THE EMPLOYEES PROVIDENT FUND ORGANISATION vs. SUNIL KUMAR B

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 04-11-2022

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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE/ORIGINAL/INHERENT JURISDICTION Civil Appeal Nos………………. of 2022 (Arising out of the Special Leave Petition (C) Nos. 8658­8659 of 2019) THE EMPLOYEES PROVIDENT FUND  ORGANISATION & ANR. ETC.        ….APPELLANT(S) VERSUS SUNIL KUMAR B. & ORS. ETC.        ….RESPONDENT(S) WITH Civil Appeal Nos……………….. of 2022 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (C) Nos. 16721­16722 of 2019) Civil Appeal No……………….. of 2022 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (C) No. 3289 of 2021) Civil Appeal No……………….. of 2022 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (C) No. 3287 of 2021) Civil Appeal No……………….. of 2022 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (C) No. 1701 of 2021) Civil Appeal No……………….. of 2022 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (C) No. 8547 of 2021) Civil Appeal Nos……………….. of 2022 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (C) Nos.15063­15064 of 2022 @ Diary No.46219 of 2019) Civil Appeal No……………….. of 2022 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (C) No. 1366 of 2021) Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by NIRMALA NEGI Date: 2022.11.04 18:02:41 IST Reason: Civil Appeal No……………….. of 2022 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (C) No. 2465 of 2021) 1 | P a g e Civil Appeal No……………….. of 2022 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (C) No. 3290 of 2021) Civil Appeal No……………….. of 2022 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (C) No. 1738 of 2021) Writ Petition (C) No.318 of 2022, Writ Petition (C) No.1218 of 2020,   Writ   Petition   (C)   No.1332   of   2020,   Writ   Petition   (C) No.1312 of 2019, Writ Petition (C) No.875 of 2019, Writ Petition (C)   No.832   of   2019,   Writ   Petition   (C)   No.601   of   2019,   Writ Petition (C) No.500 of 2019, Writ Petition (C) No.512 of 2019, Writ Petition (C) No.466 of 2019, Writ Petition (C) No.86 of 2021, Writ Petition (C) No.1356 of 2021, Writ Petition (C) No.1379 of 2021, Writ Petition (C) No.767 of 2021, Writ Petition (C) No.477 of   2021,   Writ   Petition   (C)   No.414   of   2021,   Writ   Petition   (C) No.1134 of 2018, Writ Petition (C) No.390 of 2019, Writ Petition (C)   No.511   of   2019,   Writ   Petition   (C)   No.1459   of   2020,   Writ Petition (C) No.349 of 2019, Writ Petition (C) No.372 of 2018, Writ   Petition (C)  No.360  of   2018,  Writ  Petition   (C)  No.233  of 2018, Writ Petition (C) No.141 of 2018, Writ Petition (C) No.118 of   2018,   Writ   Petition   (C)   No.250   of   2018,   Writ   Petition   (C) No.406 of 2018, Writ Petition (C) No.368 of 2018, Writ Petition (C)   No.393   of   2018,   Writ   Petition   (C)   No.395   of   2018,   Writ Petition (C) No.371 of 2018, Writ Petition (C) No.374 of 2018, Writ   Petition (C)  No.385  of   2018,  Writ  Petition   (C)  No.367  of 2018, Writ Petition (C) No.369 of 2018, Writ Petition (C) No.411 of   2018,   Writ   Petition   (C)   No.466   of   2018,   Writ   Petition   (C) No.269 of 2019, Writ Petition (C) No.327 of 2019, Writ Petition (C) No.352 of 2019, Writ Petition (C) No.69 of 2018, Writ Petition (C)   No.804   of   2018,   Writ   Petition   (C)   No.594   of   2018,   Writ Petition (C) No.884 of 2018, Writ Petition (C) No.778 of 2018, Writ Petition (C) No.874 of 2018, Writ Petition (C) No.1149 of 2018,   Writ   Petition   (C)   No.1167   of   2018,   Writ   Petition   (C) No.1430 of 2018, Writ Petition (C) No.1433 of 2018, Writ Petition (C)   No.1428   of   2018,   Writ   Petition   (C)   No.380   of   2018,   Writ 2 | P a g e Petition  (C)  No.498   of  2022,  Contempt  Petition   (C)  Nos.1917­ 1918   of   2018   in   Civil   Appeal   Nos.10013­10014   of   2016   and Contempt   Petition   (C)   Nos.619­620   of   2019   in   Civil   Appeal Nos.10013­10014 of 2016 J U D G M E N T ANIRUDDHA BOSE, J. Leave granted. 2. In  this   judgment,  we   shall  deal  with   the   legality  of  certain amendments and modifications made by the Central Government to the   Employees’   Pension   Scheme,   1995   (“1995   Scheme”).   Such scheme has been made in pursuance of, inter­alia, Section 6A of the Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 (“the   Act”).   Such   changes,   inter­alia,   are   sought   be   effected   in paragraphs   3,   6,   11,   12   and   14   of   the   1995   scheme.     The   Act originally did not provide for any pension scheme and Section 6A was introduced to the said Act by way of an amendment made in 1995.   The   amendment   of   1995   contemplated   formulation   of   a scheme   for   employees’   pension   and   the   pension   fund   was   to comprise of deposit of 8.33 per cent of the employers’ contribution made towards provident fund corpus as per the prevailing Statue. Paragraph 11 of the scheme dealt with determination of pensionable salary.   At that point of time, maximum pensionable salary  was 3 | P a g e Rs.5000/­   and   this   sum   had   been   enhanced   subsequently   to Rs.6500/­.   Pensionable   salary   was   raised   to   Rs.15000/­   by   a nd notification   dated   22   August   2014   [numbered   G.S.R.   609   (E)], st which was to be effective from 1  September 2014. This notification brought certain other modifications in the scheme mainly restricting its coverage and we shall discuss these modifications later in this judgment. 3. In  the   appeals   before  us,   judgments   of   the  High   Courts  of Kerala,   Rajasthan   and   Delhi   are   assailed.   In   the   case   of   P. Sasikumar & Others vs. Union of India (UOI) Represented by the Secretary to Govt. of India Ministry of Labour & Department of Employment and Others  [in Writ Petition (C) No. 13120 of 2015], a Division Bench of the Kerala High Court in its judgment delivered on th 12   October   2018   set  aside   the   Employees’   Pension   Amendment (Scheme), 2014 conceived in G.S.R. 609 (E). The Delhi High Court in nd its judgment delivered on 22   May 2019 in the case of   Bhartiya Khadya Nigam Karamchari Sangh and Anr. vs. Union of India and Ors.   [in Writ Petition (C) No. 5678 of 2018] followed the view expressed by the Kerala High Court and quashed a circular issued st by   the   provident   fund   authorities   on   31   May   2017   precluding exempted establishments from the benefits of higher pension. In a th decision delivered on 28  August 2019 in the case of  Union of India 4 | P a g e and Others vs. Jale Singh and Others  [in D.B. Special Appeal Writ No. 436 of 2019] a Division Bench of the Rajasthan High Court also expressed the same opinion. Appeals arising out of SLP (C) No. 3289 of 2021, SLP (C) No. 3290 of 2021, SLP (C) No. 2465 of 2021 and SLP (C) No. 3287 of 2021 are directed against the aforesaid judgment of the Rajasthan High Court and a subsequent decision of a Bench of th equal strength delivered on 24   September 2019 in the same line. The appeals originating from SLP (C) Nos. 15063­15064 of 2022 are nd against the judgment of the Delhi High Court delivered on 22  May 2019, whereas in appeals having their roots in SLP (C) No. 1366 of 2021, SLP (C) No. 1738 of 2021, judgments of the Delhi High Court delivered following the case of  Bhartiya Khadya Nigam Karamchari Sangh  (supra) have been assailed. In another judgment delivered by the same Bench of the Kerala High Court in the case of  Sunil Kumar and Ors. vs. Union of India & Ors.  [in Writ Petition (C) No. 602 of th 2015]   on   the   same   day,   i.e.   12   October   2018,   the   aforesaid nd notification of 22   August 2014 was invalidated. That judgment is under   challenge   in   the   appeals   in   connection   with   SLP   (C)   Nos. 16721­16722   of   2019.   In   a   contempt   action   brought   before   the Kerala High Court by aspiring beneficiaries of the pension scheme for th implementation of the directions issued in the judgment dated 12 October 2018, certain directions have been issued by the Kerala High 5 | P a g e th Court. The judgment to that effect delivered on 6  November 2020 is impugned in SLP (C) No. 8547 of 2021.   4. Fifty­four   writ   petitions   have   been   filed   by   the   employees themselves or on their behalf under Article 32 of the Constitution of nd India seeking invalidation of the notification dated 22  August 2014. The writ petitioners are members of both exempted and unexempted establishments. We shall address these writ petitions as well in this judgment, as they involve the same questions of law. We find that notices are yet to be issued in W.P. (C) No. 1356 of 2021, W.P. (C) No. 1379 of 2021, W.P. (C) No. 767 of 2021 and W.P. (C) No. 477 of 2021 but these petitions also involve the same questions of law and the main   respondents     have   participated   in   addressing   us   on   these points. As such, these writ petitions shall also be dealt with in this judgment.   We   have   also   heard   the   intervenors,   most   of   whom support  the  employees.   