VINOD KATARA vs. THE STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH

Case Type: Writ Petition Criminal

Date of Judgment: 12-09-2022

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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 121 OF 2022 VINOD KATARA      .…PETITIONER(S) Versus STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH                      ….RESPONDENT(S) J U D G M E N T J.B. PARDIWALA, J. 1. Personal liberty of a person is one of the oldest concepts to be purported by national courts. As long ago as in 1215, the English Magna Carta provided that:­ Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by VISHAL ANAND Date: 2022.09.12 16:46:13 IST Reason:  "No free man shall be taken or imprisoned.... but..... by law of the land." 1 2.   Today, the concept of personal liberty has received a far more expansive interpretation. The notion that is accepted today is that liberty encompasses these rights and privileges which have long been   recognized   as   being   essential   to   the   orderly   pursuit   of happiness   by   a   free   man   and   not   merely   freedom   from   bodily restraint. There can be no cavil in saying that lodging juveniles in adult prisons amounts to deprivation of their personal liberty on multiple aspects. 3. This Writ Application under Article 32 of the Constitution is at the instance of a convict accused undergoing life imprisonment for the   offence   of   murder   seeking   appropriate   directions   to   the respondent State of Uttar Pradesh to verify the exact age of the convict on the date of the commission of the offence as it is the case of the convict that on the date of the commission of the offence i.e. 10.09.1982 he was a juvenile aged around 15 years. 4. The facts giving rise to this litigation may be summarized as under: 2 (a) The writ applicant along with other co­accused persons was put to trial for the offence punishable under Section 302 r/w 34 of the IPC; th (b) The 5   Additional Sessions Judge, Agra in the sessions trial No.   535   of   1983   arising   from   the   case   crime   no.   126   of   1982 registered   with   the   Fatehpur   Sikri   District,   Agra   held   the   writ applicant herein and the co­accused persons guilty of the offence of murder and sentenced them to life imprisonment; (c) The   writ   applicant   herein   and   the   other   convicts   went   in appeal before the Allahabad High Court by filing the Cr. Appeal No. 133 of 1986 questioning the legality and validity of the judgment & order of conviction passed by the trial court dated 06.01.1986; (d) The appeal was heard by the High Court and vide judgment and order dated 04.03.2016 came to be dismissed thereby affirming the judgment and order of conviction passed by the trial court; (e) The writ applicant herein dissatisfied with the order passed by the   High   Court   dismissing   his   appeal,   referred   to   above,   came before this Court by filing application for Special Leave to Appeal (Crl.) No. 6048 of 2016. This Court vide order dated 16.08.2016 3 declined to grant leave as prayed for and dismissed the Special Leave Petition. 5. It may not be out of the place to state at this stage that till this Court dismissed the Special Leave Petition vide the order dated 16.08.2016, the writ applicant herein had not raised the question of him being a juvenile on the date of the commission of the alleged offence on 10.09.1982. 6. It   appears   that   while   the   writ   applicant   was   undergoing sentence   of   life   imprisonment,   he   was   subjected   to   medical examination by the Medical Board constituted by the respondent State in pursuance of the judgment rendered by a Division Bench of the   Allahabad   High   Court   in   the   Criminal   Writ   Public   Interest Litigation   No.   855   of   2012,   wherein   the   Division   Bench   of   the Allahabad High Court observed as under: Admittedly, as per the State's earlier affidavits, it was claimed that there were 72 prisoners, who may have been below   18   years   in   age   and   who   are   detained   in   the various district or Central jails. Their break up was as follows: There   were   23   such   prisoners   in   Bareilly,   1   in Lucknow, 4 in Allahabad, 2 in Etawah, 18 in Agra and 23   in   Fatehgarh.   One   such   prisoner   Raju,   who belonged to Faizabad, whose age was determined to 4 be below 18 years by the Principal Magistrate, Juvenile Justice Board was sent to Special Home after having been detained for a long time in Faizabad jail. Prima   facie   there   appears   to   be   some   material   for suggesting that such prisoners, may have been below 18 years on the date of commission of the offences. After the modification of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, (hereafter the Act) by Act No. 33 of 2006, under section 2 (l) a juvenile in conflict with law means a juvenile who is alleged to have committed an offence and has not completed eighteen years of age as on the date of commission of such offence. Under   the   proviso   to   section   7A   (1)   of   the   Act,   it   is mentioned that a claim of juvenility may be raised before any court and it shall be recognised at any stage, even after the final disposal of the case, and such claim shall be determined in terms of the provisions contained in this Act and the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Rules, 2007 (hereinafter the Rules). We,   therefore,   direct   the   District   Judges,   who   are Chairpersons of their respective Legal Services Authorities to directly oversee that efficient lawyers are appointed for the purpose of providing legal aid to the prisoners, (who are   unable   to   engage   private   lawyers)   who   have   been mentioned in the list furnished by the State Government and described to be below 18 years in age on the date of commission of offence. The said legal aid lawyers should get   the   ages   of   the   prisoners   ascertained   by   obtaining documents and carrying out the other measures provided under Rule 12 of the Juvenile Justice Act and Rules and also on the lines suggested by the Delhi High Court in WP (C)   No.   8889   of   2011   (Court   on   its   own   motion   vs. Department of Women and Child Development and others) in its order dated 11.5.2012. Obtaining information about 5 the probable date of birth of other siblings can also be taken into account for ascertaining the true age of these prisoners.   The   legal   aid   lawyers   may   also   find   out whether  there   are  other  prisoners  in  jail,   who  may  be below 18 years of age on the date of commission of the offence   and   who   appear   to   be   wrongly   lodged   in   the regular   prisons   for   adults   and   the   bases   for   their conclusions. Thereafter the matter may be placed before the Principal Judge, Juvenile Justice Board for determining of the ages as per the criteria set out above. The prosecution and the complainant will also of course be given an opportunity to examine their own witnesses and to   cross­examine   the   witnesses,   who   have   been   got examined on behalf of the accused and for that purpose notices of the proceedings before the JJ Board shall be served on the complainant/ prosecution. As it is possible that in some cases the prisoners mentioned in the State's list may indeed be below 18 years in age on the date of offence, but as the basis for arrival at the conclusion in the State's   list   were   usually   some   preliminary   medical examinations and no detailed steps for ascertaining ages had been taken after hearing both parties, and it cannot be ruled out that in certain cases extraneous measures may have been used for reducing the ages, we think that such an exercise as detailed above wherein the ages are ascertained after hearing both parties was needed. The said exercise is to be competed within a period of two months and the reports submitted to this Court on its next listing. The   District   Judges/District   Legal   Services   Authorities shall   take   strict   measures   in   future   for   ensuring   that prisoners below 18 years of age on the date of offence are 6 not lodged in adults prisons in violation of the Juvenile Justice Act and Rules. So far as district Allahabad is concerned, we direct the District Judge, Allahabad to permit Sister Sheeba Jose, Advocate and Shri Rohan Gupta, Advocate to visit and interview   the   concerned   prisoners   for   the   purpose   of ascertaining their ages and for submitting the report to the Court on the next date of listing. It was further submitted by the learned counsel for the petitioner that so far as the prisoner Raju is concerned, whose age was determined to be below 18 years, he was earlier lodged in Faizabad jail and was subsequently sent to the Special Home. As he was convicted as far back as in the year 2001 in a case under section 302 IPC. The respondents   should   inform   this   Court   about   the   total period spent in jail by this prisoner and in case it exceeds 3 years (which was the maximum permissible sentence in view   of   section   15   of   the   Act)   the   basis   for   his   being presently detained in the Special Home.”   Thus,   vide   the   order   dated   24.05.2012   referred   to   above passed in a Public Interest Litigation being Criminal (PIL) Misc. W.P. No. 855 of 2012, the Allahabad High Court directed the Juvenile Justice Boards to hold an enquiry for determination of the age of prisoners languishing in jails who claimed to have been juveniles in conflict with the law.  7 7. The   Medical   Board   subjected   the   writ   applicant   herein   to the X­rays of the skull and sternum. Upon medical examination of the writ applicant herein, the Medical Board gave its report dated 10.12.2021   certifying   that   on   10.09.1982   i.e.   the   date   of   the commission of the alleged offence, the writ applicant could have been   around   15   years   of   age   as   on   the   date   of   the   medical examination, the convict was around 56 years of age. 8. It appears that sometime later, the writ applicant was in a position to obtain a document in the form of Family Register dated 02.03.2021 issued under the U.P. Panchayat Raj (Maintenance of Family Registers) Rules, 1970. In the Family Register certificate, the year of birth of the writ applicant herein is shown as 1968. If 1968 is the correct birth year of the writ applicant herein, then in 1982 he was about 14 years of age. 9. In such circumstances referred to above, the writ applicant is here before this Court. He claims that as he was a juvenile on the date of the commission of the alleged offence sometime in the year 1982, he could not have been put to trial along with other co­ accused and should have been dealt with under the provisions of 8 the Juvenile Justice Act as prevailing at the relevant point of time. It is the prayer of the writ applicant that the respondent State be directed  to get the   claim  of   the  writ  applicant in  regard  to the juvenility   verified   through   the   concerned   Sessions   Court   or   the Juvenile Justice Board. Submissions on behalf of the writ applicant convict: 10. Mr. Rishi Malhotra, the learned counsel appearing for the writ applicant vehemently submitted that although till the dismissal of the  Special  Leave   Petition  (Criminal)   No.   6048   od   2016   by   this Court vide order dated 16.08.2016, the convict had not raised the plea of juvenility, yet the law permits him to raise such a plea even at this point of time having regard to the provisions of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Act, 2011. It is submitted that there is clinching evidence on record as on date in the form of certificate issued by the Medical Board as well as the Family Register to indicate that in the year 1982 the writ applicant could   be   around   15   years   of   age.   The   learned   counsel   would vehemently submit that there is no good ground to discard the 9 certificate issued by the Medical Board as well as the extract of the Family Register.  11. To fortify the aforesaid submissions, the learned counsel seeks to rely upon a three­Judge Bench decision of this Court in the case of  ALIAS    Abuzar Hossain  Gulam Hossain v. State of West Bengal reported in (2012) 10 SCC 489. 12. In such circumstances referred to above, the learned counsel prays that there being merit in his writ petition, the same may be allowed and appropriate directions may be issued to do complete justice in the matter. Submissions on behalf of the State 13. Mr.   Ardhendhumauli   Kr.   Prasad,   the   learned   Additional Advocate General appearing for the State, on the other hand, has vehemently   opposed   the   present   writ   application.   