JIGAR @ JIMMY PRAVINCHANDRA ADATIYA vs. STATE OF GUJARAT

Case Type: Criminal Appeal

Date of Judgment: 23-09-2022

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1 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.1656   OF 2022 [Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 7696 of 2021] Jigar  @  Jimmy Pravinchandra  Adatiya  …  Appellant v. State of Gujarat                               …  Respondent WITH  Criminal Appeal No.1657   OF 2022 [Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 7609 of 2021] WITH  Criminal Appeal Nos.1658­1659  OF 2022 [Arising out of SLP (Crl.) Nos.7678­7679 of 2021] AND  Criminal Appeal No.  1660   OF 2022 [Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 7758 of 2021] J U D G M E N T Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by ASHA SUNDRIYAL Date: 2022.09.23 17:05:00 IST Reason: Abhay S. Oka, J. Leave granted. 2 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. FACTUAL ASPECTS 2. The   appellants   are   the   accused   in   FIR No.112020082021862020 registered with Jamnagar City ‘A’ Division   Police   Station   in   Gujarat   for   the   offences   under Sections   3(1),   3(2),   3(3),   3(4),   3(5),   and   4   of   The   Gujarat Control   of   Terrorism   and   Organised   Crime   Act,   2015   (for short ‘the 2015 Act’). Section 167 of the Code of Criminal Procedure,   1973   (for   short   ‘CrPC’)   has   been   amended   in relation to the cases involving offences punishable under the 2015 Act.   By virtue of sub­section (2) of Section 20 of the 2015   Act,   a   proviso   has   been   added   in   addition   to   the existing proviso to sub­section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC which permits the Special Court established under the 2015 Act to extend the period of 90 days provided to complete the investigation   up   to   180   days.   The   Special   Court   is empowered to extend the period up to 180 days on a report of the   Public   Prosecutor   setting   out   the   progress   of   the investigation   and   the   specific   reasons   for   continuing detention of the accused beyond the period of 90 days. 3 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. 3. The aforesaid First Information Report was registered th on 15  October 2020.  The accused were arrested on different dates.   Reports   were   submitted   by   the   Public   Prosecutor seeking extension of time up to 180 days to complete the investigation. In three cases, the reports were submitted on th st 8  January 2021, and in one case, it was submitted on 21 January 2021.  The prayer for extending the time up to 180 days was allowed by the Special Court on the very day on which the applications were filed. Being aggrieved by the said orders   of   the   Special   Court,   separate   applications   under Section 482 of CrPC were preferred by the appellants.  By the th impugned   common  Judgment  dated   15   September   2021, the learned Single Judge of Gujarat High Court rejected the applications made by the appellants under Section 482 of CrPC.  The details such as the respective dates of arrest and the dates of making applications are as under:­
S.<br>No.Name of the<br>accusedParticularsDate of<br>ArrestDate of<br>filing<br>application<br>under<br>Section<br>20(2)(b) of<br>GUJCTOCDate of<br>filing<br>application<br>for default<br>bail
1Nileshbhai<br>Mansukhbhai<br>ToliaCriminal<br>Misc.<br>Application<br>No.4901 of16.10.202008.01.2021<br>Allowed on<br>the same04.02.2021
4 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc.
2021 (SLP<br>(Crl.)<br>No.7758/<br>2021)day
2Vasantbhai @<br>Vasantrai<br>Liladharbhai<br>MansataCriminal<br>Misc.<br>Application<br>No.4902 of<br>2021 (SLP<br>(Crl.)<br>No.7609/<br>2021)01.11.202021.01.2021<br>Allowed on<br>the same<br>day02.02.2021
3Yashpalsinh<br>Mahendrasinh<br>Jadeja and<br>Jashpalsinh<br>Mahendrasinh<br>JadejaCriminal<br>Misc.<br>Application<br>No.4904 of<br>2021<br>(SLP (Crl.)<br>No.<br>7678­79/<br>2021)28/<br>29.10.202008.01.2021<br>Allowed on<br>the same<br>day03.02.2021
4Jigar @ Jimmy<br>Pravinchandra<br>AdatiyaCriminal<br>Misc.<br>Application<br>No.4928 of<br>2021 (SLP<br>(Crl.)<br>No.7696/<br>2021)16.10.202008.01.2021<br>Allowed on<br>the same<br>day03.02.2021
4 . The main ground urged in support of the appeals is that when the Special Court passed orders on the reports submitted by the learned Public Prosecutor by which time to complete   investigation   was   extended   up   to   180   days,   the presence  of   none   of   the   accused   was   procured   either physically or through video conference and that they were 5 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. not even informed about the reports submitted by the Public Prosecutor. SUBMISSIONS OF THE APPELLANTS 5. Ms. Nitya Ramakrishnan, the learned senior counsel appearing for the appellants has made detailed submissions. Reliance has been placed on the decisions of this Court in the case of   Hitendra Vishnu Thakur and others   v.   State of 1 Maharashtra and others  and  Sanjay Dutt  v.  State through 2 CBI, Bombay   (II) . Her submission is that when the Special Court exercised the power under the proviso added by sub­ section (2) of Section 20 of the 2015 Act to sub­section (2) of Section   167   of   CrPC,   the   presence   of   the   appellants   was admittedly   not   procured   even   through   video   conference. Admittedly,   before   the   reports   submitted   by   the   Public Prosecutor seeking extension of time up to 180 days were considered, the Special Court did not inform the appellants about such reports being filed by the Public Prosecutor.  Her 2 submission   is   that   in   the   case   of   ,   the Sanjay   Dutt Constitution Bench of this Court has clearly laid down that 1 (1994) 4 SCC 602 2 (1994) 5 SCC 410 6 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. the production of the accused before the Special Court on the date on which such a report is considered is mandatory and that by producing the accused before the Court, he must be informed   about   such   a   report   submitted   by   the   Public Prosecutor.  Thus, there is a violation of the mandate of law laid  down  by   the   Constitution  Bench  of   this   Court.     She pointed out that the appellants moved applications for grant of default bail as they were not aware of the filing of the reports by the Public Prosecutor and the orders of the Special Court extending the period for investigation. In view of the extension of time granted by the Special Court, the case of the appellants for grant of default bail under sub­section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC was not considered by the Special th Court.   On 9   April 2021, a charge sheet was filed by the police.  Her submission is that the order granting extension to complete investigation is completely illegal as the same has been passed without following the mandate laid down in the 2 case   of   Sanjay   Dutt .     Her   submission   is   that   the   order granting extension passed by the Special Court deserves to be set aside.   As the applications for default bail were made by the appellants after the expiry of the statutory period of 90 7 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. days but before filing the charge sheet, the appellants are entitled to default bail. 6. The learned senior counsel submitted that the decision 1 of this Court in the case of   Hitendra Vishnu Thakur   was modified by the Constitution Bench in the case of   Sanjay 2   on   a   very   limited   aspect.     She   submitted   that   the Dutt requirement of law laid down in the case of  Hitendra Vishnu 1 Thakur  regarding procuring the presence of the accused at the time of considering the report seeking extension of time and requirement of putting the accused to the notice of the filing of such a report has not been disturbed in the case of 2 Sanjay   Dutt .     On   the   contrary,   the   decision   of   the 2 Constitution Bench in the case of  Sanjay Dutt  reiterates the mandatory requirement of production of the accused before the Court at the time of consideration of the report submitted by the Public Prosecutor.  