In  addition,   there  are   contempt   petitions (Contempt   Petition   (C)   Nos.   1917­1918   of   2018   and   Contempt Petition   (C)   No.   619­620   of   2019)   in   which   implementation   of   a judgment of this Court in the case of   R.C. Gupta and Others vs. Regional   Provident   Fund   Commissioner,   Employees   Provident th Fund Organisation and Other  [(2018) 14 SCC 809] delivered on 4 October  2016 has  been  asked  for.  This  judgment  dealt   with  the question of entitlement of members of the pension scheme, whose 6 | P a g e pensionable salary exceeded Rs.6500/­ per month to exercise option in   terms   of   proviso   to   paragraph   11   (3)   of   the   scheme.   In   this judgment, a Division Bench of this Court repelled the contention of the provident fund authorities that the said proviso contemplated exercise of option within a specified time. The said proviso has been omitted by the amendment of 2014. Rs.6500/­ was the maximum st pensionable salary prior to 1   September 2014.   We shall discuss this judgment in greater detail later.  th With effect from 16   March 1996, the proviso was added to 5. paragraph 11(3) of the scheme giving an option to the employer and employee for contribution on salary exceeding the aforesaid ceiling of th Rs.6500/­, (which was Rs.5000/­ per month prior to 8   October 2001) to retain the right to pension as per the scheme.  8.33 per cent of   employer’s   contribution   of   salary   of   an   employee   out   of   the deductible amount towards provident fund had to be remitted to the pension fund. Stand of the authorities was that there were certain restrictions as regards the time for exercising such option.  A set of employees   had   approached   the   provident   fund   authorities   much beyond such perceived specified date, mostly on the eve of their retirement, seeking to be included in the pension scheme. The point urged by them was that the amendment of 1996 was not within their knowledge,   the   same   not   having   been   widely   publicised.   The 7 | P a g e provident   fund   authorities   had   rejected   their   plea.     One   set   of employees successfully brought action before a Single Judge of the High Court of Himachal Pradesh. Their right to exercise such option beyond the time of their salary exceeding the pensionable limit was in question. According to the authorities, that was the cut­off limit. The Division Bench of the High Court, however, accepted the stand of the provident fund authorities holding that paragraph 11(3) of the pension scheme, as it prevailed then, stipulated a cut­off limit. The matter ultimately came to this Court and in the case of  R.C. Gupta (supra),   a   Division   Bench   of   this   Court   accepted   the   employees’ stand and, inter­alia, held:­
“7.Reading the proviso, we find that the reference to
the date of commencement of the Scheme or the date
on which the salary exceeds the ceiling limit are dates
from which the option exercised are to be reckoned
with for calculation of pensionable salary. The said
dates are not cut­off dates to determine the eligibility
of the employer­employee to indicate their option
under the proviso to Clause 11(3) of the Pension
Scheme. A somewhat similar view that has been
taken by this Court in a matter coming from the
Kerala High Court [Union of Indiav.A. Majeed Kunju,
Writ Appeal No. 1135 of 2012, order dated 5­3­2013
(Ker)] , wherein Special Leave Petition (C) No. 7074 of
2014 filed by the Regional Provident Fund
Commissioner was rejected by this Court by order
dated 31­3­2016 [Regl. Provident Fund Commr.v.A.
Majeed Kunju, 2016 SCC OnLine SC 1744, wherein it
was directed: “SLPs (C) Nos. 7074­76, 7107­108,
7224 of 2014 and 697 of 2016 Heard the learned
counsel for the parties and perused the relevant
material. We do not find any legal and valid ground
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for interference. The special leave petitions are
dismissed SLPs (C) Nos. 19954 and 33032­33 of 2015
List these special leave petitions on 26­4­2016. As
prayed for, liberty is granted to file additional
documents.”]. A beneficial scheme, in our considered
view, ought not to be allowed to be defeated by
reference to a cut­off date, particularly, in a situation
where (as in the present case) the employer had
deposited 12% of the actual salary and not 12% of the
ceiling limit of Rs 5000 or Rs 6500 per month, as the
case may be.
8. xxxxxxxxx
9.We do not see how exercise of option under Para
26 of the Provident Fund Scheme can be construed to
estop the employees from exercising a similar option
under Para 11(3). If both the employer and the
employee opt for deposit against the actual salary
and not the ceiling amount, exercise of option under
Para 26 of the Provident Scheme is inevitable.
Exercise of the option under Para 26(6) is a necessary
precursor to the exercise of option under Clause 11(3).
Exercise of such option, therefore, would not foreclose
the exercise of a further option under Clause 11(3) of
the Pension Scheme unless the circumstances
warranting such foreclosure are clearly indicated.
 The above apart in a situation where the deposit 10. of the employer's share at 12% has been on the actual salary and not the ceiling amount, we do not see how the  Provident   Fund   Commissioner   could   have  been aggrieved to file the LPA before the Division Bench of the   High   Court.   All   that   the   Provident   Fund Commissioner   is   required   to   do   in   the   case   is   an adjustment   of   accounts   which   in   turn   would   have benefited some of the employees. At best what the Provident   Commissioner   could   do   and   which   we permit him to do under the present order is to seek a return   of   all   such   amounts   that   the   employees concerned may have taken or withdrawn from their provident   fund   account   before   granting   them   the benefit of the proviso to Clause 11(3) of the Pension Scheme. Once such a return is made in whichever 9 | P a g e cases such return is due, consequential benefits in terms   of   this   order   will   be   granted   to   the   said employees.” 6. Further modification to the scheme, as we have already indicated, nd st came on 22   August 2014 to be effective from 1   September 2014. Paragraph 11 of the scheme, before such modification by G.S.R. No. nd 609 (E) of 22   August 2014 was introduced, and subsequent to the said G.S.R. becoming operational, read:­
Before ModificationAfter Modification
11.Determination of<br>Pensionable Salary. ­ (1)<br>The pensionable<br>salary shall be the average<br>monthly pay drawn in any<br>manner including on piece<br>rate basis during<br>contributory period of<br>service in the span of 12<br>months preceding the date<br>of exit from the membership<br>of the Employees’ Pension<br>Fund.<br>Provided that if a member<br>was not in receipt of full<br>pay during the period of<br>twelve months preceding<br>the day he ceased to be the<br>member of the Pension<br>Fund, the average of<br>previous 12 months full pay<br>drawn by him during the<br>period for which<br>contribution to the pension<br>fund was recovered, shall<br>be taken into account as<br>pensionable salary for11. Determination of<br>Pensionable Salary. ­ (1)<br>The pensionable salary<br>shall be the average<br>monthly pay drawn in any<br>manner including on piece<br>rate basis during<br>contributory period of<br>service in the span of sixty<br>months preceding the date<br>of exit from the membership<br>of the Pension Fund and<br>the pensionable salary<br>shall be determined on pro­<br>rata ∙basis for the<br>pensionable service up to<br>the 1st day of September,<br>2014, subject to a<br>maximum of six thousand<br>and five hundred rupees<br>per month, and for the<br>period thereafter at the<br>maximum of fifteen<br>thousand rupees per month<br>:<br>Provided that if a member<br>was not in receipt of full
10 | P a g e
calculating pension.<br>(2) If during the said span<br>of 12 months there are non­<br>contributory periods of<br>service including cases<br>where the member has<br>drawn salary for a part of<br>the month, the total wages<br>during the 12 months span<br>shall be divided by the<br>actual number of days for<br>which salary has been<br>drawn and the amount so<br>derived shall be multiplied<br>by 30 to work out the<br>average monthly pay.<br>(3) The maximum<br>pensionable salary shall be<br>limited to Rupees Six<br>thousand five hundred per<br>month.<br>Provided that if at the<br>option of the employer and<br>employee, contribution paid<br>on salary exceeding Rupees<br>six thousand and five<br>hundred per month from the<br>date of commencement of<br>this Scheme or from the<br>date salary exceeds Rupees<br>Six thousand five hundred,<br>whichever is later, and 8.33<br>per cent share of the<br>employers thereof is<br>remitted into the Pension<br>Fund, pensionable salarypay during the period of<br>sixty months preceding the<br>day he ceased to be the<br>member of the Pension<br>Fund, the average of<br>previous sixty months full<br>pay drawn by him during<br>the period for which<br>contribution to the pension<br>fund was recovered, shall<br>be taken into account as<br>pensionable salary for<br>calculating pension.<br>(2) If during the said span<br>of 60 months there are non­<br>contributory periods of<br>service including cases<br>where the member has<br>drawn salary for a part of<br>the month, the total wages<br>during the 60 months span<br>shall be divided by the<br>actual number of days for<br>which salary has been<br>drawn and the amount so<br>derived shall be multiplied<br>by 30 to work out the<br>average monthly pay.<br>(3) The maximum<br>pensionable salary shall be<br>limited to fifteen thousand<br>rupees per month.<br>(4) The existing members as<br>on the 1st day of
