed that the appellant “ roams in
the area in the vehicle in the guise of a contractor and usually deals in
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Contraband articles. Earlier also on 27.10.94, reliable secret
information was received that he was carrying charas 7 kgs in the
same vehicle. He was chased … but he could not be nabbed … He has
In the opinion of the trial
been under observation for a long time.”
Court, this unambiguously negated PW2 and PW5’s depositions that
they did not know or previously engage with the appellant. It also
became the sole factor to conclude that the police, in fact, had
previous information of the alleged smuggling and the chance recovery
was nothing but a deliberately crafted narrative to circumvent the
legal safeguards under the NDPS Act, which consequently weakened
the very foundations of the case. The Special Judge also noted that
there was a contradiction in the statements of PW2 and PW5, and that
the only independent witness had not supported the prosecution
version.
6. The respondentState appealed before the High Court, which
through judgment dated 23.04.2010 held that the reasoning of the
trial Court was totally fallacious. The High Court upon reappreciating
the entire evidence on record, observed that first, the trial Court had
wrongly discarded the statement of PW1, for he had corroborated
major parts of the prosecution version and had merely pleaded
ignorance to recovery of the polythene bag. , the conviction was
Second
possible even in the absence of any independent witness. Third , it was
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shown how the version of PW2 and PW5 could be reconciled and any
possible contradiction would be remote and immaterial. Fourth and
most crucially, PW5 (Investigating Officer) had not been confronted
with the prosecution’s earlier reply to the bail application and thus the
same could not be relied upon to doubt the prosecution version. The
High Court further opined that the alternate theory propounded by
the defence was selectively not suggested to PW5. Given these two
facts, there was nothing to infer that there was any prior information
and the case was clearly one of chance recovery, thus ameliorating the
requirements to comply with Section 42 of the NDPS Act.
7. The High Court thereafter heard the appellant on the quantum
of sentence and passed a separate order of sentencing dated
18.05.2010, observing that although the quantity of the seized charas
was 1 kg 230 gms but the pure resin content was only 424 gms, which
was not a ‘commercial quantity’. Further, giving due weight to the
appellant’s dependants and the over 15 years delay in trial, the High
Court awarded a lenient sentence of two years rigorous imprisonment
and a fine of Rs 50,000 (or further oneyear imprisonment in lieu
thereof).
C ONTENTIONS OF P ARTIES
8. The aggrieved appellant has challenged the reversal of his
acquittal, asserting that the High Court exceeded its jurisdiction in
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settingaside the trial Court’s reasoned order. It was vehemently
contended by his learned counsel that once the sole independent
witness had disowned the prosecution case, it would be unjustified to
convict the appellant by trusting the police version. The contents of
the reply dated 09.11.1994 were reagitated with a view to prove that
the case was not of chance recovery and in case of two possible views
on the same set of evidence, the one favouring acquittal ought to be
taken. It was contended that the reply, being a court record, was not
required to be proved like a statement recorded under Section 161 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (“CrPC”). Additionally, leniency
was sought sighting the nowadvanced age of the appellant and the
low quantity of the narcotics recovered.
9. These pleas for acquittal and leniency have been ably
controverted by learned State counsel who supports the judgment and
order of the High Court. He urged that the conviction can be well
sustained in such like cases solely on the strength of testimonies of
official witnesses and despite noncorroboration by an independent
witness. He further demonstrated how the trial Court had
impermissibly relied upon the reply document when the same had not
been brought forth at the stage of PW5’s crossexamination. It was
also submitted that more than adequate leniency has already been
shown at the sentencing stage as the High Court had imposed
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punishment for only the pure resin content, whereas the entire weight
of the mixture, including its neutral substance, ought to have been
considered.
A NALYSIS
10. Having heard learned counsel for the parties and on perusal of
the record, we find that these appeals raise the following three
questions of law: (A) What is the scope and essence of the High Court’s
appellate jurisdiction against a judgment of acquittal?; (B) What is the
extent of reliance upon a document with which the other side was not
confronted with during crossexamination?; and (C) Whether non
examination of independent witnesses vitiates the prosecution case?
Additionally, considering that the question of sentencing arose for the
first time before the High Court, the possibility of taking a lenient view
in the present circumstances also requires consideration.
A) Scope of appeal in cases of acquittal
11. The appellant’s contention that the High Court could not have
set aside a finding of acquittal, is legally unfounded. It has been
settled through a catena of decisions that there is no difference of
power, scope, jurisdiction or limitation under the CrPC between
appeals against judgments of conviction or of acquittal. An appellate
Court is free to reconsider questions of both law and fact, and re
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appreciate the entirety of evidence on record. There is, nonetheless, a
selfrestraint on the exercise of such power, considering the interests
of justice and the fundamental principle of presumption of innocence.
