MOHAMMED SALIM (D) THROUGH LRS. vs. SHAMSUDEEN (DEAD) THROUGH LRS.

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 22-01-2019

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Full Judgment Text

        REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 5158 OF 2013 MOHAMMED SALIM (D) THROUGH LRS. & ORS. ..APPELLANTS VERSUS SHAMSUDEEN (D) THROUGH LRS. & ORS. ..RESPONDENTS J U D G M E N T MOHAN M. SHANTANAGOUDAR, J. The judgment dated 05.09.2007 passed in S.A. No. 693 of 1994 by the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam is the subject matter of this appeal. By the impugned judgment, the High Court set   aside   the   judgment   of   the   District   Court, Thiruvananthapuram   dated   12.07.1994   passed   in   AS   No. 264/1989 and restored the judgment and decree passed in O.S. Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by SATISH KUMAR YADAV Date: 2019.01.22 16:52:03 IST Reason: No. 144/1984 by the Additional Sub Court, Thiruvananthapuram dated 17.07.1989. 1 2. The facts leading to this appeal are that a suit for partition th and   possession   of   14/16   share   in   the   Plaint   Schedule   ‘A’ property and half the rights over Plaint Schedule ‘B’ property was filed   by   the     Respondent   No.   1   herein   (original   plaintiff). Defendant No. 1 in the suit, Mohammed Idris, is the brother of Mohammed Ilias, the father of the plaintiff, and  Defendant Nos. 2 to 7 are the children of Mohammed Idris.  Both the plaintiff’s father and Defendant No. 1 are the sons of Zainam Beevi, who expired in 1955. Both Plaint properties belonged to her. Plaint Schedule ‘A’ property was gifted to Mohammed Ilias, based on a gift deed executed by Zainam Beevi.  The case of the plaintiff is that Defendant No. 8 namely Saidat, was the first wife of Mohammed Ilias, and no issue was born   out   of   the   said   wedlock.       Thereafter,   Mohammed   Ilias married   Valliamma   in   1120   M.E.   (as   per   the   Malayalam Calendar,   which   corresponds   to   1945   AD   in   the   Gregorian system). Valliamma was a Hindu at the time of her marriage with Mohammed   Ilias.   Both   Mohammed   Ilias   and   Valliamma   lived together   as  husband   and   wife  at  Thiruvananthapuram.   Later, Valliamma was renamed Souda Beebi. Out of the said wedlock, Shamsudeen (the plaintiff) was born. Subsequent to the death of 2 Mohammed Ilias in 1947 AD, Valliamma (Souda Beebi) married Aliyarkunju. The plaintiff claimed that he was the only son of Mohammed th Ilias and on his death, he became entitled to 14/16  of the share in   Schedule   ‘A’   property.   He   also   claimed   half   the   share   in Schedule  ‘B’  property  through  inheritance  after  the demise  of Zainam   Beevi,   as   the   same   would   have   devolved   upon   the plaintiff, being the son of the predeceased son of Zainam Beevi, and Mohammed Idris, Defendant No. 1, being the only surviving son of Zainam Beevi. Hence, the suit was filed. 3. It is the case of the defendants that Valliamma was not the legally wedded wife of Mohammed Ilias and that she was a Hindu by religion at the time of marriage. She had not converted to Islam at the time of her marriage, and thus the plaintiff being the son of Valliamma, is not entitled to any share in the property of Mohammed Ilias. It is their further case that Mohammed Ilias had died two years prior to the birth of the plaintiff. 4. As mentioned supra, the trial Court decreed the suit and the first appellate Court allowed the appeal and dismissed the suit by setting aside the judgment and decree of the trial Court. However, the High Court by the impugned judgment set aside the 3 judgment passed by the first appellate Court and confirmed the judgment   and   decree   passed   by   the   trial   Court.   Hence,   the instant appeal was filed by the original defendants and the legal representatives of those among them who have since died. 5. Mr. Guru Krishnakumar, learned Senior Counsel, taking us through the material on record, submitted that the Trial Court and   the   High   Court   were   not   justified   in   decreeing   the   suit, inasmuch as the plaintiff himself had admitted that he was born in the year 1949, whereas his alleged father Mohammed Ilias expired in the year 1947. Therefore, the plaintiff could not be treated as the son of Mohammed Ilias.  He further submitted that since Valliamma was a Hindu by religion, she would not have any right over the property of Mohammed Ilias, and consequently the plaintiff would not get any share in the property of Mohammed Ilias. 