The   learned counsel would submit that the Family Register is not admissible in evidence and the entries made therein are not decisive to determine the age. It is argued that the writ applicant has not placed on record   any   document   of   any   educational   institution.   It   is   also argued   that   no   ossification   test   was   undertaken   or   no   modern 10 recognized method was adopted for the purpose of determination of age. 14. The   learned   counsel   appearing   for   the   State   invited   the attention of this Court towards the order passed by a Coordinate Bench of this Court in the case of   Ashok v. State of Madhya Pradesh , Special Leave to Appeal (Criminal) No. 643 of 2020 dated 29.11.2021. The order passed by the Coordinate Bench referred to above reads thus:­ “By   a   judgment   and   order   dated   29.07.1999,   the Additional Sessions Judge, Gohad, District Bhind, Madhya Pradesh,   convicted   the   petitioner   inter   alia   for   offence under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code and sentenced him inter alia to life imprisonment in Sessions Trial No. 260 of 1997. In the cause title of the said judgment and order, the petitioner has been described as Ashok, S/o Balram Jatab age 16 yrs 9 months and 19 days, R/o Village Anjani Pura, District Bhind.  The petitioner filed an appeal being Criminal Appeal No. 455 of 1999 challenging his conviction and sentence. The said   criminal   appeal   has   been   dismissed   by   the   High Court by an order dated 14.11.2017, which is impugned in the Special Leave Petition (Crl.) No. 643 of 2020, filed by the petitioner. The incident which led to the conviction of the petitioner, took place on 26.07.1997. The   petitioner   claims   that   the   petitioner   was   born   on 05.01.1981. The petitioner was, therefore, approximately 16 years and 7 months old on the date of the incident. In 11 this Court, the petitioner has for the first time contended that he was a juvenile on the date of the incident. His conviction and sentence are, therefore, liable to be set­ aside. The claim of juvenility was not raised in the High Court.   The   learned   Additional   Advocate   General, appearing on behalf of the State argued that the claim of juvenility has been raised for the first time in this special leave petition. The Juvenile Justice Act, 1986, which was in force on the date of commission of the offence as also the   date   of   the   judgment   and   order   of   conviction   and sentence   by   the   Sessions   Court   was   repealed   by   the Juvenile   Justice   (Care   and   Protection   of   Children)   Act, 2000. The Act of 2000 received the assent of the President of   India   on   30.12.2000   and   came   into   force   on 01.04.2001. The Act of 2000 defined juvenile in conflict with the law to mean a juvenile, who was alleged to have committed an offence and had not completed 18th year of age as on the date of commission of such an offence. Under the 1986 Act, the age of juvenility was up to the 16th year. Section 7A of the 2000 Act as inserted by Act 33   of   2006   with   effect   from   22.08.2006   provided   as follows:­   “7A. Procedure to be followed when claim of juvenility is  raised before any Court.­(1)  Whenever a claim of juvenility is raised before any court or a court is of the opinion that an accused person was a juvenile on the date of commission of the offence, the court shall make an inquiry, take such evidence as may be necessary (but not an affidavit) so as to determine the age of such person, and shall record a finding whether the person is a juvenile or a child or not, stating his age as nearly as may be:   Provided   that   a   claim   of   juvenility   may   be   raised before any Court and it shall be recognised at any stage, even after final disposal of the case, and such 12 claim shall be determined in terms of the provisions contained in this Act and the rules made thereunder, even if the juvenile has ceased to be so on or before the date of commencement of this Act. (2) If the court finds a person to be a juvenile on the date of commission of the offence under sub­section(1), it shall forward the juvenile to the Board for passing appropriate orders and the sentence, if any, passed by a court shall be deemed to have no effect.”  The   claim   of   juvenility   can   thus   be   raised   before   any Court, at any stage, even after final disposal of the case and if the Court finds a person to be a juvenile on the date of commission of the offence, it is to forward the juvenile to the   Board   for   passing   appropriate   orders,   and   the sentence, if any, passed by a Court, shall be deemed to have no effect. Even though the offence in this case may have been committed before the enactment of the Act of 2000, the petitioner is entitled to the benefit of juvenility under Section 7A of the Act of 2000, if on inquiry it is found that he was less than 18 years of age on the date of the alleged offence. It   is   true   as   pointed   out   by   the   learned   Additional Advocate General appearing on behalf of the State that the certificate of Akikrit Shash, High School School Endouri, District   Bhind,   Madhya   Pradesh   relied   upon   by   the petitioner is stated to have been issued on 17.07.2021. The said certificate does not specifically mention that the date of birth 01.01.1982 had been entered at the time of first admission of the petitioner at the primary school level. Furthermore, there is a birth certificate issued by the Gram Panchayat,   Endouri,   District   Bhind,   Madhya   Pradesh which   indicates   the   date   of   birth   of   the   petitioner   as 05.01.1982 and not 01.01.1982 as recorded in the school certificate referred to above.  13 The entry in the records of the Gram Panchayat, Endouri, District Bhind, Madhya Pradesh, also do not appear to be contemporaneous and the certificate has been issued in the year 2017.  However, as pointed out by Mr. M.P. Parthiban, learned counsel   appearing   on   behalf   of   the   petitioner   that   the Sessions Court has recorded the age of the petitioner as 16 years, 9 months and 19 days. The petitioner has been in actual custody for over three years.  The   2000   Act   has   been   repealed   and   replaced   by   the Juvenile   Justice   (Care   and   Protection   of   Children)   Act, 2015. Section 21 of the 2015 Act provides as follows:  “21. Order that may not be passed against a child in conflict with law. – No child in conflict with law shall be sentenced to death or for life imprisonment without the possibility of release, for any such offence, either under the provisions of this Act or under the provisions of the Indian Penal Code or any other law for the time being in force.”  Considering that the Trial Court has recorded the age of the petitioner as 16 years and odd, and has been in actual custody in excess of three years, which is the maximum for   a   juvenile,   we   deem   it   appropriate   to   grant   the petitioner interim bail on such terms and conditions as may be imposed by the Sessions Court. We further direct the Sessions Court to examine the claim of the petitioner to juvenility in accordance with law, and submit a report to this   Court   within   one   month   from   the   date   of communication of this order.  The concerned Sessions Court shall be entitled to examine the authenticity and genuineness of the documents sought 14 to be relied upon by the petitioner, considering that the documents do not appear to be contemporaneous.  In   the   event   the   documents   are   found   to   be questionable/unreliable, it will be open to the Sessions Court to have the petitioner medically examined by taking an   ossification   test   or   any   other   modern   recognized method of age determination.”  15. The aforesaid order passed by the Coordinate Bench has been relied upon by the learned counsel appearing for the State to fortify his submission that if at all the issue in regard to the juvenility of the writ applicant requires consideration, the same should be by the Sessions Court i.e. the Court which had originally tried the writ applicant for the alleged offence. 16. In such circumstances referred to above, the learned counsel appearing for the State prays that let the Sessions Court look into the certificate issued by the Medical Board including the Family Register more particularly its authenticity and genuineness.  Analysis: 17. Having heard the learned counsel appearing for the parties and having gone through the materials on record, the only question that falls for our consideration is that whether we should ask the 15 Sessions Court to examine the authenticity and genuineness of the documents   sought   to   be   relied   upon   by   the   writ   applicant   in support of his plea of being a juvenile on the date of the commission of the alleged offence in the year 1982 and also subject the convict to further ossification test? 18. The   first   and   the   foremost   issue   that   arises   for   our consideration in this writ petition is in regard to the applicability of the   provisions   of   the   Juvenile   Justice   (Care   and   Protection   of Children) Act, 2000 (for short, “the 2000 Act”).  19.  In the aforesaid context, we must first look into the relevant dates as follows:­ (a) The date of the incident is 10.09.1982. Thus, on the date of incident even the Juvenile Justice Act, 1986 was not in force. What was in force was the Children Act, 1960. The Children Act, 1960 was a beneficial legislation enacted to take care of the delinquent and neglected children. Under the said Act, a child meant a person who had not attained the age of 16 years in the case of a boy or 18 years in the case of a girl.  16 (b)  The petitioner herein came to be convicted by the trial court vide judgment and order dated 06.01.1986.   Even on the date of conviction, the Juvenile Justice Act, 1986 was not in force.  The Juvenile Justice Act, 1986 came in force with effect from 01.12.1986.  Thus, even on the date of conviction, the Children Act, 1960 governed the field. (c) The appeal filed by the petitioner herein in the High Court of Allahabad against the judgment and order of conviction passed by the trial court came to be decided and was ordered to be dismissed vide judgment and order dated 04.03.2016.  It is relevant to note that on the date when the appeal came to be dismissed by the High Court, the 2000 Act was in force. (d) Special Leave to Appeal (Crl.) No. 6048 of 2016 filed by the petitioner herein in this Court came to be dismissed vide order dated 16.08.2016. 20. On and with effect from 15.01.2016,  the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (for short, “the 2015 Act”) came into force which repealed the 2000 Act. While the appeal of the   petitioner   herein   against   his   conviction   and   sentence   was 17 pending in the High Court, the 2000 Act came into force which repealed the Juvenile Justice Act, 1986. The 2000 Act   inter alia raised   the   age   of   juvenility   from   16   to   18   years   and   in   terms of  Section 20  of the 2000 Act, the determination of juvenility was required   to   be   done   in   all   pending   matters   in   accordance with  Section 2(1)  of the 2000 Act.  21.  The   effect   of  Section   20  of   the   2000   Act   was   considered in  , (2005) 3 SCC 551, and it Pratap Singh v. State of Jharkhand was stated as under:­ “31.  Section 20  of the Act as quoted above deals with the special provision in respect of pending cases and begins with   a   non   obstante   clause.   The   sentence “notwithstanding   anything   contained   in   this   Act,   all proceedings in respect of a juvenile pending in any court in any area on the date on which this Act came into force” has great significance. The proceedings in respect of a juvenile pending in any court referred to in  Section 20  of the Act are relatable to proceedings initiated before the   2000   Act   came  into   force   and   which   are   pending when the 2000 Act came into force. The term “any court” would   include   even   ordinary   criminal   courts.   If   the person   was   a   “juvenile”   under   the   1986   Act   the proceedings   would   not   be   pending   in   criminal   courts. They would be pending in criminal courts only if the boy had crossed 16 years or the girl had crossed 18 years. This   shows   that  Section   20  refers   to   cases   where   a person had ceased to be a juvenile under the 1986 Act but had not yet crossed the age of 18 years then the 18 pending case shall continue in that court as if the 2000 Act has not been passed and if the court finds that the juvenile has committed an offence, it shall record such finding and instead of passing any sentence in respect of the   juvenile,   shall   forward   the   juvenile   to   the   Board which shall pass orders in respect of that juvenile.” 