The only modification made by the Constitution   Bench   in   the   decision   of   Hitendra   Vishnu 1   is by holding that the mode of giving notice to the Thakur accused is by informing him about the filing of such a report by producing  him  before  the   Special  Court and  a  written 8 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. notice is not required.  Her submission is that as this Court 2 in the case of   has laid down the requirement of Sanjay Dutt informing the accused about the filing of a report seeking extension   of   time   up   to   180   days,   it   is   obvious   that   the accused on receiving the intimation is entitled to object to the prayer made by the Public Prosecutor for grant of extension of time.  However, it is not necessary for the Special Court to supply   a   copy   of   the   report   submitted   by   the   Public Prosecutor   to   the   accused.     Her   submission   is   that   the proviso added by sub­section (2) of Section 20 of the 2015 Act is  pari materia  with the proviso added by clause (bb) of sub­ section   (4)   of   Section   20   of   the   Terrorist   and   Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987 (for short ‘TADA Act”) to sub­ section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC.  Therefore, the decisions of 1 this   Court   in   the   case   of   Hitendra   Vishnu   Thakur   and 2 Sanjay Dutt  will squarely apply to the facts of the case.  She pointed out that the decision of this Court in the case of 2 Sanjay Dutt  was consistently followed in many decisions by this Court.   In the case of     v.   Ateef Nasir Mulla State of 3 Maharashtra , this Court followed the law laid down by this 3 (2005) 7 SCC 29 9 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. Court in both the aforesaid decisions while dealing with the similar   provisions   under   clause   (b)   of   sub­section   (2)   of Section 49 of Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 (for short ‘POTA’).    She  submitted  that  while   dealing  with  a  similar provision in the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (for short ‘NDPS Act’), in the case of  Sanjay Kumar Kedia Alias Sanjay Kedia  v . Intelligence Officer, Narcotics 4 ,   this   Court   followed   the Control   Bureau   and   Another 1 decision   in   the   case   of   Hitendra   Vishnu   Thakur .     The learned senior counsel also invited our attention to a decision of this Court in the case of   S. Kasi   v . State through the Inspector of Police Samaynallur Police Station Madurai 5 District .  She also invited our attention to another decision 6 in the case of   Bikramjit Singh  v . State of Punjab .   She urged that in both the aforesaid decisions, this Court held that the  right to get  default  bail under  sub­section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC is not merely a statutory right but a fundamental   right   guaranteed   to   an   accused.     She   also referred to another decision of this Court in the case of   M. 4 (2009)17 SCC 631 5 2020 SCC OnLine SC 529 6 (2020) 10 SCC 616 10 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. Ravindran  v.  Intelligence Officer, Directorate of Revenue 7 Intelligence  which holds that sub­section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC is integrally linked to the constitutional commitment under   Article   21   of   the   Constitution   of   India   promising protection of life and personal liberty against unlawful and arbitrary detention.   Therefore, the provision of sub­section (2) of Section 167 should be interpreted in a manner that serves this object.   She also relied upon a decision of the Karnataka High Court in the case of   Muzammil  Pasha & 8 Ors. Etc.  v.  National Investigating Agency etc. .   7. Her submission is that in violation of the law laid down 2 by the Constitution Bench in the case of   , the Sanjay Dutt time   to   carry   out   the   investigation   was   extended   by   the Special Court.  Therefore, the said order is completely illegal as it infringes the right of the appellants to get default bail which is held to be a fundamental right guaranteed by Article 21 of the Constitution of India. SUBMISSIONS OF THE RESPONDENT 7 (2021) 2 SCC 485 8 2021 SCC OnLine Kar 12688 11 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. 8. Shri   Aman   Lekhi,   the   learned   Additional   Solicitor General of India (ASG) submitted that the  accused is not entitled to a written notice of the reports submitted by the Public Prosecutor for seeking extension of time. He submitted that the report of the Public Prosecutor is considered by the Special Court at a stage when the investigation is in progress. His submission is that accused has no say in the matter of grant of extension of time as he has no right of being heard at the stage of the investigation. He relied upon a decision of this   Court   in   the   case   of   Narender   G.   Goel   v .   State   of 9   Maharashtra and Anr. . 9. Learned ASG further submitted that the inquiry at the time of consideration of the report submitted by the Public Prosecutor for extension of time is very limited.   He relied upon   a   decision   of   this   Court   in   the   case   of   State   of 10 Maharashtra  v.  Surendra Pundlik Gadling and Ors. .  He submitted   that   if   a   report   is   submitted   by   the   Public Prosecutor indicating the progress of the investigation and the   specific   reasons   for   continuing   the   detention   of   the 9 (2009) 6 SCC 65 10 (2019) 5 SCC 178 12 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. accused beyond a period of 90 days, the Special Court is empowered to grant the extension.  He submitted that in the present case, the reports submitted by the Public Prosecutor indicate that there was an application of mind by the Public Prosecutor and all details as required were submitted.   He urged that the decision of this Court in the case of   Sanjay 4 Kumar   Kedia  is  per incuriam  as the binding precedent in the 2 case of   was not considered by this Court.   Sanjay Dutt 10. His submission is that the obligation to produce the accused   before   the   Court   is   mandatory   only   when   his detention in police custody is sought.   He submitted that mere non­production of the accused on the day on which the Special   Court   considered   the   request   for   the   grant   of extension of time will not vitiate the order extending the time. His submission is that in view of Section 460 of CrPC, the order will not stand vitiated.  His submission is that in any case, no prejudice has been caused to the appellants due to their non­production and there has been no failure of justice. Learned   ASG   submitted   that   physical   production   of   the accused was not feasible due to Covid­19 conditions and that 13 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. inadequate bandwidth prevented the virtual production of the accused persons.  He submitted that the reasons given by the High Court are cogent and correct.  REJOINDER OF THE APPELLANTS 11. By   way   of   rejoinder,   the   learned   senior   counsel appearing for the appellant submitted that without disturbing 1 the law laid down in the case of  Hitendra Vishnu Thakur , 2 the Constitution Bench in the case of  Sanjay Dutt  has held that service of written notice to the accused is not necessary and it would suffice if the accused was present in the Court and was informed that the request for extension of time to complete the investigation is being considered. She submitted that there is no material placed on record to show that in January   2021   when   the   reports   submitted   by   the   Public Prosecutor were considered by the Special Court, either the Standard   Operating   Procedure   prevailing   at   that   time prohibited the physical production of the accused or there was no proper connectivity which prevented the production even virtually. Her submission is that the said plea has no foundation at all.  14 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. FURTHER SUBMISSIONS th 12. On 09  February 2022, submissions were concluded. Thereafter, we noticed that sub­section (5) of Section 20 of the 2015 Act was not brought to our notice during the course th of submissions.  