6. It   is   not in dispute that   Zainam   Beevi   gifted   Plaint Schedule ‘A’ property to her son Mohammed Ilias. In view of the gift deed in favour of Mohammed Ilias, upon his death, Schedule ‘A’   property   would   have   devolved   upon   his   legal   heirs   as   an absolute   property   as   provided   under   Muslim   law.     Plaint Schedule ‘B’ property admittedly belonged to Zainam Beevi and 4 upon her death, it devolved on her legal heirs.   Since Zainam Beevi had two sons, both the sons/their respective legal heirs would have inherited half a share each after the death of Zainam Beevi.   7. It is also not in dispute that Defendant No. 8, Saidat is the widow (first wife) of Mohammed Ilias. She has clearly admitted in her written statement that Mohammed Ilias married Valliamma, Defendant No. 9, and out of the said wedlock, the plaintiff was born.   Exhibit  A3 is  the  birth register extract of  the  plaintiff maintained by the statutory authorities, which indicates that the plaintiff is the son of Mohammed Ilias and Valliamma.   It is a public document.  An entry in any public or other official book, register or record, stating a fact in issue or relevant fact, and made by a public servant in the discharge of his official duty, or by any other person in performance of a duty specially enjoined by   the   law   in   accordance   with   which   such   book,   register   or record is kept, is itself a relevant fact, as per section 35 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.  Exhibit A3 being a public document is relevant to resolve the dispute at hand.  Additionally, a specific pleading   was   found   in   the   plaint   that   Mohammed   Ilias   and Valliamma were living together as husband and wife in House No. 5 T.C.13 of Poojappura Ward in Thiruvananthapuram, which has not been denied in the written statement of the defendants.  As per Exhibit A3 mentioned above, the plaintiff was born on 01.07.1124 M.E. (12.02.1949 as per the Gregorian Calendar) and   the   same   has   not   been   seriously   disputed.   Admittedly, Mohammed   Ilias   died   on   10.09.1124   M.E.     The   said   date corresponds to 22.04.1949 in the Gregorian Calendar, as seen from   the   Government   Almanac,   which   cannot   be   disputed inasmuch as it is a public record maintained by the Trivandrum Public Library (Government of Kerala). Thus, it can be concluded that the  plaintiff   was  born  two  months  prior  to  the   death of Mohammed Ilias.   Under these circumstances, in our considered opinion, the Trial   Court   and   the   High   Court   were   justified   in   concluding, based on the preponderance of probabilities, that Valliamma was the legally wedded wife of Mohammed Ilias, and the plaintiff was the child born out of the said wedlock. 8. The   High   Court,   in   our   considered   opinion,   was   also justified in concluding that though the plaintiff was born out of a fasid  (irregular) marriage, he cannot be termed as an illegitimate son of Mohammed Ilias.  On the contrary, he is the legitimate son 6 of Mohammed Ilias, and consequently is entitled to inherit the shares claimed in the estate of his father.  The High Court relied upon various texts, including Mulla’s  Principles of Mahommedan Law   (for   brevity   “ Mulla ”)   and   Syed   Ameer   Ali’s   Principles   of , to conclude that Muslim law does not treat Mahommedan Law the marriage of a Muslim with a Hindu woman as void, and confers legitimacy upon children born out of such wedlock.   st In the 21  edition of Mulla, at page 338, § 250, marriage is defined as follows:­ “Marriage   ( nikah )   is   defined   to   be   a   contract which has for its object the procreation and the legalizing of children.” Thus it appears that a marriage according to Muslim law is not a sacrament but a civil contract.  Essentials of a marriage are dealt st with in § 252 at page 340 of Mulla (21  edition) as follows: “It is essential to the validity of a marriage that there should be a proposal made by or on behalf of   one   of   the   parties   to   the   marriage,   and   an acceptance of the proposal by or on behalf of the other, in the presence and hearing of two male or one male and two female witnesses, who must be sane and adult Mohamedans. The proposal and acceptance   must   both   be   expressed   at   one meeting; a proposal made at one meeting and an acceptance   made   at   another   meeting   do   not constitute a valid marriage. Neither writing nor any religious ceremony is essential.” 