11 | P a g e
shall be based on such<br>higher salary.September, 2014, who at<br>the option of the employer<br>and employee, had been<br>contributing on salary<br>exceeding six thousand and<br>five hundred rupees per<br>month, may on a fresh<br>option to be exercised<br>jointly by the employer and<br>employee continue to<br>contribute on salary<br>exceeding fifteen thousand<br>rupees per month and the<br>pensionable salary for the<br>existing members who<br>prefer such fresh option<br>shall be based on the<br>higher salary:<br>Provided that the aforesaid<br>members have to contribute<br>at the rate of 1.16 per cent.<br>on salary exceeding fifteen<br>thousand rupees as an<br>additional contribution from<br>and out of the contributions<br>payable by the employees<br>for each month under the<br>provisions of the Act or the<br>rules made thereunder:<br>Provided further that the<br>fresh option shall be<br>exercised by the member<br>within a period of six<br>months from the 1st day of<br>September, 2014:<br>Provided also that the<br>period specified in the<br>second proviso may, on<br>sufficient cause being<br>shown by the member, be<br>extended by the Regional<br>Provident Fund<br>Commissioner for a further
12 | P a g e
period not exceeding six<br>months:<br>Provided also if no option is<br>exercised by the member<br>within such period<br>(including the extended<br>period), it shall be deemed<br>that the member has not<br>opted for contribution over<br>wage ceiling and the<br>contributions to the Pension<br>Fund made over the wage<br>ceiling in respect of the<br>member shall be diverted to<br>the Provident Fund account<br>of the member along with<br>interest as
7. The legality of the modified scheme was questioned in different writ petitions in different High Courts. The Bench decisions of the High Courts of Kerala, Rajasthan and Delhi went in favour of the employees.     The  appeals  which  we  shall   be  dealing   with  in  this judgment arise out of the decisions of the said High Courts.   We shall mainly be addressing the judgment of the Division Bench of the th Kerala High Court delivered on 12  October 2018 [in Writ Petition (C) No. 13120 of 2015] which sustained the employees’ contentions and nd invalidated   the   notification   of   22   August   2014.   The   Division Benches of the Rajasthan and Delhi High Court followed the ratio of the decision in the case of  R. C. Gupta  (supra) broadly on the same reasoning forming foundation of the judgment of the Kerala High Court. The petitions for special leave to appeal filed by the Employees 13 | P a g e Provident Fund Organization (“EPFO”) [SLP (Civil) Nos. 8658­59 of 2019] assailing the judgment of the Division Bench of the Kerala High Court was initially dismissed by a Coordinate Bench of this st Court on 1  April 2019. In SLP (C) Nos. 16721­16722 of 2019, the Union of India also appealed against the same judgment. A Review st Petition was filed by the EPFO in respect of the order dated 1  April th 2019 dismissing their Special Leave Petition.  On 12  July 2019, this Court directed listing of the SLPs filed by the Union of India along th with the Review Petitions in open Court. On 29  January 2021, this st Court allowed the Review Petitions and the order of 1   April 2019 was recalled.  A point has been taken on behalf of the employees that the Employees Provident Fund Organisation has no locus standi to maintain these appeals. This objection is technical in nature and having regard to the fact that we are also hearing writ petitions challenging the legality of the 2014 amendments, we do not consider it necessary to dilate on this issue. Moreover, in the appeals arising out of SLP (C) Nos.16721­16722 of 2019, the Union of India is the appellant. Since the amendment made by the Central Government has been quashed, the locus of Union of India remains undisputed. 8. The pension scheme was conceived by way of introduction of Section 6A to the 1952 Act, under Act 25 of 1996, with effect from th 16  November 1995.  The said Section stipulates: ­ 14 | P a g e “6A. Employees’ Pension Scheme — (1) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official   Gazette,   frame   a   scheme   to   be   called   the Employees’   Pension   Scheme   for   the   purpose   of providing for—  (a)   superannuation   pension,   retiring   pension   or permanent   total   disablement   pension   to   the employees   of   any   establishment   or   class   of establishments to which this Act applies; and  (b) widow or widower’s pension, children pension or orphan pension payable to the beneficiaries of such employees.  (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 6, there shall be established, as soon as may be after framing of the Pension Scheme, a Pension Fund into which there shall be paid, from time to time, in respect of every employee who is a member of the Pension Scheme,—  (a) such sums from the employer’s contribution under section 6, not exceeding eight and one­third per cent, of the basic wages, dearness allowance and retaining allowance,   if   any,   of   the   concerned   employees,   as may be specified in the Pension Scheme;  (b) such sums as are payable by the employers of exempted   establishments   under   sub­section   (6)   of section 17;  (c) the net assets of the Employees' Family Pension Fund   as   on   the   date   of   the   establishment   of   the Pension Fund;  (d) such sums as the Central Government may, after due appropriation by Parliament by law in this behalf, specify.  (3)  On   the   establishment   of  the   Pension  Fund,   the Family Pension Scheme (hereinafter referred to as the ceased scheme) shall cease to operate and all assets of the ceased scheme shall vest in and shall stand transferred   to,   and   all   liabilities   under   the   ceased scheme   shall   be   enforceable   against,   the   Pension Fund and the beneficiaries under the ceased scheme shall be entitled to draw the benefits, not less than the benefits they were entitled to under the ceased scheme, from the Pension Fund.  15 | P a g e (4)   The   Pension   Fund   shall   vest   in   and   be administered by the Central Board in such manner as may be specified in the Pension Scheme.  (5) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Pension Scheme   may   provide   for   all   or   any  of   the   matters specified in Schedule III.  (6) The Pension Scheme may provide that all or any of its provisions shall take effect either prospectively or retrospectively on such date as may be specified in that behalf in that Scheme.  (7) A Pension Scheme, framed under sub­section (1), shall be laid, as soon as may be after it is made, before   each   House   of   Parliament,   while   it   is   in session, for a total period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions,   and   if,   before   the   expiry   of   the   session immediately following the session or the successive sessions aforesaid, both Houses agree in making any modification in the scheme or both Houses agree that the scheme should not be made, the scheme shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the may be; so, however, that any such   modification   or   annulment   shall   be   without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that Scheme.]” 9. Under the same Amendment Act, Sections 2(kA) and 2(kB) were introduced to the Act. These provisions specify: ­
“2. Definitions.—In this Act, unless the context<br>otherwise requires,—
[(kA) “Pension Fund” means the Employees’ Pension<br>Fund established under sub­section (2) of section 6A;]
[(kB) “Pension Scheme” means the Employees’<br>Pension Scheme framed under sub­section (1) of<br>section 6A;]”
10. The pension scheme was framed in terms of Section 6A of the<br>Act and brought into operation by G.S.R. 748(E) dated 16th November
16 | P a g e
1995. The crucial paragraph, so far as these proceedings are<br>concerned, is paragraph 11 thereof. We have already quoted this<br>paragraph. The quantum of pension is to be fixed as per the formula<br>specified in paragraph 12 of the scheme, which contemplates, inter­<br>alia, superannuation pension for a member of the Scheme after<br>service of 10 years and retiring on attaining the age of 58 years. Sub­<br>clause (2) of paragraph 12 as sought to be amended by the 2014<br>amendment stipulates the methodology of computation of monthly<br>member’s pension. Sub­clauses (1) and (2) of this paragraph are<br>reproduced below:­
“12. Monthly Member's Pension. ­ (1) A member shall<br>be entitled to : ­
(a) superannuation pension if he has rendered eligible<br>service of 10 years or more and retires on attaining<br>the age of 58 years;
(b) early pension, if he has rendered eligible service of<br>10 years or more and retires or otherwise ceases to be<br>in the employment before attaining the age of 58<br>years.
