GOVIND RAMJI JADHAV vs. THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA

http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 1 of 5 PETITIONER: GOVIND RAMJI JADHAV Vs. RESPONDENT: THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA DATE OF JUDGMENT07/03/1990 BENCH: PANDIAN, S.R. (J) BENCH: PANDIAN, S.R. (J) REDDY, K. JAYACHANDRA (J) CITATION: 1990 SCR (1) 855 1990 SCC (4) 718 JT 1990 (2) 23 1990 SCALE (1)614 ACT: Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973: Sections 377, 386 and 397Enhancement of sentence--Jurisdiction of High Court--Requirement of issue of notice and affording opportu- nity to accused. HEADNOTE: The appellant and two others were convicted for life and 3 years rigorous imprisonment or fine of Rs.2500 each for offences under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC and Section 201 read with Section 34 IPC, respectively. On appeal by the accused the High Court set aside the convic- tion of all of them under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC, and also the conviction of two of them under Section 201 read with Section 34 IPC. In respect of the appellant the High Court not only confirmed the conviction under Section 201, but also enhanced the sentence to 7 years rigorous imprisonment. While doing so, the High Court did not issue notice to the appellant; nor did it afford an opportunity of showing cause against the proposed enhance- ment of sentence. Before the High Court, the State did not prefer an appeal for an enhancement of sentence under Sec- tion 377 Cr.P.C. on the ground of inadequacy. Allowing the appeal, this Court, HELD: 1.1. ’Let punishment fit the crime’ is one of the main objects of the sentencing policy. To achieve this object, the Code of Criminal Procedure empowers the High Court to enhance the sentence in appropriate cases while the sentence awarded by the Subordinate Courts is grossly inade- quate or unconscionably lenient or ’flea-bite’ or is not commensurate with the gravity of the offence. The High Court enjoins the power of enhancing the sentence either in exer- cise of its revisional jurisdiction under Section 397 read with Section 401 or in its appellate jurisdiction under Section 377 read with Section 386(c) of the Criminal Proce- dure Code subject to the provisos (1) and (2) to Section 386 of the Code. It is permissible for the High Court while exercising its revisional jurisdiction under Section 397 read with Section 401 IPC to exercise the power of a Court of Appeal under Section 386(c) for enhancement of sentence. [857G-H; 858A] 856 http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 2 of 5 1.2. The High Court, notwithstanding its powers under the appellate jurisdiction in an appeal preferred under Section 377 of the Code, have powers to act suo motu to enhance the sentence in appropriate cases while exercising its revisional jurisdiction even in the absence of an appeal against the inadequacy of the sentence as provided under Section 377. [858F-G] Bachan Singh etc. v. State of Punjab, [1980] 1 SCR 645; Nadir Khan v. The State (Delhi Administration), [1975] 2 SCC 406 and Lingala Vijay Kumar and Others v. The Public Prose- cutor, [1978] 4 SCC 196, relied on. 2. The High Court both in exercise of its revisional jurisdiction under Section 397 read with Section 401 Cr.P.C. and its appellate jurisdiction under Section 377 read with Section 386(c) of Cr.P.C. in matters of enhancement of sentence should give the accused a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against such enhancement as contemplated under the first proviso to Section 386 as well under sub-section (3) of Section 377 of the Code. The rules of natural justice as also the prescribed procedure require issuing notice to the appellant and affording an opportunity to be heard on the proposed action for enhancement of sentence. [861A-B] Surjit Singh and Others, v. State of Punjab, [1984] Supp. SCC 518 and Sahab Singh & Others v. State of Haryana, JT 1990 1 SC 303, relied on. 3. In the instant case, the High Court has enhanced the sentence unmindful of the relevant provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure and also the rules of natural justice and by over-stepping its jurisdiction adopted a leeway in en- hancing the sentence from three years to seven years for the conviction under Section 201 IPC which exercise of powers in violation of the prescribed procedure, is impermissible. ]861C-D] JUDGMENT: CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 197 of 1990. From the Judgment and Order dated 15.9.1989/18.9.1989 of the Bombay High Court in Crl. A. No. 284 of 1987. Mr. Satish Vig for the Appellant. Mr. A.S. Bhasme for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by 857 S. RATNAVEL PANDIAN, J. Special leave granted. The notice was issued on the Special Leave Petition limited to the question whether the High Court had jurisdic- tion to enhance the sentence without issuing notice and affording to the appellant an opportunity of showing cause against such enhancement of the sentence, or in the absence of an appeal by the State for enhancement of sentence on the ground of inadequacy. This appellant along with two others were convicted for murdering Kumari Mangala in furtherance of their