Therefore, on 10  March 2022, the appeals were again listed on Board for further hearing, and time was granted to the learned counsel appearing for the parties to make   further   submissions   on   the   limited   issue   of   the applicability of sub­section (5) of Section 20 of the 2015 Act. Thereafter, the appeals could not be listed immediately due to the change of the constitution of the Bench.  Ultimately, rd further submissions were heard on 23  August 2022.         Ms.   Nitya   Ramakrishnan,   learned   senior   counsel 13. appearing for the appellants pointed out that though sub­ section (5) of Section 20, which overrides the provisions of CrPC, provides that the accused shall not be granted bail if it is noticed by the Special Court that he was on bail in an offence under the 2015 Act or under any other Act on the date of the offence in question, the same will not come in the way of the appellants getting default bail.   She pointed out 15 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. that an identical provision in the form of sub­section (5) of Section 21 of the Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act, 1999 (for short, ‘the MCOCA’) has been partially struck down   by   the   Bombay   High   Court   in   the   case   of   Bharat 11 v.   .   She Shanti Lal Shah & Ors.   State of Maharashtra pointed   out   that   this   Court   in   the   case   of   State   of 12 Maharashtra   v.   Bharat   Shanti   Lal   Shah   &   Ors.   has affirmed the said view.   This Court, for reasons recorded, held   that   the   expression   “or   under   any   other   Act”   as appearing in sub­section (5) of Section 21 of the MCOCA was arbitrary and discriminatory.  RESPONSE OF THE SOLICITOR GENERAL OF INDIA Shri Tushar Mehta, learned Solicitor General of India 14. submitted that in view of the pronouncement of law by this 12 Court in the case of  , sub­section Bharat Shanti Lal Shah (5) of Section 20 of the 2015 Act will not by itself be an impediment in the way of the appellants getting default bail. With   the   permission   of   the   Court,   he   made   additional submissions.   He relied upon Section 461 of CrPC which 11 2003 All MR (Crl.) 1061 12 (2008) 13 SCC 5 16 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. contains   an   exhaustive   list   of   irregularities   that   vitiate proceedings.   He urged that the irregularity alleged in this case is not a part of the list of irregularities contained in the said provision. He also invited our attention to sub­section (2) of Section 465 of CrPC.  His submission is that as held by 2 this Court in the case of   Sanjay Dutt , the accused is not entitled to a written notice of the application made by the Public   Prosecutor   for   extension   of   the   period   provided   to carry out the investigation and only his presence is to be procured when the application is heard by the Special Court. He submitted that the accused is not entitled to receive a copy of the application/ report made under the proviso to sub­section (2) of Section 20 of the 2015 Act and, therefore, he is not entitled to make any submissions on the report of the   Public   Prosecutor.     He   submitted   that   there   is   no prejudice caused to the appellants as a result of the failure of the investigating agency to produce them before the Special Court   when   applications   for   extension   were   heard.     He submitted that the failure to produce the appellants on the date on which extension applications were heard, is a mere irregularity in the proceedings which will have no effect on 17 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. further stages such as cognizance, trial, etc.  On this aspect, he relied upon a decision of this Court in the case of  Fertico Marketing & Investment Private Limited & Ors.  v.  Central 13 Bureau   of   Investigation   &   Anr. .     He   also   relied   upon another decision of this Court in the case of  Securities and Exchange Board of India etc.   v.  Gaurav Varshney & Anr. 14 etc. .  He urged that the applications for availing of default bail were filed by the appellants after the time was extended by the Special Court.  He would, therefore, submit that the appellants are not entitled to default bail.  He also submitted that   the   allegations   against   the   appellants   are   of   a   very serious nature.   Even this aspect needs to be taken into consideration.  CONSIDERATION OF SUBMISSIONS 15. We   have   carefully   considered   the   submissions.   The entire issue revolves around the interpretation of the proviso added by the 2015 Act to sub­section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC. For that purpose, we must refer to Section 20 of the 2015 Act. The Section reads thus:­ 13 (2021) 2 SCC 525 14 (2016) 14 SCC 430. 18 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc.   “20. Modified   Application   of   Certain   provisions of Code: (1)   Notwithstanding   anything   contained   in   the Code or in any other law, every offence punishable under this Act shall be deemed to be a 'cognizable offence' within the meaning of clause (c) of section 2 of the Code and 'cognizable case' as defined in that clause and shall be construed accordingly. (2) Section 167 of the Code shall apply in relation to a case involving an offence punishable under this Act subject to the modifications that in sub­ section (2), ­ (a)   the   reference   to   "fifteen   days"   and   "sixty days", wherever they occur, shall be construed  as   references   to   "thirty   days"   and   "ninety days", respectively;  (b)   after   the   existing   proviso,   the   following proviso shall be inserted, namely: ­  "Provided further that if it is not possible to complete the investigation within the said period of ninety days, the Special Court shall extend the said period upto one hundred and eighty   days   on   the   report   of   the   Public Prosecutor   indicating   the   progress   of   the investigation   and   the   specific   reasons   for detention   of   the   accused   beyond   the   said period of ninety days.".  (3) Nothing   in   section   438   of   the   Code   shall apply in relation to any case involving the arrest of any   person   accused   of   having   committed   an offence punishable under this Act.  19 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code, no person accused of an offence punishable under this Act shall, if in custody, be released on bail or on his own bond, unless –  (a)   the   Public   Prosecutor   has   been   given   an opportunity to oppose the application of such release; and  (b)   where   the   Public   Prosecutor   opposes   the application, the Special Court is satisfied that there are reasonable grounds for believing that accused is not guilty of committing such offence and that he is not likely to commit any offence while on bail. (5)   Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code, the accused shall not be granted bail if it is noticed by the Special Court that he was on bail in an offence under this Act, or under any other   Act   on   the   date   of   the   offence   in question.   (6) The restriction on granting of bail specified in sub­sections   (4)   and   (5)   are   in   addition   to   the restriction under the Code or any other law for the time being in force on the granting of bail. (7) The police officer seeking the custody of any person for pre­indictment or pre­trial interrogation from   the   judicial   custody   shall   file   a   written statement explaining the reasons for seeking such custody and also for the delay, if any, in seeking the police custody.” [emphasis added] We also reproduce sub­sections (1) and (2) of Section 167 of CrPC which read thus:­ 20 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc.
“167. Procedure when investigation cannot be
completed in twenty­four hours.
(1) Whenever any person is arrested and detained in
custody, and it appears that the investigation cannot
be completed within the period of twenty­four hours
fixed by section 57, and there are grounds for
believing that the accusation or information is well­
founded, the officer in charge of the police station or
the police officer making the investigation, if he is not
below the rank of sub­inspector, shall forthwith
transmit to the nearest Judicial Magistrate a copy of
the entries in the diary hereinafter prescribed relating
to the case, and shall at the same time forward the
accused to such Magistrate.
