STATE BY DEPUTY SUPERINTENDENT OF POLICE vs. R. SOUNDIRARASU ETC.

Case Type: Criminal Appeal

Date of Judgment: 05-09-2022

Preview image for STATE BY DEPUTY SUPERINTENDENT OF POLICE vs. R. SOUNDIRARASU ETC.

Full Judgment Text

REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NOS.  1452­1453 OF 2022 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Crl.) Nos. 3445­3446 of 2019) STATE THROUGH     ….APPELLANT(S) DEPUTY SUPERINTENDENT Of POLICE VERSUS R. SOUNDIRARASU ETC.           ....RESPONDENT(S) J U D G M E N T J.B. PARDIWALA, J. 1.   Leave granted. 2. Since the issues raised in both the captioned appeals are the same, those were heard analogously and are being disposed of by this common judgment and order.  Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by VISHAL ANAND Date: 2022.09.22 11:06:07 IST Reason: 3. These appeals are at the instance of the State of Tamil Nadu through   the   Deputy   Superintendent   of   Police,   Vigilance   and 1 Anti­Corruption,   Salem   District,   Tamil   Nadu   and   are   directed against the two judgments and orders passed by the High Court of Madras   dated   27.04.2017   allowing   the   criminal   revision applications preferred by the respondents herein (original accused persons)   discharging   them   from   the   prosecution   under   Section 13(2) read with 13(1)(e) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (for short, “Act 1988”) read with Section 109 of the Indian Penal Code (for short, “the IPC”). FACTUAL MATRIX 4. The Respondents in these appeals are husband and wife. The Respondent No.1 ­ R. Soundirarasu at the relevant point of time was serving as a Motor Vehicle Inspector (Grade 1) at Namakkal during the check period, i.e., from 01.01.2002 to 31.03.2004.  The Respondent No. 2, namely, Suguna is the wife of the Respondent No. 1. 5. The Respondent No. 2 is a commerce graduate and claims to be having a separate source of income. She was a partner in a partnership firm running in the name of S.K. Mat Industries along with one R. Kumar w.e.f. 23.10.1993. The partnership came to be 2 dissolved on 31.03.2003, and, thereafter she continued as a sole proprietor. 6. It is  the  case  of  the   Respondent No.  2 that she  has  been paying the income tax from 1990 onwards and her IT Returns are being scrutinized by the appropriate authorities.    7. It   appears   from   the   materials   on   record   that   a   First Information   Report   (FIR)   came   to   be   registered   against   the Respondent No. 1 herein dated 19.09.2005 at the Police Station, Vigilance and Anti­Corruption, District Salem for the offences under the Act 1988 as enumerated above. 8. For better and effective adjudication of the present appeals, we deem it necessary to reproduce the entire FIR as under: Column No. 12 in FIR Cr. No.9/AC/2005/SL/SU Tr. R. Sundararasu was working as Motor Vehicle Inspector Grade­1 at the office of the Regional Transport Officer, Namakkal, Rasipuram and Sankari from March 98 to May 2000 to July 2002 and September 2002 to September2004   respectively   and   again   in   Namakkal from 27.09.2004. He is a Public Servant as defined u/s 2 (C) of Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. The   accused   Tr.   R.   Sundararasu,   Motor   Vehicle Inspector Grade­1 hailed from an ordinary agricultural family. He is a second son to his parents. Tr. Ramasamy 3 and   Tmt.   Krishnammal.   He   has   got   diploma   in Mechnaical   Engineering   and   got   B.E.,   degree   by attending evening classes. He got married one Suguna D/o Tr. Duraisamy of Kavai on 12.2.90. He has got one son   by   name   Sarankumar   who   is   studying   VIIth standard in Holy Matriculation School, Salem. On receipt of credible information that the accused has acquired and he is in possession of assets in the form of house sites, lands, house building etc in  his name and in the name of his wife and father­in­law, worth   more   than   his   known   sources   of   income,   a preliminary   verification   made,   during   which   the following information has come to notice.
possessio<br>(i)<br>is wife T<br>ousehold a<br>ll worth ab<br>As on 2n of assets in his name and in the name o<br>Constructed a terraced house worth<br>mt. Suguna, gold jewels, Silver ornaments<br>about Rs.7,99,500/­ in the name of his<br>rticles etc. by way of gift and purchase etc<br>wife Tmt. Suguna at Door No.555,<br>out Rs. 3,75,250.00.<br>situated in S.No.11/1266 of Ganapathy<br>Village, Ganapathypuram, Coimbatore<br>9.2.2004, the accused is found to have been<br>after demolishing the old terrace house.
possessi<br>he name o<br>(ii<br>hiru.Durai<br>)<br>otal value<br>om the p<br>ossession<br>roperties<br>uilding an<br>During<br>he accuse<br>roperties:on of properties and pecuniary resources in<br>f his wife Smt. Suguna, his father­in­law<br>Purchased a terraced building worth<br>samy and his minor son Sarankumar of a<br>Rs.8,61,270 /­ with a plinth area of 70<br>of Rs. 18,41,680.00. These include, a par<br>Sq. metre on the ground floor and 10<br>roperties and pecuniary resources in his<br>Sq. Metre on the 1st floor in<br>as on 1.1.2002. Additionally acquired<br>Bodinaikanpatty village S.No.69/1­A1<br>and pecuniary resources such as Hous<br>in the name of his father­in­law<br>d construction of house building.<br>Tr.Duraisamy under Doc.No.499/2004<br>dt. 6.2.2004 of SRO, Sooramangalam<br>the period from 1.1.2002 and 29.2.2004<br>and the same was transferred in the<br>d is found to have acquired the following<br>name of Sarankumar, the minor son of<br>the accused, by way of Settlement<br>Deed in Doc.No.645/2004, Dt.<br>16.02.2004 by the said Tr.Duraisamy<br>incurring a sum4 of Rs.5,160/­ towards<br>stamp duty and registration fees.
