SHRIPATI LAKHU MANE vs. THE MEMBER SECRETARY MAHARASHTRA WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE BOARD

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 30-03-2022

Preview image for SHRIPATI LAKHU MANE vs. THE MEMBER SECRETARY MAHARASHTRA WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE BOARD

Full Judgment Text

REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO.556 of 2012 SHRIPATI LAKHU MANE                                       ... APPELANT(S) VERSUS THE MEMBER SECRETARY,              MAHARASHTRA WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE BOARD & ORS.                        ...RESPONDENT(S)   J U D G M E N T V. Ramasubramanian 1. The plaintiff in a suit for recovery of money has come up with the above appeal challenging the judgment and decree of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay in a regular appeal under Section 96   of   the   Code   of   Civil   Procedure,   1908,   by   which   the   decree granted by the Trial Court for recovery of Rs.24,97,077/­ together Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by Jayant Kumar Arora Date: 2022.04.20 16:47:56 IST Reason: with interest at 10% per annum was modified into a decree for 1 recovery of Rs.7,19,412/­ together with interest. 2. We have heard Mr.Vinay Navare, learned senior counsel for the   appellant,   and   Mr.   Sunil   Murarka,   learned   counsel   for   the respondents. 3. The appellant is a registered contractor with the Government of   Maharashtra.     In   a   tender   for   the   execution   of   the   work   of Regional Rural Piped Water Supply Scheme for Dabhol­Bhopan and other   villages   in   Ratnagiri   District,   the   appellant   became   the successful   tenderer.   He   was   issued   with   a   work   order   on 03.07.1986,   for   the   execution   of   the   work   at   the   cost   of Rs.80,45,034/­, which was 47% above the estimated cost. The time for the completion of the work was stipulated as 30 months. But it appears   that   Respondent   No.3   herein   issued   a   letter   dated 28.07.1986 informing the appellant that the work order was kept in abeyance. After a few representations, Respondent No.3 informed the appellant  vide  letter dated 17.12.1986 to start the work. 4. Though   the   appellant   started   executing   the   work   from 2 29.12.1986, he was informed about the non­availability of C­1 pipes and cement pipes of the diameter stipulated in the contract. Later, the respondents wanted a change in the terms of the work order by substituting pipes  of different diameter. Therefore, the  appellant started demanding modified rate. 5. When   the   above   dispute   was   brewing,   Respondent   No.3 instructed the appellant,   vide   letter dated 02.03.1987 to stop the pipeline work and start the work of construction of another work at a   different   place   namely   Panchanadi.   By   another   letter   dated 04.03.1987, the Respondent No.2 informed the appellant about a modification which involved the construction of one head­work at Karjai and another at Panchanadi. A work order dated 01.07.1987 was also issued in respect of these head­works. 6. Compounding the agony of the appellant, the bills raised by him were not honoured in time due to shortage of funds. Therefore, the   appellant   did   not   proceed   with   the   work.   As   a   result, Respondent No.2 issued a threat to withdraw the work order and also to levy a fine of Rs.10/­ per day from 01.03.1988. Ever since 3 then, the parties were at loggerheads, which ultimately led to the appellant filing a suit for recovery of a sum of Rs.51,35,289/­ 7. The aforesaid claim of Rs.51,35,289/­ comprised of several heads of claim such as   value of the work done;   release of the (i) (ii) security deposit;  (iii)  compensation; and  (iv)  damages etc. 8. Before the Trial Court, the appellant examined himself as PW­ 1 and marked several documents as exhibits. On the side of the respondents, 5 witnesses were examined as DWs 1 to 5 and the respondents also marked several documents. 9. Eventually, the Trial Court, by a judgment and decree dated 02.02.1998 decreed the suit partially, directing the respondents to pay   to   the   appellant,   a   sum   of   Rs.   24,97,077/­   together   with interest at 10% per annum from the date of the suit till realization. 10. Aggrieved by the decree so granted, the respondents filed a regular civil appeal under Section 96 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 on the file of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay. The appellant   did   not   file   any   appeal   though   the   suit   was   decreed 4 partially. 11. By a judgment and decree dated 24.04.2009, impugned in this appeal, the High Court allowed the appeal partially and reduced the decree amount to Rs.7,19,412/­. Therefore, the plaintiff has come up with the above appeal. 12. Before we proceed to consider the grounds of attack and the rival contentions,  it  will  be  useful to see  the   different  heads of claims made by the appellant before the Trial Court, the heads of claims and the extent to which these heads of claims were allowed by the Trial Court, and the heads of claims allowed by the High Court in the impugned judgment. For easy appreciation, they are presented in a tabular column as follows:­
S.No.Heads of ClaimAmount claimed<br>in Plaint (Rs.)Amount awarded<br>by Trial court (Rs.)Amount awarded<br>by High Court Rs.)