common intention and causing disappearance of evidence of the said offence with the intention of screening themselves from legal punishment under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC and under Section 201 read with Sec. 34 IPC respectively and sentenced to suffer imprisonment for life under the first count and to suffer rigorous imprisonment for a period of 3 years and to pay a fine of Rs.2,500 each with a default clause and directed both the substantive sentences to run concurrently. They all preferred criminal appeal No. 284 of 1987 http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 3 of 5 before the High Court of Bombay Bench at Aurangabad which set aside the conviction of all the convicted accused inclu- sive of this appellant under Section 302 read with Sec. 34 IPC and the conviction of other two under Section 20 1 read with Sec. 34 IPC but confirmed the conviction of this appel- lant under Section 201 IPC and enhanced the sentence to seven years rigorous imprisonment. The High Court neither issued notice to the appellant nor afforded him any opportunity of showing cause against the said enhancement while enhancing the sentence. Admitted- ly, there was no appeal by the State for enhancement of sentence under Section 377 Cr.P.C. on the ground of its inadequacy. ’Let punishment fit the crime’ is one of the main ob- jects of the sentencing policy. To achieve this object, the Code of Criminal Procedure empowers the High Court to en- hance the sentence in appropriate cases where the sentence awarded by the Subordinate Courts is grossly inadequate or unconscionably lenient or ’flea-bite’ or is not commensurate with the gravity of the offence. The High Court enjoys the power of enhancing the sentence either in exercise of its revisional jurisdiction under Section 397 read with Sec. 401 or in its appellate jurisdiction under Section 37 read with Sec. 386(c) of the Criminal Procedure Code (hereinafter referred to as the ’Code’) subject to the 858 provisos (1) and (2) to Sec. 386 of the Code. It may be stated in this connection that it is permissible for the High Court while exercising its revisional jurisdiction under Section 397 read with Sec. 401 IPC to exercise the power of a Court of Appeal under Section 386(c) for enhance- ment of sentence. This Court in Bachan Singh etc. v. State of Punjab, [1980] 1 SCR 645 while dealing with the revisional powers of the High Court has ruled thus: "in respect of the petition which was filed under Section 401 Cr.P.C. for the exercise of the High Court’s power of revision, it was permissible for it to exercise the power of a Court of appeal under Section 386 for enhancement of the sentence ........... The High Court’s power of revision in the case of any proceeding the record of which has been called for by it or which otherwise comes to its knowledge, has been stated in section 401 Cr.P.C. to which reference has been made above. That includes the power conferred on a Court of Appeal under Section 386 to enhance or reduce the sentence." Under Section 377(1) of the Code, the State Government in any case of conviction on a trial held by any Court other than the High Court is empowered to direct the public prose- cutor to present an appeal to the High Court against the sentence on the ground of its inadequacy. Under sub-section (2) of Section 377, the Central Government under the circum- stances stated therein is empowered to direct the public prosecutor to present an appeal to the High Court for en- hancement of sentence. Before the introduction of this Section 377 on the recommendation of the Law Commission in its 4 1st Report, any error in sentencing could be remedied only by the exercise of the revisional power. of the High Court. However, the High Court notwithstanding of the exer- cise of its powers under the appellate jurisdiction in an appeal preferred under Section 377 of the Code have powers to act suo motu to enhance the sentence in appropriate cases while exercising its revisional jurisdiction even in the absence of an appeal against the inadequacy of the sentence as provided under Section 377. http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 4 of 5 In Nadir Khan v. The State (Delhi Administration), [1975] 2SCC 406 wherein a question was raised that the High Court, in revision under Section 40 1 Cr.P.C. has no juris- diction or power to enhance the 859 sentence in the absence of an appeal against the inadequacy of sentence under Section 377, Goswami. J. characterised that question as an unmerited doubt on the undoubted juris- diction of the High Court in acting suo motu in criminal revision in appropriate cases and said "The attempt has to be nipped in the bud". Dealing with that question, he ob- served as follows: "It is well known and has been ever recognised that the High Court is not required to act in revision merely through a conduit application at the instance of an aggrieved party. The High Court, as an effective instrument for administra- tion of criminal justice, keeps a constant vigil and wherev- er it finds that justice has suffered, it takes upon itself as its bounden duty to suo motu act where there is flagrant abuse of the law. The character of the offence and the nature of disposal of a particular