  The Total value of the properties and pecuniary resources   acquired  by  the  accused  during   the   period from   1.1.2002   to   29.2.2004   has   been   tentatively estimated to be Rs.14,66,430/­ Accused's wife Smt. Suguna is a house wife. She is found to have had no sufficient sources of income of her own to acquire the aforementioned assets. So also, Tr. Duraisamy, the father­in­law of the accused appears to have had no necessity for the purchase and transfer of the property in the name of the grand son (son of the accused). Thus, the accused appears to have acquired the above properties in the name of aforesaid persons as his benami (benamis). The  total income  of  the  accused  and  his  family members and expenditure of the accused and his family during the above said period (i.e.1.1.2002 to 29.2.2004) have   been   tentatively   assessed   as   Rs.8,84,486   and 11,00, 198 respectively and hence there was no likely savings for the above said period and on the contrary there was an excess expenditure over the income of the accused to the extent of Rs.2,15,712/­. There   are   grounds   to   believe   that   the   aforesaid assets   are   for   beyond   and   disproportionate   to   the known sources of income of the accused for the above said   period   to   the   extent   of   Rs.16,82,142 (Rs.14,66,430+2,15,712). The   above   information   discloses   an   offence   of 5 criminal misconduct by public servant punishable u/ s 13(2) r /w 13(1)(e) of prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, against   the   accused   and   requires   a   detailed investigation. I   am   therefore,   registering   a   case   in Cr.No.9/AC/2005/SL/SU  against  the  accused  for the above   said   offence   for   the   purpose   of   taking   up investigation. (SdXXX) (K.PERIYASAMY) DSP, V&AC, Spl.Cell, Salem.” 9. It   appears   that   vide   the   letter   dated   16.10.2007   the investigating officer called for the explanation from the Respondent No. 1 as regards the allegations levelled in the FIR. 10. The Respondent No. 1 vide his letter dated 1.11.2007 offered his explanation stating that he does not possess or had acquired any assets disproportionate to the known source of his income.  The Respondent No. 1 also placed on record the income tax returns filed by his wife from 1990 onwards and that of the partnership firm too from 1993.  11. It appears that in the course of investigation the role of the Respondent No. 2 as the wife of the Respondent No. 1 also surfaced 6 as an abettor. 12. Upon conclusion of the investigation, the Investigating Agency filed charge­sheet in the Court of the Special Judge, Salem for the offences   enumerated   above.   The   filing   of   the   charge­sheet culminated   in  the   registration  of   the   Special  Criminal   Case  No. 36/2008 in the Court of the Special Judge, Salem. 13. In   such   circumstances   referred   to   above,   the   Respondents preferred Crl. M.P. Nos. 87 and 86 of 2014   resply under Section 239 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (for short, ‘the CrPC’) seeking discharge from the trial essentially on the ground of lack of any  case against them. prima facie 14. The Special Judge adjudicated both the aforesaid applications filed by  the  respondents  and  thought fit to  reject  those  by two separate orders dated 29.03.2016.  While rejecting the Crl. M.P. No. 86 of 2014   filed by the respondent No. 2 (wife of respondent No. 1), the Special Judge observed as under :­ “15. Yet another ground urged by the petitioner is that the income derived by the petitioner being partner in S.K. Mat  Industries and by doing money lending business was not given due credit by the Investigating Officer   and   as   such   the   decision   arrived   at   by   the Investigating   Officer   that   the   petitioner   has   no 7 wherewithals to acquire the properties standing in her name and described in Statement II and to treat the said properties as the properties acquired by the 1st accused in the name of the petitioner is totally wrong. The   Investigating   Officer   in   his   final   report   has categorically   mentioned   that   no   documents   were produced during investigation, either by the petitioner or her husband, to showcase the income derived by the petitioner by doing money lending business. Even in the   present   application   there   is   no   whisper   in   this regard by the petitioner. The contentious issue as to whether the petitioner derived income from S.K. Mat Industries and through money lending business can be decided only during trial based on the evidence placed before the court in this regard. Hence this court decides that the above ground urged by the petitioner is a pre­ matured one and thus cannot be entertained at the time of framing charges.  16. In the present case the total value of assets and pecuniary   resources   held   by   the   petitioner,   her husband and son at the end of the check­period has been   computed   by   the   Investigating   Officer   at Rs.31,69,498/­   as   set   out   in   Statement   II.   During investigation the petitioner and her husband have not produced   any   documents   except   the   Income­Tax returns of the petitioner to trace the source of income of the   petitioner   to   acquire   the   properties   that   stood recorded in her name during the check­period. Hence the   Investigating   Officer   has   proceeded   to   treat   the properties standing in the name of the petitioner and her   minor   son   as   the   properties   of   the   petitioner's husband, the lst accused, which cannot be found fault at this stage more so when the petitioner's husband has not disclosed the acquisition of properties by his wife, the petitioner herein, to the concerned Department as required under Tamil Nadu Government Servants 8 Conduct Rules. Hence this court decides that, at this stage, there is no substance in the contention' of the petitioner   that   the   methodology   adopted   by   the Investigating   Officer   in   computing   the   value   of   the assets of the petitioner's husband is erroneous. x x x x x 18. The materials produced by the Investigating Officer along   with   the   final   report   prima   facie   disclose   the existence of all the ingredients essential to constitute the offence U / s 13 (2) r/w 13 (2) r/w 13 (1) (e) of the Prevention of Corruption Act read with Sec : 109 of the IPC alleged to have been committed by the petitioner. Since the offence alleged against the petitioner and her husband are grave in nature the petitioner cannot be let scot free without facing trial and without affording an opportunity   to   the   prosecution   to   establish   the   case during trial by adducing evidence. 