1.Value of work done but not<br>paid, up to the date of<br>withdrawal of work12,25,86428,41828,418
2.Value of work done under<br>extra item5,82,2504,42,9444,42,944
3.Release of security deposit2,21,0002,21,000Disallowed
4.Idle labour1,57,0001,57,0001,57,000
5.Idle machinery91,00091,00091,000
5
6.Overheads5,63,1155,63,115Disallowed
7.Loss of Profit11,55,0009,73,250Disallowed
8.Interest at 18% p.a. up to<br>date of Suit11,38,860DisallowedDisallowed
9.Notice Charges300300Not allowed
TOTAL51,34,38924,77,02717,19,362
13. As could be seen from the above table, what was allowed by the Trial Court under three heads of claims namely,  (i)  the release of security deposit to the tune of Rs.2,21,000;  ) over­heads for the (ii period   from   January   1989   to   30.09.1990   to   the   tune   of   Rs. 5,63,115/­; and   (iii)   loss of profits to the tune of Rs.9,73,250/­, were disallowed by the High Court. Therefore, the appeal before us is actually confined only to these 3 heads of claims. 14. The main and perhaps the only reason why the High Court rejected   the   claims   under   the   aforesaid   3   heads,   was   that   the appellant had abandoned the work under the main contract and that therefore neither the question of release of security deposit nor the question of payment of overheads nor the question of allowing a claim for loss of profit, did arise. Therefore, the only issue that 1  Though the amount totals to Rs. 24,77,027/­, the decree of the trial court was for Rs. 24,97,077/­ 6 arises for consideration in this appeal before us is as to whether there was abandonment of work by the appellant. 15. In order to see whether there was abandonment on the part of the  appellant,   it  is   necessary   to  have   a  look   at  the   timeline of events, as reflected by the documentary evidence on record. The timeline was as follows:­ (i) The   work   order   was   issued   to   the   appellant   on 03.07.1986   and   an   agreement   was   registered.   The   agreement stipulated a period of 30 months for the completion of the work; (ii) By a letter dated 28.07.1986, the respondents informed the appellant that the execution of the work order shall be kept in abeyance.   Though   no   reason   was   indicated   in   the   letter,   the respondents took a stand later that it was due to “administrative exigencies”; (iii) After  nearly  5  months,  a letter  dated 17.12.1986  was issued directing the appellant to commence work; (iv) While the case of the appellant was that his obligation to commence   the   execution   of   the   contract   came   into   effect   on 03.07.1986, the case of the respondents in the written statement was that the date of commencement of the work should be taken 7 only as 17.12.1986, which was the date on which the order for keeping the work­order in abeyance was lifted; (v) Within a few days, the appellant notified the respondents, about the non­availability of C­1 pipes and cement pipes of the diameter originally agreed. When the respondents wanted to replace the pipes with pipes of different dimension, the appellant demanded a fresh rate to be finalized, through a letter dated 20.02.1987. This fact is admitted in paragraph 8 of the written statement; (vi) Even   before   the   issue   raised   in   the   letter   dated 20.02.1987 could be resolved, the respondents issued another letter dated   02.03.1987   instructing   the   appellant   to   stop   the   pipeline work and start the work at Panchanadi. Though the respondents claimed in paragraph 9 of their written statement that the letter dated 02.03.1987 merely called upon the appellant to concentrate on the construction of head­work, it is nevertheless admitted that the said letter contained the words, “ please be stopped ”, in so far as the pipeline work is concerned; (vii) According   to   the   respondents,   they   issued   a   telegram dated 02.04.1987 calling upon the appellant to start the work of laying the pipelines; (viii)  By a letter dated 04.03.1987, the plaintiff was informed that the Scheme was undergoing modifications. While the appellant claimed   that   the   modification   involved   one   head­work   at 8 Panchanadi   and   another   head­work   at   Karjai,   the   respondents claimed in paragraph 