INDUS BIOTECH PRIVATE LIMITED vs. KOTAK INDIA VENTURE (OFFSHORE) FUND (EARLIER KNOWN AS KOTAK INDIA VENTURE LIMITED)

Case Type: Arbitration Petition

Date of Judgment: 26-03-2021

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Full Judgment Text

1                     REPORTABLE            IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA            CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION             ARBITRATION PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 48/2019   Indus Biotech Private Limited            .…  Petitioner(s) Versus Kotak India Venture (Offshore) Fund (earlier known as Kotak India Venture Limited) & Ors.   …. Respondent(s)                       WITH     Civil Appeal No.1070 /2021 @   SLP (C) NO. 8120 OF 2020. J U D G M E N T 1. Leave granted in Special Leave Petition. 2. The   Arbitration   Petition   is   filed   by   ‘Indus   Biotech Private Limited’ under Section 11(3) read with Sections 11(4) (a)  and   11(12)(a)   of   the   Arbitration   and   Conciliation  Act, 1996 (‘Act, 1996’ for short) seeking the appointment of an Arbitrator on behalf of the respondent Nos. 1 to 4 so as to Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by Madhu Bala Date: 2021.03.26 15:46:20 IST Reason: constitute   an   Arbitral   Tribunal   to   adjudicate   upon   the disputes that have arisen between the petitioner and the 2 respondent Nos. 1 to 4 herein.  The petition filed before this Court   is   due   to   the   fact   that   the   respondent   No.1   is   a Mauritius   based   Company   and   the   dispute   qualifies   as international   arbitration.     The   respondents   No.   2   to   4 though are Indian entities, they are the sister ventures of respondent No.1.   Further, according to the petitioner the subject matter involved is the same, though under different agreements, the arbitration could be conducted as a single process, by a single Arbitral Tribunal.   Hence a common petition is filed before this Court, instead of bifurcating the causes of action and availing their remedy before the High Court in respect of similar disputes with respondents No.2 to 4. 3. The   petition   seeking   constitution   of   the   Arbitral Tribunal   emanates   from   the   Share   Subscription   and Shareholders’   Agreements   (‘SS   and   SA’   for   short)   dated 20.07.2007, 12.07.2007, 09.01.2008 and the Supplemental Agreements  dated   22.03.2013   and   19.07.2017.    Through the said agreements the respondent Nos. 1 to 4 subscribed to   equity   shares   and   Optionally   Convertible   Redeemable Preference Shares (‘OCRPS’ for short) in the company i.e. 3 Indus Biotech Private Ltd.     In the process of business, a decision was taken by the petitioner company to make a Qualified Initial Public Offering (‘QIPO’ for short).  However, under Regulation 5(2) of Securities and Exchange Board of India   (Issue   of   Capital   and   Disclosure   Requirements), Regulations 2018 (‘SEBI Regulations’ for short), a company which   has   any   outstanding   convertible   securities   or   any other right which would entitle any person with an option to receive equity shares of the issuer is not entitled to make QIPO.  4.   In   that   view,   it   had   become   necessary   for   the respondents No.1 to 4 to convert their respective preference shares invested in Indus Biotech Private Ltd., into equity shares.  In that context the petitioner company proposed to convert the OCRPS invested by the respondents No. 1 to 4, into equity shares.   In the said process of negotiation, a dispute   is   stated   to   have   arisen   between   the   petitioner company and the respondents No. 1 to 4, with regard to the calculation   and   conversion   formula   to   be   applied   in converting the preference shares of the respondents No. 1 to 4, into equity shares.   As per the formula applied by the 4 respondent Nos. 1 to 4, it was claimed by them that they would be entitled to 30 per cent of the total paid up share capital in equity shares.  The petitioner company, by relying on the reports of the auditors and valuer contended that the respondents No. 1 to 4 would be entitled to approximately 10 per cent of the total paid up share capital paid by the respondent as per their conversion formula. 5.    The dispute in question, according to the petitioner company is with regard to the appropriate formula to be adopted and to arrive at the actual percentage of the paid­ up   share   capital   which   would   be   converted   into   equity shares and the refund if any thereafter. Until an amicable decision is taken there is no liability to repay the amount. Therefore, there is no ‘debt’ or ‘default’, nor is the petitioner company unable to pay.  The petitioner company is a profit­ making company and is engaged in its day­to­day activity. Since the parties themselves had not resolved the issue, the petitioner company contends that the said dispute is to be resolved through Arbitration by the Arbitral Tribunal. 6. On the said issue, the respondents No. 1 to 4 would however contend that the fact of the respondents No. 1 to 4 5 herein having subscribed to the OCRPS is not in dispute.  In such   event,   on   redemption   of   the   same,   the   amount   is required   to   be   paid   by   the   petitioner   company.     The respondents   No.   1   to   4   contend   that   on   redemption   of OCRPS,   a   sum   of   Rs.   367,08,56,503/­   (Rupees   Three Hundred Sixty­Seven Crore Eight Lakh Fifty­Six Thousand Five   Hundred   Three)   became   due   and   payable.     The respondents No. 1 to 4 having demanded the said amount and since the same had not been paid by the petitioner company,  it is  contended that the  same  had  constituted default.  It is contended that as the debt had not been paid by   the   company   it   had   given   a   cause   of   action   for   the respondents No. 1 to 4 herein to invoke the jurisdiction of the Adjudicating Authority, NCLT by initiating the Corporate Insolvency   Resolution   Process   (‘CIRP’   for   short)   provided under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (‘IB Code’ for short).  7.   Accordingly,   the   respondent   No.2   herein   filed   the petition under Section 7 of IB Code before the NCLT in IBC No.3077/2019   dated   16.08.2019   seeking   appointment   of Resolution Professional.  In the said petition, the petitioner 6 company   herein   filed   a   Miscellaneous   Application No.3597/2019 under Section 8 of the Act, 1996 seeking a direction to refer the parties to arbitration, for the reasons indicated therein which is as noted above and is similar to the contention in the arbitration petition.   The respondent No.2   herein   objected   to   consideration   of   the   said application.   8. The NCLT, Mumbai Bench­IV through its order dated 09.06.2020 has taken note of the rival contentions and has allowed the application filed by the petitioner herein under Section 8 of the Act, 1996.   As a consequence, the petition filed by the respondent No.2 herein under Section 7 of the IB Code is dismissed.  The respondent No.2 herein claiming to be aggrieved by the said order dated 09.06.2020 passed by the NCLT is before this Court in the connected SLP.   9. Since the rank of the parties is different in the above noted, two petitions, for the ease of reference and clarity, the   parties   would   be   referred   to   by   their   name   and   the respondents No. 1 to 4 in the Arbitration Petition will be collectively referred to as ‘Kotak India Venture’. 