22.  In  ,  (2005) 3 SCC 685,       Bijender Singh v. State of Haryana   the   legal   position   as   regards  Section   20  was   stated   in   following words:­ “8. One of the basic distinctions between the 1986 Act and the 2000 Act relates to the age of males and females. Under the 1986 Act, a juvenile means a male juvenile who has not attained the age of 16 years, and a female juvenile who has not attained the age of 18 years. In the 2000   Act,   the   distinction   between   male   and   female juveniles on the basis of age has not been maintained. The age­limit is 18 years for both males and females. 9. A person above 16 years in terms of the 1986 Act was not a juvenile. In that view of the matter the question whether   a   person   above   16   years   becomes   “juvenile” within the purview of the 2000 Act must be answered having regard to the object and purport thereof. 10.   In  terms  of   the   1986  Act,   a  person who  was  not juvenile  could  be  tried  in  any  court.  Section  20  of  the 2000   Act   takes   care   of   such   a   situation   stating   that despite the same the trial shall continue in that court as if that Act has not been passed and in the event, he is found to be guilty of commission of an offence, a finding to   that   effect   shall   be   recorded   in   the   judgment   of conviction, if any, but instead of passing any sentence in relation to the juvenile, he would be forwarded to the Juvenile Justice Board (in short “the Board”) which shall 19 pass orders in accordance with the provisions of the Act as if it has been satisfied on inquiry that a juvenile has committed   the   offence.   A  legal  fiction  has,   thus,   been created in the said provision. A legal fiction as is well known must be given its full effect although it has its limitations. ………… 11. …………. 12. Thus, by reason of legal fiction, a person, although not a juvenile, has to be treated to be one by the Board for   the   purpose   of   sentencing,   which   takes   care   of   a situation that the person although not a juvenile in terms of the 1986 Act but still would be treated as such under the 2000 Act for the said limited purpose.” 23.  In  , (2010) 5 SCC 344, the Dharambir v. State (NCT of Delhi) determination   of   juvenility   even   after   conviction   was   one   of   the issues and it was stated:­ “11.   It   is   plain   from   the   language   of   the   Explanation to  Section   20  that   in   all   pending   cases,   which   would include not only trials but even subsequent proceedings by way of revision or appeal, etc., the determination of juvenility of a juvenile has to be in terms of clause (l) of  Section 2 , even if the juvenile ceases to be a juvenile on or before 1­4­2001, when the Act of 2000 came into force, and the provisions of the Act would apply as if the said provision had been in force for all purposes and for all material times when the alleged offence was committed. 12. Clause (l) of  Section 2  of the Act of 2000 provides that “juvenile in conflict with law” means a “juvenile” who is alleged   to   have   committed   an   offence   and   has   not completed   eighteenth   year   of   age   as   on   the   date   of commission of such offence.  Section 20  also enables the 20 court to consider and determine the juvenility of a person even   after   conviction   by   the   regular   court   and   also empowers the court, while maintaining the conviction, to set aside the sentence imposed and forward the case to the   Juvenile   Justice   Board   concerned   for   passing sentence in accordance with the provisions of the Act of 2000.” 24.   Similarly, in  Kalu v. State of Haryana   , (2012) 8 SCC 34, this Court summed up as under:­ “21.  Section 20  makes a special provision in respect of pending cases. It states that notwithstanding anything contained in the Juvenile Act, all proceedings in respect of a juvenile pending in any court in any area on the date on which the Juvenile Act comes into force in that area shall be continued in that court as if the Juvenile Act had not been passed and if the court finds that the juvenile has committed an offence, it shall record such finding and instead of passing any sentence in respect of the juvenile forward the juvenile to the Board which shall pass orders in respect of that juvenile in accordance with the   provisions   of   the   Juvenile   Act   as   if   it   had   been satisfied   on   inquiry   under   the   Juvenile   Act   that   the juvenile   has   committed   the   offence.   The   Explanation to  Section 20  makes it clear that in all pending cases, which would include not only trials but even subsequent proceedings   by   way   of   revision   or   appeal,   the determination of juvenility of a juvenile would be in terms of clause (l) of  Section 2 , even if the juvenile ceased to be a juvenile on or before 1­4­2001, when the Juvenile Act came into force, and the provisions of the Juvenile Act would apply as if the said provision had been in force for all purposes and for all material times when the alleged offence was committed.” 21 25.  It is thus well settled that in terms of  Section 20  of the 2000 Act, in all cases where the accused was above 16 years but below 18 years of age on the date of occurrence, the proceedings pending in the Court would continue and be taken to the logical end subject to an exception that upon finding the juvenile to be guilty, the Court would not pass an order of sentence against him but the juvenile would be referred to the Board for appropriate orders under the 2000 Act. 26. Thus, in view of the aforesaid discussion, we now proceed to consider the matter further keeping in view the 2000 Act.  27. Section 7A of the 2000 Act reads as under: 7A.   Procedure   to   be   followed   when   claim   of juvenility is raised before any Court­ (1) Whenever a claim of juvenility is raised before any court or a court is of the opinion that an accused person was a juvenile on the date of commission of the offence, the court shall make an inquiry, take such evidence as may be necessary (but not an affidavit) so as to determine the age of such person, and shall record a finding whether the person is a juvenile or a child or not, stating his age as nearly as may be: Provided that a claim of juvenility may be raised before any Court and it shall be recognised at any stage, even 22 after final disposal of the case, and such claim shall be determined in terms of the provisions contained in this Act and the rules made thereunder, even if the juvenile has ceased to be so on or before the date of commencement of this Act.  (2) If the court finds a person to be a juvenile on the date of commission of the offence under sub­section (1), it shall forward the juvenile to the Board for passing appropriate orders and the sentence, if any, passed by a court shall be deemed to have no effect.” 
From a reading ofSection 7Awhat becomes very obvious is
that whenever a claim of juvenility is raised, an inquiry has to be made   and   such   inquiry   would   take   place   by   receiving   evidence which would be necessary but not an affidavit so as to determine the age of such person.   29. Reference is also required to be made to Chapter II of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Rules, 2007 (for short   “the   2007   Rules”),  more   particularly   to   Rule   3(1)   and Principles II, IV, XI, XII, XIII & XIV enumerated in Rule 3(2). The said provisions and principles are extracted herein below­ 3.   Fundamental   principles   to   be   followed   in   administration of these rules. 23 (1) The State Government, the Juvenile Justice Board, the Child Welfare Committee or other competent authorities or agencies, as the case may be, while  (2)   The   following   principles   shall,   inter   alia,   be fundamental   to   the   application,   interpretation   and implementation of the Act and the rules made hereunder:   x x x x II. Principle of dignity and worth (a) Treatment that is consistent with the Child's sense of   dignity   and   worth   is   a   fundamental   principle   of juvenile justice. This principle reflects the fundamental human   right   enshrined   in   Article   I   of   the   Universal Declaration of Human Rights that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Respect of dignity includes not being humiliated, personal identity boundaries   and   space   being   respected,   not   being labeled and stigmatized, being offered information and choices and not being blamed for their acts. (b) The juvenile's or Child's right to dignity and worth has to be respected and protected throughout the entire process of dealing with the child from the first contact with law enforcement agencies to the implementing of all measures for dealing with the child. III. Principle of Right to be heard Every child's right to express his views freely in all matters affecting his interest shall be fully respected through every stage in the process of juvenile justice. Children's right to be   heard   shall   include   creation   of   developmentally appropriate   tools   and   processes   of   interacting   with   the child, promoting Children's active involvement in decisions regarding their own lives and providing opportunities for discussion and debate. IV. Principle of Best Interest 24 (a)   In   all   decisions   taken   within   the   context   of administration   of   juvenile   justice,   the   principle   of   best interest of the juvenile or the juvenile in conflict with law or child shall be the primary consideration. (b) The principle of best interest of the juvenile or juvenile in conflict with law or child shall mean for instance that the traditional objectives of criminal justice, retribution and repression, must give way to rehabilitative and restorative objectives of juvenile justice. (c)   This   principle   seeks   to   ensure   physical,   emotional, intellectual, social and moral development of a juvenile in conflict   with   law   or   child   so   as   to   ensure   the   safety, well being and permanence for each child and thus enable each child to survive and reach his or her full potential. x x x XI. Principle of right to privacy and confidentiality The juvenile's or Child's right to privacy and confidentiality shall be protected by all means and through all the stages of the proceedings ad care and protection processes. 25 XII. Principle of last resort Institutionalization of a child or juvenile in conflict with law shall be a step of the last resort after reasonable inquiry and that too for the minimum possible duration. XIII. Principle of repatriation and restoration (a) Every juvenile or child in conflict with law has the right to be re­united with his family and restored back to the same socio­economic cultural status that such juvenile or child enjoyed before coming within the purview of the Act or becoming vulnerable to any form of neglect, abuse or exploitation. (b) Any juvenile or child, who has lost contact with his family, shall be eligible for protection under the Act and shall be repatriated and restored, at the earliest, to his family, unless such repatriation and restoration is likely to be against the best interest of the juvenile or the child. XIV. Principle of Fresh Start (a) The principle of fresh start promotes new beginning for the   child   or   juvenile   in   conflict   with   law   by   ensuring erasure of his part records. (b) The State shall seek to promote measures for dealing with children alleged or recognized as having impinged the penal law, without resorting to juridical proceedings.” b. It is submitted that Section 51 of the Act provides that the report of a probation officer or a social worker shall be confidential. It is further submitted that Rule 18 provides for a procedure to be followed in respect of violation of Section 21.” 30. Besides the International Convention and the provisions of the 2000 Act resply, it may be noted that the Constitutional guarantee 26 for  the  protection   of   the   child   is   enshrined   in Article   39   of   the Constitution. Article 39 reads as under:­ “39. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State­ (e)   that   the   health   and   strength   of   workers,   men   and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength; (f) that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against   exploitation   and   against   moral   and   material abandonment.”