Thus, in practice, appellate Courts are reluctant to interfere with
orders of acquittal, especially when two reasonable conclusions are
1
possible on the same material.
2
12. This Court has very illustratively, in
State of UP v. Banne ,
listed circumstances were interference of an appellate Court against
acquittal would be justified. These would include patent errors of law,
grave miscarriage of justice, or perverse findings of fact. In turn, Babu
3
v. State of Kerala , clarified that “ findings of fact recorded by a court
can be held to be perverse if the findings have been arrived at by
ignoring or excluding relevant material or by taking into consideration
irrelevant/inadmissible material ” or if they are ‘ against the weight of
evidence’ or if they suffer from the ‘ vice of irrationality’ .
13. Further, this Court in exercise of its powers under Article 136,
would ordinarily only examine whether the High Court has failed to
correctly apply these principles governing appeals against acquittal. It
would be aptly beneficial to quote what this Court has observed in
4
:
Ram Jag v. State of UP
1
Ramabhupala Reddy v. State of Andhra Pradesh, (1970) 3 SCC 474.
2
(2009) 4 SCC 271, ¶ 28.
3
(2010) 9 SCC 189, ¶ 20.
4
(1974) 4 SCC 201.
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“14. If after applying these principles, not by their mechanical
recitation in the judgment, the High Court has reached the
conclusion that the order of acquittal ought to be reversed, this Court
will not reappraise evidence in appeals brought before it under
Article 136 of the Constitution. In such appeals, only such
examination of the evidence would ordinarily be necessary as is
required to see whether the High Court has applied the principles
correctly. The High Court is the final Court of facts and the reserve
jurisdiction of this Court under Article 136, though couched in wide
terms, is by long practice exercised in exceptional cases where the
High Court has disregarded the guidelines set by this Court for
deciding appeals against acquittal or “by disregard to the forms of
legal process or some violation of the principles of natural justice or
otherwise, substantial and grave injustice has been done” or where
the finding is such that it shocks the conscience of the Court. … A
finding reached by the application of correct principles cannot shock
judicial conscience and this Court does not permit its conscience to
be projected save where known and recognised tests of testimonial
assessment are totally disregarded; otherwise, conscience can
become an unruly customer.”
14. There is, therefore, no legal necessity for us to reappreciate the
entire evidence merely on the premise that the High Court has
convicted the appellant for the first time in exercise of its appellate
jurisdiction. Instead, the scope of the present appeals ought to be
restricted to test whether the trial Court’s order was indeed perverse
and whether the High Court’s reappreciation of evidence and
consequent conviction was founded on cogent evidence.
B) Reliance on prosecution’s reply to bail application
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15. It is apparent that the appellant’s acquittal was primarily based
upon the finding that the case was not one of ‘chance recovery’. The
trial Court reached such finding solely on the basis of certain
averments made in a written reply submitted on 09.11.1994 by the
prosecution in opposition to the appellant’s bail application.
16. Learned counsel for the appellant could not fairly dispute the
distinction between ‘replies’ submitted to the Court in some pending
proceedings, as compared to the statements recorded by the police
under Section 161 of CrPC. Nevertheless, a Court should be over
cautious to place reliance on a piece of evidence with which the
concerned witness has not been confronted despite an opportunity to
do so. Although there is no need to separately prove the court records
emanating during trial but no legal presumption can be extended to
the veracity of the contents of such documents. The reply filed in court
proceedings, at best, can be treated as an admission; which as held by
5
this Court in Sita Ram Bhau Patil v. Ramchandra Nago Patil ,
must not only be proved, but also the opposite party must be
confronted with it at the stage of cross examination. It would be
apposite to extract the cited judgment to the following effect:
“17. If admission is proved and if it is thereafter to be used against
the party who has made it the question comes within the
provisions of Section 145 of the Evidence Act. The provisions in the
5
(1977) 2 SCC 49.
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Indian Evidence Act that “ admission is not conclusive proof ” are
to be considered in regard to two features of evidence. First, what
weight is to be attached to an admission? In order to attach weight
it has to be found out whether the admission is clear,
unambiguous and is a relevant piece of evidence. Second, even if
the admission is proved in accordance with the provisions of
the Evidence Act and if it is to be used against the party who
has made it, “it is sound that if a witness is under cross
examination on oath, he should be given an opportunity, if the
documents are to be used against him, to tender his
explanation and to clear up the point of ambiguity or dispute.
This is a general salutary and intelligible rule” …
Therefore, a
mere proof of admission, after the person whose admission it
is alleged to be has concluded his evidence, will be of no avail
and cannot be utilised against him .”
