MANGALA WAMAN KARANDIKAR(D) TR.LRS. vs. PRAKASH DAMODAAR RANADE

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 07-05-2021

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R EPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 10827 of 2010 Mangala Waman Karandikar (D) TR. LRS.                  …Appellant(s) Versus Prakash Damodar Ranade         …Respondent(s)   JUDGMENT   AMANA   N.V. R , CJI   1. This appeal is filed against the judgment of the Bombay High Court, in Second Appeal No. 537 of 1991, wherein the second appeal was allowed in favour of the respondent and the decree in favour of the appellant herein was set aside. 2. This   case   arises   out   of   a   contract   entered   into   between   the Appellant (since deceased represented through Legal Heirs) and the Respondent. Initially Appellant’s husband was running a business Signature Not Verified of   stationary   in   the   name   of   “Karandikar   Brothers”   before   his Digitally signed by Vishal Anand Date: 2021.08.02 17:03:49 IST Reason: untimely demise in the year 1962. After his demise, she continued 1 the business for some time. After a while, she was unable to run the business and accordingly decided to let the Respondent run the same   for   some   time.   She   entered   into   an   agreement   dated 07.02.1963, wherein following terms were reduced in writing:  “2. For the last about 24 to 25 years, a stationary shop by the name  Karandikar  Brothers  belonging  to you  of  the stationary,   note   books   and   books   is   being   run   in   the premises situated in City Survey no. 196/66 (New House No. 1643) at Sadashiv Peth, Pune. I request to you to give the said shop to me for running the same. Accordingly, you agreed for the same. Accordingly, an agreement was reached between us. The terms and conditions whereof are as follows: A. The   stationary   shop   ∙  by   name   "Karandikar   Brothers" belonging   to   you   of   the   stationary   materials   which   is situated in the premises described in Para 1 (a) above and in which the furniture etc. as described in Para l(b) above belonging   to   you   is   existing   is   being   taken   by   me   for conducting   by   an   agreement   for   a   period   of   two   years st st beginning from 1  February 1963 to 31  January 1965. B. The rent of the shop described in Para 1 (a) above is to be given by you only to the owner and I am not responsible therefor. I am to pay a royalty amount of Rs. 90 /­(Rupees Ninety only) for taking the said shop for conducting, for every month which is to be paid before the 5th day of every month.” 3. Time after time, the contract was duly extended. In 1980s, desiring to start her husband’s business again, appellant herein issued a notice   dated   20.12.1980   requesting   the   Respondent   herein   to vacate the suit premises by 31.01.1981. The Respondent replied to the   aforesaid   notice   claiming   that   the   sale   of   business   was 2 incidental rather the contract was a rent agreement   stricto sensu . Aggrieved by the Respondent’s reply, the appellant herein filed a civil suit being RCS. No. 764 of 1981 before the Court of Joint Civil Judge, Junior Division, Pune. During the course of the trial, one of the   important   questions   that   the   Trial   Court   framed,   which   is relevant for our purpose can be observed hereunder: “Does the Defendant prove that from the year 1963 he is licensee in the said suit premises as contended in para 7 of the plaint? And thereby on the date of suit he became tenant of the suit premises under Section 15A of the Bombay Rent Act?” The Trial Court by Judgment dated 30.08.1988, decreed the Suit in favor   of   the   appellant   herein   and   held   that   the   purport   of   the Agreement was to create a transaction for sale of business rather than to rent the aforesaid premises to the Respondent herein. The Court while negating the contention of the Respondent, that the shop premises was given to him on license basis held as under: “8. The defendant does not deny the fact that originally the husband of deceased Mangala Karandikar namely Waman Karandikar used to conduct the business of the suit shop. The business of stationary, books and notebooks was being run by him. Same business has been handed over to him. … The   suit   shop   and   the   said   business   came   to   deceased Mangala Karandikar after the death of her husband. It has come   in   the   evidence   50   that   because   of   death   of   her husband   and   after   the   death   of   her   husband,   she   was unable   to   continue   the   business.   In   the   meantime,   the defendant approached to her. Thereupon she agreed to hand 3 over the running business to the defendant. This fact has been   denied   by   the   defendant.   The   defendant   raises   the contention that the plaintiff never had the shop of stationary, but   she   had   the   grocery   shop.   After   the   death   of   her husband, it was lying closed for years together. In the year 1963 the defendant approached the plaintiff and thereupon the plaintiff agreed to give the suit shop. On licence basis to him. This plea of the defendant is negativated by the terms and   conditions   of   the   agreement   deed   itself.   The   heavy burden was lying on the defendant to prove that there was licence   agreement.   He   has   not   discharged   the   same. Therefore, the document became much relevant, and it has got material importance. If the conditions as enumerated in this   document   Exh.33   are   carefully   scrutinized,   it   will become significant that the deceased plaintiff had the sole intention to hand over' the running business of the suit shop to the defendant.   There had been no intention to create the leave and licence in respect of the suit premises.  The deceased plaintiff had very specifically and by taking at most case and precaution excluded the word premises of shop in the agreement. But all the while the word ∙ "shop" was used with   reference   to   business   only.   Nextly   she   has   also excluded the word rent to be used. She had specifically made   the   recital   of   imposing   the   royalty   on   the defendant.   