31. The procedure to be followed for the determination of age is<br>provided under Rule 12(3)(b) of the 2007 Rules, which reads as:
“12. Procedure to be followed in determination of<br>age.—(3) In every case concerning a child or juvenile in<br>conflict with law, the age determination inquiry shall be<br>conducted by the court or the Board or, as the case may<br>be, the Committee by seeking evidence by obtaining—<br>(a)(i) the matriculation or equivalent certificates,<br>if available; and in the absence whereof;<br>(ii) the date of birth certificate from the school<br>(other than a play school) first attended; and in the<br>absence whereof;<br>(iii) the birth certificate given by a corporation<br>or a municipal authority or a panchayat;<br>(b) and only in the absence of either (i), (ii) or (iii) of<br>clause (a) above, the medical opinion will be sought<br>from a duly constituted Medical Board, which will“12. Procedure to be followed in determination of<br>age.—(3) In every case concerning a child or juvenile in<br>conflict with law, the age determination inquiry shall be<br>conducted by the court or the Board or, as the case may<br>be, the Committee by seeking evidence by obtaining—
(a)(i) the matriculation or equivalent certificates,<br>if available; and in the absence whereof;
(ii) the date of birth certificate from the school<br>(other than a play school) first attended; and in the<br>absence whereof;
(iii) the birth certificate given by a corporation<br>or a municipal authority or a panchayat;
(b) and only in the absence of either (i), (ii) or (iii) of<br>clause (a) above, the medical opinion will be sought<br>from a duly constituted Medical Board, which will
27
declare the age of the juvenile or child. In case exact<br>assessment of the age cannot be done, the Court or<br>the Board or, as the case may be, the Committee, for<br>the reasons to be recorded by them, may, if<br>considered necessary, give benefit to the child or<br>juvenile by considering his/her age on lower side<br>within the margin of one year.
and, while passing orders in such case shall, after<br>taking into consideration such evidence as may be<br>available, or the medical opinion, as the case may be,<br>record a finding in respect of his age and either of the<br>evidence specified in any of the clauses (a)(i), (ii), (iii) or<br>in the absence whereof, clause (b) shall be the<br>conclusive proof of the age as regards such child or the<br>juvenile in conflict with law.”
32. Sub­clause   (3)  of   the   aforesaid   Rule   clearly   mandates   that while conducting an inquiry about the juvenility of an accused, the Juvenile   Justice   Board   would   seek   evidence   by   obtaining   the matriculation or equivalent certificates and in the absence whereof the date of birth certificate from the school first attended and in absence whereof the birth certificate given by a corporation or a Municipal authority or a Panchayat. It is made clear by sub­clause (b)   that   only   in   the   absence   of   the   aforesaid   three   documents, medical   information   would   be   sought   from   a   duly   constituted Medical Board which will declare the age of the juvenile or child. 28 Thus, it is only in the absence of the aforesaid documents that the Juvenile   Justice   Board   could   have   asked   for   medical information/ossification test. 33. The 2000 Act stands repealed by the 2015 Act. The procedure for determining the age is now part of Section 94 of the 2015 Act which was earlier provided under the abovementioned Rule 12 of the Rules.
Family Register
34. The Family Register Rules prescribes preparation of a Family<br>Register in the State of Uttar Pradesh which contains family­wise<br>names and particulars of all persons ordinarily residing in the<br>village pertaining to the Gaon Sabha. Such Rules have been framed<br>under Section 110 of the U.P. Panchayat Raj Act, 1947. Such Rules<br>read as under:
“1. (1) These Rules may be called the U.P. Panchayat Raj<br>(Maintenance of Family Registers) Rules, 1970.
2. Form and preparation of family register.—A family<br>register in form A shall be prepared containing family­wise<br>the names and particulars of all persons ordinarily<br>residing in the village pertaining to the Gaon Sabha.<br>Ordinarily one page shall be allotted to each family in the<br>register. There shall be a separate section in the register
29 for   families   belonging   to   the   Scheduled   Castes.   The register shall be prepared in Hindi in Devanagri script. . 3. General conditions for registration in the register —Every person who has been ordinarily resident within the   area   of   the   Gaon   Sabha   shall   be   entitled   to   be registered in the family register. Explanation.—A person shall be deemed to be ordinarily resident in a village if he has been ordinarily residing in such village or is in possession of a dwelling house therein ready for occupation. 4. Quarterly   entries   in   the   family   register .—At   the beginning of each quarter commencing from April in each year, the Secretary of a Gaon Sabha shall make necessary changes in the family register consequent upon births and deaths, if any occurring in the previous quarter in each family. Such changes shall be laid before the next meeting of the Gaon Panchayat for information. 5. Correction   of   any   existing   entry .—The   Assistant Development Officer (Panchayat) may on an application made to him in this behalf order the correction of any existing entry in the family register and the Secretary of the   Gaon   Sabha   shall   then   correct   the   Register accordingly. 6. Inclusion of names in the Register .—(1) Any person whose name is not included in the family register may apply to the Assistant Development Officer (Panchayat) for the inclusion of his name therein. (2) The Assistant Development Officer (Panchayat) shall, if satisfied,   after   such   enquiry   as   he   thinks   fit   that   the applicant is entitled to be registered in the Register, direct that the name of the applicant be included therein and the Secretary   of   the   Gaon   Sabha   shall   include   the   name accordingly.  Any person aggrieved by an order made under Rule 5 6­A. or Rule 6 may, within 30 days from the date of such order 30
prefer and appeal to the Sub­Divisional Officer whose<br>decision shall be final.<br>7. Custody and preservation of the register.—(1) The<br>Secretary of the Gaon Sabha shall be responsible for the<br>safe custody of the family register.<br>(2) Every person shall have a right to inspect the Register<br>and to get attested copy of any entry or extract therefrom<br>in such manner and on payment of such fees, if any, as<br>may be specified in Rule 73 of the U.P. Panchayat Raj<br>Rules.<br>FORM A<br>(See Rule 2)<br>***<br>Note.—In the remarks column the number and date of the<br>order, if any, by which any name is added or struck off<br>should be given along with the signature of the person<br>making the entry.”prefer and appeal to the Sub­Divisional Officer whose<br>decision shall be final.
7. Custody and preservation of the register.—(1) The<br>Secretary of the Gaon Sabha shall be responsible for the<br>safe custody of the family register.
(2) Every person shall have a right to inspect the Register<br>and to get attested copy of any entry or extract therefrom<br>in such manner and on payment of such fees, if any, as<br>may be specified in Rule 73 of the U.P. Panchayat Raj<br>Rules.
FORM A
(See Rule 2)
***
Note.—In the remarks column the number and date of the<br>order, if any, by which any name is added or struck off<br>should be given along with the signature of the person<br>making the entry.”
35.A perusal of the above Rules indicate that one page is allotted
to each family and that any change in the family consequent upon
the births and deaths is required to be incorporated on such page.
The changes are also required to be laid before the next meeting of
the Gram Panchayat. Thus, it is evident that such Rules are
statutorily framed in pursuance of an Act. The entries in the
register are required to be made by the officials of the Gram
Panchayat as part of their official duty.
Panchayat as part of their official duty.
31 36. This   Court   in   the   case   of   Manoj   v.   State   of   Haryana , reported in (2022) 6 SCC 187, observed in regard to the Family Register referred to above as under:­
“39. We are unable to approve the broad view taken by
the High Court in some of the casesthat family register is
not relevant to determine age of the family members. It is a
question of fact as to how much evidentiary value is to be
attached to the family register, but to say that it is entirely
not relevant would not be the correct enunciation of law.
The register is being maintained in accordance with the
rules framed under a statute. The entries made in the
regular course of the affairs of the Panchayat would thus
be relevant but the extent of such reliance would be in
view of the peculiar facts and circumstances of each case.”