10. In   the   above   backdrop,   we   have   heard   Mr.   Shyam Divan, Mr. Aryama Sundaram, Mr. Mukul Rohatgi and Mr. 7 Ritin   Rai   respective   learned   senior   counsel   on   behalf   of Indus Biotech Private Limited, Dr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi, learned senior counsel on behalf of Kotak India Venture as also Mr. Khambhatta, Mr. Neeraj Kishan Kaul, Mr. Nakul Dewan, Mr. ANS Nadkarni for the other parties and perused the petition papers.   11. As   a   matter   of   fact,   the   transaction   entered   into between  the  parties  arising  out of  the   SS and  SA dated 20.07.2007, 12.07.2007, 09.01.2008 and the supplemental agreements   dated   22.03.2013   and   19.07.2017   is   not   in dispute.     The   further   fact   that   the   SS   and   SA   dated 20.07.2007, 12.07.2007 and 09.01.2008 vide Clause 20.4 provides   for   arbitration   in   the   event   of   any   dispute, controversy   or   claim   arising   out   of,   relating   to   or   in connection with the said agreement is also not in dispute. Further the supplemental agreements vide Clause 13 and 19 respectively provides that the provision for arbitration in Clause 20.4 of the SS and SA agreement dated 20.07.2007 shall apply to the supplemental agreement is also evident. If in that context the matter is looked at, there would be no need for this Court to advert to any other aspect in the 8 petition filed under Section 11 of the Act, 1996 since in the normal   circumstance,   on   constitution   of   the   Arbitral Tribunal all other issues are to be gone into by the Arbitral Tribunal relating to the above noted dispute between the parties.  However, the nature of Arbitral Tribunal will have to be considered since one is international arbitration and the other are domestic. 12. Despite the said position,   before concluding on the Arbitration Petition filed by Indus Biotech Private Limited, keeping in perspective   the objection raised by the Kotak India Venture relating to the petition having already been instituted before the NCLT under Section 7 of the IBC and also   keeping   in   perspective   the   order   dated   09.06.2020 passed   by   NCLT   disposing   of   the   application   filed   under Section   8   of   the   Act,   1996;     the   matter   requires   deeper consideration   on   that   aspect   since   Dr.   Abhishek   Manu Singhvi,   the   learned   senior   counsel   for   the   Kotak   India Venture has contended with regard to a serious error said to have   been   committed   by   the   NCLT   in   entertaining   an application under Section 8 of the Act, 1996 in the backdrop of   the   legal   duty   cast   on   NCLT   to   proceed   strictly   in 9 accordance with the procedure contemplated under Section 7 of  IB Code. It is further contented that Indus Biotech Private   Limited   having   defaulted,   the   event   enabling   the petition under Section 7 of IB Code has occurred and the dispute   sought   to   be   raised   is   not   arbitrable   after   the insolvency proceeding is commenced.    13. Before adverting to the contentions in this regard, it is to be taken note that against the order dated 09.06.2020 assailed in the special leave petition, Kotak India Venture in the normal course if aggrieved, ought to have availed the remedy   of   appeal   by   filing   an   appeal   in   the   NCLAT   as provided under Section 61 of IB Code.   Having not done so, in a normal circumstance we would have chosen to relegate Kotak India Venture to avail the alternate remedy of appeal. The contention on behalf of Kotak India Venture that they do not have the remedy of appeal as it is an order disposing an application filed under Act, 1996 and not an order under the part as provided in Section 61 of IB Code is noted only to be rejected.  The order dated 09.06.2020 is certainly an order passed by the Adjudicating Authority under IB Code and petition under Section 7 of that Code is also disposed. 10 However, as noted from the narration made above, the order dated 09.06.2020 passed by the NCLT is while taking note of petition under Section 7 of IB Code, in the backdrop of Indus Biotech seeking for the resolution of dispute through arbitration and the Arbitration Petition to that effect was already pending before this Court as on the date the order was   passed   by   the   NCLT.     It   is   only   in   this   special circumstance we have proceeded to entertain the petition and examine the matter on merits. 14.    In order to arrive at a conclusion on the correctness or   otherwise   of   the   impugned   order,   at   the   outset   it   is necessary for us to take note of the scope of the proceedings under Section 7 of the IB Code to which detail reference is made with reference to the definitions in Section 3(6), 3(8), 3(11),   3(12)   and   5(7)   of   the   Code.     It   provides   for   the ‘financial   creditor’   to   file   an   application   for   initiating Corporate   Insolvency   Resolution   Process   against   a ‘corporate debtor’ before the Adjudicating Authority when ‘default’   has   occurred.     The   provision,   therefore, contemplates that in order to trigger an application there should be in existence   four factors: (i) there should be a 11 ‘debt’ (ii) ‘default’ should have occurred (iii) debt should be due to ‘financial creditor’ and (iv) such default which has occurred   should   be   by   a   ‘corporate   debtor’:     On   such application being filed with the compliance required under sub­Section (1) to (3) of Section 7 of IB Code, a duty is cast on the Adjudicating Authority to ascertain the existence of a default if shown from the records or on the basis of other evidence   furnished   by   the   financial   creditor,   as contemplated under sub­Section (4) to Section 7 of IB Code. 15. This Court had the occasion to consider exhaustively the   scheme   and   working   of   the   IB   Code   in   the   case   of Innoventive   Industries   Limited   vs.   ICICI   Bank   and Another  (2018) 1 SCC 407.  The proceeding under Section 7 of the IB Code and the scope thereof is articulated in paras 27 to 30 which read hereunder,  “27.     The scheme of the Code is to ensure that when a default takes place, in the sense that a debt becomes due and is not paid, the insolvency resolution process begins. Default is defined in Section 3(12) in very wide terms as meaning non­payment of a debt once it becomes due and payable, which includes non­payment of even part thereof or an instalment amount. For the meaning of “debt”, we have to go to Section 3(11), which in turn tells us that a debt means a liability of obligation in respect of a “claim” and   for   the   meaning   of   “claim”,  we   have   to  go  back   to Section   3(6)   which   defines   “claim”   to   mean   a   right   to payment even if it is disputed. The Code gets triggered the moment default is of rupees one lakh or more (Section 4). 