19. Hence on a conspectus evaluation of all legal and factual aspects involved in the application, this court decides that there is no merit in the contention that the charge levelled against the petitioner is groundless on the face of materials available on record. Hence this court decides that the petitioner is not entitled for an order of discharge as prayed for.” 15. While   rejecting   the   Crl.   M.P.   No.   87   of   2014   filed   by   the Respondent No. 1 (husband), the Special Judge observed as under:­ “8.   Now   let   us   consider   the   grounds   urged   by   the petitioner in seriatum. I. The   Income­Tax   returns   submitted   by   the petitioner’s   wife,   was   not   considered   by   the Investigating Officer in the proper perspective. The learned counsel for the petitioner assiduously 9 argued that through the Income­Tax returns submitted nd by the wife of the petitioner, who is arrayed as 2 accused in the main case, it established beyond doubt that the petitioners wife had sufficient source to acquire properties   mentioned   in   Statement   II   but   the Investigating Officer in total disregard to the Income­ Tax returns has treated the properties standing in the name of the petitioner’s wife as the properties of the petitioner   on   the   premise   that   the   petitioner   has purchased the properties benami in the name of his wife   and   as   such   the   computation   made   by   the Investigating Officer in arriving at the total value of the assets   acquired   by   the   petitioner   during   the   check period at Rs. 28,23,492/­ as set out in Statement V is grossly erroneous. As already pointed out the fact that nd the petitioner’s wife, the 2  accused is an Income­Tax assessee and that she had submitted her Income­Tax returns   to   the   concerned   Income­Tax   authorities regularly  is  not  seriously disputed. The  petitioner is making an adroit effort to impress upon the court that particulars   set   out   in   the   Income­Tax   returns unequivocally establish the financial capabilities of the wife of the petitioner to purchase properties and hence the properties standing in the name of the wife of the petitioner has to be treated as self­acquired properties of the wife of the petitioner.  11.(II). Income derived by the petitioner’s wife through money lending business not given due consideration.  nd According to the petitioner, his wife, the 2  accused by doing money lending business was deriving size able income but the same was not considered by the Investigating Officer and as such the conclusion arrived nd at by the Investigating Officer that the 2  accused is an ostensible owner of the properties standing in her name and that the petitioner is the true owner of the said 10 properties is absolutely wrong. The Investigating Officer has categorically mentioned that in respect of the so called   money   lending   business   no   documents   were produced before him either by the petitioner or his wife during investigation. Even in  the present  application the petitioner has not claimed that there are documents to establish the money lending business carried out by his wife and the income derived by her through the said business. The contentious issue as to whether the petitioner wife was deriving income by doing money lending   business   can   be   decided   only   during   trial based on the evidence placed in this regard. Hence this court   decides   that   above   contention   raised   by   the petitioner   is   pre­matured   one   and   thus   cannot   be entertained   at   the   stage   of   framing   charges.   On   a conspectus evaluation of the legal and factual aspects involved in the case, this court decides that the claim of the petitioner for an order of discharge alleging that the Investigating Officer has erred in treating the properties standing in the name of the petitioner’s wife as the properties of the petitioner ignoring the separate income of the petitioner’s wife through money lending business is not sustainable under law. 12. (III). The methodology adopted by the Investigating Officer in arriving at the total value of assets standing in the name of the petitioner at the end of the check­ period erroneous:­ According to the petitioner the income derived by the petitioner’s wife other than from S.K. Mat Industries during the relevant period of Rs. 5,90,342/­ but the same   has   not   been   considered   by   the   Investigating Officer even though the same has been set out in the Income­Tax returns submitted by the petitioner’s wife, nd the 2   accused Suguan. The petitioner further allege that the properties of the petitioner’s wife and son more 11 fully   described   in   Statement   II   ought   to   have   been excluded   but   strangely   the   Investigating   Officer   has included the same, which again clearly demonstrate that computation has not been made in proper line. Based   on   the   above   said   contentions   the   petitioner challenging   the   very   methodology   adopted   by   the Investigating Officer, seek an order of discharge. As elaborately discussed in the earlier part of this order, the question as to whether the properties standing in the name of the petitioner’s wife and son are in reality their   self   acquired   properties   or   whether   those properties   were   in   fact   acquired   by   the   petitioner through his financial resources can be decided only at the time of trial based on the evidence adduced by both parties in this regard. Since the nature of properties standing in the name of the petitioner’s wife and son cannot   be   decided   at   this   stage,   at   no   stretch   of imagination it can be contended that the methodology adopted by the Investigating Officer in arriving at the total value of assets and financial resources standing in the name of the petitioner at the end of the check period is erroneous. 