(Emphasis supplied)
37. In   (supra), this Court held as under:­ Abuzar Hossain “30. As a matter of fact, prior to the decisions of this Court in Hari Ram [(2009) 13 SCC 211 : (2010) 1 SCC (Cri) 987] and Akbar Sheikh [(2009) 7 SCC 415 : (2009) 3 SCC (Cri) 431] , a three­Judge Bench of this Court speaking through one of us (R.M. Lodha, J.) in Pawan [(2009) 15 SCC 259 : (2010)   2   SCC   (Cri)   522]   had   considered   the   question relating to admissibility of claim of juvenility for the first time   in   this   Court   with   reference   to   Section   7­A.   The contention of juvenility was raised for the first time before this Court on behalf of the two appellants, namely, A­1 and A­2. The argument on their behalf before this Court was that they were “juvenile” within the meaning of the 2000 Act on the date of incident and the trial held against them under the Code was illegal. With regard to A­1, his school leaving certificate was relied on while as regards A­ 2, reliance was placed on his statement recorded under 32
Section 313 and the school leaving certificate. Dealing with<br>the contention of juvenility, this Court stated that the claim<br>of juvenility could be raised at any stage, even after final<br>disposal of the case. The Court then framed the question<br>in para 41 of the Report as to whether an inquiry should<br>be made or report be called for from the trial court<br>invariably where juvenility is claimed for the first time<br>before this Court.
31.It was held inPawan, (2009) 15 SCC 259 that where
the materials placed before this Court by the accused,
prima facie, suggested that he was a “juvenile” as defined
in the 2000 Act on the date of incident, it was necessary to
call for the report or an inquiry to be made for
determination of the age on the date of incident. However,
where a plea of juvenility is found unscrupulous or the
materials lack credibility or do not inspire confidence and
even prima facie satisfaction of the court is not made out,
further exercise in this regard may not be required. It was
also stated that if the plea of juvenility was not raised
before the trial court or the High Court and is raised for the
first time before this Court, the judicial conscience of the
court must be satisfied by placing adequate material that
the accused had not attained the age of 18 years on the
date of commission of the offence. In the absence of
adequate material, any further inquiry into juvenility
would not be required.
32.Having regard to the general guidelines highlighted in
para 41 ofPawan case[(2009) 15 SCC 259 : (2010) 2 SCC
(Cri) 522] with regard to the approach of this Court where
juvenility is claimed for the first time, the Court then
considered the documents relied upon by A­1 and A­2 in
support of the claim of juvenility on the date of incident. In
respect of the two documents relied upon by A­2, namely,
statement under Section 313 of the Code and the school
leaving certificate, this Court observed that the statement
33
recorded under Section 313 was a tentative observation
based on physical appearance which was hardly
determinative of age and insofar as school leaving
certificate was concerned, it did not inspire any confidence
as it was issued after A­2 had already been convicted and
the primary evidence like entry from the birth register had
not been produced. As regards school leaving certificate
relied upon by A­1, this Court found that the same had
been procured after his conviction and no entry from the
birth register had been produced. The Court was, thus, not
prima facie impressed or satisfied by the material placed
on behalf of A­1 and A­2. Those documents were not found
satisfactory and adequate to call for any report from the
Board or the trial court about the age of A­1 and A­2.”
In Para 39, the Court summarizes the legal position as under:­
“39.1.A claim of juvenility may be raised at any stage
even after the final disposal of the case. It may be raised
for the first time before this Court as well after the final
disposal of the case. The delay in raising the claim of
juvenility cannot be a ground for rejection of such claim.
The claim of juvenility can be raised in appeal even if not
pressed before the trial court and can be raised for the
first time before this Court though not pressed before the
trial court and in the appeal court.
39.2.For making a claim with regard to juvenility after
conviction, the claimant must produce some material
which may prima facie satisfy the court that an inquiry
into the claim of juvenility is necessary. Initial burden has
to be discharged by the person who claims juvenility.
39.3.As to what materials would prima facie satisfy the
court and/or are sufficient for discharging the initial
burden cannot be catalogued nor can it be laid down as to
what weight should be given to a specific piece of evidence
34
which may be sufficient to raise presumption of juvenility
but the documents referred to in Rules 12(3)(a)(i) to (iii)
shall definitely be sufficient for prima facie satisfaction of
the court about the age of the delinquent necessitating
further enquiry under Rule 12. The statement recorded
under Section 313 of the Code is too tentative and may not
by itself be sufficient ordinarily to justify or reject the claim
of juvenility. The credibility and/or acceptability of the
documents like the school leaving certificate or the voters'
list, etc. obtained after conviction would depend on the
facts and circumstances of each case and no hard­and­
fast rule can be prescribed that they must be prima facie
accepted or rejected. InAkbar Sheikh[(2009) 7 SCC 415 :
(2009) 3 SCC (Cri) 431] andPawan[(2009) 15 SCC 259 :
(2010) 2 SCC (Cri) 522] these documents were not found
prima facie credible while inJitendra Singh[(2010) 13
SCC 523 : (2011) 1 SCC (Cri) 857] the documents viz.
school leaving certificate, marksheet and the medical
report were treated sufficient for directing an inquiry and
verification of the appellant's age. If such documents prima
facie inspire confidence of the court, the court may act
upon such documents for the purposes of Section 7­A and
order an enquiry for determination of the age of the
delinquent.
39.4.An affidavit of the claimant or any of the parents or
a sibling or a relative in support of the claim of juvenility
raised for the first time in appeal or revision or before this
Court during the pendency of the matter or after disposal
of the case shall not be sufficient justifying an enquiry to
determine the age of such person unless the circumstances
of the case are so glaring that satisfy the judicial
conscience of the court to order an enquiry into
determination of the age of the delinquent.
39.5.The court where the plea of juvenility is raised for
the first time should always be guided by the objectives of
35
the 2000 Act and be alive to the position that the
beneficent and salutary provisions contained in the 2000
Act are not defeated by the hypertechnical approach and
the persons who are entitled to get benefits of the 2000
Act get such benefits. The courts should not be
unnecessarily influenced by any general impression that
in schools the parents/guardians understate the age of
their wards by one or two years for future benefits or that
age determination by medical examination is not very
precise. The matter should be considered prima facie on
the touchstone of preponderance of probability.
39.6.Claim of juvenility lacking in credibility or frivolous
claim of juvenility or patently absurd or inherently
improbable claim of juvenility must be rejected by the court
at the threshold whenever raised.”
38. Justice   T.S.   Thakur   (as   His   Lordship   then   was),   by   his separate but concurring judgment, observed as under:­
“43.2.The second factor which must ever remain present
in the mind of the Court is that the claim of juvenility may
at times be made even in cases where the accused does
not have any evidence showing his date of birth by
reference to any public document like the Register of Births
and Deaths maintained by the municipal authorities,
panchayats or hospitals nor any certificate from any
school, as the accused was never admitted to any school.
Even if admitted to a school no record regarding such
admission may at times be available for production in the
court. Again, there may be cases in which the accused
may not be in a position to provide a birth certificate from
the corporation, the municipality or the panchayat, for we
know that the registration of births and deaths may not be
36
maintained and if maintained may not be regular and
accurate, and at times truthful.
44. Rule 12(3) of the Rules makes only three certificates<br>relevant. These are enumerated in sub­rules 3(a)(i) to (iii) of<br>the Rule which reads as under:
“(3)(a)(i) the matriculation or equivalent certificates,<br>if available; and in the absence whereof;
(ii) the date of birth certificate from the school (other<br>than a play school) first attended; and in the<br>absence whereof;
(iii) the birth certificate given by a corporation or a<br>municipal authority or a panchayat;
Non­production of the above certificates or any one of them<br>is not, however, fatal to the claim of juvenility, for sub­rule<br>(3)(b) to Rule 12 makes a provision for determination of the<br>question on the basis of the medical examination of the<br>accused in the “absence” of the certificates.
45. Rule 12(3)(b) runs as under:
“12.(3)(b) and only in the absence of either (i), (ii) or (iii) of<br>clause (a) above, the medical opinion will be sought from<br>a duly constituted Medical Board, which will declare the<br>age of the juvenile or child. In case exact assessment of<br>the age cannot be done, the court or the Board or, as the<br>case may be, the Committee, for the reasons to be<br>recorded by them, may, if considered necessary, give<br>benefit to the child or juvenile by considering his/her age<br>on lower side within the margin of one year,”<br>The expression “absence” appearing in the above provision<br>is not defined under the Act or the Rules. The word shall,<br>therefore, be given its literal dictionary meaning which is<br>provided by Concise Oxford Dictionary as under:“12.(3)(b) and only in the absence of either (i), (ii) or (iii) of<br>clause (a) above, the medical opinion will be sought from<br>a duly constituted Medical Board, which will declare the<br>age of the juvenile or child. In case exact assessment of<br>the age cannot be done, the court or the Board or, as the<br>case may be, the Committee, for the reasons to be<br>recorded by them, may, if considered necessary, give<br>benefit to the child or juvenile by considering his/her age<br>on lower side within the margin of one year,”
The expression “absence” appearing in the above provision<br>is not defined under the Act or the Rules. The word shall,<br>therefore, be given its literal dictionary meaning which is<br>provided by Concise Oxford Dictionary as under:
37
“Absence.—Being away from a place or person; time<br>of being away; non­existence or lack of; inattention<br>due to thought of other things.”<br>Black's Law Dictionary also explains the meaning of<br>“absence” as under:<br>“Absence.—(1) The state of being away from one's usual<br>place of residence. (2) A failure to appear, or to be<br>available and reachable, when expected. (3) Louisiana<br>law. The state of being an absent person.— Also termed<br>(in sense 3) absentia.”“Absence.—Being away from a place or person; time<br>of being away; non­existence or lack of; inattention<br>due to thought of other things.”
Black's Law Dictionary also explains the meaning of<br>“absence” as under:
“Absence.—(1) The state of being away from one's usual<br>place of residence. (2) A failure to appear, or to be<br>available and reachable, when expected. (3) Louisiana<br>law. The state of being an absent person.— Also termed<br>(in sense 3) absentia.”