10 of the written statement, that the head­ work at Karjai, was already included in the original tender itself. However,   the   respondents   admitted   that   there   was   at  least  one modification, imposed by their letter dated 04.03.1987; (ix) The fact that the appellant sent a representation dated 04.11.1987 raising 2 issues namely  [1]  the issue of non­payment of bills due to paucity of funds and  [2]  the issue of delay in sanction of the modified rate already proposed on 20.02.1987 for the work of laying pipes of different dimension, is admitted by the respondents in paragraph 11 of the written statement, though they disputed the correctness   of   the   contents   of   the   said   letter.   Interestingly,   the averments of the appellant in paragraph 11 of the plaint about the reply   dated   02.12.1987   in   response   to   the   appellant’s representation dated 04.11.1987, was not at all dealt with by the respondents in paragraph 11 of their written statement; (x) It was at this juncture, that Respondent No.3 issued a letter dated 22.02.1988, imposing a fine of Rs.10/­ per day w.e.f. the date of the said letter. By this letter the appellant was also called upon to start the work by 01.03.1988; (xi) Despite the appellant’s objections, another letter dated 22.03.1988 was issued, reiterating the proposal for imposing a fine and calling upon the appellant to start work; 9 (xii) In fact, in the letter dated 22.03.1988, the respondents admitted for the first time that the subject work was split into two parts and that the proposed revised rates were as provided therein; (xiii) Subsequently,   there   were   several   communications   in April,   June,   July   and   August,   1988   all   of   which   pointed   to   a disagreement on the revised rates on account of the modifications and the non­payment of bills; (xiv) While   according   to   the   appellant   the   execution   of  the work under the contract was to commence on 03.07.1986 with a liability   to   complete   it   by   03.01.1989,   the   contention   of   the respondents was that the execution of the work was to commence only in December, 1986 and that therefore the liability to complete the work expired only in June, 1989; (xv) However, admittedly, the respondents increased the fine amount from Rs.10/­ per day to Rs.25/­ per day   vide   their letter dated   19.04.1989.   By   another   letter   dated   06.10.1989,   the respondents   informed   the   appellant   that   though   the   time   for completion of the project expired on 17.06.1989 and though the appellant   did   not   ask   for   any   extension,   he   was   being   granted extension up to 31.12.1989. 16. The   entire   sequence   of   events   narrated   in   the   preceding paragraph would show that the appellant was not guilty of anything 10 including   abandonment.   Admittedly,   Clause   3(a)   of   the   contract enabled the respondents to rescind the contract, forfeit the security deposit and entrust the work to another contractor at the risk and costs   of   the   appellant.   This   clause   was   never   invoked   by   the respondents. Therefore, we are surprised, especially in the light of the communications from February, 1988 up to October, 1989 as to how   the   High   Court   could   have   found   the   appellant   guilty   of abandonment. 17. In fact, Section 67 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 makes it clear that if any promisee neglects or refuses to afford the promisor reasonable   facilities   for   the   performance   of   his   promise,   the promisor is excused by such neglect or refusal.  Section 67 together with the illustration contained there under reads as follows:­
“67. Effect of neglect of promisee to afford promisor
reasonable facilities for performance.—If any promisee neglects
or refuses to afford the promisor reasonable facilities for the
performance of his promise, the promisor is excused by such
neglect or refusal as to any non­performance caused thereby."
Illustration A contracts with B to repair B’s house.  11
B neglects or refuses to point out to A the places in which his
house requires repair.
A is excused for the non­performance of the contract, if it is caused
by such neglect or refusal.”