12 (2). In the case of a new entrant, the amount of<br>monthly superannuation pension or early pension, as<br>the case may be, shall be computed in accordance<br>with the following factors, namely:­
Monthly member’s pension= Pensionable Salary x<br>Pensionable Service<br>70
Provided that the members’ monthly pension shall be<br>determined on a pro­rata basis for the pensionable<br>service up to the 1st day of September, 2014 at the<br>maximum pensionable salary of six thousand and five<br>hundred rupees per month and for the period<br>thereafter at the maximum pensionable salary of<br>fifteen thousand rupees per month.”
17 | P a g e The initial entry into the pension scheme is contemplated in 11. paragraph 26(6) of Employees Provident Funds Scheme, 1952 read with paragraph 6 of the pension scheme. Paragraph 6 of the pension nd scheme as it stood prior to the amendment of 22  August 2014 and thereafter reads:­
Before 22nd August 2014After 22nd August 2014
“6. Membership of the<br>Employees' Pension Scheme. ­<br>Subject to sub­paragraph (3)<br>of paragraph 1, the Scheme<br>shall apply to every employee<br>–<br>(a) who on or after the 16th<br>November, 1995, becomes a<br>member of the Employees'<br>Provident Fund Scheme,<br>1952, or of the Provident<br>Funds of the factories and<br>other establishments<br>exempted by the appropriate<br>Government under section 17<br>of the Act, or in whose case<br>exemption has been granted<br>under paragraph 27 or 27­A<br>of the Employees' Provident<br>Fund Scheme, 1952 from the<br>date of such membership;<br>(b) who has been a member<br>of the ceased Employees'<br>Family Pension Scheme,<br>1971 before the“6. Membership of the<br>Employees' Pension Scheme.<br>­ Subject to sub­paragraph<br>(3) of paragraph 1, the<br>Scheme shall apply to every<br>employee –<br>(a) who on or after the 16th<br>November, 1995, becomes a<br>member of the Employees'<br>Provident Fund Scheme,<br>1952, or of the Provident<br>Funds of the factories and<br>other establishments<br>exempted by the appropriate<br>Government under section<br>17 of the Act, or in whose<br>case exemption has been<br>granted under paragraph 27<br>or 27­A of the Employees'<br>Provident Fund Scheme,<br>1952 and whose pay on<br>such date is less than or<br>equal to fifteen thousand<br>rupees, from the date of<br>such membership;<br>(b) who has been a member<br>of the ceased Employees'<br>Family Pension Scheme,<br>1971 before the<br>commencement of this
18 | P a g e
commencement of this<br>Scheme from 16th November,<br>1995;<br>(c) who ceased to be a<br>member of the Employees'<br>Family Pension Scheme,<br>1971 between 1st April, 1993<br>and 15th November, 1995<br>and opts to exercise his<br>option under Paragraph 7;”Scheme from 16th<br>November, 1995;<br>(c) who ceased to be a<br>member of the Employees'<br>Family Pension Scheme,<br>1971 between 1st April,<br>1993 and 15th November,<br>1995 and opts to exercise<br>his option under Paragraph<br>7;<br>(d) who has been a member<br>of the Employees' Provident<br>Fund or of Provident Funds<br>of factories and other<br>establishments exempted by<br>the appropriate Government<br>under section 17 of the Act<br>or in whose case exemption<br>has been granted under<br>Paragraph 27 or 27 A of the<br>Employees' Provident Fund<br>Scheme, 1952, on 15th<br>November, 1995 but not<br>being a member of the<br>ceased Employees' Family<br>Pension Scheme, 1971 opts<br>to exercise his option under<br>paragraph 7. Explanation. ­<br>An employee shall cease to<br>be the member of Pension<br>Fund from the date of<br>attaining 58 years of age or<br>from the date of vesting<br>admissible benefits under<br>the Scheme, whichever is<br>earlier.”
Section 7 of the 1952 Act empowers the Central Government to 12. amend   the   said   scheme   both   prospectively   and   retrospectively, 19 | P a g e subject to certain procedural compliances, as outlined in the said provision.  This provision specifies:­ “ 7. Modification of scheme .— (1) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official   Gazette,   add   to   [amend   or   vary,   either prospectively   or   retrospectively,   the   Scheme,   the [Pension]   Scheme   or   the   Insurance   Scheme,   as   the case may be].    [(2) Every notification issued under sub­section (1) shall be laid, as soon as may be after it is issued, before   each   House   of   Parliament,   while   it   is   in session, for a total period of thirty days, which may be   comprised   in   one   session   or   in   two   or   more successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session   immediately   following   the   session   or   the successive sessions aforesaid, both Houses agree in making any modification in the notification, or both Houses   agree   that   the   notification   should   not   be issued,   the   notification   shall   thereafter   have   effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the case may be; so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that notification.]” 13. The judgment of this Court in  R.C. Gupta  (supra) was delivered examining the provisions of paragraph 11 of the scheme as it stood prior to issue of the 2014 notification. The changes brought by the amended provision altered the methodology of computing pensionable salary, which ultimately would have an impact on the quantum of monthly pension.  Instead of taking twelve months of average pay in the year preceding the date of a member’s exit from the pension fund, computation was contemplated on the basis of average monthly pay 20 | P a g e drawn during the contributory period of service in the span of 60 months preceding the date of exit. 14. In   the   post   amendment   context,   the   maximum   pensionable salary was to be kept to Rs.15000/­ per month, raising the earlier ceiling of Rs.6500/­ per month.  It was also provided that an existing st member who, at the option of the employer and employee as on 1 September   2014,   had   been   contributing   on   a   salary   exceeding Rs.6500/­  per  month   could   exercise   fresh   option   jointly   with   the employer to continue to remain in the fund even if the salary went beyond Rs.15000/­ per month and the pensionable salary for the existing member exercising such an option was to be based on the higher salary.  15. As   per   paragraph   3(ii)   of   the   pension   scheme,   the   Central Government was to contribute to the fund at the rate of 1.16 per cent of the pay of the members. Employees within the changed pension regime   drawing   more   than   Rs.15000/­   per   month   have   to   also contribute   at   the   rate   of   1.16   per   cent   on   salary   exceeding Rs.15000/­   as   additional   contribution   each   month   under   the amended provisions. Further, fresh option was to be exercised by the st member within a period of six months from the 1  day of September 2014,  which   was   extendable   up  to   about  6  months   on   sufficient cause shown by the member. 21 | P a g e 16. Under the post­2014 regime, the fourth proviso to sub­clause (4)   of   paragraph   11   specifies   that   if   no   option   is   exercised   by   a member within the aforesaid period, it would be deemed that the concerned   member   has   not   opted   for   contribution   over   the   wage ceiling. In such a case, the contributions to the pension fund made beyond the wage limit in respect of such a member is to be diverted to the provident fund account of the member along with interest, as declared under the provident fund scheme from time to time.  17. It was held in the case of  R. C. Gupta  (supra), dealing with pre­ 2014 position of the scheme that the dates or time­limit specified in clause 11(3) of the pension scheme were not cut­off dates. The said time­limit determined the eligibility of the employer and employee to exercise their option under the proviso to the said paragraph.  It was also observed in this judgment that a beneficial scheme ought not to be allowed to be defeated by refence to a cut­off date in a situation where the employer was not following the ceiling limit of Rs.5000/­ or Rs.6500/­ and had deposited 12 per cent of the actual salary.   18. Main submission of the employees in support of the judgments under appeal has been that there was no additional burden imposed on the provident fund authorities or the Central Government if the earlier system continued and no cut­off date was factored in, as entry into the hybrid regime of provident fund plus pension beyond the 22 | P a g e ceiling limit only entailed switching of funds. The authorities had to remit the 8.33 per cent from the employer’s share of the contribution lying in the provident fund corpus to the corpus of the pension fund. It has been argued before us that the pattern of investment that was permissible   under   both   the   schemes   were   broadly   the   same   and hence interest generated by such investment ought to correspond to in each situation.  19. The   Division   Bench   of   the   Kerala   High   Court   examined   the impact of the amendment to the pension scheme in respect of the following classes of pensioners or potential pensioners: ­ “(i) Employees who had exercised option under the proviso   to   para   11   (3)   of   the   1995   Scheme   and st continued to be in service as on 1  September 2014. (ii)Employees   who   had   not   exercised   their   option under   the   proviso   to   paragraph   11(3)   of   the   1995 st Scheme   and   were   continuing   in   service   as   on   1 September 2014. st (iii) Employees who had retired prior to 1  September 2014 without exercising an option under paragraph 11(3) of the 1995 Act scheme. st (iv) Employees who had retired prior to 1  September 2014   after   exercising   of   an   option   under   the paragraph 11(3) of the 1995 Scheme.” It was held by the Kerala High Court, following the judgment of 20. this Court in the case of  (supra), that paragraph 11 of the R.C. Gupta  pension scheme  did not stipulate a  cut­off date  at all.  Any such 23 | P a g e stipulation, in the opinion of the High Court, would have the effect of defeating the purpose of a beneficial scheme.  