46.It is axiomatic that the use of the expression and the
context in which the same has been used strongly
suggests that “absence” of the documents mentioned in
Rule 12(3)(a)(i) to (iii) may be either because the same do
not exist or the same cannot be produced by the person
relying upon them. Mere non­production may not,
therefore, disentitle the accused of the benefit of the Act
nor can it tantamount to deliberate non­production, giving
rise to an adverse inference unless the court is in the
peculiar facts and circumstances of a case of the opinion
that the non­production is deliberate or intended to either
mislead the court or suppress the truth. It is in this class of
cases that the court may have to exercise its powers and
discretion with a certain amount of insight into the realities
of life.
47. One of such realities is that illiteracy and crime have a close nexus though one may not be directly proportional to the   other.   Juvenile   delinquency   in   this   country   as elsewhere   in   the   world,   springs   from   poverty   and unemployment, more than it does out of other causes. A large number of those engaged in criminal activities, may never have had the opportunity to go to school. Studies conducted by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Ministry of Home Affairs, reveal that poor education and 38
poor economic set up are generally the main attributes of<br>juvenile delinquents. Result of the 2011 study further<br>show that out of 33,887 juveniles arrested in 2011, 55.8%<br>were either illiterate (6122) or educated only till the<br>primary level (12,803). Further, 56.7% of the total juveniles<br>arrested fell into the lowest income category. A similar<br>study is conducted and published by B.N. Mishra in his<br>book Juvenile Delinquency and Justice System, in which<br>the author states as follows:
“One of the prominent features of a delinquent is<br>poor educational attainment. More than 63 per cent<br>of delinquents are illiterate. Poverty is the main<br>cause of their illiteracy. Due to poor economic<br>condition they were compelled to enter into the<br>labour market to supplement their family income. It<br>is also felt that poor educational attainment is not<br>due to the lack of intelligence but may be due to lack<br>of opportunity. Although free education is provided<br>to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, even<br>then, the delinquents had a very low level of<br>expectations and aspirations regarding their future<br>which in turn is due to lack of encouragement and<br>unawareness of their parents that they play truant.”<br>(emphasis supplied)
What should then be the approach in such cases, is the<br>question. Can the advantage of a beneficial legislation be<br>denied to such unfortunate and wayward delinquents?<br>Can the misfortune of the accused never going to a school<br>be followed or compounded by denial of the benefit that<br>the legislation provides in such emphatic terms, as to<br>permit an enquiry even after the last Court has disposed<br>of the appeal and upheld his conviction? The answer has<br>to be in the negative.
39
48.If one were to adopt a wooden approach, one could
say nothing short of a certificate, whether from the school
or a municipal authority would satisfy the court's
conscience, before directing an enquiry. But, then directing
an enquiry is not the same thing as declaring the accused
to be a juvenile. The standard of proof required is different
for both. In the former, the court simply records a prima
facie conclusion. In the latter, the court makes a
declaration on evidence, that it scrutinises and accepts
only if it is worthy of such acceptance.The approach at the
stage of directing the enquiry has of necessity to be more
liberal, lest, there is avoidable miscarriage of justice.
Suffice it to say that while affidavits may not be generally
accepted as a good enough basis for directing an enquiry,
that they are not so accepted is not a rule of law but a rule
of prudence. The Court would, therefore, in each case
weigh the relevant factors, insist upon filing of better
affidavits if the need so arises, and even direct, any
additional information considered relevant including the
information regarding the age of the parents, the age of
siblings and the like, to be furnished before it decides on a
case to case basis whether or not an enquiry under
Section 7­A ought to be conducted. It will eventually
depend on how the court evaluates such material for a
prima facie conclusion that the court may or may not direct
an enquiry.”(Emphasis
supplied)
39. Thus, Section 7A(1) of the   2000 Act   and the proviso thereto provided that a claim of juvenility might be raised before any court and it shall be recognized at any stage, even after the final disposal of the case, and such claim shall be determined in terms of the provisions   contained   in   the   2000   Act   and   the   Rules   made 40 thereunder, even if the juvenile has ceased to be so, on or before the date of commencement of the 2000 Act.  40. Sub­section (2) of Section 7A mandates that if the Court finds a person to be a juvenile on the date of the commission of offence under sub­section (1), it shall forward the juvenile to the Juvenile Justice Board for passing an appropriate order, and the sentence, if any, passed by a Court shall be deemed to have no effect.  41. Section 16 of the 2000 Act provides as hereunder:­  16. Order that may not be passed against juvenile. (1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any other law for the time being in force, no juvenile in conflict   with   law   shall   be   sentenced   to   death   or imprisonment   for   any   term   which   may   extend   to imprisonment for life, or committed to prison in default of payment of fine or in default of furnishing security:  Provided that where a juvenile who has attained the age of sixteen years has committed an offence and the Board is satisfied that the offence committed is of so serious in nature or that his conduct and behaviour have been such that it would not be in his interest or in the interest of other juvenile in a special home to send him to such special home and that none of the other measures provided under this Act is suitable or sufficient, the Board may order the juvenile in conflict with law to be kept in such place of safety and in such manner as it thinks fit and shall report the case for the order of the State Government.  41 (2) On receipt of a report from a Board under sub­section (1), the State Government may make such arrangement in respect of the juvenile as it deems proper and may order such juvenile to be kept under protective custody at such place and on such conditions as it thinks fit:   Provided that the period of detention so ordered shall not   exceed   in   any   case   the   maximum   period   provided under Section 15 of this Act.” 42. The maximum period of detention in respect of a juvenile is three   years   as   provided   in   Section   15(1)(g).   The   said   Section provides   that   where   the   Juvenile   Justice   Board   is,   on   inquiry, satisfied   that   the   juvenile   has   committed   an   offence,   then notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any other law for the time being in force, the Juvenile Justice Board may, if it thinks fit, make an order directing the juvenile to be sent to a special home for a period of three years. 43. In view of Section 7A of the 2000 Act referred to hereinabove, applicable to the writ applicant herein, the plea of juvenility could be raised in any court, at any stage even after the final disposal of the Special Leave Petition under Article 136 of the Constitution. In the case of the writ applicant herein, his Special Leave Petition had 42 also   been   dismissed   by   this   Court.   However,   this   Court   is   still obliged to consider the plea of juvenility taken by the writ applicant and grant him appropriate relief. The fact that the 2000 Act has later been replaced by the 2015 Act would make no difference.   44. In regard to the nature of the inquiry to be conducted by the court in determining the age under Section 7A of the 2000 Act and Rule   12,   this   Court   in   Ashwani   Kumar   Saxena   v.   State   of , AIR 2013 SC 553, has held as follows:­ Mahya Pradesh  
“25. Section 7­A, obliges the court only to make aninquiry,
not an investigation or a trial, an inquiry not under the
Code of Criminal Procedure, but under the JJ Act. The
criminal courts, Juvenile Justice Board, committees, etc.
we have noticed, proceed as if they are conducting a trial,
inquiry, enquiry or investigation as per the Code. The
statute requires the court or the Board only to make an
“inquiry” and in what manner that inquiry has to be
conducted is provided in the JJ Rules. Few of the
expressions used in Section 7­A and Rule 12 are of
considerable importance and a reference to them is
necessary to understand the true scope and content of
those provisions. Section 7­A has used the expressions
“court shall make an inquiry”, “take such evidence as may
be necessary” and “but not an affidavit”. The Court or the
Board can accept as evidence something more than an
affidavit i.e. the Court or the Board can accept documents,
certificates, etc. as evidence, need not be oral evidence.
26.Rule 12 which has to be read along with Section 7­A
43
has also used certain expressions which are also to be
borne in mind. Rule 12(2) uses the expression “prima
facie” and “on the basis of physical appearance” or
“documents, if available”. Rule 12(3) uses the expression
“by seeking evidence by obtaining”. These expressions in
our view re­emphasise the fact that what is contemplated
in Section 7­A and Rule 12 is only an inquiry. Further,
theage determination inquiryhas to be completed and age
be determined within thirty days from the date of making
the application; which is also an indication of the manner
in which the inquiry has to be conducted and completed.
The word “inquiry” has not been defined under the JJ Act,
but Section 2(y) of the JJ Act says that all words and
expressions used and not defined in the JJ Act but defined
in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), shall
have the meanings respectively assigned to them in that
Code.
27. Let us now examine the meaning of the words<br>“inquiry”, “enquiry”, “investigation” and “trial” as we see<br>in the Code of Criminal Procedure and their several<br>meanings attributed to those expressions. “Inquiry” as<br>defined in Section 2(g) CrPC reads as follows:
2. (g) ‘inquiry’ means every inquiry, other than a<br>trial, conducted under this Code by a Magistrate or<br>court;”
The word “enquiry” is not defined under the Code of<br>Criminal Procedure which is an act of asking for<br>information and also consideration of some<br>evidence, may be documentary.
“Investigation” as defined in Section 2(h) CrPC reads<br>as follows:
2. (h) ‘investigation’ includes all the proceedings<br>under this Code for the collection of evidence<br>conducted by a police officer or by any person (other
44
than a Magistrate) who is authorised by a<br>Magistrate in this behalf;”
The expression “trial” has not been defined in the<br>Code of Criminal Procedure but must be understood<br>in the light of the expressions “inquiry” or<br>“investigation” as contained in Sections 2(g) and 2(h)<br>of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
28.The expression “trial” has been generally understood
as the examination by court of issues of fact and law in a
case for the purpose of rendering the judgment relating to
some offences committed. We find in very many cases that
the court/the Juvenile Justice Board while determining the
claim of juvenility forget that what they are expected to do
is not to conduct an inquiry under Section 2(g) of the Code
of Criminal Procedure, but an inquiry under the JJ Act,
following the procedure laid down under Rule 12 and not
following the procedure laid down under the Code.