12 The   corporate   insolvency   resolution   process   may   be triggered   by   the   corporate   debtor   itself   or   a   financial creditor or operational creditor. A distinction is made by the Code   between   debts   owed   to   financial   creditors   and operational creditors. A financial creditor has been defined under Section 5(7) as a person to whom a financial debt is owed and a financial debt is defined in Section 5(8) to mean a debt which is disbursed against consideration for the time value of money. As opposed to this, an operational creditor means a person to whom an operational debt is owed and an operational debt under Section 5(21) means a claim in respect of provision of goods or services. 28.  When it comes to a financial creditor triggering the process, Section 7 becomes relevant. Under the Explanation to Section 7(1), a default is in respect of a financial debt owed to  any  financial creditor of the corporate debtor — it need not be a debt owed to the applicant financial creditor. Under Section 7(2), an application is to be made under sub­ section   (1)   in   such   form   and   manner   as   is   prescribed, which   takes   us   to   the   Insolvency   and   Bankruptcy (Application to Adjudicating Authority) Rules, 2016. Under Rule 4, the application is made by a financial creditor in Form 1 accompanied by documents and records required therein. Form 1 is a detailed form in 5 parts, which requires particulars  of  the  applicant   in  Part   I,  particulars  of  the corporate   debtor   in   Part   II,   particulars   of   the   proposed interim resolution professional in Part III, particulars of the financial   debt   in   Part   IV   and   documents,   records   and evidence of default in Part V. Under Rule 4(3), the applicant is   to   dispatch   a   copy   of   the   application   filed   with   the adjudicating authority by registered post or speed post to the   registered   office   of   the   corporate   debtor.   The   speed, within which the adjudicating authority is to ascertain the existence of a default from the records of the information utility or on the basis of evidence furnished by the financial creditor, is important. This it must do within 14 days of the receipt of the application. It is at the stage of Section 7(5), where the adjudicating authority is to be satisfied that a default has occurred, that the corporate debtor is entitled to point out that a default has not occurred in the sense that the “debt”, which may also include a disputed claim, is not due. A debt may not be due if it is not payable in law or in fact.   The   moment   the   adjudicating   authority   is   satisfied that   a   default   has   occurred,   the   application   must   be admitted unless it is incomplete, in which case it may give notice to the applicant to rectify the defect within 7 days of receipt of a notice from the adjudicating authority. Under 13 sub­section   (7),   the   adjudicating   authority   shall   then communicate the order passed to the financial creditor and corporate debtor within 7 days of admission or rejection of such application, as the case may be. 29.  The scheme of Section 7 stands in contrast with the scheme under Section 8 where an operational creditor is, on the occurrence of a default, to first deliver a demand notice of the unpaid debt to the operational debtor in the manner provided in Section 8(1) of the Code. Under Section 8(2), the corporate debtor can, within a period of 10 days of receipt   of   the   demand   notice   or   copy   of   the   invoice mentioned  in  sub­section  (1),   bring   to  the   notice  of   the operational creditor the existence of a dispute or the record of the pendency of a suit or arbitration proceedings, which is   pre­existing—i.e.   before   such   notice   or   invoice   was received   by   the   corporate   debtor.   The   moment   there   is existence of such a dispute, the operational creditor gets out of the clutches of the Code. 30.  On the other hand, as we have seen, in the case of a corporate debtor who commits a default of a financial debt, the adjudicating authority has merely to see the records of the information utility or other evidence produced by the financial   creditor   to   satisfy   itself   that   a   default   has occurred. It is of no matter that the debt is disputed so long as the debt is “due” i.e. payable unless interdicted by some law   or   has   not   yet   become   due   in   the   sense   that   it   is payable at some future date. It is only when this is proved to the satisfaction of the adjudicating authority that the adjudicating authority may reject an application and not otherwise.”                (Emphasis supplied) 16.   Dr. Singhvi, learned senior counsel while seeking to repel   the   contention   put   forth   on   behalf   of   the   Indus Biotech   Private   Limited   seeks   to   emphasise   that   a proceeding under Section 7 of IB Code is to be considered in a stringent manner.  Referring to the Preamble to the IB 14 Code, it is contended that the same has evolved after all the earlier   processes   like   civil   suit,   winding   up   petition, SARFAESI proceeding and SICA have failed to secure the desired result. The provision under the IB Code is with the intention of making a debtor to seek the creditor. In that regard, Dr. Singhvi has referred to the decisions in the case of  Swiss Ribbons Private Limited and Another vs. Union (2019) 4 SCC 17 and  of India and Others  Booz Allen and Hamilton   INC.   vs.   SBI   Home   Finance   Limited   and   (2011) 5 SCC 532 to contend that the proceeding Others under Section 7 of IB Code is an action   in   rem.   As such insolvency and winding up matters are non­arbitrable. In that background, the nature of transaction under the SS and SA was referred. It is in that regard contended that the agreement provides for the manner of redemption as also the redemption value. The date of redemption is fixed as 31.12.2018.  The OCRPS when redeemed is payable, within 15 days from the date of redemption. In such situation, there   is   no   other   issue   which   require   resolution   by arbitration. Further, it is contended Clause 5.1 and 5.2 in Schedule J to the agreement provided that the redemption 15 value shall constitute a debt outstanding by the Company to   the   holder.     Hence   the   amount   being   debt   on   the redemption date, if not paid within 15 days of redemption constituted default.  In that background, when the petition under   Section   7   of   IB   Code   was   filed   the   Adjudicating Authority ought to have looked into that aspect alone and the consideration of an application filed under Section 8 of the Act, 1996 is without jurisdiction is the contention.  17. The procedure contemplated will indicate that before the Adjudicating Authority is satisfied as to whether the default has occurred or not, in addition to the material placed   by   the   financial   creditor,   the   corporate   debtor   is entitled to point out that the default has not occurred and that   the   debt   is   not   due,   consequently   to   satisfy   the Adjudicating Authority that there is no default.   In such exercise undertaken by the Adjudicating Authority if it is found that there is default, the process as contemplated under   sub­Section   (5)   of   Section   7   of   IB   Code   is   to   be followed as provided under sub­Section 5(a); or if there is no   default   the   Adjudicating   Authority   shall   reject   the application as provided under sub­Section 5(b) to Section 7 16 of IB Code.  