(2) The Magistrate to whom an accused person is
forwarded under this section may, whether he has or
has not jurisdiction to try the case, from time to time,
authorise the detention of the accused in such
custody as such Magistrate thinks fit, for a term not
exceeding fifteen days in the whole; and if he has no
jurisdiction to try the case or commit it for trial, and
considers further detention unnecessary, he may
order the accused to be forwarded to a Magistrate
having such jurisdiction:
Provided that­­
(a) the Magistrate may authorise the detention of the
accused person, otherwise than in the custody of the
police, beyond the period of fifteen days, if he is
satisfied that adequate grounds exist for doing so,
but no Magistrate shall authorise the detention of the
accused person in custody under this paragraph for a
total period exceeding­­
(i) ninety days, where the investigation relates to an offence punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term of not less than ten years; (ii) sixty days, where the investigation relates to any other offence, and, on the expiry of the said period of ninety days, or sixty days, as the case may be, the 21 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc.
accused person shall be released on bail if he is
prepared to and does furnish bail, and every person
released on bail under this sub­section shall be
deemed to be so released under the provisions of
Chapter XXXIII for the purposes of that Chapter;
(b)no Magistrate shall authorise detention of the
accused in custody of the police under this
section unless the accused is produced before him
in person for the first time and subsequently
every time till the accused remains in the custody
of the police, but the Magistrate may extend
further detention in judicial custody on
production of the accused either in person or
through the medium of electronic video linkage;
(c) no Magistrate of the second class, not specially
empowered in this behalf by the High Court, shall
authorise detention in the custody of the police.
ExplanationI.­­For the avoidance of doubts, it is
hereby declared that, notwithstanding the expiry of
the period specified in paragraph (a), the accused
shall be detained in custody so long as he does not
furnish bail.
ExplanationII.­­If any question arises whether
an accused person was produced before the
Magistrate as required under clause (b), the
production of the accused person may be proved by
his signature on the order authorising detention or
by the order certified by the Magistrate as to
production of the accused person through the
medium of electronic video linkage, as the case may
be.
Provided further that in case of a woman under
eighteen years of age, the detention shall be
authorised to be in the custody of a remand home or
recognised social institution.”
[emphasis added] 22 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. 16. Thus,   in   a   case   involving   the   offences   punishable under   the   2015   Act,   the   Special   Court   is   authorized   to detain   the   accused   person   in   custody   for   a   period   not exceeding 90 days. The proviso added by sub­section (2) of Section 20 of the 2015 Act to sub­Section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC enables the Special Court to extend the said period to a total of 180 days on the basis of a report of the Public Prosecutor setting out the progress of the investigation and incorporating the specific reasons for the detention of the accused beyond the period of 90 days.  17. Thus,  unless   the  Special  Court  exercises  the   power under the proviso added by the 2015 Act to sub­section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC, on the expiry of the period of 90 days, the accused will be entitled to default bail. When the Special Court exercises the power under the proviso added to sub­section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC and extends the time up to 180 days, the accused will be entitled to default bail only if the charge sheet is not filed within the extended period. 23 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. 18. As  can be seen from sub­section (2) of Section 20 of the 2015 Act, the provisions of Section 167 of CrPC and in particular sub­section (2) thereof containing entitlement of the accused to default bail will apply to the 2015 Act with the modification that the reference to the period of “fifteen days” and “sixty days” provided in sub­section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC is required to be construed as a reference to “thirty days” and “ninety days” respectively.  The proviso to sub­section (2) of Section 20 of the 2015 Act enables the Special Court to extend the period provided in sub­section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC up to 180 days. GENERAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING DEFAULT BAIL Before we go to the main controversy concerning the 19. legality of the order of extension passed in exercise of the power under the proviso to sub­section (2) of Section 20 of the 2015 Act, it is necessary to recapitulate the settled law relating to default bail.   Three decisions of the Benches of three Hon’ble Judges of this Court have laid down the law on this aspect.   24 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. 19. (a) The first decision is in the case of  Uday Mohanlal 15 Acharya   v.   State   of   Maharashtra .     In   paragraph   13 thereof,   the   majority   view   has   been   summarised   which reads thus :  “…. …. …. …. On   the   aforesaid   premises,   we   would   record   our conclusions as follows: . Under sub­section (2) of Section 167, a Magistrate 1 before whom an accused is produced while the police is investigating into the offence can authorise detention of the accused in such custody as the Magistrate thinks fit for a term not exceeding 15 days on the whole. 2 . Under the proviso to the aforesaid sub­section (2) of Section 167, the Magistrate may authorise detention of the accused otherwise than in the custody of police for a total   period   not   exceeding   90   days   where   the investigation   relates   to   offence   punishable   with   death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term of not less than 10 years, and 60 days where the investigation relates to any other offence. 3 . On the expiry of the said period of 90 days or 60 days,   as   the   case   may   be,   an   indefeasible   right accrues in favour of the accused for being released on bail on account of default by the investigating agency in   the   completion   of   the   investigation   within   the period prescribed and the accused is entitled to be released on bail, if he is prepared to and furnishes the bail as directed by the Magistrate. 4 . When an application for bail is filed by an accused for enforcement of his indefeasible right alleged to have been accrued in his favour on account of default on the part   of   the   investigating   agency   in   completion   of   the investigation   within   the   specified   period,   the Magistrate/court must dispose of it forthwith, on being satisfied that in fact the accused has been in custody for 15 (2001) 5 SCC 453 25 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. the period of 90 days or 60 days, as specified and no charge­sheet has been filed by the investigating agency. Such prompt action on the part of the Magistrate/court will not enable the prosecution to frustrate the object of the Act and the legislative mandate of an accused being released on bail on account of the default on the part of the investigating agency in completing the investigation within the period stipulated. 5 .   If   the   accused   is   unable   to   furnish   the   bail   as directed by the Magistrate, then on a conjoint reading of Explanation   I   and   the   proviso   to   sub­section   (2)   of Section 167, the continued custody of the accused even beyond   the   specified   period   in   para   ( a )   will   not   be unauthorised,   and  therefore,  if   during  that   period  the investigation   is  complete  and  the  charge­sheet   is  filed then the so­called indefeasible right of the accused would stand extinguished. 6 .   The expression “if not already availed of” used by this Court in  Sanjay Dutt case  [(1994) 5 SCC 410 : 1994 SCC (Cri) 1433] must be understood to mean when the accused files an application and is prepared to offer bail on being directed.  In other words, on expiry   of   the   period   specified   in   para   ( a )   of   the proviso   to   sub­section   (2)   of   Section   167   if   the accused files an application for bail and offers also to furnish the bail on being directed, then it has to be held that the accused has availed of his indefeasible right even though the court has not considered the said application and has not indicated the terms and conditions of bail, and the accused has not furnished the same. With the aforesaid  interpretation  of the  expression “availed of” if the charge­sheet is filed subsequent to the availing of the indefeasible right by the accused then   that   right   would   not   stand   frustrated   or extinguished,   necessarily   therefore,   if   an   accused entitled to be released on bail by application of the proviso to sub­section (2) of Section 167, makes the application before the Magistrate, but the Magistrate erroneously   refuses   the   same   and   rejects   the application and then the accused moves the higher 26 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. forum and while the matter remains pending before the higher forum for consideration a charge­sheet is filed, the so­called indefeasible right of the accused would   not   stand   extinguished   thereby,   and   on   the other hand, the accused has to be released on bail. Such an accused, who thus is entitled to be released on bail in enforcement of his indefeasible right will, however, have to be produced before the Magistrate on a charge­ sheet being filed in accordance with Section 209 and the Magistrate must deal with him in the matter of remand to custody subject to the provisions of the Code relating to bail and subject to the provisions of cancellation of bail, already granted in accordance with the law laid down by this   Court   in   the   case   of  Mohd.   