13.Hence considering the materials available on record in the back drop of the principles of law propounded by our Apex Court in the case of Suresh Rajan referred supra,   this   court   decides   that   the   petitioner   is   not entitled   for   an   order   of   discharge   alleging   that   the methodology   adopted   by   the   Investigating   Officer   is erroneous. 14.In the present case the total value of the assets and pecuniary resources of the petitioner and  his  family members   at   the   end   of   the   check­period   has   been computed   by   the   Investigating   Officer   at Rs.31,69,498/­   as   set   out   in   Statement   II.   During investigation   of   the   case,   the   petitioner   has   not 12 produced   any   documents   before   the   Investigating Officer except the Income­Tax returns of his wife, the nd 2   accused,   to   trace   the   source   of   income   of   the petitioner's wife to acquire the properties standing in her name. Hence the Investigating Officer proceeded to treat   the   properties   standing   in   the   name   of   the petitioner's wife and his son as the properties of the petitioner, which cannot be found fault at this stage more   so   when   the   petitioner   has   not   disclosed   the acquisition of properties by his wife to the concerned department   as   required   under   the   Tamil   Nadu Government Servants conduct rules. Hence this court, at this stage, decides that there is no substance in the contention   of   the   petitioner   that   the   methodology adopted by the Investigating Officer in computing the value of the assets of the petitioner is erroneous. 15. Conclusion : The materials placed by the Investigating Officer along with the Final Report disclose grave suspecion against the petitioner of having committed the alleged offence U / s 13 (1) (e) of the Prevention of Corruption Act. The guilt or otherwise of the petitioner has to be decided  by court  by affording an  opportunity to the prosecution to march in evidence in support of its case. The materials placed by the Investigating Officer along with the final report prima facie disclose the existence of all the essential ingredients constituting the offence U/s 13 (2) r/w 13 (1) (e) of the Prevention of Corruption Act 1988. Hence this court decides that the petitioner is not entitled for an order of discharge. 16. In the result the application is dismissed.” 16. Thus, while rejecting the discharge applications filed by the 13 respondents   herein,   the   learned   Special   Judge   recorded   a categorical finding that there was more than a   prima facie   case against the accused persons to put them to trial for the alleged offence. The learned Special Judge recorded a clear finding that the charges levelled against the accused persons cannot be said to be groundless so as to discharge them from the prosecution in exercise of powers under Section 239 of the CrPC. 17. The respondents, being dissatisfied with the orders passed by the Special Court rejecting their discharge applications, went before the   High   Court   and   challenged   the   orders   by   filing   Criminal Revision Application Nos. 702 and 703 of 2016 resply. Both the Revision   Applications   came   to   be   heard   by   the   High   Court analogously   and   came   to   be   allowed   by   the   common   impugned judgment   and   order   dated   27.04.2017.   The   respondents   herein came to be discharged from the prosecution. While allowing the Revision Applications, the High Court held as under : “41.  Taking into consideration all the relevant facts and circumstances, this Court is of the view that the Investigating   Officer   had   not   considered   the explanation submitted by the first accused and also not taken into account any assets of the petitioners/ Al and A2. 14 42.  This Court has also perused the statements of the listed witnesses along with the impugned orders. As already discussed in the foregoing paragraphs and as decided in State of Maharashtra Vs Wasudeo (AIR 1981 SC 1186:19813sec199) cited supra, the nature and the extent of burden cast on the accused is well settled   and   the   accused   is   not   bound   to   prove   his innocence   beyond   all   reasonable   doubt.   All   that   he would do is to bring out a preponderance of probability. In so far as this case is concerned, the petitioners have brought out a preponderance of probability by way of establishing their case. As enunciated in Explanation to clause   (e)   of   Sub   Section   (1)   to   Section   13,   the petitioners have intimated their income received from lawful source to the income tax authorities concerned in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act, which   is   applicable   for   the   first   accused   being   the public servant to intimate his known source of income and   therefore,   this   Court   is   of   the   view   that   the prosecution has miserably failed to make out a prima facie case against the petitioners/ Al and A2. 43.  It is the cardinal principle that the accused is presumed to be innocent unless proved to be guilty by the   prosecution   and   the   accused   is   entitled   to   the benefit of every reasonable doubt. Thus, giving false information   or   failing   to   prove   his   innocence   is   no ground   to   base   conviction   of   accused   and   on   the contrary it offends the very basic principle of criminal jurisprudence which lays the burden on the prosecution to prove the offence against the accused. 44.  In criminal cases, the guilt should be proved beyond any reasonable doubt that a reasonable man with ordinary prudence can have. There should. be no doubt whether the accused is guilty or not. If there is 15 slightest doubt, no matter how small it is, the benefit will   go   to   the   accused.   In   Indian   legal   system   the provision regarding burden of proof and how it is to be discharged are grandeurly laid down in Chapter VII of the   Evidence   Act,   1872.   The   rule   is   that   whoever alleges a fact must prove it. In a criminal trail it is the prosecution   who   alleges   that   the   accused   has committed the offence with requisite mens rea and so the burden lies upon the prosecution to prove the same. 45.  As observed in the preceding paragraphs the accused is not bound to prove his innocence beyond all reasonable doubt. All that he has to do is, to bring out a preponderance   of   probability.   