7 st § 259(1) at page 345 of the 21  edition deals with difference of religion, providing that marriage of a Muslim man with a non­ Muslim woman who is an idolatress or fire worshipper is not void, but merely irregular. It reads: “A   Mahomedan   male   may   contract   a   valid marriage   not  only   with  a  Mahomedan   woman, but also with a   Kitabia , that is, a Jewess or a Christian, but not with an idolatress or a fire­ worshipper.   A   marriage   however,   with   an idolatress or a fire­worshipper, is not void, but merely irregular.” Before proceeding further, it is crucial to note that under Muslim law, there are three types of marriage—valid, irregular st and void, which are dealt with in § 253 at page 342 of  Mulla  (21 edition): “A   marriage   may   be   valid   ( sahih ),   or   irregular ( fasid ) or void from the beginning ( batil ).” The High Court, while dealing with the contention that the correct translation of the Arabic word “ ” was “invalid”, and fasid not “irregular”, and that therefore a   fasid   marriage was a void marriage, considered the changes over time in the interpretation of “ fasid ”. It would be worthwhile for us to refer to these changes th as well. In the 6  edition of  Mulla , at §§ 197, 199 and 200,  fasid 8 marriage is interpreted as “invalid”. So also in §§ 197, 199 and th 204A of the 8  edition of  Mullafasid  is stated to mean “invalid”. th For instance, in the 6   edition of   Mulla ,   § 200 at page 162, dealing with the difference of religion, reads: “(1)   A   Mahomedan   male   may   contract   a   valid marriage not only with a Mahomedan woman but with a   Kitabia , that is, a Jewess of a Christian, but not with an idolatress or a fire­worshipper. If he does marry an idolatress or a fire­worshipper the   marriage   is   not   void   ( batil ),   but   merely  ( ).”  invalid fasid  (emphasis supplied) §  204A   at   page   164   of   the   same   edition   deals   with   the distinction between void ( batil ) and invalid ( fasid ) marriage.     It provides that a marriage which is not valid may be either void ( batil ) or invalid ( fasid ). A void marriage is one which is unlawful in itself, the prohibition against such a marriage being perpetual and absolute. An invalid marriage ( fasid  marriage) is described as one which is not unlawful in itself, but unlawful “for something else”, as here the prohibition is temporary or relative, or when the invalidity arises from an accidental circumstance such as the th absence of a witness. § 204A(3) at page 165 of the 6  edition of Mulla  reads: 9 “…Thus   the   following   marriages   are   invalid , namely— (a) a marriage contracted without witnesses, (ss. 196­197);  (b) a marriage by a person having four wives with a fifth wife (s. 198); (c) a marriage with a woman who is the wife of another, (s. 198A);  (d) a marriage with a woman undergoing   iddat (s.199);  (e)   a   marriage   prohibited   by   reason   of difference of religion (s. 200);  (f) a marriage with a woman so related to the wife that if one of them had been a male, they could not have lawfully intermarried (s. 204)…” (emphasis supplied) The reason why the aforesaid marriages are invalid and not void has also been provided later in the same paragraph. With respect to marriages prohibited by reason of difference of religion, it is stated thus: “…in cl. (e) the objection may be removed by the wife   becoming   a   convert   to   the   Mussulman, Christian   or   Jewish   religion,   or   the   husband adopting the Moslem faith…” th In the 10  edition, a change has been made to the meaning of  fasid  marriage. In § 196A, valid, irregular and void marriages are dealt with. It reads: “A   marriage   may   be   valid   ( sahih )   or   irregular ( fasid ), or void from the beginning ( batil ).” (emphasis supplied) 10 th From   the   10   edition   onwards,   fasid   marriage   has   been described as an irregular marriage, instead of invalid, but there has been no change with regard to the  effect  of a  fasid  marriage th   from the   6 edition  onwards.  The   effects  of   an  invalid  ( fasid ) th marriage have been dealt with in the 6  edition of  Mulla  at § 206 at page 166, clauses (1) and (2) of which read: “(1) An invalid marriage has no legal effect before consummation. (2) If consummation has taken place, the wife is entitled to dower [“proper” (s. 220) or specified (s. 218), whichever is less], and children conceived and born during the subsistence of the marriage are legitimate as in the case of a valid marriage. But   an   invalid   marriage   does   not,   even   after consummation,   create   mutual   rights   of inheritance between the parties.” th In the 8   edition of   Mulla , the effects of a   fasid   marriage th have been dealt with in § 206 at page 173. As in the 6  edition, it is stated that children conceived and born during the subsistence of   a   fasid   marriage   are   legitimate,   as   in   the   case   of   a   valid marriage. As noted supra, the same position has been followed in the   subsequent   editions   also,   except   that   fasid   has   been th described as “irregular” from the 10  edition onwards rather than as “invalid”. 