After the relevant date, st that is 1  September 2014, on the question of capping the salary to Rs.15000/­ per month for continuing in the pension scheme, it was, inter­alia, held by the High Court:­  “33.   As   per   the   amendments,   the   maximum pensionable   salary   has   been   fixed   at Rs.15,000/­   thereby   disentitling   the   persons who   have   contributed   on   the   basis   of   their actual salaries to any benefits on the basis of the   excess   contributions   made   by   them.   The said   provision   is   arbitrary   and   cannot   be sustained.   The   employees,   who   have   been making contributions on the basis of their actual salaries after submitting a joint option with their employers as required by the Pension Scheme, are denied the benefits of their contributions by the said amendments without any justification. Apart from the above, to cap the salary at Rs. 15,000/­ for quantifying pension is absolutely unrealistic.   A   monthly   salary   of   Rs.15,000/­ works out only to about Rs.500/­ per day. It is common   knowledge   that,   even   a   manual labourer is paid more than the said amounts as daily wages. Therefore, to limit the maximum salary at Rs.15,000/­ for pension would deprive most of the employees of a decent pension in their   old   age.   Since   the   pension   scheme   is intended   to   provide   succour   to   the   retired employees, the said object would be defeated by capping the salary. The duty of the trustees of the   Fund   is   to   administer   the   same   for   the benefit of the employees ­ by wise investments 24 | P a g e and efficient management. They have no right to deny the pension legitimately due to them on the ground that the fund would get depleted. The demand of additional payment of 1.16% of their salaries exceeding Rs.15,000/­ is unsustainable for the reason that, Section 6A does not require the   employees   to   make   any   additional contribution to constitute the Pension Fund. Nor does   it   empower   the   authorities   to   demand additional contribution. In the absence of any statutory   backing,   the   said   provision   in   the Pension Scheme is ultra vires. The amendment in so far as it stipulates the average monthly pay drawn over a span of 60 months preceding the date of exit as the pensionable service is also arbitrary for the reason that it deprives the employees   of   a   substantial   portion   of   the pension to which they would have been eligible had   it   not   been   for   the   amendment.   The provision   as   it   originally   stood   stipulated computation of pensionable salary on the basis of the monthly pay drawn over a period of 12 months prior to their exit. The reason for the amendments   as   disclosed   by   the   counter affidavit filed is that payment of pension on the basis   of   the   Scheme   as   it   stood   prior   to   the amendment   would   result   in   depletion   of   the Fund. Absolutely no material or data to support the above contention has been placed before us. On   the   contrary,   placing   reliance   on   a   news report   carried   by   “The   Hindu”   newspaper   on 17.8.2014,   it   is   contended   by   the   petitioners that, a staggering amount of Rs.32,000 Crores of   unclaimed   amount   is   lying   in   various inoperative   accounts   across   the   country,   as unclaimed pension as disclosed by the Central Provident Fund Commissioner at an interactive 25 | P a g e session with employees at Hyderabad. In the absence   of   any   material   to   support   the contention that the fund is likely to be depleted, we  reject   the   said   contention.  Apart  from   the above,   there   is   no   provision   in   the   Act   that stipulates   the   pension   payments   to commensurate   with   the   amounts   actually remitted by an employee and his employer. It is also a fact that the administrators of the Fund invest   the   amounts   and   generate   profit   from such investments.” 21. The High Court made its assessment of ground realities on the wage structures in the economy and found capping of Rs.15000/­ per month as pensionable salary would deprive most of the employees of decent pension in their old age.  22. As regards requirement of an employee to contribute 1.16 per cent of their pay under the amended scheme, the High Court found that there is no statutory basis under which an employee can be made to make additional contribution to the pension fund. On the aspect of altering the basis of calculation of average monthly pay, the High Court held such alteration to be arbitrary as it deprived the employees of a substantial portion of the pension to which they would have been entitled to under the scheme as it originally prevailed. On justification of the amendment on potential depletion of fund, a point which has also been argued before us by the EPFO, it was observed 26 | P a g e by the High Court that there was no material or data to support this contention   taken   by   the   fund   organisation.   The   High   Court   also referred to the growing number of workforce in our country, which, as per this judgment, was constantly adding to the base of the fund by accumulation to fund contribution. In paragraphs 37 and 38 of the judgment   under   appeal,   the   reasoning   of   the   High   Court   was summarised:­ “37. The stated objective of the amendments is to prevent depletion of the fund. The said apprehension is absolutely baseless for the reasons stated above. The number of persons who are contributing to the Provident Fund as well as the Pension Fund have only grown over the years. The work force in our country would only grow further in the future. It has to be stated here that in view of the increase in the number of workers over the years, the contributions would also grow. The phenomenon is only bound to continue in future. Therefore, even when payments of pension   are   made   to   the   retired   employees,   the pension fund would continue to get replenished with the   contributions   of   the   new   entrants.   The   said ongoing process would maintain the Fund in a stable condition. If at all, a situation where the Fund base gets eroded occurs, the situation could be remedied at that time by enhancing the rates of contributions of persons contributing to the Fund through a legislative exercise. The attempt to maintain the stability of the fund by reducing the pension would only be counter productive and would defeat the very purpose of the enactment.  38. As rightly contended by the counsel appearing for the petitioners, the effect of the amendments to the Pension   Scheme   is   to   create   different   classes   of pensioners on the basis of the date, 1.9.2014, the date on which the amended Scheme came into force. Consequently, there would be ­ 27 | P a g e (i) employees who have exercised option under the proviso to paragraph 11(3) of the 1995 Scheme and continuing in service as on 1.9.2014; (ii) employees who have not exercised their option under the proviso to  paragraph 11(3) of  the  1995 Scheme, and continuing in service as on 1.9.2014; (iii)   employees   who   have   retired   prior   to   1.9.2014 without exercising an option under paragraph 11(3) of the 1995 Scheme; (iv) employees who have retired prior to 1.9.2014 after exercising the option under paragraph 11(3) of 1995 Scheme. The rationale in so classifying   the   employees   covered   by   the   Pension Scheme   on   the   basis   of   the   above   date   is   not forthcoming.   The   object   sought   to   be   achieved   is stated to be prevention of depletion of the Pension Fund, which cannot be accepted as a justification to support the classification. Inasmuch as the statutory scheme is to make the Pension Fund ensure to the benefit of the homogeneous class of the totality of employees covered by the Provident Fund, a further classification   of   the   said   class   by   formulating   a Scheme   is   ultra   vires   the   power   available   to   the Central Government under Sections 5 and 7 of the EPF   Act.   Therefore,   it   has   to   be   held   that,   the impugned amendments are arbitrary, ultra vires the EPF   Act   and   unsustainable.   For   the   foregoing reasons, the petitioners are entitled to succeed. The writ petitions are all allowed as follows: i)   The   Employee's   Pension   (Amendment)   Scheme, 2014   brought   into   force   by   Notification   No.   GSR. 609(E) dated 22.8.2014 evidenced by Ext.P8 in W.P. (C) No. 13120 of 2015 is set aside; ii) All consequential orders and proceedings issued by   the   Provident   Fund   authorities/respondents   on the basis of the impugned amendments shall also stand set aside. iii) The various proceedings issued by the Employees Provident   Fund   Organisation   declining   to   grant opportunities   to   the   petitioners   to   exercise   a   joint option   along   with   other   employees   to   remit contributions to the Employees Pension Scheme on the basis of the actual salaries drawn by them are set aside. 28 | P a g e iv) The employees shall be entitled to exercise the option stipulated by paragraph 26 of the EPF Scheme without being restricted in doing so by the insistence on a date. v) There will be no order as to costs.” For   these   reasons,   the   High   Court   quashed   the   Employees’ Pension (Amendment) Scheme 2014 sought to be brought into force nd by notification no. G.S.R. 609(E) dated 22  August 2014. 23. The first point on which argument has been made on behalf of the appellants before us is that the aforesaid amendment had been made in exercise of power under Section 7 of the 1952 Act read with entry   10   of   the   III   Schedule   of   the   Act.   Thus,   the   legislative authorisation   is   there   for   modification   of   a   scheme   whether prospectively   or   retrospectively.   Moreover,   our   attention   has   been drawn to paragraph 32 of the 1995 scheme, which stipulates :­ “32.   