In that circumstance if the finding of default is recorded and the Adjudicating Authority proceeds to admit the   application,   the   Corporate   Insolvency   Resolution Process commences as provided under sub­section (6) and is   required   to   be   processed   further.     In   such   event,   it becomes a proceeding  in rem  on the date of admission and from   that   point   onwards   the   matter   would   not   be arbitrable.  The only course to be followed thereafter is the resolution process under IB Code.   Therefore, the trigger point is not the filing of the application under Section 7 of IB Code but admission of the same on determining default. 18.   In that circumstance, though Dr. Singhvi has referred to the evolution of IB Code after all earlier legal process had failed   to give the rightful place to the creditor; which is sought to be achieved by the IB Code, it cannot be said that by the procedure prescribed under the IB Code it means that the claim of the creditor if made before the NCLT, more particularly under Section 7 of IB Code is sacrosanct and the corporate debtor is denuded of putting forth its version or the contention to show to the  Adjudicating Authority that   the   default   has   not   occurred   and   explain   the 17 circumstance for contending so. In fact, in the very decision relied on by both the parties in the case of   Innoventive (supra), this court while considering Industries Limited   the scope of the various provisions under the Act and while referring to the procedure contemplated in a petition under Section 7 of the IB Code, which is also extracted supra reads thus: ­  “It is at the stage of Section 7(5), where the Adjudicating Authority is to be satisfied that default has occurred, that the corporate debtor is entitled to point out that a default has not occurred in the sense that the ‘debt’, which may also include a disputed claim, is not due. A debt may not be due if it is not payable in law or in fact.” 19.  In the instant case, Dr. Singhvi, as noted earlier has referred to clause 5.1 and 5.2 contained in Schedule J to the agreement to contend that the OCRPS would become due   within   15   days   from   the   redemption   date   and   the parties   are   agreed   that   it   shall   constitute   a   debt outstanding by the company to the Holder. The question would be; whether that alone was sufficient to come to a conclusion   that   there   was   default   as   well   in   the   fact situation of the present nature. It is no doubt true that the original period of the OCRPS was up to 31.12.2018, on 18 which date it could be redeemed. In that background, Mr. Shyam   Divan,   learned   senior   counsel   for   Indus   Biotech Private Limited has drawn our attention to Clause 4 and 6 of the very same document to indicate that it provides for early redemption under the circumstances stated therein. Vide clause 6 thereof it has provided that the OCRPS could be   converted   into   equity   shares   of   the   company   in   the circumstances   provided   therein,   which   is   also   on   the occurrence   of   QIPO   or   Strategic   Sale,   provided   that   the OCRPS   shall   be   converted   in   the   manner   indicated. Regulation 5(2) of SEBI – ICDR Regulations mandated the same. In that regard, Mr. Divan has also referred to the Board meeting held on 14.03.2018 wherein QIPO related matters were taken into consideration and the conversion of   the   preference   shares   was   discussed,   to   which   the Nominee   Director   representing   the   Kotak   India   Venture Group was also a party. The said issue was also discussed in   the   subsequent   meeting   dated   06.04.2018   and 10.04.2018. Therefore, the said events  prima facie  indicate that the process of converting the OCRPS into equity shares and the allotment thereof was an issue which had already 19 commenced   a   while   before   the   redemption   date   agreed upon i.e., 31.12.2018 had arrived. 20.   Therefore, in a fact situation of the present nature when   the   process   of   conversion   had   commenced   and certain   steps   were   taken   in   that   direction,   even   if   the redemption date is kept in view and the clause in Schedule J indicating that redemption value shall constitute a debt outstanding is taken note; when certain transactions were discussed between the parties and had not concluded since the point as to whether it was 30 per cent of the equity shares in the company or 10 per cent by applying proper formula   had   not   reached   a   conclusion   and   thereafter agreed or disagreed, it would not have been appropriate to hold that there is default and admit the petition merely because a claim was made by Kotak Venture as per the originally   agreed   date   and   a   petition   was   filed.   In   the process of consideration to be made by the Adjudicating Authority the facts in the particular case is to be taken into consideration before arriving at a conclusion as to whether a default has occurred even if there is a debt in strict sense 20 of the term, which exercise in the present case has been done by the Adjudicating Authority.  21.     In such circumstance if the Adjudicating Authority finds   from   the   material   available   on   record   that   the situation is not yet ripe to call it a default, that too if it is satisfied that it is profit making company and certain other factors   which   need   consideration,   appropriate   orders   in that   regard   would   be   made;   the   consequence   of   which could be the dismissal of the petition under Section 7 of IB Code on taking note of the stance of the corporate debtor. As otherwise if in every case where there is debt, if default is  also   assumed   and   the   process   becomes   automatic,   a company   which   is   ably   running   its   administration   and discharging   its   debts   in   planned   manner   may   also   be pushed to the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process and get   entangled   in   a   proceeding   with   no   point   of   return. Therefore, the Adjudicating Authority certainly would make an   objective   assessment   of   the   whole   situation   before coming to a conclusion as to whether the petition under Section   7   of   IB   Code   is   to   be   admitted   in   the   factual background. Dr. Singhvi, however contended, that when it 21 is shown the debt is due and the same has not been paid the Adjudicating Authority should record default and admit the petition.  He contends that even in such situation the interest   of   the   corporate   debtor   is   not   jeopardised inasmuch   as   the   admission   orders   made   by   the Adjudicating   Authority   is   appealable   to   the   NCLAT   and thereafter to the Supreme Court where the correctness of the order in any case would be tested.  We note, it cannot be   in   dispute   that   so   would   be   the   case   even   if   the Adjudicating Authority takes a view that the petition is not ripe   to   be   entertained   or   does   not   constitute   all   the ingredients, more particularly default, to admit the petition, since   even   such   order   would   remain   appealable   to   the NCLAT and the Supreme Court where the correctness in that regard also will be examined. 