[emphasis supplied]
17. The High Court has correctly noted in the present case that no
opportunity to controvert this reply document was given to the
prosecution, nor was PW5 confronted with it. Moreover, no weight can
be accorded to such reply when the trial Court itself, while rejecting
bail on 17.11.1994, had interpreted the same to conclude that the
police “
was not having a prior information that the petitioner was
carrying Charas in his Maruti Van, though, it appears, that there was a
general information against the petitioner indulging in such activities.”
18. Since irrelevant material was impermissibly relied upon by the
trial Court to arrive at an acquittal, the High Court was adequately
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justified to interfere with and reverse the findings.
C) Need for independent witnesses
19. It would be gainsaid that lack of independent witnesses are not
6
fatal to the prosecution case. However, such omissions cast an added
duty on Courts to adopt a greaterdegree of care while scrutinising the
testimonies of the police officers, which if found reliable can form the
basis of a successful conviction.
20. The trial Court held that no independent witness supported the
prosecution case and that the testimonies of the star policewitnesses,
namely, PW2 and PW5, were contradictory. Both these observations
are unreasoned and unsubstantiated by the evidence on record. The
High Court, on the contrary, has given cogent and lucid reasons as to
how the testimony of PW1 (alleged hostile independent witness) also
substantially supports the prosecution case.
21. Although declared hostile by the prosecution, Nam Singh (PW1),
admits to being literate and having signed his statement on the spot.
During crossexamination he admits to having duly perused the
contents of these documents before having signed them, and of not
being under any form of police pressure, thus, seriously undermining
any oral statement to the contrary. His deposition independently
establishes that the Maruti van of the appellant had indeed been
stopped, the appellant’s consent was taken, a search had been
6
Kalpnath Rai v. State, (1998) AIR SC 201, ¶ 9.
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conducted, certain items were seized and some substance had been
weighed and sealed. Although PW1 claimed not to have specifically
witnessed seizure of the charas, but he has not denied so either. He
submits that he had gone back to his shop to attend to some
customers at that stage of the search. However, he admits to having
been shown the extracted sample of charas, which he identified before
the trial Court. Thus, far from undermining the prosecution version,
PW1’s statement broadly corroborates and strengthens the seizure of
contraband substance from the possession of the appellant.
22. As regards the question of contradiction between PW2 and PW5’s
statements, we find that the High Court’s observations are
unimpeachable. It would indeed be patently wrong to suggest that
PW5 deposed that the independent witnesses were called after the
suspected contraband had already been recovered from underneath
the driver’s seat. In fact, both PW2 and PW5 unequivocally state that
the polythene bag was inspected only after the independent witnesses
had arrived. There might be some confusion over the timing of removal
of the other substances, being the tins of ghee, honey, maize etc., but
such trivialities are not material.
D) Leniency in sentencing
23. After having given a very generous consideration to the
appellant’s age and circumstances, as well as the delay in trial and
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appeal, we feel that it would serve the interests of justice to simply not
disturb the sentence of two years’ rigorous imprisonment and a fine of
Rs.50,000 which has been awarded by the High Court.
24. We say so for the reason that the law on minimum mandatory
sentence, both at the time of commission of the offence and at the
stage of appeal, prohibits any imprisonment lower than a term of ten
years. Section 20(ii) of the NDPS Act, as it stood before the
7
amendment of 2001 , specified that where contravention relates to
cannabis in a form other than then the same shall be
ganja,
punishable with “ rigorous imprisonment which shall not be less than
ten years but which may extend to twenty years and shall also be
liable to fine which shall not be less than one lakh rupees and which
may extend to two lakh rupees ”.
25. Similarly, Section 20(ii)(C) of the NDPS Act, as it stands post the
amendment of 2001, specifies the same minimum mandatory
punishment of ten years for possession of ‘commercial quantity’ of
cannabis. The High Court, as the law was being misconstrued at that
time, relied upon the quantity of pure resin content of 424 gms.
Instead, as now stands clarified by a coordinate Bench of this Court
8
in Hira Singh v. Union of India the total quantity of the mixture,
which includes the neutral substance, ought to be relevant for
7
Section 7, Act 9 of 2001.
8
2020 SCC OnLine SC 382, ¶ 10(II).
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purposes of sentencing. This total quantity in the instant case is 1 kg
230 gms, which exceeds the definition of ‘commercial quantity’ as
specified at Sl. No. 23 in Notification S.O. 1055 (E), dated 19.10.2001.
Thus, the sentence accorded by the High Court is clearly already far
too charitable.
C ONCLUSION
26. For the aforestated reasons, the appeals are dismissed. The
appellant’s bail bonds are cancelled and the respondentState is
directed to take the appellant into custody to serve the remainder of
his two years’ sentence.
…………………………….. J.
(N.V. RAMANA)
…………………………… J.
(SURYA KANT)
…………………………...J.
(HRISHIKESH ROY)
NEW DELHI
DATED : 26.10.2020
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