Valuation of the Employees' Pension Fund and   review   of   the   rates   of   contributions   and  ­ (1) quantum of the pension and other benefits. The   Central   Government   shall   have   an   annual valuation of the Employees' Pension Fund made by a Valuer appointed by it: Provided   that   it   shall   be   open   to   the   Central Government to direct a valuation to be made at such other times s it may consider necessary.  (2) At any time, when the Employees' Pension Fund so permits, the Central  Government may alter the rate of contributions payable under this Scheme or the   scale   of   any   benefit   admissible   under   this Scheme or the period for which such benefit may be given.” 29 | P a g e Entry 10 of the III Schedule to the Act, which refers to matters for which provision may be made in the pension scheme, provides:­ “10. The scale of pension and pensionary benefits and the conditions relating to grant of such benefits to the employees.” Stand of the appellants is that there has been no encroachment 24. on any vested legal right of existing members. It has been highlighted that   after   the   2014   amendments,   the   option   of   the   members   to further opt to remain in the scheme beyond the ceiling limit has been taken away. But the existing option members who had chosen to contribute beyond the salary limit has been permitted to exercise fresh option to continue with such contribution upon payment of an additional 1.16 per cent of their salary beyond the said ceiling. In assailing the said judgments, it has also been contended on 25. behalf of the appellants that the membership of the pension scheme may have become a vested right for those opting under paragraph 26(6) of the EPFS before amendment to paragraph 6 of the pension scheme. Those who were yet to exercise option under paragraph 26(6) could not claim such vested right of membership to pension scheme. The omission of proviso 3 to paragraph 11 of the pension scheme also did not affect the membership of those who had already come within the   scheme   by   exercising   option   under   paragraph   26(6),   but   to 30 | P a g e remain in the scheme beyond the ceiling limit an existing option member had to exercise fresh option.  26. Submission of the appellants is that all the employees of an establishment do not constitute a homogenous class. It is within the power   and   authority   of   the   Central   Government   to   differentiate between employees earning lower wages and those earning higher salary and offer improved social benefits for those in the lower wage bracket.  27.  Arguments have been advanced on two other features of the post­ amendment scheme. Legality of requirement of the employees who go beyond the salary threshold to contribute to the pension scheme at the rate of 1.16 per cent of their salary has been questioned. The other point in controversy is that for existing pensioners also the basis of computation of pensionable salary having changed, there could be reduction in the monthly pension. It is, however, contention of   the   appellants   that   the   amendment   had   extended   the   period prescribed in paragraph 12(1) from 12 months prior to a member’s exit   from   the   pension   scheme   to   60   months.   This,   according   to appellants,   has   been   done   to   achieve   a   clearer   picture   of   the pensionable salary to eliminate the possibility of fluctuations in pay drawn in the last 12 months for determining the quantum of pension. Illustration   has   been  given   of   manual   labourers  and   women   who 31 | P a g e drawing low wages, who may suffer such fluctuation on account of ill health, incapacitation, etc., and in the case of such employees, if only 12 months’ pay is accounted for, they may get reduced pension. 28. On behalf of the employees it has been urged that the decision of this Court in   R.C. Gupta   (supra) does not require any revisit as this decision has held good for almost six years. In support of this argument, following authorities have been relied upon:­  (i) Bengal Immunity Company Limited v. State of Bihar and Others  [(1955) 2 SCR 603] (ii) Union of India and Another v. Raghubir Singh (Dead)  [(1989) 2 SCC 754] by Lrs. Etc. (iii) Keshav Mills Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax Bombay North, Ahmedabad  [(1965) 2 SCR 908] (iv) Waman Rao and Others v. Union of India and Others [(1981) 2 SCC 362]. In the given context, however, this point may not hold good as 29. what we are examining in this judgment is certain amendments to the scheme which were not before this Court based on which the judgment of  R.C. Gupta  (supra) was delivered. In the said judgment, the provisions of law as it subsisted prior to issue of the amendment notification was considered. Thus, the ratio of the four authorities 32 | P a g e referred to in the preceding paragraph would not be applicable in the given context. 30. The employees have argued that under the law, there is no requirement of exercising second option. In this regard, our attention has been drawn to paragraphs 3(1) and 3(2) of the scheme, which requires remittance of a part of contribution of the employer to the provident   fund   scheme.   The   employees’   argument   is   that   the obligation is only on the employer to remit the sum from one fund to the other. There is no ceiling limit and the remittance required to be made is of 8.33 per cent of the employee’s pay. But this point also, in our opinion, does not aid the employees. While paragraphs 3 and 6 of the scheme have laid down what the fund would be constituted of and who would be the members of the pension scheme, paragraph 11, which is an integral part of the pension scheme, specifies the criteria for those who become mandatory members and, from among the existing members, who may be permitted to exercise option to remain in the scheme in spite of drawing salary beyond the ceiling limit. It is a fact that those who are covered by paragraph 26(6) of the provident fund scheme automatically enters into the pension scheme as well. But this provision cannot be held to have precluded the Central Government from laying down conditions to remain eligible for   the   pension   scheme   and   specify   wage   or   salary   ceiling   for 33 | P a g e individual employees beyond which the scheme may not operate. We also do not accept the argument that the pension scheme considers employees as a homogenous group and no distinction can be made among   different   categories   of   employees   based   on   their   monthly salary to determine for whom the scheme shall operate in a particular manner. It is well within the power and authority of the statutory authorities   to   reasonably   classify   different   sets   of   employees   and categorise them for the nature of benefits they might get from an existing   scheme.   In   fact,   the   scheme,   at   its   inception   was   made applicable  to   those   drawing   wages   upto   Rs.5000/­.  The  provision relating to exercising option was introduced later, in the year 1996. On   behalf   of   the   employees,   argument   was   also   advanced 31. against   the   claim   of   negative   financial   impact   on   the   corpus   in response to the stand of the appellants that having a large scale of beneficiaries   from   higher   salary   earners   may   result   in   remitting asymmetrical sums from the corpus to them as pension.   In this regard,  learned  senior counsel  for  the appellants (Provident  Fund Organisation and Union of India) have made distinction between the provident   fund   scheme   and   pension   scheme   in   their   respective operation.     While   provident   fund   scheme   entails   a   one­time settlement in favour of the member, the pension scheme carries, by its very nature, benefits for an unspecified time, which has to be 34 | P a g e based on actuarial calculation. This difference has been recognised in the judgments of this Court in the cases of  Otis Elevator Employees’ Union S. Reg. and Ors. vs. Union of India & Others  [(2003) 12 SCC 68] and   Pepsu Road Transport Corporation, Patiala vs. Mangal Singh & Others  [(2011) 11 SCC 702].  In an actuarial report relied on by the appellants after delivery of the Kerala High Court judgment, the net liability of the fund is projected to be Rs.5,75,918.88/­ crores for the pension fund, exclusive of the provident fund balance that th might   be   transferred.   This   assessment   has   been   made   on   27 December 2018 and the report has been annexed to the Rejoinder Affidavit   of   the   appellants   in   the   appeals   arising   out   of   SLP   (C) th Nos.8658­8659 of 2019 filed on 20  March 2021 with I.A. No.43576 of 2021 at page 410 of that document.  This projection is based on assumption that every person will opt for higher contribution and statutory salary is restored to Rs.6500/­ per month. We find that the amendment was made in exercise of power 32. otherwise vested in the authority making such amendment and the amendments were made on the basis of certain relevant materials and not whimsically. In this context, the scope of judicial scrutiny to test   the   constitutionality   of   the   amendment   provisions   becomes narrow.  This is the opinion of the Constitution Bench of this Court in the case of  Krishena Kumar vs. Union of India and Others  [(1990) 35 | P a g e 4 SCC 207].  In our view, classification of the employees made by the authorities on the basis of the salary drawn in the 2014 amendment meets the test of reasonable classification contemplated in Article 14 of the Constitution of  India. The newspaper report  quoted in the Kerala   High   Court   judgment,   in   our   opinion,   would   not   give   an effective  guidance  as  regards  position  of  the  pension  fund  and it would be prudent for the Court leave such decisions to be made by the scheme framing body. This approach would be in line with the reasoning of the Constitution Bench in the case of  Krishena Kumar (supra). In the case of  Mafatlal Group Staff Association and Others vs. Regional Commissioner Provident Fund and Ors.  [(1994) 4 SCC 58], it was held by a Coordinate Bench of this Court:­ “10. …Merely because the employees who were the members of the Employees Provident Fund Scheme before March 1, 1971 were given an option to become or   not   to   become   members   of   the   Family   Pension Scheme, it does not follow that the employees who become members of the Provident Fund Scheme after March 1, 1971, and who are not given such option are discriminated against…” 33. The Division Bench of the Kerala High Court, in coming to its finding that the amendment was arbitrary, mainly relied on various economic factors. The reasoning of the Bench was based on macro­ economic reasons like general increase in salary, addition to the base of the fund and the negative impact on denial of pension benefits for 36 | P a g e a large number of employees.  The High Court rejected the argument based on depletion of fund on the ground that over the years, more and more persons are contributing to the provident fund and the corpus of the fund is growing.  We are alive to the concern expressed by the High Court as regards impact on the economic stability of retired employees suddenly being deprived of pension.  But, based on such macro­level social disparities, we do not think in exercise of judicial power we can require the State to operate a pension scheme in a particular manner.  These factors would be for the policy makers to examine and prescribe. We cannot issue directions on the Central Government to work out statutory scheme in a particular fashion.  So far   as   fixing   of   cut­off   date   is   concerned,   the   2014   amendment specifically provides for that.  In the case of  R.C. Gupta  (supra), the wording of the scheme in paragraph 11(3) was different.  Thus, the ratio of that judgment cannot be applied to the changed provision of the  scheme.   Fixing  of  cut­off  date   was   considered   in  the   case  of Mafatlal Group Staff Association  (supra) and held to be permissible. We have quoted earlier the relevant passage from that judgment. 34. The case of   Bank of Baroda and Another vs. G. Palani & Others   [(2022) 5 SCC 612] was cited in support of the proposition that pension is not a bounty but a right and such right cannot be taken away retrospectively. In the context of the provisions which we 37 | P a g e are examining in this judgment, existing members have been given option to remain in the scheme even if their salary go beyond the ceiling limit. Thus, the right of such members to draw pension is protected.   The   other   area   where   the   pension   amount   may   get impacted is on determination of monthly pension on the basis of altered computation method. But this judgment is not the authority for the proposition that pension amount cannot be altered at all. The factual basis of this judgment was that a joint note/agreement in derogation of statutory regulations was giving retrospective effect. It was in that context the said decision was delivered. In the cases before us, amendment is contemplated of the scheme itself.  The requirement in the scheme for employee’s contribution to 35. the extent of 1.16 per cent for option members, in our opinion, is illegal.  There is nothing in the 1952 Act which requires payment to the pension fund by an employee.  Section 6A of the Act also does not have any such stipulation.  Since the Act does not contemplate any contribution to be made by an employee to remain in the scheme, the Central Government under the scheme itself cannot mandate such a stipulation.  What is to be considered here is that for the mandatory members,   the   Central   Government   continues   to   contribute   the requisite   1.16   per   cent   of   their   salary.     For   option   members, additional contribution by them is contemplated in order to remain in 38 | P a g e the   scheme.     In   such   a   situation,   in   our   opinion,   a   legislative amendment   of   the   Act   would   have   been   necessary,   providing   for contribution   to   be   made   by   an   employee.     To   that   extent,   the provision   of   the   scheme   requiring   contribution   by   an   individual employee is ultra vires the parent act.  At the same time, we cannot ignore   the   fact   that   the   pension   amount   to   be   paid   has   been calculated on projections that the corpus would include the option­ employees’ additional contribution of 1.16 per cent. We also cannot mandate the Central Government to contribute to a pension scheme, in absence of a legislative provision to that effect. It would be for the administrators to readjust the contribution pattern within the scope of the statute and one possible solution could be to raise the level of the   employer’s   contribution   in   the   scheme.     We   shall,   however, suspend the operation of this part of our judgment for a period of six months so that the legislature may consider the necessity of bringing appropriate legislative amendment on this count.  For the aforesaid period, the scheme as it stands shall continue.  Till such time, if no such legislative exercise is undertaken, the duty to contribute 1.16 per cent of the salary shall apply on option members as well. This contribution shall be adjusted depending on any amendment that may be brought. For the period of six months, however, the opting employees shall make payment of 1.16 per cent contribution as stop 39 | P a g e gap   measure.   In   the   event   no   amendment   to   the   statute   or   the scheme is made within such extended time, then the administrators of  the fund will  have to  operate the  pension fund for  the  option members from out of the existing corpus.  36. The   other   aspect   of   the   controversy   involves   changing   the method of computation of the pensionable salary.  We have given the points   and   counter   points   articulated   by   the   contesting   parties pertaining to this feature of the controversy earlier in this judgment. In our opinion, this change of methodology comes within the power of the Central Government to modify a scheme under Section 7 of the 1952 Act read with item 10 of the Schedule III to the Act as also paragraph   32   of   the   scheme.   This   alteration   of   computation   is ancillary to determination of scale of pension alongwith pensionary benefits   and   paragraph   32   of   the   pension   scheme   specifically authorises the Central Government to alter the rate of contribution payable under the Scheme or the scale of any benefit admissible under the scheme.  There is a reasonable basis for effecting change in the computation methodology for determining pensionable salary and we do not find any illegality or unconstitutionality in effecting this amendment.  37. We shall now address the question as to whether the members from   an   exempted   establishment   under   the   1952   Act   would   be 40 | P a g e entitled to the benefits of enrolling in the scheme beyond the ceiling limit.  We would point out here that before us no argument has been advanced as regards members of the pension scheme of exempted establishments in terms of paragraph 39 of the said scheme. Thus, in this judgment, we are not addressing the cases of that category of members. We find from Section 17 (A) of the Act that the investment of the provident fund for the trust fund are also to be as per the directions of the Central Government. In quashing the circular dated st 31  May 2017, the Delhi High Court has held that the employees of unexempted   establishments   and   exempted   establishments   form   a homogenous group. Section 6A of the Act also envisages coverage of employees of exempted establishments under Section 17(6) of the Act within the pension scheme.  Section 17(6) of the Act stipulates: ­ “(6) Subject to the provisions of sub­section [(1C)] the employer of an exempted establishment or of an exempted employee of an establishment to which   the   provisions   of   the   [Pension]   Scheme apply,   shall,   notwithstanding   any   exemption granted under sub­section (1) or sub­section (2), pay to the [Pension] Fund such portion of the employer’s   contribution   to   its   provident   fund within such time and in such manner as may be specified in the [Pension] Scheme.” Further,   Clause   1(3)   of   the   pension   scheme   contemplates 38. keeping within its fold the establishments to which the 1952 Act applies.   These   establishments   would   include   exempted 41 | P a g e establishments as well. The employees of exempted establishments are integrated into the pension scheme and we are of the opinion that the employees of an exempted establishment should not be deprived of the benefit of getting option to remain in the pension scheme while drawing salary beyond the ceiling limit, in situations where similarly situated employees of unexempted establishments can exercise such option.  In the event the scheme is construed in a way which would exclude them, that would lead to artificial classification of otherwise same categories of employees.   Thus, the pension scheme ought to apply to the employees of the exempted establishments in the same manner as this scheme applies to the employees of unexempted or regular establishments.  39. One of the arguments against their inclusion into the scheme by exercising option is that the corpus of the contribution for exempted establishments have been kept in separate coffers maintained by the trust created for such purpose and not with the authorities specified under the Act.   Taking that factor into account, we are of the view that in order to be entitled to the benefits of the pension fund, the employer and the employee, simultaneously with exercising option in terms   of   the   order   of   this   Court,   shall   also   have   to   give   an undertaking   of   transferring   the   employers’   contribution   at   the stipulated rate maintained by the trusts, which shall be equivalent to 42 | P a g e and not lower than the sum which would have been transferable, had such fund been maintained by the provident fund authorities. Such transfer shall take place, immediately after exercise of such option, within such period as may be directed by the administrators of the pension fund.  