11 Irrespective   of   the   word   used,   the   legal  effect  of   a   fasid marriage is that in case of consummation, though the wife is entitled to get dower, she is not entitled to inherit the properties of the husband.  But the child born in that marriage is legitimate just like in the case of a valid marriage, and is entitled to inherit the property of the father. 9. Evidently, Muslim law clearly distinguishes between a valid marriage   ( sahih ),   void   marriage   ( batil ),   and   invalid/irregular marriage ( fasid ).   Thus, it cannot be stated that a   batil   (void) marriage and a  fasid  (invalid/irregular) marriage are one and the same.   The effect of a   batil   (void) marriage is that it is void   ab initio   and does not create any civil right or obligations between the   parties.     So   also,   the   offspring   of   a   void   marriage   are th th illegitimate (§ 205A of the 6  and 8  editions and §§ 205A of the th th 10  edition, and 266 of the 18  edition of  Mulla ).  Therefore, the High Court correctly concluded that the marriage of Defendant No. 9 with Mohammed Ilias cannot be held to be a  batil  marriage but only a   marriage. fasid 12 st 10. We find that  the same position has been reiterated in the 21 edition of   Mulla   as follows.   The distinction between void and irregular marriages has been dealt with in § 264 at page 349:   “(1) A marriage which is not valid may be either void or irregular. (2)   A   void   marriage   is   one   which   is   unlawful   in itself,   the   prohibition   against   the   marriage   being perpetual and absolute. Thus, a marriage with a woman   prohibited   by   reason   of   consanguinity (§260), affinity (§261), or fosterage (§262), is void, the   prohibition   against   marriage   with   such   a woman being perpetual and absolute. (3)   An   irregular   marriage   is   one   which   is   not unlawful in itself, but unlawful ‘for something else,’ as where the prohibition is temporary or relative, or when   the   irregularity   arises   from   an   accidental circumstance,   such  as   the   absence   of   witnesses. Thus the following marriages are irregular, namely — ( a )  a  marriage  contracted   without witnesses   (§ 254); ( b ) a marriage with a fifth wife by a person having four wives (§ 255); ( c ) a marriage with a woman undergoing  iddat  (§ 257); ( d )   a   marriage   prohibited   by   reason   of ; difference of religion  (§ 259) ( e ) a marriage with a woman so related to the wife that if one of them had been a male, they could not have lawfully intermarried (§ 263). 13
The reason why the aforesaid marriages are<br>irregular, and not void, is that in Clause (a) the<br>irregularity arises from an accidental circumstance;<br>in Clause (b) the objection may be removed by the<br>man divorcing one of his four wives; in Clause (c)<br>the impediment ceases on the expiration of the<br>period of iddat; in Clause (d) the objection may be<br>removed by the wife becoming a convert to the<br>Mussalman, Christian or Jewish religion, or the<br>husband adopting the Moslem faith; and in<br>Clause (e) the objection may be removed by the man<br>divorcing the wife who constitutes the obstacle;<br>thus if a man who has already married one sister<br>marries another, he may divorce the first, and make<br>the second lawful to himself.”<br>(emphasis supplied)The reason why the aforesaid marriages are<br>irregular, and not void, is that in Clause (a) the<br>irregularity arises from an accidental circumstance;<br>in Clause (b) the objection may be removed by the<br>man divorcing one of his four wives; in Clause (c)<br>the impediment ceases on the expiration of the<br>period of iddat; in Clause (d) the objection may be<br>removed by the wife becoming a convert to the<br>Mussalman, Christian or Jewish religion, or the<br>husband adopting the Moslem faith; and in<br>Clause (e) the objection may be removed by the man<br>divorcing the wife who constitutes the obstacle;<br>thus if a man who has already married one sister<br>marries another, he may divorce the first, and make<br>the second lawful to himself.”