22.   In the above backdrop the question would be as to whether   a  grave   error   as   contended   on   behalf   of   Kotak Venture   is   committed   by   the   Adjudicating   Authority   by observing in the course of the order that the invocation of arbitration in a case like this seems to be justified. In our view,   the   stage   of   the   proceedings   at   which   the   said 22 observation   was   made   will   be   relevant.   If   the   case   has reached the stage to the status of a proceeding  in   rem , then such observation would not be justified and sustainable but not otherwise. In the instant case, the petition was yet to be admitted and, therefore had not assumed the status of a proceedings  in   rem . 23. The tests to be applied to determine as to when the subject matter is not arbitrable and on applying such test, actions  in rem  is not arbitrable is laid down by this Court in the case of  Vidya Drolia and Others Vs. Durga Trading Corporation  (2021 2 SCC 1) which reads as hereunder: “ 76 .   In view of the above discussion, we would like to propound a fourfold test for determining when the subject matter   of   a   dispute   in   an   arbitration   agreement   is   not arbitrable: 76.1   (1) when cause of action and subject matter of the dispute relates to actions   in rem,   that do not pertain to subordinate rights   in personam   that arise from rights   in rem. 76.2 (2) when cause of action and subject matter of the dispute affects third party rights; have   erga omnes   effect; require centralized adjudication, and mutual adjudication would not be appropriate and enforceable; 76.3   (3)  when cause of action and subject matter of the dispute relates to inalienable sovereign and public interest functions of the State and hence mutual adjudication would be unenforceable; and 23 76.4   (4)     when   the   subject­matter   of   the   dispute   is expressly or by necessary implication non­arbitrable as per mandatory statute(s). 76.5   (5)  These tests are not watertight compartments; they dovetail and overlap,   albeit   when applied holistically and pragmatically   will   help   and   assist   in   determining   and ascertaining with great degree of certainty when as per law in India, a dispute or subject matter is non­arbitrable.  Only when the answer is affirmative that the subject matter of the dispute would be non­arbitrable.  However, the aforesaid principles have to be applied 76.6. with   care   and   caution   as   observed   in  Olympus Superstructures   (P)   Ltd.  [ Olympus   Superstructures   (P) Ltd.  v.  Meena Vijay Khetan , (1999) 5 SCC 651] : (SCC p. 669, para 35)                        “ 35 . … Reference is made there to certain disputes like criminal offences of a public nature, disputes   arising   out   of   illegal   agreements   and disputes   relating   to   status,   such   as   divorce, which cannot be referred to arbitration. It has, however,   been   held   that   if   in   respect   of   facts relating   to   a   criminal   matter,   say,   physical injury, if there is a right to damages for personal injury, then such a dispute can be referred to arbitration   ( Keir  v.  Leeman  [ Keir  v.  Leeman , (1846) 9 QB 371 : 115 ER 1315] ). Similarly, it has been held that a husband and a wife may refer to arbitration the terms on which they shall separate,   because   they   can   make   a   valid agreement between themselves on that matter.
77.Applying the above principles to determine non­
arbitrability, it is apparent that insolvency or intracompany
disputes have to be addressed by a centralised forum, be
the court or a special forum, which would be more efficient
and has complete jurisdiction to efficaciously and fully
dispose of the entire matter. They are also actions in rem.
Similarly, grant and issue of patents and registration of
trade marks are exclusive matters falling within the
sovereign or government functions and haveerga
omneseffect. Such grants confer monopoly rights. They are
non­arbitrable. Criminal cases again are not arbitrable as
they relate to sovereign functions of the State. Further,
violations of criminal law are offences against the State and
not just against the victim. Matrimonial disputes relating to
the dissolution of marriage, restitution of conjugal rights,
etc. are not arbitrable as they fall within the ambit of
24
sovereign functions and do not have any commercial and
economic value. The decisions haveerga omneseffect.
Matters relating to probate, testamentary matter, etc. are
actions in rem and are a declaration to the world at large
and hence are non­arbitrable.”
In view of the exhaustive consideration made in Vidya Drolia and our clear understanding  that a dispute will be non­ arbitrable   when   a   proceeding   is     and   a   IB   Code in   rem proceeding is to be considered  in rem  only after it is admitted it is seen that in the instant case the position is otherwise. The decisions relied on behalf of Kotak India Venture in the case of  Booz Allen and Hamilton Vs. SBI Home Finance  (2011) 5 SCC 532 and  Ltd. & Others A. Ayyasamy Vs. A. Paramasivam & Others   (2016) 10   SCC 386   need not be referred in detail and overburden this judgment since they have been referred in Vidya Drolia which also explain the same situation. 24.     In the case of   Swiss Ribbons Private Limited vs. Union of India  (2019) 4 SCC 17 and  Pioneer Urban Land and Infrastructure Limited vs. Union of India & Ors. (W.P.(C) No.43/2019) relied on behalf of Kotak Venture, the entire scope and ambit of the IB Code was considered and 25 the   validity   of   the   provisions   were   upheld.   The   said decisions have also been relied on to contend that when the petition under Section 7 of IB Code is triggered it becomes a proceedings   and even the creditor who has triggered in rem the process would also lose control of the proceedings as Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process is required to be considered through the mechanism provided under the IB Code. The principles as laid down in Swiss Ribbons (supra) was also referred to in detail in the case of  Pioneer Urban Land and Infrastructure  (supra) wherein the observations contained   in  para  39   though   in  the   case   of   Real  Estate Development was laid down. The relevant portion which has been referred to, reads as follows:­  “Thus, any allottee/home buyer who prefers an application under   Section   7   of   the   Code   takes   the   risks   of   his flat/apartment not being completed in the near future, in the   event   of   there   being   a   breach   on   the   part   of   the developers. Under the Code, he may never get refund of the entire   principal,   let   alone   interest.   This   is   because,   the moment   a   petition   is   admitted   under   Section   7,   the resolution professional must first advertise for and find a resolution   plan   by   somebody,   usually   another   developer which has then to pass muster under the Code, i.e. that it must be approved by at least 66 per cent of the Committee of Creditors and must further go through challenges before NCLT and NCLAT before the new management can take over and either complete construction or pay out for refund amounts.” 