We shall now deal with argument of the appellants that no 40. vested legal right of the employees has been encroached upon by the 2014 amendment. For this purpose, amended paragraph 11(4) needs to be analysed. The said paragraph 11(4) provides for extending the pension coverage in respect of individual employees drawing salary more   than   Rs.   15000/­   per   month.   This   paragraph   however,   is subject to two conditions:­  (i)  The   first   one   is   that   to   be   eligible   for   the   benefits   of st extended   coverage,   the   existing   members   as   on   1 September 2014 must contribute at the rate of 1.16 per cent on salary exceeding Rs. 15,000/­ per month.  ii)  The second one is that a fresh option should be exercised within   a   period   of   six   months   from   the   first   day   of September   2014.   The   scheme   contemplates   that   those members of the fund who had exercised option to remain in the scheme as per the requirement of proviso to paragraph 43 | P a g e 11(3)   of   the   scheme,   as   it   stood   prior   to   the   2014 amendment, would be able to give fresh option with the employer if their salary cross the ceiling limit. In respect of that provision, this Court in the Case of  R.C. Gupta  (supra) had held that the said proviso did not contemplate a cut­off date. So far as the first condition is concerned, we have expressed 41. our views earlier in this judgment as regards legality of having such a provision. In relation to the second condition, our opinion is that the   eligibility   for   enhancement   cannot   be   restricted   to   those employees   only   who   had   exercised   the   option   to   remain   in   the scheme once their salary went beyond the capping of Rs. 6500/­ per month. As we have already discussed, in case of  R.C. Gupta  (supra), it has been specifically held that there was no cut­off date in proviso to paragraph 11(3) as it stood before the 2014 amendment.  In our opinion, the interpretation given to the proviso to paragraph 11(3) prior to 2014 amendment does not require any reconsideration.  We agree with the reasoning of the two­judge Bench of this Court on this point, as expressed in the said judgment.  As there was no cut­off date to be contemplated prior to the 2014 amendment, limiting the entitlement of enhanced pension coverage to those employees only who   had   already   exercised   an   option   under   Clause   11(3)   of   the 44 | P a g e unamended scheme would be contrary to the ratio of the decision of this Court held in the case of  R.C. Gupta  (supra). We are not holding that   no   option   was   required   to   be   exercised   as   per   proviso   to paragraph 11(3) of the scheme, as it stood prior to 2014 amendment. As held in the case of  R.C. Gupta  (supra), there was no time­limit for exercising such option. 42. The dual option, as is contemplated in paragraph 11(4) of the pension scheme (post 2014 amendment), has to be merged into one. In   the   event   the   employer   and   employee   jointly   opt   for   coverage beyond the salary limit of Rs. 15000/­, without giving an earlier option under the unamended Clause 11(3) of the pension scheme, they would not be automatically excluded from their right to exercise option under paragraph 11(4) of the scheme, post amendment.   43. The other condition for enhanced coverage relates to the date within which such fresh option is to be exercised by a member, st which is stipulated to be within a period of six months from 1 September 2014.  It would be legitimate to proceed on the basis that several members did not exercise such option earlier because of the stand taken by the Provident Fund authorities that option under proviso to paragraph 11(3) of the scheme (prior to 2014 amendment) has to be exercised within a specified date, which stand was negated 45 | P a g e in the decision of   R.C. Gupta   (supra). We are of the view that the time   limit   for   coverage   beyond   the   ceiling   amount   should   be extended by a further period of four months from today to enable all the members of the pension fund drawing more than Rs.6500/­ to exercise the joint option as contemplated in paragraph 11(4) of the pension scheme (post 2014 amendment). Once such joint option is exercised, the transfer of fund from the provident fund corpus to the pension fund shall be effected in terms of the scheme. 44. We accordingly hold and direct:­ (i) The provisions contained in the notification no. G.S.R. nd 609(E) dated 22  August 2014 are legal and valid.  So far as present members of the fund are concerned, we have read down certain provisions of the scheme as applicable in their cases and we shall give our findings and directions on these provisions in the subsequent sub­paragraphs.  Amendment to the pension scheme brought about by (ii) nd the notification no. G.S.R. 609(E) dated 22   August 2014   shall   apply   to   the   employees   of   the   exempted establishments in the same manner as the employees of the regular establishments. Transfer of funds from 46 | P a g e the exempted establishments shall be in the manner as we have already directed. (iii) The   employees   who   had   exercised   option   under   the proviso to paragraph 11(3) of the 1995 scheme and st continued to be in service as on 1   September 2014, will be guided by the amended provisions of paragraph 11(4) of the pension scheme.  The   members   of   the   scheme,   who   did   not   exercise (iv) option, as contemplated in the proviso to paragraph 11(3) of the pension scheme (as it was before the 2014 Amendment) would be entitled to exercise option under paragraph 11(4) of the post amendment scheme.  Their st right   to   exercise   option   before   1   September   2014 stands crystalised in the judgment of this Court in the case of   R.C. Gupta   (supra).   The scheme as it stood st before 1  September 2014 did not provide for any cut­ off date and thus those members shall be entitled to exercise   option   in   terms   of   paragraph11(4)   of   the scheme,   as   it   stands   at   present.     Their   exercise   of option shall be in the nature of joint options covering 47 | P a g e pre­amended   paragraph   11(3)   as   also   the   amended paragraph 11(4) of the pension scheme.   There was uncertainty as regards validity of the post amendment   scheme,   which   was   quashed   by   the aforesaid judgments of the three High Courts. Thus, all the employees who did not exercise option but were entitled to do so but could not due to the interpretation on cut­off date by the authorities, ought to be given a further chance to exercise their option. Time to exercise option  under  paragraph  11(4)  of  the  scheme,  under these circumstances, shall stand extended by a further period of four months.  We are giving this direction in exercise of our jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of India. Rest of the requirements as per the amended provision shall be complied with. st (v) The employees who had retired prior to 1  September 2014 without exercising any option under paragraph 11(3)   of   the   pre­amendment   scheme   have   already exited from the membership thereof. They would not be entitled to the benefit of this judgment. 48 | P a g e st (vi) The employees who have retired before 1   September 2014 upon exercising option under paragraph 11(3) of the 1995 scheme shall be covered by the provisions of the paragraph 11(3) of the pension scheme as it stood prior to the amendment of 2014.   (vii) The requirement of the members to contribute at the rate of 1.16 per cent of their salary to the extent such salary exceeds Rs.15000/­ per month as an additional contribution under the amended scheme is held to be ultra vires the provisions of the 1952 Act.  But for the reasons already explained above, we suspend operation of this part of our order for a period of six months.  We do so to enable the authorities to make adjustments in the scheme so that the additional contribution can be generated from some other legitimate source within the scope of the Act, which could include enhancing the rate   of   contribution   of   the   employers.   We   are   not speculating on what steps the authorities will take as it would   be   for   the   legislature   or   the   framers   of   the scheme   to   make   necessary   amendment.     For   the aforesaid period of six months or till such time any amendment   is   made,   whichever   is   earlier,   the 49 | P a g e employees’ contribution shall be as stop gap measure. The   said   sum   shall   be   adjustable   on   the   basis   of alteration to the scheme that may be made. (viii)   We   do   not   find   any   flaw   in   altering   the   basis   for computation of pensionable salary. (ix) We agree with the view taken by the Division Bench in the case of  R.C. Gupta  (supra) so far as interpretation of   the   proviso   to   paragraph   11(3)   (pre­amendment) pension scheme is concerned.   The fund authorities shall implement the directives contained in the said judgment within a period of eight weeks, subject to our directions contained earlier in this paragraph.  (x) The Contempt Petition (C) Nos.1917­1918 of 2018 and Contempt Petition (C) Nos. 619­620 of 2019 in Civil Appeal Nos. 10013­10014 of 2016 are disposed of in the above terms.  45. All   the   appeals   which   we   have   heard   simultaneously   are allowed   in   the   above   terms   and   the   judgments   impugned   are modified   accordingly.   The  writ  petitions   brought  by  employees 50 | P a g e or their representatives shall also stand disposed of in the same terms.  46. Pending application(s), if any, shall also stand disposed of. 47.   There shall be no order as to costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CJI. (UDAY UMESH LALIT)   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. (ANIRUDDHA BOSE)  . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . J. (SUDHANSHU DHULIA) NEW DELHI; November 04, 2022 51 | P a g e