18. In the case on hand, the respondents issued the work order on 03.07.1986 but directed the work order to be kept in abeyance by a subsequent letter dated 28.07.1986. After this stalemate was lifted by a letter dated 17.12.1986, two things happened namely,     a (i) change in the diameter of the pipes supplied by the respondents for carrying out the contract; and   (ii)   request for the performance of additional   work   without   finalization   of   the   modified   rates. Therefore,   the   respondents   cannot  even  accuse   the   appellant  of non­performance of the contract. 19. It  is   fundamental   to   the   Law  of   Contract   that   whenever   a material alteration takes place in the terms of the original contract, on account of any act of omission or commission on the part of one of the parties to the contract, it is open to the other party not to perform   the   original   contract.   This   will   not   amount   to abandonment. Moreover, abandonment is normally understood, in the   context   of   a   right   and   not   in   the   context   of   a   liability   or 12 obligation. A party to a contract may abandon his rights under the contract leading to a plea of waiver by the other party, but there is no question of abandoning an obligation. In this case, the appellant refused to perform his obligations under the work­order, for reasons stated by him. This refusal to perform the obligations, can perhaps be termed as breach of contract and not abandonment.  20. It is interesting to note that the respondents did not choose, (i)   to   allege   breach   of   contract   against   the   appellant;   and  consequently to invoke the right to rescind the contract under (ii) clause 3(a). The respondents, if they were justified in doing so, could have taken recourse to the remedy available under Section 75 of   the   Contract   Act   and   sought   compensation   for   the   damage sustained   through   the   non­fulfillment   of   the   contract.   On   the contrary   they   attributed   abandonment   to   the   appellant   (without understanding the true purport of the word ‘abandonment’) and refused to honour the claims made by the appellant. 21. The finding of the High Court that there was abandonment of contract, was on the basis that after the second bill was cleared in 13 May, 1987, the work under the main contract did not progress. This finding goes completely contrary to yet another finding that the period   of   the   contract   was   up   to   June,   1989   and   that   the respondents themselves granted extension of time to complete the contract up to 31.12.1989, despite there being no request from the appellant. We fail to understand as to how a person who abandoned the contract in May, 1987 could be granted extension of time up to December, 1989 on the very understanding of the respondents that the contract was up to June, 1989. In fact, the High Court recorded a finding in paragraph 9 of the impugned judgment that according to DWs 3, 4 and 5, the power to rescind under clause 3(a) of the tender was invoked and the security deposit forfeited. This was not how   the   respondents   pitched   their   claim   even   in   the   written statement.  In any  case such  a  finding cannot  co­exist with the specific stand of the respondents that the period of contract was extended up to December, 1989. 22. The refusal of a contractor to continue to execute the work, unless the reciprocal promises are performed by the other party, 14 cannot be termed as abandonment of contract. A refusal by one party to a contract, may entitle the other party either to sue for breach or to rescind the contract and sue on a  quantum meruit  for the work already done. Paragraph 694 of Volume 9, Fourth Edition of   Halsbury’s   Laws   of   England ,   may   be   usefully   extracted   to highlight the remedies available to a party to the contract, if the other party absolutely refuses to perform his part of the contract. “ 694.     Work   done   under   a   contract   terminated   for   breach. Where   one   party   has   absolutely   refused   to   perform,   or   has rendered himself incapable of performing, his part of the contract, he puts in the power of the other party either to sue for a breach of it, or to rescind the contract and sue on a quantum meruit for the work actually done.  Thus, where a publisher engaged an author to write a work but abandoned the project, the author was entitled to recover reasonable remuneration without tendering the completed work; and   where a defendant wrongfully revoked the plaintiff’s authority to sell his land after the latter had found a purchaser, the plaintiff recovered reasonable remuneration for his work and labour up to that date. This type of quantum meruit claim is analogous to claims for the repayment of money on total failure of consideration.  In both cases, the contract must be at an end before the claim can be brought; but  once  the  contract  is  at  an  end  there  is a  logical difficulty in saying that the claim is contractual.” The   respondents   did   not   choose   the   option   of   rescinding   the contract and suing for damages in terms of clause 3 (a) and (b). It 15 was   the   respondents   who   made   it   difficult   for   the   appellant   to execute the contract as per the terms originally agreed. 23. In the light of the above, we are of the view that the High Court was clearly in error in overturning the judgment of the Trial Court with   regard   to   the   aforesaid   3   heads   of   claims,   on   a   wrong understanding that there was abandonment of contract on the part of   the   appellant.   Hence   this   appeal   is   allowed.   The   impugned judgment   and   decree   of   the   High   Court   are   set   aside   and   the judgment and decree of the Trial Court are restored.  It appears that during the pendency of the first appeal before the High Court, the respondents   deposited   a   sum   of   Rs.42,98,168/­   towards   the amount decreed by the Trial Court.  As seen from paragraph 16 of the impugned judgment of the High Court, the amount deposited by the   respondents   before   the   High   Court   was   withdrawn   by   the appellant on 13.01.1999 by furnishing a bank guarantee. Therefore, while modifying the decree, the High Court directed the appellant to return   the   balance   amount,   failing   which   the   Trial   Court   was empowered   to   encash   the   bank   guarantee   for   the   remainder 16 amount. In view of this, while ordering the issue of notice in the special leave petition and granting interim stay, this Court directed the appellant to keep the bank guarantee alive. Now that we are allowing the appeal setting aside the judgment of the High Court and restoring the judgment of the Trial Court, the bank guarantee shall stand discharged. 24. The appeal is allowed. There will be no order as to costs. …..…………....................J.       (Hemant Gupta) .…..………......................J. (V. Ramasubramanian) New Delhi March 30, 2022 17