26 The underlying principle, therefore, from all the above noted decisions is that the reference to the triggering of a petition under Section 7 of the IB Code to consider the same as a proceedings     it is  necessary that the Adjudicating in rem,   Authority ought to have applied its mind, recorded a finding of default and admitted the petition.   On admission, third party right is created in all the creditors of the corporate debtors and will have erga omnes effect.  The mere filing of the petition and its pendency before admission, therefore, cannot be construed as the triggering of a proceeding in rem.  Hence, the admission of the petition for consideration of   the   Corporate   Insolvency   Resolution   Process   is   the relevant stage which would decide the status and the nature of   the   pendency   of   the   proceedings   and   the   mere   filing cannot be taken as the triggering of the insolvency process. 25. As   noted,   the   issue   which   is   posed   for   our consideration is arising in a petition filed under Section 7 of IB   Code,   before   it   is   admitted   and   therefore   not   yet   an action  in rem .  In such application, the course to be adopted by   the   Adjudicating   Authority   if   an   application   under Section   8   of   the   Act,   1996   is   filed   seeking   reference   to arbitration is what requires consideration.  The position of 27 law   that   the   IB   Code   shall   override   all   other   laws   as provided   under   Section   238   of   the   IB   Code   needs   no elaboration. In that view, notwithstanding the fact that the alleged corporate debtor filed an application under Section 8 of the Act, 1996, the independent consideration of the same dehors the application filed under Section 7 of IB Code and materials   produced   therewith   will   not   arise.     The Adjudicating   Authority   is   duty   bound   to   advert   to   the material available before him as made available along with the application under Section 7 of IB Code by the financial creditor to indicate default along with the version of the corporate debtor. This is for the reason that, keeping in perspective the scope of the proceedings under the IB Code and there being a timeline for the consideration to be made by   the   Adjudicating   Authority,   the   process   cannot   be defeated   by   a   corporate   debtor   by   raising   moonshine defence only to delay the process. In that view, even if an application under Section 8 of the Act, 1996 is filed, the Adjudicating Authority has a duty to advert to contentions put  forth  on  the   application  filed   under   Section   7   of   IB Code, examine the material placed before it by the financial 28 creditor and record a satisfaction as to whether there is default or not.  While doing so the contention put forth by the corporate debtor shall also be noted to determine as to whether there is substance in the defence and to arrive at the conclusion whether there is default.   If the irresistible conclusion by the Adjudicating Authority is that there is default and the debt is payable, the bogey of arbitration to delay the process would not arise despite the position that the agreement between the parties indisputably contains an arbitration clause. 26. That apart if the conclusion is that there is default and the debt is payable, due to which the Adjudicating Authority proceeds   to   pass   the   order   as   contemplated   under   sub­ section 5(a) of Section 7 of IB Code to admit the application, the  proceedings  would  then get itself  transformed  into a proceeding  in rem  having erga omnes effect due to which the question   of   arbitrability   of   the   so­called   inter   se   dispute sought to be put forth would not arise. On the other hand, on such consideration made by the Adjudicating Authority if the   satisfaction   recorded   is   that   there   is   no   default committed   by   the   company,   the   petition   would   stand 29 rejected as provided under sub­section 5(b) to Section 7 of IB Code, which would leave the field open for the parties to secure   appointment   of   the   Arbitral   Tribunal   in   an appropriate   proceedings   as   contemplated   in   law   and   the need for the NCLT to pass any orders on such application under Section 8 of Act, 1996 would not arise.  27. Therefore, to sum up the procedure, it is clarified that in any proceeding which is pending before the Adjudicating Authority under Section 7 of IB Code, if such petition is admitted   upon   the   Adjudicating   Authority   recording   the satisfaction with regard to the default and the debt being due   from   the   corporate   debtor,   any   application   under Section   8   of   the   Act,   1996   made   thereafter   will   not   be maintainable.   In   a   situation   where   the   petition   under Section 7 of IB Code is yet to be admitted and, in such proceedings, if an application under Section 8 of the Act, 1996 is filed, the Adjudicating Authority is duty bound to first decide the application under Section 7 of the IB Code by recording a satisfaction with regard to there being default or not, even if the application under Section 8 of Act, 1996 is kept along for consideration.  In such event, the natural 30 consequence of the consideration made therein on Section 7 of IB Code application would befall on the application under Section 8 of the Act, 1996. 28. In   the   above   background,   on   reverting   to   the   fact situation   in   this   case,   a   perusal   of   the   order   dated 09.06.2020 would indicate that the Adjudicating Authority, NCLT   though   has   taken   up   the   application   filed   under Section 8 of the Act, 1996 as the lead consideration, the petition filed under Section 7 of the IB Code is also taken alongside and made a part of the consideration in the said order. A further perusal of the order would disclose that the Adjudicating   Authority   was   conscious   of   the   fact   that consideration of the matter before it any further would arise only   if   there   is   default   and   the   debt   is   payable.   This   is evident from the observation contained in para 5.13 of the order.   The   further   narration   made   in   para   5.14   would indicate that the Adjudicating Authority, from the material available on record had arrived at the conclusion that the issue involved has not led to a stage of the default having occurred and has rightly, in that context held that the claim of   the   company   by   invoking   the   arbitration   clause   is 31 justified   but   the   Adjudicating   Authority   has   rightly   done nothing with regard to arbitration and has left it to this Court.  Accordingly, the Adjudicating Authority in para 5.15 has categorically recorded that they are not satisfied that a default has occurred. 29. It would be appropriate to extract the relevant findings recorded by the NCLT which demonstrates that NCLT was conscious that there should be judicial determination by the Adjudicating   Authority   as   to   whether   there   has   been   a default   within   the   meaning   of   Section   3(12)   while considering a petition under Section 7 of the IB Code. The relevant finding taken note above read as hereunder: ­ “5.13 Therefore, in a section 7 petition, there has to be a judicial determination by the Adjudicating Authority as to whether there has been a ‘default’ within the meaning of section 3(12) of the IBC.  5.14 In the present case, the dispute centres around three   things  –(1)   The   valuation   of   the Respondent/Financial Creditor’s OCRPS; (2) The right of the   Respondent/Financial   Creditor   to   redeem   such OCRPS when it had participated in the process to convert its OCRPS into equity shares of the Applicant/Corporate Debtor;   and   (3)   Fixing   of   the   QIPO   date.  