Iqbal  v.  State   of Maharashtra  [(1996) 1 SCC 722 : 1996 SCC (Cri) 202] .” [emphasis added] (b) The   second   decision   is   in   the   case   of   19 M. 7 Ravindran .   The conclusions in the said decision can be summarised as under :  (i) Majority   view   in   the   case   of   Uday   Mohanlal 15  is correct; Acharya (ii) Sub­section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC was enacted for providing an outer time limit to the period of remand   of   the   accused   proportionate   to   the seriousness of the offence alleged. On the failure to complete the investigation within the defined outer limit,  the accused acquires an indefeasible right to get default bail; 27 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. (iii) The   timelines   provided   under   sub­section   (2)   of Section 167, CrPC ensure that investigating officers are compelled to act swiftly and efficiently without misusing   the   prospect   of   further   remand.     This provision ensures that the Court takes cognizance of the case without undue delay after investigation is   completed   within   the   time   provided   in   sub­ section (2) of Section 167, CrPC; (iv) The   Legislature   has   enacted   sub­section   (2)   of Section   167   for   balancing   the   need   to   provide sufficient   time   to   complete   the   investigation  with the   need   to   protect   civil   liberties   of   the   accused which   is   given   paramount   importance   in   our Constitution; (v) Sub­section (2) of Section 167 is integrally linked to the constitutional commitment under Article 21 of the Constitution of India promising protection of the personal   liberty   against   unlawful   and   arbitrary detention; 5 (vi) The decision of this Court in the case of   S. Kasi was quoted with the approval which holds that the indefeasible right to default bail is an integral part 28 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. of the right to personal liberty under Article 21 and the said right cannot be suspended even during the pandemic situation; and (vii) It is well settled that in case of any ambiguity in the construction   of   a   penal   statute,   the   Court   must favour   the   interpretation   which   leans   towards protecting the rights of the accused.  This principle is   applicable   even   in   the   case   of   a   procedure providing for curtailment of liberty of the accused.  19. (c)  The   third   decision   is   in   the   case   of   Rakesh 16 Kumar Paul  v.  State of Assam .  This decision holds that it   is   the   duty   of   the   learned   Magistrate   to   inform   the accused, of the availability of indefeasible right under sub­ section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC once it accrues to him.  It was held that this will ensure that dilatory tactics of the prosecution are thwarted and obligations under Article 21 of the Constitution are upheld. 20.   The issue involved in these appeals will have to be decided   in   the   context   of   the   legal   position   that   the indefeasible right to default bail under sub­section (2) of 16 (2017) 15 SCC 67 29 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. Section 167, CrPC is an integral part of the fundamental right to personal liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. IMPEDIMENT OF SUB­SECTION (5) OF  SECTION 20 OF THE 2015 ACT 21. Sub­section (5) of Section 20 reads thus :  “ 20 . Modified application of certain provisions of Code. … … … … … (5)   Notwithstanding   anything   contained   in   the Code, the accused shall not be granted bail if it is noticed by the Special Court that he was on bail in an offence under this Act, or under any other Act on the date of the offence in question.” Sub­section   (5)   of   Section   21   of   the   MCOCA   contained identical   provision.     In   the   case   of   Bharat   Shanti   Lal 12 , this Court, for the reasons recorded in paragraphs Shah 62 to 65, concurred with the view of Bombay High Court that the expression “or under any other Act” appearing in sub­section (5) of Section 21 of the MCOCA was violative of Articles   14   and  21  of   the   Constitution  and,  therefore, it must be struck down.  Hence, the same expression used in sub­section   (5)   of   Section   20   of   the   2015   Act   infringes Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution.  In the facts of the 30 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. case, none of the appellants were on bail for any offence under the 2015 Act and hence, no impediment has been created by sub­section (5) of Section 20 in the facts of these cases for considering the prayer for default bail.  THE EFFECT OF THE FAILURE OF THE RESPONDENTS TO PRODUCE THE APPELLANTS BEFORE THE SPECIAL COURT   AT   THE   TIME   OF   CONSIDERATION   OF   THE EXTENSION APPLICATION 22. The question before us is about the legal consequences of the failure of the Special Court under the 2015 Act to procure   the   presence   of   the   accused   at   the   time   of   the consideration   of   the   reports   submitted   by   the   Public Prosecutor for a grant of extension of time to complete the investigation. In addition, we will have to consider the effect of the failure to give notice to the accused of the reports submitted by the Public Prosecutor.  23.  Under Clause (bb) of sub­Section (4) of Section 20 of TADA, there is a   pari materia   proviso that empowers the Designated Court to extend the period provided in clause (a) of Sub­Section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC. Clause (bb) reads thus : 31 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc.
“(bb) in sub­section (2), after the proviso, the following<br>proviso shall be inserted, namely:—
‘Provided further that, if it is not possible to<br>complete the investigation within the said period of<br>one hundred and eighty days, the Designated Court<br>shall extend the said period up to one year, on the<br>report of the Public Prosecutor indicating the<br>progress of the investigation and the specific<br>reasons for the detention of the accused beyond the<br>said period of one hundred and eighty days; and’ ”
The   said   proviso   came   up   for   consideration   before   this 1 Court   in   the   case   of   Hitendra   Vishnu   Thakur .     In paragraph 23 this Court held thus:
“23. We may at this stage, also on a plain reading
of clause (bb) of sub­section (4) of Section 20, point
out that the Legislature has provided for seeking
extension of time for completion of investigation on
areport of the public prosecutor.The Legislature
did not purposely leave it to an investigating
officer to make an application for seeking
extension of time from the court. This
provision is in tune with the legislative intent
to have the investigations completed
expeditiously and not to allow an accused to be
kept in continued detention during
unnecessary prolonged investigation at the
whims of the police. The Legislature expects
that the investigation must be completed with
utmost promptitude but where it becomes
necessary to seek some more time for
completion of the investigation, the
investigating agency must submit itself to the
scrutiny of the public prosecutor in the first
instance and satisfy him about the progress of
the investigation and furnish reasons for
32 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc.
seeking further custody of an accused.A public
prosecutor is an important officer of the State
Government and is appointed by the State under
the Code of Criminal Procedure. He is not a part of
the investigating agency. He is an independent
statutory authority. The public prosecutor is
expected to independently apply his mind to the
request of the investigating agency before
submitting areportto the court for extension of
time with a view to enable the investigating agency
to complete the investigation. He is not merely a
post office or a forwarding agency. A public
prosecutor may or may not agree with the reasons
given by the investigating officer for seeking
extension of time and may find that the
investigation had not progressed in the proper
manner or that there has been unnecessary,
deliberate or avoidable delay in completing the
investigation. In that event, he may not submit
anyreportto the court under clause (bb) to seek
extension of time.Thus, for seeking extension of
time under clause (bb), the public prosecutor after
an independent application of his mind to the
request of the investigating agency is required to
make a reportto the Designated Court indicating
therein the progress of the investigation and
disclosing justification for keeping the accused in
further custody to enable the investigating agency
to complete the investigation.The public
prosecutor may attach the request of the
investigating officer along with his request or
application and report, but hisreport, as
envisaged under clause (bb), must disclose on
the face of it that he has applied his mind and
was satisfied with the progress of the
investigation and considered grant of further
time to complete the investigation necessary.