29. The Code lays down the procedure to be  followed in every   investigation,   inquiry   or   trial   for  every   offence, whether under the Indian Penal Code or under other Penal laws.   The   Code   makes  provisions   for   not   only investigation,   inquiry   into  or   trial   for   offences   but   also inquiries into certain  specific  matters.  The  procedure  laid down for inquiring into the specific matters under the Code naturally cannot be applied in inquiring into other matters like  the  claim  of  juvenility  under  Section 7A read with Rule   12   of   the   2007   Rules.   In   other  words,  the  law regarding  the  procedure  to  be  followed  in such inquiry must be found in the  enactment  conferring  jurisdiction  to hold inquiry. 30. Consequently, the procedure to be followed under the J.J.   Act   in   conducting   an   inquiry   is   the  procedure  laid down in that statute itself i.e. Rule 12 of the 2007 Rules. 45 We cannot import other procedures laid down in the Code of  Criminal  Procedure   or   any   other   enactment   while making  an  inquiry  with  regard  to  the  juvenility  of  a person,  when  the  claim  of  juvenility  is  raised  before the court exercising powers under Section 7A of the Act. Many of the cases, we have come  across, it is seen that the Criminal   Courts   are   still  having   the   hangover   of   the procedure of trial or inquiry under the Code as if they are trying an offence under the Penal laws forgetting the fact that the specific procedure has been laid down in Section 7A read with Rule 12. 31.   We  also  remind  all  Courts/J.J.  Board  and   the Committees functioning under the Act that a duty  is cast on them to seek evidence by obtaining the certificate etc. mentioned in  Rule 12 (3) (a) (i) to (iii). The courts in such situations  act as a parens patriae because they have a kind  of   guardianship   over   minors   who   from   their   legal disability stand in need of protection. 32.   “Age  determination  inquiry"  contemplated  under Section   7A   of   the   Act   r/w   Rule   12   of   the  2007   Rules enables the court to seek evidence  and, in that process, the   court   can   obtain   the  matriculation  or  equivalent certificates,  if  available.  Only  in  the  absence  of  any matriculation   or   equivalent   certificates,   the   court  need obtain the date of birth certificate from the  school first attended other than a play school. Only in the absence of matriculation  or equivalent certificate or the date of birth certificate  from  the  school  first  attended,  the  court need obtain   the   birth   certificate   given   by   a  corporation  or  a municipal  authority  or  a  panchayat (not an affidavit but certificates   or  documents).   The   question   of   obtaining medical  opinion   from   a   duly   constituted   Medical   Board arises  only  if  the  above  mentioned  documents  are unavailable. In case exact assessment of the  age cannot 46 be done, then the court, for reasons to be recorded, may, if considered   necessary,  give  the  benefit  to  the  child  or juvenile by considering his or her age on lower side within the margin of one year. 33. Once     the     court, following     the     above mentioned procedures,  passes  an  order;  that  order   shall   be   the conclusive   proof   of   the   age   as  regards  such  child  or juvenile in conflict with law. It has been made clear in sub­ section  (5)  or  Rule   12   that   no   further   inquiry   shall   be conducted by the court or the Board after examining and obtaining  the  certificate  or  any  other  documentary proof after   referring   to   sub­rule   (3)  of   the   Rule   12.   Further, Section 49 of the J.J. Act also draws a presumption of the age of the juvenility on its determination. 34. Age determination inquiry contemplated under the JJ Act and  Rules has nothing to do  with  an  enquiry  under other  legislations,  like  entry  in  service,  retirement, promotion  etc.  There may be situations where the  entry made in the matriculation or equivalent certificates, date of birth certificate from the school first attended and even the birth   certificate   given   by  a  Corporation  or  a  Municipal Authority  or  a  Panchayat may not be correct. But Court, J.J. Board or a Committee functioning under the J.J. Act is not expected to conduct such a roving  enquiry and to go behind   those   certificates   to  examine  the  correctness  of those  documents,  kept   during   the   normal   course   of business.   Only  in   cases   where   those   documents   or certificates are found to be fabricated or manipulated, the Court,   the   J.J.   Board   or   the   Committee   need   to  go  for medical report for age determination”. 47 45. What is discernible from the  dictum laid down in   Ashwani (supra) is that, in deciding whether an accused is Kumar Saxena   juvenile or not, a hyper technical approach should not be adopted. While appreciating the evidence adduced on behalf of the accused in support of the plea that he is a  juvenile, if two views are possible on the same evidence, the  Court should lean in favour of holding the   accused   to   be   juvenile  in   borderline   cases.  The   inquiry contemplated   is   not   a   roving  inquiry.   The   Court   can   accept   as evidence   something   more   than  an  affidavit  i.e.  documents, certificates  etc.  as  evidence  in proof of age. A mere opinion by a person as to the accused looking one or two years older than the age  claimed   by   him   (as   the   opinion   of   the   head   master   in   the present case) or the fact that the accused told his age to be more than what he alleges in the case while being arrested by the police officer would not hold much water. It is the documentary evidence placed on record that plays a major role in determining the age of a juvenile in conflict of law. And, it is only in the cases where the documents   or   certificates   placed   on   record   by   the   accused   in support  of   his   claim   of   juvenility   are   found   to   be   fabricated or 48 manipulated,   that  the   Court,   the  Juvenile   Justice  Board  or the Committee need to go for medical test for age determination. 46. Clause  (a)  of  Rule  12(3)  of   the   2007   Rules  contains  a hierarchical ordering, evident from the use of the language "in the absence  whereof".   This   indicates   that   where   a   matriculation   or equivalent certificate is available, the documents adverted to in (ii) and (iii)  cannot  be  relied  upon.  The  matriculation  certificate,  in other  words,  is  given  precedence.  It  is  in  the  absence  of  a matriculation   certificate   that   the   date   of   birth   certificate   of   the school first attended, can be relied upon. It is in the absence of both the  matriculation  and  the  birth  certificates  of  the  first  school attended  that  a  birth  certificate  issued  by  the  corporation, municipal authority or panchayat could be obtained. 47. In   Shah Nawaz v. State of Uttar Pradesh , (2011) 13 SCC 751, this Court, while examining the scope of Rule 12 of the 2007 Rules, has reiterated that medical opinion from the Medical Board should   be   sought   only   when   the   matriculation   certificate   or equivalent certificate or the date of birth certificate from the school first attended or any birth certificate issued by a corporation or a 49 municipal authority or a panchayat or municipality is not available. This Court had held that the entry related to the date of birth entered in the marksheet is a valid evidence for determining the age of   the   accused   person   so   also   the   school   leaving   certificate   for determining the age of the appellant. 48. In   the   instant   case,   the   accused   has   not   produced   any matriculation certificate or equivalent certificate to prove his age. What is produced by him is only the Family Register issued under the   U.P.   Panchayat   Raj   Act,   1947.     The   document   cannot   be accepted as equivalent to matriculation certificate to prove the age of   the   accused.     However,   the   evidentiary   value   of   the   Family Register will have to be looked into in the course of the inquiry that we may order.  Determination of plea of juvenility at a belated stage 49.  Ideally, there should not be any dispute as to the age of a person if the birth is registered in accordance with law and date of birth is entered in the school records on the basis of genuine record of   birth.   However,   in   India,   the   factors   like   poverty,   illiteracy, 50 ignorance, indifference and inadequacy of the system often lead to there being no documentary proof of a person’s age. Therefore, in those cases where the plea of juvenility is raised at a belated stage, often certain medical tests are resorted to forage determination in absence of the documents enumerated in Section 94 of the Act 2015.   The   rule   allowing   plea   of   juvenility   to   be   raised   at   a considerably belated stage has its rationale in the contemporary child rights jurisprudence which requires the stakeholders to act in the best interest of the child. 50.  In  Court On Its Own Motion v. Dept. of Women and Child Development ,   reported   in   2012   SCC   OnLine   Del   2774,   the petitioners therein highlighted that how several hundred children were languishing in the Tihar Jail because the police mentioned them as adults in the arrest memo.   51. The same is the story in the State of Uttar Pradesh which led the High Court of Allahabad to pass the order in Writ Petition Public Interest Litigation referred to above in para 6.  51 52.  Awareness about the rights of the child and correlated duties remain low among the functionaries of the juvenile justice system. Once a child is caught in the web of adult criminal justice system, it is difficult for the child to get out of it unscathed. The bitter truth is that   even   the   legal   aid   programmes   are   mired   in   systemic bottlenecks and often it is only at a considerably belated stage of the   proceeding   that   the   person   becomes   aware   of   the   rights, including   the   right   to   be   differently   treated   on   the   ground   of juvenility. 53. What needs to be kept in mind is the main object and purpose of the Juvenile Justice Act. The focus of this legislation is on the juvenile’s reformation and rehabilitation so that he also may have an   opportunity   to   enjoy   as   other   children.    In     Pratap   Singh (supra) , this Court, elaborating on the objects and purpose of the Juvenile Justice Act, made the following observations:­ "...The said Act is not only a beneficent legislation, but also a remedial one.  The Act  aims at grant of care, protection and   rehabilitation   of   a   juvenile   vis­à­vis   the   adult criminals. Having regard to Rule 4 of the United Nations Standard   Minimum   Rules   for   the   Administration   of Juvenile Justice, it must also be borne in mind that the moral   and   psychological   components   of   criminal 52 responsibility   were   also   one   of   the   factors   in   defining a juvenile. The first objective, therefore, is the promotion of the well­being of the juvenile and the second objective to bring about the principle of proportionality whereby and whereunder   the   proportionality   of   the   reaction   to   the circumstances   of   both   the   offender   and   the   offence including   the   victim   should   be   safeguarded..."   What is bone ossification test? 54. The famous American philosopher Mark Twain once said, “ Age is an issue of Mind over matter. If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter .” But the above is not the case in criminal jurisprudence when it comes to age. Here, age matters because law is mindful to it. 55. The bone ossification test (hereinafter “ossification test”) is a test that determines age based on the “degree of fusion of bone” by taking the x­ray of a few bones. In simple words, the ossification test or osteogenesis is the process of the bone formation based on the fusion of joints between the birth and age of twenty­five years in an individual. Bone age is an indicator of the skeletal and biological maturity   of   an   individual   which   assists   in   the   determination  of age. The most common method used for the calculation of the bone age is radiography of the hand and wrist until the age of 18 years 53 beyond   which   the   medial   age   of   clavicle   is   used   for   bone   age calculation till the age of 22 years as the hand and wrist bone radiographs cannot be computed beyond 18 years of age as the elongation of the bone is complete after adolescence. However, it must be noted that the ossification test varies slightly based on individual characteristics, therefore the ossification test though is relevant however it cannot be called solely conclusive.