The word licence, for the purpose of Bombay Rent Act always refers to premises. The defendant has to seek the benefit under the provisions of Bombay Rent Act. Here the plaintiff had never intended to create the leave and licence in respect of the suit shop. The defendant has relied upon the receipt Exhibit­40. This is the document produced by the plaintiff. It discloses that the word "rent" has been shown in this respect. The defendant is taking benefit of this fact and alleging that the rent was being recovered and not the royalty. Here it is worth to be noted that the plaintiff had at all no intention to recover the rent. All the while, it has been   the   case   of   the   plaintiff   that   the   royalty   was   being recovered. Therefore, I am unable to hold that the rent was being recovered by the plaintiff. … “14. Issue Nos. 5 and 6. ­ The defendant has alleged that he is the tenant in the suit shop. Initially, the premises were given to him on licence basis but by virtue of amendment to Bombay Rent Act and by virtue of insertion of section 15(A) all the licensees have become the tenants. Learned advocate appearing on behalf of the defendant places his reliance on Case Law reported in A.I.R. 1987 Supreme Court page 117. No doubt there can be no dispute regarding the principles of 4 law . In the instant suit, the defendant has utterly failed to prove that the shop premises were given to him on   Therefore,   no   question   of   his   tenancy   can licence   basis. arise at any time. …” ( ) emphasis supplied 4. Accordingly, the Trial Court ordered the respondent to hand over the suit property to the appellant herein including the furniture and other articles.  5. Aggrieved by the Trial Court judgment, the Respondent filed an Appeal before the Court of Additional District Judge, Pune in Civil Appeal No. 979 of 1988. On 29.07.1991, the Additional District Judge   rendered   a   judgment   dismissing   the   appeal   filed   by   the Respondent   herein.   Aggrieved   by   the   dismissal   the   Respondent herein filed a Second Appeal before the High Court of Bombay in Second Appeal No. 537 of 1991.  6. By impugned order dated 07.11.2009 the High Court of Bombay allowed the Second Appeal and set aside the Trial Court’s Order as well   as   the   First   Appellate   Court’s   Order   and   held   that   the Respondent had entered into a license agreement which is covered under Section 15A of the Bombay Rent Act. Further the Court held that the Trial Court did not have the Jurisdiction to try the cases under the Bombay Rent Act, the appropriate Court should have been Small Causes Court established under the Provincial Small 5 Causes Court Act. The Second Appellate Court also observed on the merits of the case and held as under. “22. Thus, considering the entirety of the case, in my view, both   the   Courts   below   have   incorrectly   interpreted   the document and the surrounding circumstances which, in my view, indicate that the parties had in fact agreed that the premises were transferred to the appellant on a leave and license basis.” 7. Aggrieved by the same, the appellant herein filed this appeal.  8. The counsel for the appellant contended that the impugned order of the High Court erred in appreciating the language of the contract, which clearly points towards the intention of the parties to create a license for  continuing   existing  business,  which was   run by late husband of the appellant. On the other hand, the counsel for the respondent has supported the judgment by stating that there is extrinsic   evidence   which   shows   that   the   contract   entered   into between the parties was a license to use the shop, which is covered under Bombay Rent Act. In this light, he supports the impugned order to state that the Trial Court did not have jurisdiction in the first place. 9. Having heard both the parties at some length, at the outset before we   analyse   this   case,   we   need   to   observe   some   principles   on contractual interpretation. Unlike a statutory interpretation, which 6 is even more difficult due to assimilation of individual intention of law makers, contractual interpretation depends on the intentions expressed by the parties and dredging out the true meaning is an ‘iterative   process’   for   the   Courts.   In  any   case,   the   first   tool   for interpreting, whether it be a law or contract is to read the same. 10.It is usual that businessmen often do not sit over nitty­gritty in a contract. In a document the language used by the parties may have more than one meaning. It is ultimately the responsibility of the Courts to decipher the meaning of the words used in a contract, having   regards   to   a   meaning   reasonable   in   the   line   of   trade   as 1 understood by parties.  It may not be out of context to state that the development of rules of contractual interpretation has been gradual and   has   taken   place   over   century.   Without   going   into   extensive study of precedents, in short, we may only state that the path and development of law of interpretation has been a progress from a stiff 2 formulism to a strict rationalism.    11.  It is clear from the reading of the contract that the parties had intended to transfer business from appellant to respondent during 1   Investors Compensation Scheme v. West Bromwich Building Society , [1998] 1 WLR 896 2  Wigmore JH, “Wigmore on Evidence, Vol. 4” (1915) 25 The Yale Law Journal 163. 7 the contractual period. This agreement was not meant as a lease or license   for   the   respondent   to   conduct   business.   However,   the respondent contends that the meaning of the document should not be   culled   solely   with   reference   to   the   language   used   in   the document,   rather   extrinsic   evidence   needs   to   be   utilized   before adducing proper meaning to the contract. In this regard he submits that   on   consideration   of   all   the   extrinsic   evidence,   the   contract should be read as a leave and license agreement, which is covered under the Bombay Rent Act. He draws his support from Section 95 of the Indian evidence Act to state that the document needs to be interpreted having regard to external evidence such as receipts of payment under the contract addressed as rent receipts etc. 12. It may be noticed that the High Court had appropriately identified the question of law in the following manner:
15. The debate therefore revolves around the question as to
whether the agreement of 7th February, 1963 was a license
to conduct a business in the premises or was a license to
run the existing business which was being run by the
respondents in the suit premises. Does the document create
an interest in the premises or in the business?