All   of   these things are important determinants in coming to a judicial conclusion that a default has occurred. The invocation of arbitration in a case like this seems to be justified.  5.15 Looking at the contention raised, and that the facts   are   not   in   dispute,   we   are   not   satisfied   that   a default   has   occurred.   We   note   Mr.   Mustafa   Doctor’s statements   that   the   Applicant/Corporate   Debtor   is   a solvent,   debt­free   and   profitable   company.   It   will 32 unnecessarily   push   an   otherwise   solvent,   debt­free company into insolvency, which is not a very desirable result at this stage. The disputes that form the subject matter   of   the   underlying   Company   Petition,   viz., valuation of shares, calculation and conversion formula and   fixing   of   QIPO   date   are   all   arbitrable,   since   they involve valuation of the shares and fixing of the QIPO date. Therefore, we feel that an attempt must be made to reconcile   the   difference   between   the   parties   and   their respective perceptions. Also, no meaningful purpose will be   served   by   pushing   the   Applicant/Corporate   Debtor into CIRP at this stage.” (emphasis supplied)   The NCLT after having recorded such finding has taken note of the arbitration petition pending before this court and has accordingly concluded the proceedings.  30. The conclusion reached by the Adjudicating Authority, NCLT in the instant case cannot be faulted if reference is made to the documents produced by Indus Biotech Private Limited along with an application and referred to by Mr. Shyam Divan, learned senior counsel are noted.  It indicates that the allotment of equity shares against the OCRPS in view of the QIPO was still a matter of discussion between the parties and no conclusion had been arrived at so as to term it as default. The said issue was initiated in the 121st meeting   of   the   Board   of   Directors   wherein   the   Nominee Director representing Kotak India Venture Fund was also 33 present. The IPO related matters were discussed as item No.6   and   at   6(c).   The   discussion   and   decision   that   the conversion of the outstanding preference shares would take place after issuance of bonus shares as per the provisions of the   Shareholders  Agreement  was  recorded.  In  the   122nd meeting of the Board of Directors wherein the Non­Executive Director   and   Nominee   Director   representing   Kotak   India Venture were also present, the issue was considered at item No.7. It was resolved that the Board has accorded approval to the allocation of such percentage of the offer as may be determined by the Board to any category. Further, though in the Extraordinary General Body meeting dated 10.04.2018, the Representative Directors of the Kotak India Venture had obtained leave of absence, the resolution adopted in the said meeting   had   indicated   that   the   equity   shares   of   the company proposed to be issued and allotted as bonus equity shares   shall   be   subject   to   the   provisions   of   the memorandum of association and articles of association of the company. The Company Secretary was authorised to do all such acts in that regard. 34 31. In   the   letter   dated   21.11.2018   addressed   by   Indus Biotech   Private   Limited   to   Kotak   India   Venture,   it   was mentioned with regard to the fundamental issue that needs to   be   addressed   regarding   conversion   and   convertible securities into equity shares since the exist process initiated cannot move forward without such conversion. The letter dated   17.12.2018   addressed   to   Indus   Biotech   Private Limited by Kotak India Venture in fact refers to the stake in conversion and the dispute being as to whether it should be 10 per cent of the share capital of the company as offered by Indus Biotech Private Limited or 30 per cent as claimed by Kotak India Venture Fund. It is that aspect of the matter, which is still contended to be in dispute between the parties regarding which the arbitration is sought by Indus Biotech Private   Limited,   which   was   also   noted   by   Adjudicating Authority.  We express no opinion on the merits of the rival contention relating to the dispute. 32. In   such   situation,   in   our   opinion,   it   would   be premature at this point to arrive at a conclusion that there was default in payment of any debt until the said issue is resolved and the amount repayable by Indus Biotech Private 35 Limited   to   Kotak   India   Venture   with   reference   to   equity shares being issued is determined.  In the process, if such determined amount is not paid it will amount to default at that stage. Therefore, if the matter is viewed from any angle, not   only   the   conclusion   reached   by   the   Adjudicating Authority, NCLT insofar as the order on the petition under Section   7   of   the   IB   Code   at   this   juncture   based   on   the factual background is justified but also the prayer made by Indus Biotech Private Limited for constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal as made in the petition filed by them under Section 11 of the Act, 1996 before this Court is justified. 33. In that circumstance though in the operative portion of the   order   dated   09.06.2020   the   application   filed   under Section 8 of the Act, 1996 is allowed and as a corollary the petition under Section 7 of the IB Code is dismissed; in the facts   and   circumstances   of   the   present   case   it   can   be construed in the reverse.   Hence, since the conclusion by the Adjudicating Authority is that there is no default, the dismissal of the petition under Section 7 of IB Code at this stage is justified.  Though the application under Section 8 of the Act, 1996 is allowed, the same in any event will be 36 subject   to   the   consideration   of   the   petition   filed   under Section   11   of   the   Act,   1996   before   this   Court.     The contention   as   to   whether   payment   of   investment   in preferential shares can be construed as financial debt was raised in the written submissions. However, we have not adverted to that aspect since the same was not the basis of the impugned order passed by the Adjudicating Authority. 34. Since  we  have arrived  at  the   above  conclusion,   the next   aspect   relates   to   the   appointment   of   the   Arbitral Tribunal as sought in the petition.   Essentially the main contention   that   has   been   urged   is   with   regard   to   the proceedings before the NCLT and, therefore, the dispute not being   arbitrable.     However,   in   the   present   position   the parties   would   be   left   with   no   remedy   if   the   process   of arbitration   is   not   initiated   and   the   dispute   between   the parties are not resolved in that manner as the proceedings before the NCLT has terminated.  