The   phrase 'preponderance   of   probability'   appears   to   have   been taken from Charless R.Cooper V F.W.Slade, (1857­59) 6 HLC 746. The observations made therein make it clear that what 'preponderance of probability' means is 'more probable and rational view of the case', not necessarily as certain as the pleadings should be. 46.  Section   397(1)   confers   a   sort   of   supervisory power. The purpose is to rectify miscarriage of justice. The   main   consideration   was   whether   substantial justice   was   done   since   this   Section   confers   the revisional jurisdiction upon both the Sessions Court as well as the High Court (Criminal). Nobody can claim it as   a   matter   of   right   as   it   confers   supervisory jurisdiction. When there is a clear illegality in the order passed   by   the   lower   Court,   a   revision   could   be entertained. 47.  On coming to the provisions of Section 401 of the Code, as it is understood, the object behind this Section is to empower the High Court to exercise the powers   of   an   Appellate   Court   to   prevent   failure   of justice in cases where the Code does not provide for 16 appeal. 48.  The power, however, is to be exercised only in exceptional cases where there has been a miscarriage of justice owing to : I (i) a defect in the procedure or (ii) a manifest error on a point of law; (iii) excess jurisdiction, (iv) abuse of power, & (v) where the decision upon which the trial Court relied has since been reversed or overruled when the revision petition was being heard. 49.As observed by the Supreme Court in State of M.P. Vs. S.B.Johari, (AIR 2000 SC 665: (2000) 2 sec 57: 2000 SCC (Crl) 311 : 2000 Crl.L.J.944), under Section 401 of Criminal Procedure Code quashing of the charge by   the   High   Court   would   be   justified   if   even   on considering the entire prosecution evidence, the offence is not made out. 50.  Viewing   it   from   any   angle,   this   Court   is   of considered opinion that the prosecution has not made out any case as against the petitioners/ Al and A2 to proceed with. 51.In the result, Criminal Revision Case Nos. 702 and 703 of 2016 are allowed and the impugned orders, dated 29.03.2016 and made in Crl.M.P.Nos.87 and 86 of 2014 in Special CC.No.76 of 2014 on the file of the learned  Special Judge  (for Corruption  Cases), Salem are set aside and the petitions in Crl.M.P.Nos.87 and 86 of 2014 in Special CC.No.76 of 2014 are allowed. The petitioners/ Al and A2 are discharged from the clutches of the charges. ” 17 18. Thus,   from   the   aforesaid,   it   appears   that   the   High   Court thought   fit   to   discharge   both   the   accused   essentially   on   the following counts. a) The   Investigating   Officer   wrongly   declined   to   consider   the explanation   offered   by   the   Respondent   No.   1   as   regards   the allegations and also failed to take into consideration the lawful assets of the Respondents. b) The accused persons had disclosed their income to the income tax authorities in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act and, in such circumstances, no  prima facie  case could be said to have been made out against them. c) The   accused   in   a   prosecution   under   the   Act   1988,   more particularly for the offences punishable under section 13(1)(e) of the Act, is obliged only to explain as regards the alleged assets disproportionate   to   the   known   sources   of   his   income   on   the principle of preponderance of probability. d) As no  prima facie  case could be said to have been made out against the accused persons, they deserve to be discharged from the prosecution in exercise of revisional powers meant for doing 18 substantial justice.  19.  In   view   of   the   aforesaid,   the   State   being   aggrieved   and dissatisfied with the impugned orders passed by the High Court is here before this Court with the present appeals. SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE APPELLANT 20.       Mr.   V.   Krishnamurthy,   the   learned   Additional   Advocate General appearing on behalf of the State vehemently submitted that the   High   Court   committed   a   serious   error   in   discharging   the accused persons from the prosecution.  He would submit that the whole approach of the High Court, more particularly the finding that  “when the prosecuting agency has come forward with a specific occasion,   that   the   petitioners   have   amassed   wealth   which   is disproportionate to their known source of income, it is incumbent on the part of the prosecution, to prove the indictment with clinching and impeccable   evidence   beyond   all   reasonable   doubts,   because   the allegations made against the petitioners would definitely affect their private   rights   and   their   self­respect   as   well”   is   erroneous   and unsustainable.    21. He would submit that the High Court has erroneously cast a 19 burden on the prosecution to prove the case against the accused persons beyond all reasonable doubt even at the stage of framing charge. The scope and ambit of inquiry before framing the charge  or at the stage of discharge has been well settled by this Court.   22. He would submit that the High Court g rossly erred in taking into consideration the documents produced by the accused persons in their defence such as the Income Tax Assessments of A2 and other   records,   to   come   to   the   conclusion   that   the   properties disclosed therein  ought  to  be  eschewed  from consideration. The learned   counsel   submitted   that   the   practice   of   looking   into   the documents  produced by  the  accused  at the   stage  of  framing  of charge has not been approved by this Court in the case of  State of Orissa v. Debendra Nath Padhi ,   (2005) 1 SCC 568 . 