The use of the expression “on thereportof the
public prosecutorindicating the progressof the
investigationand the specific reasonsfor the
33 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc.
detention of the accused beyond the said
period” as occurring in clause (bb) in sub­
section (2) of Section 167 as amended by
Section 20(4) are important and indicative of
the legislative intent not to keep an accused in
custody unreasonably and to grant extension
only on thereportof the public prosecutor.
Thereportof the public prosecutor, therefore,
is not merely a formality but a very vital report,
because the consequence of its acceptance
affects the liberty of an accused and it must,
therefore, strictly comply with the
requirements as contained in clause (bb). The
request of an investigating officer for extension of
time is no substitute for thereportof the public
prosecutor. Where either noreportas is envisaged
by clause (bb) is filed or thereportfiled by the
public prosecutor is not accepted by the
Designated Court, since the grant of extension of
time under clause (bb) is neither a formality nor
automatic, the necessary corollary would be that
an accusedwould be entitled to seek bail and the
court ‘shall’ release him on bail if he furnishes
bailas required by the Designated Court. It is not
merely the question of form in which the request
for extension under clause (bb) is made but one of
substance.The contents of thereportto be
submitted by the public prosecutor, after
proper application of his mind, are designed to
assist the Designated Court to independently
decide whether or not extension should be
granted in a given case. Keeping in view the
consequences of the grant of extension i.e.
keeping an accused in further custody, the
Designated Court must be satisfied for the
justification, from thereportof the public
prosecutor, to grant extension of time to
complete the investigation.
34 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc.
Where the Designated Court declines to grant
such an extension, the right to be released on
bail on account of the ‘default’ of the
prosecution becomes indefeasible and cannot
be defeated by reasons other than those
contemplated by sub­section (4) of Section 20
as discussed in the earlier part of this
judgment.We are unable to agree with Mr.
Madhava Reddy or the Additional Solicitor General
Mr. Tulsi that even if the public prosecutor
‘presents’ the request of the investigating officer to
the court or ‘forwards’ the request of the
investigating officer to the court, it should be
construed to be thereportof the public prosecutor.
There is no scope for such a construction when we
are dealing with the liberty of a citizen. The courts
are expected to zealously safeguard his liberty.
Clause (bb) has to be read and interpreted on its
plain language without addition or substitution of
any expression in it.We have already dealt with
the importance of thereportof the public
prosecutor and emphasised that he is neither a
‘post office’ of the investigating agency nor its
‘forwarding agency’ but is charged with a
statutory duty. He must apply his mind to the
facts and circumstances of the case and
hisreportmust disclose on the face of it that
he had applied his mind to the twin conditions
contained in clause (bb) of sub­section (4) of
Section 20. Since the law requires him to
submit thereportas envisaged by the section,
he must act in the manner as provided by the
section and in no other manner. A Designated
Court which overlooks and ignores the
requirements of a validreportfails in the
performance of one of its essential duties and
renders its order under clause (bb) vulnerable.
Whether the public prosecutor labels hisreportas
35 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc.
areportor as anapplicationfor extension, would
not be of much consequence so long as it
demonstrates on the face of it that he has applied
his mind and is satisfied with the progress of the
investigation and the genuineness of the reasons
for grant of extension to keep an accused in
further custody as envisaged by clause (bb)
(supra). Even the mere reproduction of the
application or request of the investigating officer by
the public prosecutor in his report, without
demonstration of the application of his mind and
recording his own satisfaction, would not render
his report as the one envisaged by clause (bb) and
it would not be a proper report to seek extension of
time. In the absence of an appropriatereportthe
Designated Court would have no jurisdiction to
deny to an accused his indefeasible right to be
released on bail on account of the default of the
prosecution to file the challan within the
prescribed time if an accused seeks and is
prepared to furnish the bail bonds as directed by
the court.Moreover, no extension can be
granted to keep an accused in custody beyond
the prescribed periodexcept to enable the
investigationto be completed and as already
stated before any extension is granted under
clause (bb), the accused must be put on notice
and permitted to have his say so as to be able
to object to the grant of extension.
[emphasis added]  The same issue came up for consideration before the 24. 2 Constitution Bench in this Court in the case of  Sanjay Dutt . A   specific   submission   was   made   before   the   Constitution Bench that the notice to the accused of the application for 36 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. the extension as contemplated by the decision in the case of 1   is   not   a   written   notice.   The Hitendra   Vishnu   Thakur argument was that when the report of the Public Prosecutor is considered by the Special Court, it is enough that the presence of the accused is procured before the Special Court and the accused is informed that such a report has been submitted by the Public Prosecutor. By accepting the said submission,   the   Constitution   Bench   summarised   its conclusions as under:­ “53. (2)(a)  Section 20(4) (bb) of the TADA Act only requires   production   of   the   accused   before   the court  in  accordance  with  Section  167(1)  of  the Code of Criminal Procedure and this is how the requirement   of   notice   to   the   accused   before granting extension beyond the prescribed period of   180   days   in   accordance   with   the   further proviso to clause (bb) of Sub­section (4) of Section 20 of the TADA Act has to be understood in the judgment of the Division Bench of this Court in   Hitendra Vishnu Thakur. The requirement of such notice   to   the   accused   before   granting   the extension for completing the investigation is not a   written   notice   to   the   accused   giving   reasons therein. Production of the accused at that time in the   court   informing   him   that   the   question   of extension   of   the   period   for   completing   the investigation   is   being   considered,   is   alonesufficient for the purpose. [emphasis added] 37 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. 25. In the case of   Devinderpal Singh   v.   Government of 17 National   Capital   Territory   of   Delhi ,   this   Court   in paragraphs 14 and 15 held thus :  “ 14.  In  Hitendra Vishnu Thakur case  [(1994) 4 SCC 602 :   1994   SCC   (Cri)   1087]   it   was   also   opined   that   no extension   can   be   granted   by   the   Designated   Court under clause ( bb ) unless the accused is put on notice and permitted to have his say so as to be able to object to the grant of extension. 15.   The Constitution Bench in   Sanjay Dutt case [(1994) 5 SCC 410 : 1994 SCC (Cri) 1433] did not express   any   contrary   opinion   insofar   as   the requirement of the report of the Public Prosecutor for grant of extension is concerned or on the effect of the absence of such a report under clause ( bb ) of Section   20(4),   but   observed   that   the   ‘notice’ contemplated in the decision in   Hitendra Vishnu   [(1994) 4 SCC 602 : 1994 SCC (Cri) Thakur case 1087] before granting extension for completion of investigation is not to be construed as a “written notice”   to   the   accused   and   that   only   the production   of   the   accused   at   the   time   of consideration of the report of the Public Prosecutor for grant of extension and informing him that the question of extension of the period for completing the   investigation   was   being   considered   would   be sufficient notice to the accused.” [emphasis added] 3 . In   the   case   of   ,   this   Court 26 Ateef   Nasir   Mulla considered   a   similar   provision   under   POTA.   