The 2015 ActunderSection 94(2)(iii) read withRule 12(3) of
the 2007 Rules provides the legislative sanction for the conduct of ossification test or other medical age determination test available in the absence of other documentary proof of age i.e. matriculation certificate or birth certificate, which has to be given within 15 days from the date of such order. The test is to be conducted by the
Child Welfare Committee (CWC).The provision mentioned herein is
the basis for determining the age of a child under the 2000 Act which even includes a child who is a victim of crime in addition to a child in conflict with the law.  
57.InVishnuv.State of Maharashtra
Court clarified that the ossification test by the medical officer is to 54 assist   the   court   which   falls   under   the   ambit   of   medical   expert opinion i.e., advisory in nature and not binding. However, such an opinion cannot override ocular or documentary evidence, which has been proved to be true and admissible as they constitute “statement
of facts”. This Court inVishnu(supra)placed reliance onMadan
Gopal Kakkadv.Naval Dubey
to hold that a
medical   witness   is   not   a   witness   of   fact   therefore   the   opinion rendered by such a medical expert is merely advisory until accepted by the Court, however, once accepted, they become the opinion of the Court. Margin of error principle 58. The bone ossification test is not an exact science that can provide us with the exact age of the person. As discussed above, the individual characteristics such as the growth rate of bones and skeletal   structures   can   affect   the   accuracy   of   this   method. This Court   has   observed   in  Ram   Suresh   Singh   v Prabhat   Singh , (2009) 6 SCC 681: (2010) 2 SCC (Cri) 1194, and  Jyoti Prakash Rai   v.   State of Bihar , (2008) 15 SCC 223: (2009) 3 SCC (Cri) 796, 55
that the ossification test is not conclusive for age determination<br>because it does not reveal the exact age of the person, but the<br>radiological examination leaves a margin of two years on either side<br>of the age range as prescribed by the test irrespective of whether the<br>ossification test of multiple joints is conducted. The courts in India<br>have accepted the fact that after the age of thirty years the<br>ossification test cannot be relied upon for age determination. It is<br>trite that the standard of proof for the determination of age is the<br>degree of probability and not proof beyond reasonable doubt.
59. In the aforesaid context, we may also refer to a decision of this<br>Court in the case of Mukarrab v. State of Uttar Pradesh, reported<br>in (2017) 2 SCC 210, wherein this Court has observed in para 27 as<br>under:­
“… Following Babloo Pasi v. State of Jharkhand, (2008) 13<br>SCC 133 and State of M.P. v. Anoop Singh, (2015) 7 SCC<br>773, we hold that ossification test cannot be regarded as<br>conclusive when it comes to ascertaining the age of a<br>person. More so, the appellants herein have certainly<br>crossed the age of thirty years which is an important<br>factor to be taken into account as age cannot be<br>determined with precision. …”
56 60. In   Arnit Das v. State of Bihar , (2000) 5 SCC 488, it was observed that the Court should not take a hyper­technical approach while appreciating evidence for determination of age of the accused. If two views are possible, the Court should lean in favour of holding the accused to be a juvenile in border line cases. This approach was further reiterated by this Court in  Rajendra Chandra v. State of , (2002) 2 SCC 287, in which it laid down that the Chhattisgarh standard of proof of age determination is the degree of probability and not proof beyond reasonable doubt. 61. In   Rishipal   Singh   Solanki   v.   State   of   Uttar   Pradesh , (2021) SCC OnLine SC 1079, this Court observed explicitly that Section   94   of   the   2015   Act   does   not   give   precedence   to   the matriculation and other certificates, to determine the age of person, since the said section only deals with the matter of procedure. This Court held that  lex non cogit ad impossibilia  (law does not demand the   impossible)   and   when   the   ossification   test   cannot   yield trustworthy and reliable results, such test cannot be made a basis to determine the age of the person and other available certificates may be taken into consideration. 57 62. Similarly, in the case of   Ram Vijay Singh v. State of U.P. , (2021)   SCC   Online   SC   142,   this   Court,   while   negativing   the contention canvassed on behalf of the appellant convict therein that the procedure as contained in Rule 12(3)(b) of the 2007 Rules now being part of Section 94 of the 2015 Act and once the statute has provided the ossification test as the basis for determining juvenility, the findings of such ossification test cannot be ignored, held in paras 15 and 16 resply as under:­ “15. We find that the procedure prescribed in Rule 12 is not materially different than the provisions of Section 94 of the Act   to   determine the   age   of   the   person.   There   are   minor variations as the Rule 12(3)(a)(i) and (ii) have been clubbed together with slight change in the language. Section 94 of the Act   does   not   contain   the   provisions   regarding   benefit   of margin of age to be given to the child or juvenile as was provided in Rule 12(3)(b) of the Rules. The importance of ossification   test   has   not   undergone   change   with   the enactment   of Section   94 of   the   Act.   The   reliability   of   the ossification test remains vulnerable as was under Rule 12 of the Rules. 16. As per the Scheme of the Act, when it is obvious to the Committee or the Board, based on the appearance of the person,   that   the   said   person   is   a   child,   the   Board   or Committee shall record observations stating the age of the Child   as   nearly   as   may   be   without   waiting   for   further confirmation   of   the   age.   Therefore,   the   first   attempt   to determine the age is by assessing the physical appearance of   the   person   when   brought   before   the   Board   or   the 58 Committee. It is only in case of doubt, the process of age determination by seeking evidence becomes necessary. At that stage, when a person is around 18 years of age, the ossification test can be said to be relevant for determining the   approximate   age   of   a   person   in   conflict   with   law. However, when the person is around 40­55 years of age, the structure of bones cannot be helpful in determining the age. This Court in Arjun Panditrao      Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal   and   Ors.     held,   in   the   context   of   certificate required under Section 65B of the Evidence Act, 1872, that as per the Latin maxim, lex non cogit ad impossibilia, law does not demand the impossible. Thus, when the ossification test cannot yield trustworthy and reliable results, such test cannot be made a basis to determine the age of the person concerned on the date of incident. Therefore, in the absence of any reliable trustworthy medical evidence to find out age of the appellant, the ossification test conducted in year 2020 when   the   appellant   was   55   years   of   age   cannot   be conclusive to declare him as a juvenile on the date of the incident.” 63. We are conscious of the fact that in the case on hand the convict was subjected to medical examination after being referred to the Medical Board. However, the report on record does not inspire much confidence. Over and above the same, the decision in the case of   Ram Vijay Singh   (supra) makes it very clear that in the absence of a reliable and trustworthy medical evidence to find out the age of the appellant herein, the ossification test conducted in the year 2021 when the appellant was above 50 years of age cannot 59 be   conclusive   to   declare   him   as   a   juvenile   on   the   date   of   the incident. This Court observed that when a person is around 18 years of age, the ossification test can be said to be relevant for determining the approximate age of a person in conflict with law. However,   when   the   person   is   around   40­55   years   of   age,   the structure of bones cannot be helpful in determining the age.   In such circumstances, it will be a matter of debate as to what extent the new ossification test report that may come on record can be relied upon and to what extent the same would be helpful to the appellant herein. 64. Despite all the odds against the writ applicant, we would still like to look into the matter in the larger interest of justice. It will be in   fitness   of   things   if   the   writ   applicant   convict   is   once   again subjected to the ossification test at the Civil Hospital, Allahabad or any other latest medical age determination test and such test shall be carried out by a team of three doctors, one of whom should be the head of the Department of Radiology.  65. In view of the aforesaid, we issue the following directions: 60 (i) We direct the Sessions Court, Agra to examine the claim of the writ   applicant   to   juvenility   in   regard   with   law   within   one month from the date of communication of this order; (ii) The   concerned   Sessions   Court   shall   also   examine   the authenticity and genuineness of the Family Register sought to be relied upon by writ applicant convict considering that the document   does   not   appear   to   be   contemporaneous.   This document assumes importance, more particularly in the light of   the   fact   that   the   ossification   test   report   may   not   be absolutely  helpful in determining  the   exact age  of  the   writ applicant on the date of incident. If the Family Register on record is ultimately found to be authentic and genuine, then we may not have to fall upon the ossification test report. In such circumstances, the Presiding Officer concerned shall pay adequate attention towards this document and try to ascertain the authenticity and genuineness of the same. If need be, the statements of the persons concerned i.e. from the concerned government department may also be recorded; 61 (iii) The   Sessions   Court   shall   ensure   that   the   writ   applicant convict is medically examined by taking an ossification test or any other modern recognized method of age determination; (iv) The   Sessions   Court   concerned   shall   submit   its   report   as regards the aforesaid to this Court within one month from the date of communication of this order; (v) The Registry is directed to forward one copy of this order to Sessions Court, Agra; (vi) We request the learned counsel appearing for the State to take appropriate steps to facilitate the Sessions Court to complete the enquiry. 66. Notify this matter after a period of four weeks along with the report that may be received from the Sessions Court, Agra.   The final order shall be passed after perusal of the report upon receipt from the Sessions Court, Agra.  ………………………………………..J.     (DINESH MAHESHWARI) ………………………………………..J.     (J.B. PARDIWALA) NEW DELHI; SEPTEMBER 12, 2022 62