case by the subordinate court prompt remedial action on the part of the High Court for the ultimate social good of the community, even though the State may be slow or silent in preferring an appeal provided for under the new Code. The High Court in a given case of public importance e.g. in now too familiar cases of food adulteration, reacts to public concern over the problem and may act suo motu on perusal of newspaper reports dis- closing imposition of grossly inadequate sentence upon such offenders. This position was true and extant in the old Code of 1898 and this salutary power has not been denied by Parliament under the new Code by rearrangement of the sec- tions. It is true the new Code has expressly given a right to the State under Section 377 Cr.P.C. to appeal against inadequacy of sentence which was not there under the old Code. That however does not exclude revisional jurisdiction of the High Court to act suo motu for enhancement of sen- tence in appropriate cases. What is an appropriate case has to be left to the discretion of the High Court ........... Section 401 expressly preserves the power of the High Court, by itself, to call for the records without the intervention of another agency and has kept alive the ancient exercise of power when something extraordinary comes to the knowledge of the High Court. The provisions under Section 401 read with Section 386(c)(iii) Cr.P.C. are clearly supplemental to those under Section 377 whereby appeals 860 are provided for against inadequacy of sentence at the instance of the State Government or Central Government, as the case may be." See also Lingala Vijay Kumar and Others v. The Public Prosecutor, [1978] 4 SCC 196. In Surjit Singh and Others v. State of Punjab, [1984] Supp. SCC 5 18 the facts disclosed that the High Court while disposing an appeal preferred under Section 374 sub-section (2) enhanced the sentence by imposing additional sentence of a fine of Rs. 5,000 with a default clause in addition to the sentence of life imprisonment inflicted by the Trial Court without issuing show cause notice and without affording an opportunity to be heard. This Court while allowing the appeal held thus: "Rules of natural justice as also the prescribed procedure require that the sentence imposed on the accused cannot be enhanced without giving notice to the appellants and the opportunity to be heard on the proposed action." http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 5 of 5 In a recent judgment in Sahab Singh & Others v. State of Haryana, JT 1990 1 SC 303, it has been observed: "If the High Court was minded to enhance the sentence the proper course was to exercise suo motu powers under Section 397 read with Section 40 1 of the Code by issuing notice of enhancement and heating the convicts on the question of inadequacy of sentence. Without following such procedure, it was not open to the High Court in the appeal filed by the convicts to enhance the sentence by enhancing the fine. The High Court clearly acted without jurisdiction." Section 386 of the Code deals with the power of the appellate Court in disposing of an appeal preferred under Section 374 and also in case of an appeal under Section 377 or 378 of the Code. Under clause (b) (iii) of Section 386, the appellate Court may in an appeal from a conviction with or without altering the finding, alter the nature or the extent, or the nature and extent, of the sentence, but not so as to enhance the same. Under clause (c) (iii) of Section 386, the Appel- late Court may in an appeal for enhancement of sentence with or without altering the finding, alter the nature or the extent or the 861 nature and extent, of the sentence so as to enhance or reduce the same. From the above discussion, it is clear that the High Court both in exercise of its revisional jurisdiction under Section 397 read with Sec. 40 1 Cr.P.C. and its appellate jurisdiction under Section 377 read with Sec. 386(c) of Cr.P.C. in matters of enhancement of sentence should give the accused a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against such enhancement as comtemplated under the first proviso to Section 386 as well under Sub-Section (3) of Section 377 of the Code. As pointed out in Surjit Singh’s case, the rules of natural justice as also the prescribed procedure require issuing of notice to the appellant and affording an opportunity to be heard on the proposed action for enhancement of sentence. In the back-drop of this legal position, we may revert to the case on hand. The High Court has enhanced the sen- tence unmindful of the relevant provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure and also the rules of natural justice and by over-stepping its jurisdiction adopted a leeway enhancing the sentence from 3 years to 7 years for the conviction under Section 201 IPC which exercise of powers in violation of the prescribed procedure, is impermissible for the rea- sons stated albeit. We, therefore, set aside the order of the High Court enhancing the sentence to 7 years and restore the order of the trial Court inflicting the sentence of three years rigorous imprisonment and the fine of Rs.2,500 with the default clause. The appeal is allowed to the extent herein indicated. G.N. Appeal allowed. 862