In   the   said 2 decision, the law laid down in the case of   was Sanjay Dutt 17 (1996) 1 SCC 44 38 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. followed.   In   the   facts   of   the   case,   it   was   found   that   the accused   along   with   his   Advocate   were   present   when   the request for extension of time to carry on the investigation was considered by the Court and, in fact, a copy of the report praying  for the  extension was  provided to the  accused to enable him to file a reply. 4 27.       In   the   case   of   Sanjay   Kumar   Kedia ,   this   Court considered a similar provision under the NDPS Act. However, this Court did not consider the binding precedent in the case 2 of   Sanjay   Dutt .     Therefore,   this   decision   will   not   be   a binding precedent. Clause (b) of sub­section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC 28. lays down that no Magistrate shall authorise the detention of the accused in the custody of the police unless the accused is produced before him in person.  It also provides that judicial custody can be extended on the production of the accused either in person or through the medium of electronic video linkage.     Thus,   the   requirement   of   the   law   is   that   while extending the remand to judicial custody, the presence of the accused  has   to  be   procured  either  physically  or  virtually. 39 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. This is the mandatory requirement of law. This requirement is   sine qua   non   for the exercise of the power to extend the judicial custody remand. The reason is that the accused has a right to oppose the prayer for the extension of the remand. When   the   Special   Court   exercises   the   power   of   granting extension under the proviso to sub­section (2) of Section 20 of the 2015 Act, it will necessarily lead to the extension of the judicial custody beyond the period of 90 days up to 180 days. Therefore, even in terms of the requirement of clause (b) of sub­section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC, it is mandatory to procure the presence of the accused before the Special Court when a prayer of the prosecution for the extension of time to complete investigation is considered. In fact, the Constitution Bench of this Court in the first part of paragraph 53(2)(a) in 2   its   decision   in   the   case   of   Sanjay   Dutt holds   so.   The requirement of the report under proviso added by sub­section (2) of Section 20 of the 2015 Act to clause (b) of sub­section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC is two­fold.  Firstly, in the report of the   Public   Prosecutor,   the   progress   of   the   investigation should be set out and secondly, the report must disclose specific reasons for continuing the detention of the accused 40 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. beyond the said period of 90 days.  Therefore, the extension of time is not an empty formality.  The Public Prosecutor has to apply his mind before he submits a report/ an application for extension.   The prosecution has to make out a case in terms of both the aforesaid requirements and the Court must apply its mind to the contents of the report before accepting the prayer for grant of extension.   29. As noted earlier, the only modification made by the 2 larger Bench in the case of  Sanjay Dutt  to the decision in 1 the case of   is about the mode of Hitendra Vishnu Thakur service of notice of the application for extension.  In so many words, in paragraph 53(2)(a) of the Judgment, this Court in 2 the case of   held that it is mandatory to produce Sanjay Dutt the   accused   at   the   time   when   the   Court   considers   the application   for   extension   and   that   the   accused   must   be informed   that   the   question   of   extension   of   the   period   of investigation is being considered.   The accused may not be entitled to get a copy of the report as a matter of right as it may contain details of the investigation carried out.  But, if we   accept   the   submission   of   the   respondents   that   the 41 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. accused has no say in the matter, the requirement of giving notice by producing the accused will become an empty and meaningless   formality.   Moreover,   it   will   be   against   the mandate of clause (b) of the proviso to sub­section (2) of section 167 of CrPC.  It cannot be accepted that the accused is not entitled to raise any objection to the application for extension.  The scope of the objections may be limited.  The accused can always point out to the Court that the prayer has to be made by the Public Prosecutor and not by the investigating   agency.     Secondly,   the   accused   can   always point out the twin requirements of the report in terms of proviso added by sub­section (2) of Section 20 of the 2015 Act to sub­section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC.  The accused can always point out to the Court that unless it is satisfied that full compliance is made with the twin requirements, the extension cannot be granted. The   logical   and   legal   consequence   of   the   grant   of 30. extension of time is the deprivation of the indefeasible right available to the accused to claim a default bail.  If we accept the argument that the failure of the prosecution to produce 42 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. the accused before the Court and to inform him that the application of extension is being considered by the Court is a mere procedural irregularity, it will negate the proviso added by sub­section (2) of Section 20 of the 2015 Act and that may amount to violation of rights conferred by Article 21 of the Constitution. The reason is the grant of the extension of time takes away the right of the accused to get default bail which is   intrinsically   connected   with   the   fundamental   rights guaranteed   under   Article   21   of   the   Constitution.       The procedure   contemplated   by   Article   21   of   the   Constitution which is required to be followed before the liberty of a person is taken away has to be a fair and reasonable procedure.  In fact,   procedural   safeguards   play   an   important   role   in protecting the liberty guaranteed by Article 21.  The failure to procure   the   presence   of   the   accused   either   physically   or virtually before the Court and the failure to inform him that the   application   made   by   the   Public   Prosecutor   for   the extension   of   time   is   being   considered,   is   not   a   mere procedural irregularity.  It is gross illegality that violates the rights of the accused under Article 21.  43 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. 31. An   attempt   was   made   to   argue   that   the   failure   to produce the accused will not cause any prejudice to him. As noted earlier, the grant of extension of time to complete the investigation takes away the indefeasible right of the accused to   apply   for   default   bail.     It   takes   away   the   right   of   the accused to raise a limited objection to the prayer for the extension.   The failure to produce the accused before the Court   at   the   time   of   consideration   of   the   application   for extension   of   time   will   amount   to   a   violation   of   the   right guaranteed   under   Article   21   of   the   Constitution.     Thus, prejudice   is   inherent  and  need   not  be  established  by  the accused. 32 . The learned Additional Solicitor General relied upon 9 the decision of this Court in the case of  Narender G. Goel . The issue involved in that case was not of extension of time for   completion   of   the   investigation.     The   issue   generally discussed therein is about the right of hearing of the accused at the stage of the investigation.  