(emphasis supplied)
The effect of an irregular (fasid) marriage has been dealt<br>with in § 267 at pages 350­351 of the 21st edition of Mulla as<br>follows:
“267. Effect of an irregular (fasid) marriage.—(1)<br>An irregular marriage may be terminated by either<br>party, either before or after consummation, by<br>words showing an intention to separate, as where<br>either party says to the other “I have relinquished<br>you”. An irregular marriage has no legal effect<br>before consummation.
(2) If consummation has taken place—
(i) the wife is entitled to dower, proper or<br>specified, whichever is less (§ 286, 289);
14
(ii) she is bound to observe the iddat, but the<br>duration of the iddat both on divorce and death is<br>three course (see § 257(2));
(iii) the issue of the marriage is legitimate.<br>But an irregular marriage, though consummated,<br>does not create mutual rights of inheritance<br>between husband and wife...”
(emphasis supplied)
The Supreme Court, in  Chand Patel v. Bismillah Begum , (2008) 4 SCC 774, while considering the question of the validity of a marriage of a Muslim man with the sister of his existing wife, referred to the above passages from  Mulla   (from an earlier edition, st as reproduced in the 21  edition) while discussing the difference between   void   and   irregular   marriages   and   the   effects   of   an irregular marriage.  11.   In   Syed   Ameer   Ali’s   Mohamedan   Law   also,   the   same principle has been enunciated.  The learned author, while dealing with the issue of the legitimacy of the children, observed at page th 203 of Vol. II, 5  edition: “The subject of invalid marriages, unions that are merely invalid (fasid) but not void (batil) ab initio under the Sunni Law, will be dealt with later in detail, but it may be stated here that the issue of invalid marriage are without question legitimate according to all the sects. 15 For   example,   if   a   man   were   to   marry   a   non­ scriptural woman, the marriage would be only invalid, for she might at any time adopt Islam or any other revealed faith, and thus remove the cause   of   invalidity.   The   children   of   such marriage, therefore, would be legitimate.” Tahrir   Mahmood   in   his   book   Muslim   Law   in   India   and nd Abroad , (2  edition) at page 151 also affirms that the child of a couple whose marriage is  , i.e., unlawful but not void, under fasid Muslim   law   will   be   legitimate.   Only   a   child   born   outside   of wedlock or born of a  batil  marriage is not legitimate. A.A.A.   Fyzee,   at   page   76   of   his   book   Outlines   of th  (5  edition) reiterates by citing   that the Muhammadan Law Mulla nikah  of a Muslim man with an idolater or fire­worshipper is only irregular and not void. He also refers to Ameer Ali’s proposition that   such   a   marriage   would   not   affect   the   legitimacy   of   the offspring,   as   the   polytheistic   woman   may   at   any   time   adopt Islam,  which  would   at  once   remove   the   bar   and   validate   the marriage.  12. The position that a marriage between a Hindu woman and Muslim man is merely irregular and the issue from such wedlock is legitimate has also been affirmed by various High Courts. (See 16 Aisha   Bi   v.   Saraswathi   Fathima ,   (2012)   3   LW   937   (Mad), AIR 1928 Pat 19). Ihsan Hassan Khan v. Panna Lal 13. Thus, based on the above consistent view, we conclude that the marriage  of a Muslim man with an idolater or fire­worshipper is neither a valid ( sahih ) nor a void ( batil ) marriage, but is merely an irregular ( fasid ) marriage. Any child born out of such wedlock ( fasid   marriage)   is   entitled   to   claim   a   share   in   his   father’s property.   It   would   not   be   out   of   place   to   emphasise   at   this juncture that since Hindus are idol worshippers, which includes worship of physical images/statues through offering of flowers, adornment, etc., it is clear that the marriage of a Hindu female with a Muslim male is not a regular or valid ( ) marriage, but sahih merely an irregular ( fasid ) marriage. 14.  In this view of the matter, the trial Court and the High Court   were   justified   in   concluding   that   the   plaintiff   is   the legitimate son of Mohammed Ilias and Valliamma, and is entitled to his share in the property as per law.  The High Court was also justified in modifying the decree passed by the trial Court and awarding the appropriate share in favour of the plaintiff.   No 17 issue has been raised before us relating to the quantum of share. Accordingly, the appeal fails and stands dismissed. ………………………………..J. [ N.V. Ramana]         ………………………………..J.     [Mohan M. Shantanagoudar]    New Delhi; January 22, 2019. 18