23. He would submit that the High Court could be said to have conducted a mini trial while considering the discharge applications filed by the accused persons. In other words, at the stage of framing of   charge,   roving   and   fishing   inquiry   is   impermissible   and   that would defect the object of the Code. 24. In the last, he submitted that the High Court overlooked the 20 dictum   as   laid   by   this   Court   in   the   State   of   Tamil   Nadu   by Inspector of Police, Vigilance and Anti­Corruption vs . N. Suresh Rajan and others ,   (2014) 11 SCC 709 @ 721 para 29,   wherein this Court held that: “It   is   trite   that   at   the   stage   of   consideration   of   an application for discharge, the court has to proceed with an assumption that the materials brought on record by the   prosecution   are   true   and   evaluate   the   said materials   and   documents   with   a   view   to   find   out whether the facts emerging therefrom taken at their face value disclose the existence of all the ingredients constituting the alleged offence. At this stage, probative value of the materials has to be gone into and the court is not expected to go deep into the matter and hold that the materials would not warrant a conviction.  In our opinion, what needs to be considered is whether there is a ground for presuming that the offence has been committed and not whether a ground for convicting the accused has been made out. To put it differently, if the court thinks that the accused might have committed the offence on the basis of the materials on record on its probative value, it can frame the charge; though for conviction, the court has to come to the conclusion that the accused has committed the offence. The law does not permit a mini trial at this stage.” 25. In such circumstances referred to above, the learned counsel appearing for the State prayed that there being merit in his two appeals, those may be allowed and the impugned orders passed by 21 the High Court may be set aside. SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE ACCUSED  26. Mr. K. Radhakrishnan, the learned senior counsel appearing for the accused persons, on the other hand, vehemently opposed both the appeals submitting that no error, not to speak of any error of law, could be said to have been committed by the High Court in passing the impugned orders discharging the accused persons from the prosecution. 27. The   learned   senior   counsel   would   submit   that   without considering the explanation furnished by the respondent  No. 1 and without calling for any explanation from his wife (second accused), the chargesheet for the offences punishable under Sections 13(2) r/w  13(1)(e) of the Act 1988 and Section 109 of the IPC could not have been filed.  The learned counsel, relying on the decision of this Court in the   case  of   N. Suresh Rajan   (supra), submitted  as a proposition of law that any property in the name of an income tax assessee,   by   itself,   cannot   be   a   ground   to   assume   that   such property belongs to the assessee. 22 28. He would submit that this Court in  N. Suresh Rajan  (supra) was dealing with a factual situation wherein the parents of the accused   to   whom   the   property   belonged   were   not   having   any independent source of income unlike in the facts of the present case where the wife of the respondent is a commerce graduate and an entrepreneur. She has her own independent source of income and had purchased the properties out of her own income and that one of those has been gifted by her father. She has been an income tax assessee   from   the   year   1990   and   has   been   regularly   filing   her income tax returns.  29. He   would   submit   that   the   Investigating   Officer   failed   to consider   the   explanation   furnished   by   the   Respondent   No.   1. Relying   on   the   decision   of   this   Court   in   the   case   of   State   of , (1981) 3 Maharashtra  vs. Wasudeo  Ramchandra Kaidalwar   SCC 199,   the learned counsel submitted that the nature and extent of burden cast on the accused is not to prove his innocence beyond reasonable doubt. All that the accused is obliged in law is to explain on preponderance of probability. In so far as the present case is concerned, the respondents have brought out a preponderance of 23 probability by way of establishing their case.  30.  The learned counsel in his written submissions has stated as under:­    i. “In   determining   the   assets   of   the   respondent,   the assets standing in the name of his wife and their son must be eschewed. ii. Income   of   Tmt.   Suguna,   wife   of   the   respondent   R. Soundirarasu   could   not   be   clubbed   along   with   the income of her husband when she is particularly having independent source of income and pays income tax. iii. Further,   the   investigating   Officer   has   called   for   the explanation   from   the   respondent   R.   Soundirarasu, which was not considered by the IO. iv. However, the IO has not called for the explanation from Tmt. Suguna. This approach of the IO is contrary to the law   laid   down   by   this   Hon’ble   Court.   This   Hon’ble Court in the case of Devine Retreat Centra Vs. State of Kerala   (2008)   3SCC   542, has   held   that   no   judicial   order   can   ever   be   passed   by   any   court   without providing a reasonable opportunity of being heard to the   person   likely   to   be   affected   by   such   order   and particularly   when   such   order   results   drastic consequences of affecting one’s own reputation. v. Respondent­R.   Soundirarasu   in   his   explanation   had explained that his wife Tmt. Suguna has independent source of income. She is a commerce graduate and was a partner in a S.K. Matt Industries along with one R. Kumar with effect from 23.10.1993. The partnership was   dissolved   on   31.3.2003   and   thereafter   she continued as the sole proprietor. She had been paying income tax from 1990 onwards and her IT returns were scrutinized   by   the   appropriate   authorities.   She   had 24 been regularly filed her income tax returns even beyond the end of the check period. vi. It is respectfully submitted that the Investigating Officer while collecting necessary details from both the income tax   authority   as   well   as   the   respondent   R. Soundirarasu, had failed to consider them in proper perspective   which   do   establish   that   his   wife   Tmt. Suguna had acquired properties from her own income. But the investigating officer has erroneously stated in the final report that she had no source of income and that   her   father   also   did   not   possess   any   means   to acquire property. 15. It is submitted that Statement No. 1 appended to the letter dated 16.10.2007 and the Charge Sheet is the assets and pecuniary resources that stood to the credit   of   respondent   and   his   family   members.   