Mr. Shyam Divan, learned senior   counsel   for   Indus   Biotech   Private   Limited   has contended   that   the   transaction   between   the   parties   is   a common one and as such it would be efficient if the dispute is resolved by a single Arbitral Tribunal.  Further in view of 37 the objection raised on behalf of the respondent No.4 (Kotak India   Venture)   that   the   arbitration   clause   has   not   been invoked in accordance with the requirement therein, since the promoters have to suggest one arbitrator and not the Company,   Mr.   ANS   Nadkarni,   learned   senior   counsel representing the promoters who are arrayed as respondent Nos.5 to 11 in the arbitration petition has pointed out that the affidavit has been filed supporting the petition seeking arbitration   and,   therefore,   the   Tribunal   be   constituted. Though Mr. Neeraj Kishan Kaul, learned senior counsel and Mr. Nitin Mishra, learned counsel had in their argument opposed the reference to arbitration by pointing out lacunae in the manner the clause was invoked and the name of the arbitrator   was   suggested,   in   the   circumstance   the   only remedy   for   the   parties   being   resolution   of   their   dispute through   arbitration   as   indicated   above,   we   consider   it appropriate to take note of the substance of the arbitration clause and constitute an appropriate Tribunal. 35. In that regard it would be necessary to consider as to whether the matter is to be referred to a Single Tribunal or the   Tribunal   be   appointed   in   respect   of   each   of   the 38 agreements.  Mr. Nitin Mishra in his written submission has contended that there cannot be composite arbitration.   In that regard the decision in the case  of  M/S Duro Felguera
S.A vs M/S. Gangavaram Port Limited,(2017) 9 SCC 729
is relied upon with specific reference to paragraphs 38 and 55 therein, while Mr. Ritin Rai has pressed para 44 of the same decision into service seeking common Tribunal.  In the said case there were five separate contracts each having independent existence with separate arbitration clauses and in   that   light,   it   was   held   that   there   cannot   be   a   single Arbitral Tribunal for International Commercial Arbitration and domestic arbitration and bifurcated accordingly.  In the instant   case   also   four   separate   agreements   have   been entered   into   between   the   parties.     The   provision   for arbitration contained in clause 20.04 is similar in all the agreements   and   the   supplemental   agreements   have   also
adopted the same. Clause 20.4.1 reads as hereunder:
“20.4.1 Except as provided in Section 20.4.2, the parties
hereto irrevocably agree that any dispute, controversy or
claim arising out of, relating to or in connection with this
Agreement (including any provision of any exhibit, annex or
schedule hereto) or the existence, breach, termination or
validity hereof (a “Dispute”) shall be finally settled by
arbitration. The arbitration shall be conducted in
accordance with the international arbitration rules of the
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. The arbitration
shall be held at Mumbai and shall be conducted by three (3)
39
arbitrators. For purpose of appointing such arbitrators,
KIVF I, KEIT and KIVL shall jointly, on the one hand, and
the Promoters, as a group, on the other hand, shall each
appoint one arbitrator, and the third arbitrator, who shall
be the chairperson, shall be selected by the two party­
appointed arbitrators. In the event that any party fails to
appoint an arbitrator within fifteen (15) days after receipt of
written notice of the other party’s intention to refer a
Dispute to arbitration, or in the event of the two party­
appointed arbitrators failing to identify the third arbitrator
within fifteen (15) days after the two party­appointed
arbitrators are selected such arbitrator shall be appointed
by a Court of competent jurisdiction on an application
initiated by any party. An arbitral tribunal thus constituted
is herein referred to as a “Tribunal”. In the event an
appointed arbitrator may not continue to act as an
arbitrator of a Tribunal, then the party (or the two
appointed arbitrators, in the case of the third arbitrator)
that appointed such arbitrator shall have the right to
appoint a replacement arbitrator in accordance with the
provisions of this Section 20.4.1.”
36.A perusal of the arbitration agreement indicates that
the arbitration shall be held at Mumbai and be conducted by three arbitrators.  For the purpose of appointment KIVF I, KEIT and KIVL are to jointly appoint one arbitrator and the promoters of Indus Biotech Private Limited, to appoint their arbitrator.  In the second agreement dated 20.07.2007, ‘KMIL’ as the Investor is on the other side.   In the third agreement dated 20.07.2007, ‘KIVFI’ as the Investor is on the   other   side   and   in   the   fourth   agreement   dated 09.01.2008 it has the same clause as in the first agreement. The two arbitrators who are thus appointed shall appoint the   third   arbitrator   who   shall   be   the   Chairperson.     The 40 recital (c) in the different agreements though refers to each of the entity in the Kotak Investment Venture and amount invested in shares is referred to, it is provided therein that the   equity   shares   and   preference   shares   subscribed   by KMIL,   KIVF   I,   KEIT   and   KIVL   are   hereafter   collectively referred to as the ‘Financial Investors Shares’.   If the said aspect   is   taken   into   consideration   keeping   in   view   the nature of the issues involved being mainly with regard to the conversion of preference shares into equity shares and the formula to be worked thereunder, such consideration in the present facts can be resolved by the Arbitral Tribunal consisting of same members but separately constituted in respect of each agreement.  It will be open for the Arbitral Tribunal   to   work   out   the   modalities   to   conduct   the proceedings   by   holding   separate   proceedings   in   the agreement   providing   for   international   arbitration   and   by clubbing the domestic disputes.  All other issues which have been raised on merits are to be considered by the Arbitral Tribunal and therefore they have not been referred to in this proceedings. 41
37.Since Indus Biotech Private Limited had nominated
Mr.   Justice   V.N.   Khare,   former   Chief   Justice   of   India through   their   letter   dated   15.10.2019   the   said   learned Arbitrator is treated as having been proposed jointly by the Company   and   the   promoters.     Mr.   Justice   R.M.   Lodha, former Chief Justice of India is appointed as the second arbitrator   since   the   respondents   had   failed   to   nominate. The said learned arbitrators shall mutually nominate a third arbitrator to be the Chairperson of the Arbitral Tribunal.
38.In the result, the following order;
(i)   Civil Appeal arising out of SLP(C)No.8120 of 2020 is dismissed. (ii)    Arbitration Petition No.48 of 2019 is allowed.
(iii) Parties to bear their own costs in these proceedings.
..…………....................CJI.       (S. A. Bobde) …..…………....................J. (A. S. Bopanna) ..…..………......................J       (V. Ramasubramanian) , 2021 March 26 42 New Delhi