His reliance on the decision 10 of this Court in the case of  Surendra Pundlik Gadling  will not help him at all.  This was a case where the accused was 44 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. not only produced before the Court but he was provided a copy of the application for extension of time.  The grievance of the accused was that time of only one day was granted to contest the application. This contention was rejected.  . In the facts of the cases in hand, when the Special 33 Court   considered   the   reports   submitted   by   the   Public Prosecutor for grant of extension of time, the presence of the appellants was admittedly not procured before the Special Court either personally or through video conference. It is also an admitted position that information about the filing of such reports  by   the  Public  Prosecutor  was   not  provided   to  the accused. It is mentioned in the impugned judgment that due to COVID – 19, it was not permissible to physically produce the accused before the Special Court. Moreover, the accused were   in   different   prisons   and,   therefore,   the   production through   video   conference   would   have   been   very   slow. Assuming that the process of production would have been slow, that is no excuse for not procuring the presence of the accused   through   video   conference.   Nothing   is   placed   on record either before this Court or High Court to show that as 45 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. per   the   Standard   Operating   Procedure   applicable   to   the concerned Court in January 2021 when the impugned orders were passed granting the extension, it was not permissible to physically   produce   the   accused   before   the   Special   Court. There is no material placed on record to show that technical reasons/difficulties   prevented   the   prosecution   from producing   the   accused   before   the   Special   Court   through video conference. It is not possible to accept that in January 2021 in the Court at Rajkot in the State of Gujarat, there was any connectivity issue.     In fact, admittedly, no such case was pleaded before the High Court in the pleadings of the respondents. 34. We must note here that the reports were submitted by the Public Prosecutor nearly a week before the expiry of the period of 90 days.   In every case, period of seven days or more  was   available  for  completion  of  the  period   of   ninety days.   The orders were passed by the Special Court on the reports of the Public Prosecutor on the very day on which reports were submitted.  There was no reason for such hurry. The Special Court could have always granted time of a couple 46 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. of days to the prosecution to procure the presence of the accused either physically or through video conference.   The accused may  not be entitled  to  know  the  contents  of  the report but he is entitled to oppose the grant of extension of time on the grounds available to him in law.  In the facts of the   present   case,   the   grant   of   extension   of   time   without complying   with   the   requirements   laid   down   by   the Constitution Bench has deprived the accused of their right to seek default bail.  It has resulted in the failure of justice. 35. The orders passed by the Special Court of extending the period of investigation are rendered illegal on account of the failure of the respondents to produce the accused before the   Special   Court   either   physically   or   virtually   when   the prayer for grant of extension made by the Public Prosecutor was   considered.   It   was   the   duty   of   the   Special   Court   to ensure   that   this   important   procedural   safeguard   was followed.  Moreover, the oral notice, as contemplated by this 2 Court in the case of  Sanjay Dutt , was also not given to the accused. 47 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. 36. Once we hold that the orders granting extension to complete investigation are illegal and stand vitiated, it follows that the appellants are entitled to default bail.   37. When   they   applied   for   bail,   the   appellants   had   no notice   of   the   extension   of   time   granted   by   the   Court. Moreover,   the   applications   were   made   before   the   filing   of charge sheet.   Hence, the appellants are entitled to default bail.   At this stage, we may note here that in the case of 2 6 Sanjay Dutt  as well as in the case of  Bikramjit Singh , this Court held that grant of default bail does not prevent re­ arrest   of   the   petitioners   on   cogent   grounds   after   filing   of charge­sheet.   Thereafter, the accused can always apply for regular bail.   However, as held by this Court in the case of Mohamed   Iqbal   Madar   Sheikh   &   Ors.   v.   State   of 18 Maharashtra , re­arrest cannot be made only on the ground of filing of charge sheet.  It all depends on the facts of each case. 38. Accordingly,   the   impugned   orders   passed   by   the Special  Court granting   extension to  complete  investigation and   impugned   judgment   of   the   High   Court   are   hereby 18 (1996) 1 SCC 722 48 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. quashed and set aside.  The appellants shall be enlarged on default bail under sub­section (2) of Section 167 of CrPC on following conditions :  (a) The   appellants   shall   furnish   a   bail   bond   of Rs.2,00,000/­   with   appropriate   sureties   as   may   be decided by the Special Court; (b) The appellants shall surrender their passports to the Special Court at the time of furnishing security; (c) The appellants shall not interfere in any manner with the further investigation, if any and shall not make any effort to influence the prosecution witnesses; and (d) The appellants shall mark regular attendance with such police station and at such periodical intervals, as may be determined by the Special Court; and  (e) The appellants shall cooperate with the Special Court for early conclusion of the trial. 39. The appeals are allowed on the above terms. ………..…………………J. [AJAY RASTOGI] ………..…………………J. [ABHAY S. OKA] New Delhi; September 23, 2022.  49 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. ITEM NO.1501 COURT NO.3 SECTION II-B S U P R E M E C O U R T O F I N D I A RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS Petition(s) for Special Leave to Appeal (Crl.) No(s). 7696/2021 (Arising out of impugned final judgment and order dated 15-09-2021 in CRLMA No. 4928/2021 passed by the High Court Of Gujarat At Ahmedabad) JIGAR @ JIMMY PRAVINCHANDRA ADATIYA Petitioner(s) VERSUS STATE OF GUJARAT Respondent(s) ([HEARD BY: HON. AJAY RASTOGI AND HON. ABHAY S. OKA. JJ].............FOR ADMISSION and I.R. and IA No.129630/2021- EXEMPTION FROM FILING C/C OF THE IMPUGNED JUDGMENT and IA No.129632/2021-EXEMPTION FROM FILING O.T. ) WITH SLP(Crl) No. 7609/2021 (II-B) (FOR ADMISSION and I.R. and IA No.128171/2021-EXEMPTION FROM FILING C/C OF THE IMPUGNED JUDGMENT and IA No.128172/2021-EXEMPTION FROM FILING O.T.) SLP(Crl) No. 7678-7679/2021 (II-B) (FOR ADMISSION and I.R. and IA No.129241/2021-EXEMPTION FROM FILING C/C OF THE IMPUGNED JUDGMENT and IA No.129242/2021-EXEMPTION FROM FILING O.T.) SLP(Crl) No. 7758/2021 (II-B) Date : 23-09-2022 These appeals were called on for pronouncement of judgment today. For Petitioner(s) Ms. Nitya Ramakrishnan, Sr. Adv. Mr. Pradhuman Gohil, Adv. Mrs. Taruna Singh Gohil, AOR Ms. Ranu Purohit, Adv. Mr. Alapati Sahithya Krishna, Adv. Mr. Nikhil Goel, AOR For Respondent(s) Mr. Rajat Nair, Adv. Ms. Deepanwita Priyanka, AOR 50 Crl.A.@SLP(Crl.)No.7696 of 2021 etc. The Court pronounced the following J U D G M E N T Leave granted. Hon'ble Mr. Justice Abhay S. Oka pronounced the judgment for the Bench comprising Hon'ble Mr. Justice Ajay Rastogi and His Lordship. The appellants are enlarged on default bail in terms of the signed reportable judgment. The appeals are allowed. Pending application(s) stand(s) disposed of. (ASHA SUNDRIYAL) (POONAM VAID) ASTT. REGISTRAR-cum-PS COURT MASTER (NSH) [Signed reportable judgment is placed on the file]