The check   period,   as   per   the   prosecution   has   been determined from 1.1.2002 to 31.3.2004. In statement No.   1,   14   items   have   been   shown.   In   so   far   as Statement I is concerned, properties mentioned at item Nos,   01,02,08,10,12   and   14   are   exclusively   the investments of his wife out of her own resources. 16. It is submitted that in so far as Statement II is concerned. i. Item 1, the house was constructed at the cost of Rs. 4,15,344/­ by respondent’s wife Tmt. S. Suguna from her   independent   resources   derived   from   S.K.   Mat Industries and other income and LIC Finance Housing Loan. ii. Item No. 2 was purchased by respondent’s wife out of her   independent   income   derived   from   S.K.   Mat Industries. 25 iii. Item   no.   12,   the   Land   measuring   0.67.½   cents comprised   in   Survey   No.   12/1Q   situated   at   M. Chettipatti, Omalur Taluk, Salem District was inherited by   respondent’s   mother   Krishnammal   and subsequently settled this property in favour of her three rd sons and thereby he had received 1/3   share. iv. Item No. 13 was purchased by respondent’s father­in­ law Thiru. T. Duraisamy with his own resources and later   gifted   by   way   of   dhana   settlement   to   his   son Thiru. S.S.Saran Kumar on 16.02.2004. This property should be taken into account as a gift and the value thereof   should   not   have   been   included   in   the Statement. v. Item No. 14, was inherited by respondent’s wife Tmt. S.Suguna by virtue of Dhana settlement. vi. Item No. 15 was purchased by respondent’s mother­in­ law Tmt. D. Shantha out of her own funds in the name of his son and that neither he nor his wife had invested any money in this transaction. vii. Item Nos. 17, 18, were purchased by respondent’s wife Tmt. S. Suguna out of her own resources. viii. Items 19, 21 are related to respondent’s wife Tmt. S. Suguna   and   the   same   cannot   be   attributed   to   the respondent. 17. It is submitted that items 2, 3, 4, 5 of Schedule III pertains to respondent’s wife Tmt. S. Suguna and the same cannot be attributed to the respondent. 18. It is submitted that in respect of Statement IV, i. Item No. 2, the expenditure towards repayment of LIC housing loan to the extent of Rs. 1,19,934.30 cannot be shown towards respondent’s expenditure as the loan was availed and repaid by his wife Tmt. S. Suguna out of her own resources. 26 ii. Similarly, the expenditure being Rs. 1,80,000/­ shown under   item   No.   3   should   not   have   been   shown   in respondent’s account, since the loan was obtained by his wife independently and repaid so far with interest by her, out of her own resources.  iii. Item No. 5, Telephone charges of Rs. 26,854/­ were paid by respondent’s wife out of her own resources. iv. Item No. 10, the house tax was paid by respondent’s wife out of her own resources. v. Item No. 09, the transaction pertains to respondent’s wife. Therefore, the loss should not have been shown in respondent’s account. vi. Item No. 11 is subscription towards Sri Ram Chits was made by respondent’s wife out of her own resources. vii. Item No. 12 the house tax for the house at Ganapathy is paid by respondent’s wife out of her own resources. viii. Item No. 14, the income tax paid by his respondent’s wife out of her own resources has been shown in his account. 19. It is submitted that the calculation made by the petitioner is incorrect. It is submitted that the correct computation as has been explained by the respondent in his explanation is as follows, i. The value of assets that stood to respondent’s credit as well   as   to   the   credit   of   his   family   members   at   the beginning of the check period is Rs. 1,31,254/­. ii. The   value   of   the   assets   that   stood   to   respondent’s credit as well as to the credit of his family members at the end of the check period is Rs. 1,37,430/­ iii. Therefore,   the   value   of   assets   acquired   during   the check period is Rs. 6,176/­. 27 iv. Income derived by him and his family members during the check period is Rs. 3,11,547/­. v. Expenditure during the check period is Rs. 1,91,910/­. vi. Thus,   the   savings   during   the   check   period   is   Rs. 1,19,636.80 Therefore, it is submitted that the assets acquired by the   respondent   (R.   Soundirarasu)   are   not disproportionate to his known source of income. 20. It is submitted that in his explanation respondent (R. Soundirarasu), has referred to the provisions of the Tamil Nadu Government Servant Conduct Rules 1973 as amended up to September 2006, Rules 7 (1) (a), which reads as follows: (1)(a) No Government servant, shall except after notice to the prescribed authority, acquire or dispose of any immovable   property   by   lease,   mortgage,   purchase, sale, gift, exchange or otherwise either in his own name or in the name of any member of his family. Such   a   notice   will   be   necessary   even   where   any immovable property is acquired by any member of the family of the Government servant out of the resources of the Government servant: Provided that the previous sanction of the prescribed authority shall not be necessary for the acquisition of immovable property in respect of house­site assigned by   the   Government   in   favour   of   the   Government servant. Explanation­A Government servant is not required to give   notice  to   the   prescribed  authority  or  seek  prior 28 permission from the prescribed authority for acquisition or disposal of immovable properties by the members of his family under clause (a), if the immovable property in question   is   not   acquired   from   the   resources   of   the Government servant concerned. The IO ought to have considered this provision before taking the properties and other resources into account. 