13.  The High Court in order to answer the question utilized Section 95 of the Evidence Act, which reads as under: 95.   Evidence   as   to   document   unmeaning   in   reference   to existing facts.—When language used in a document is plain in  itself, but  is  unmeaning   in  reference  to  existing  facts, 8
evidence may be given to show that it was used in a peculiar
sense.
Illustration A sells to B, by deed, “my house in Calcutta”. A
had no house in Calcutta, but it appears that he had a
house at Howrah, of which B had been in possession since
the execution of the deed. These facts may be proved to show
that the deed related to the house of Howrah.
Aforesaid Section is part of Chapter VI, which deals with ‘Of the exclusion of Oral by documentary evidence’ containing Section 91 to 100. Section 92 reads as under:
92. Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement.—When the
terms of any such contract, grant or other disposition of
property, or any matter required by law to be reduced to the
form of a document, have been proved according to the last
section, no evidence of any oral agreement or statement shall
be admitted, as between the parties to any such instrument
or their representatives in interest, for the purpose of
contradicting, varying, adding to, or subtracting from, its
terms:…
Proviso (6).—Any fact may be proved which shows in what
manner the language of a document is related to existing
facts.
14. It is manifest from these two sections that it is only in cases where the terms of the document leave the question in doubt, then resort could   be   had   to   the   proviso .   But   when   a   document   is   a straightforward one and presents no difficulty in construing it, the proviso does not apply. In this regard, we may state that Section 95 only builds on the proviso 6 of Section 92. 15. If the contrary view is adopted as correct it would render Section 92 of the Evidence Act, otiose and also enlarge the ambit of proviso 6 9 beyond the main Section itself. Such interpretation, provided by the 3 High Court violates basic tenants of legal interpretation.  Section 92 specifically prohibits evidence of any oral agreement or statement which would contradict, vary, add to or subtract from its terms. If, as stated by the learned Judge, oral evidence could be received to show that the terms of the document were really different from those expressed therein, it would amount to according permission to give evidence to contradict or vary those terms and as such it comes   within   the   inhibitions   of   Section   92.   It   could   not   be postulated   that   the   legislature   intended   to   nullify   the   object   of Section 92 by enacting exceptions to that section.  16. In line with the law laid down, it is clear that the contract mandated continuation of the business in the name of ‘Karandikar Brothers’ by paying royalties of Rs. 90 per month. Once the parties have accepted the recitals and the contract, the respondent could not have   adduced   contrary   extrinsic   parole   evidence,   unless   he portrayed ambiguity in the language. It may not be out of context to note that the extension of the contract was on same conditions. 3   Rohitash Kumar v. Om Prakash Sharma , (2013) 11 SCC 451 at pg. 459 10 17. On   consideration   of   the   matter,   the   High   Court   erred   in appreciating the ambit of Section 95, which led to consideration of evidence which only indicates breach rather than ambiguity in the language of contract. The evidence also points that the license was created   for   continuation   of   existing   business,   rather   than license/lease of shop premises. If the meaning provided by the High Court is accepted, then it would amount to Courts substituting the bargain by the parties. The counsel for respondent has emphasized much on the receipt of payment, which mentions the term ‘rent received’. However, in line with the clear unambiguous language of the contract, such evidence cannot be considered in the eyes of law. 18. Moreover, the contention that the aforesaid situation is covered by the Bombay Rent Act is misplaced. Once we have determined that the   impugned   agreement   was   a   license   for   continuing   existing business,   Bombay   Rent   Act  does   not   cover   such  arrangements. Therefore,   the   jurisdiction   of   the   trial   court   is   accordingly   not ousted. 11 19. In light of the above, the impugned order of the High Court cannot be sustained, and is accordingly, set aside. The decree of the trial court is restored. The appeal is allowed in the above terms and there shall be no order as to costs. ..…..…….................CJI.                       (N.V. RAMANA) …...….................J.              (SURYA KANT)                   ……..………............J.        (ANIRUDDHA BOSE) NEW DELHI; MAY 07, 2021 12