21. It is respectfully submitted that the High Court has decided the matter by following the principles of law laid down by this Hon’ble Court. The High Court has only   looked   at   the   materials   relied   upon   in   the chargesheet to ascertain whether a prima facie case is made out or not. It is submitted that the High Court has rightly arrived at the conclusion that the prosecution has not examined the materials and the explanation afforded by the respondent. After examining the facts emerging from of the materials brought on record by the prosecution, the High Court has concluded that prima facie   the   materials   on   record   does   not   disclose   the existence of all the ingredients constituting the offences alleged against the respondents. The High Court has rightly concluded that the evidences tagged along with the final report are also not in consonance with the accusation made in the final report. The High Court has rendered   the   judgment   discharging   the   accused   to avert miscarriage of justice and to erase the prejudice caused   to   the   accused   at   the   instance   of   the investigating officer by not examining the explanation rendered by the first accused in proper perspective and without   calling   for   the   explanation   from   the   second accused. Prejudice is also caused by the finding of the Special judge to the effect that there are no materials/ evidence   to   prove   that   the   second   accused   has separate and independent source of income.”          (Emphasis supplied) 29   In such circumstances referred to above, the learned counsel prayed that there being no merit in the two appeals filed by the State, those may be dismissed. 31. If we have to give a fair idea as regards the case put up by the Prosecution against the accused persons, we may do so as under:­ (a) There are 14 items shown in the Statement No. 1, i.e. Assets and pecuniary sources that stood to the credit of the accused and his family members at the beginning of the check period i.e., 01.01.2002 such as lands, house sites, shares, jewels and other movables valued at Rs.3,46,006­00. (b) There are 21 items shown in the Statement No. II i.e., assets and pecuniary source that stood to the credit of the accused and his family members at the end of the check period as on 31.03.2004, valued at Rs. 31,69,498­00. (c) There are 6 items shown in the Statement No. III as income derived by the accused and his family members during the check period i.e., 01­01­2002 to 31­03­2004, calculated at Rs. 9,97,888­00. 30 (d) There   are   15   items   shown   in   the   Statement   No.   IV   i.e., expenditure incurred by the accused and his family members during the check period from 01­01­2002 to 31­03­2004 as family   consumption   expenditure,   education,   electricity charges, housing loan, LIC premiums, telephone charges etc. is calculated at Rs. 6,16,376­50. (e) The value of assets acquired by the accused and his family members at the end of the check period i.e., 31­03­2004 as shown in Statement No. V is at Rs. 28,23,492­00 (i.e. Rs. 31,69,498 (­) Rs. 3,46,006­00). (f) The   likely   savings   of   the   accused  and   his   family   members during   the   check   period   as   shown   in   Statement   No.   VI   is arrived   at   Rs.   3,81,512­00   (i.e.,)   Rs.   9,97,888­00   (­)   Rs. 6,16,376­50). (g) The value of disproportionate assets acquired by the accused and his family members as shown in the Statement No. VII is calculated at Rs. 24,41,980­00. (h) The   percentage   of   disproportionate   assets   acquired   by   the 31 accused and his family members to the known sources of their income is calculated at 244.71% (Rs.24,41,980­00 divided by Rs.9,97,888­00 multiplied by 100). Thus, in view of the aforesaid, the case of the prosecution is that   the   accused   No.   1   (public   servant)   was   found   to   be   in possession of assets disproportionate to the known sources of his income to the extent to Rs. 24,41,980/­ as on 31.03.2004. ANALYSIS 32.  Having heard the learned counsel appearing for the parties and having gone through the materials on record, the only question that   falls   for   our   consideration   is   whether   the   High   Court committed   any   error   in   discharging   both   the   accused   from   the charges levelled against them? 33. We have no hesitation in observing that the impugned orders passed by the High Court are utterly incomprehensible. We shall explain in details why we say so.   PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION ACT, 1988 34. Section 13(1)(e) of the Act 1988 including explanation thereto reads as under :­ 32 “13. Criminal misconduct by a public servant. (1) A public servant is said to commit the offence of criminal misconduct,­ (e) if he or any person on his behalf, is in possession or has, at any time during the period of his office, been in possession   for   which   the   public   servant   cannot satisfactorily   account,   of   pecuniary   resources   or property   disproportionate   to   his   known   sources   of income. Explanation.­ For the purposes of this section, “known sources of income” means income received from any lawful source and such receipt has been intimated in accordance with the provisions of any law, rules ororders for the time being applicable to a public servant. 35. The   explanation   to Section   13(1)(e) defines   the   expression “known sources of income ”  and states that this expression means the income received from any lawful source and also requires that the receipt should have been intimated by the public servant in ac­ cordance with any provisions of law, rules or orders for the time be­ ing applicable to a public servant. This explanation was not there in the Prevention   of   Corruption   Act,  1947   (for   short,   “Act   1947”). Noticing this fact in  Jagan M. Seshadri   v. State of Tamil Nadu , (2002) 9 SCC 639, this Court has observed as under:­ "7.   A   bare   reading   of Section   30(2) of   the   1988   Act shows that any act done or any action taken or pur­ ported to have been done or taken under or in pur­ 33 suance of the repealed Act, shall, insofar as it is not in­ consistent with the provisions of this Act, be deemed to have been done or taken under or in pursuance of the corresponding provisions of the Act. It does not substi­ tute Section   13 in   place   of Section   5 of   the   1947 Act. Section 30(2) is applicable "without prejudice to the application   of Section   6 of   the   General   Clauses   Act, 1897". In our opinion, the application of Section 13 of the 1988 Act to the fact situation of the present case would   offend Section   6 of   the   General   Clauses   Act, which, inter alia provides that repeal shall not (i) affect the previous operation of any enactment so repealed or anything duly done or suffered thereunder, or (ii) affect any investigation, legal proceedings or remedy in re­ spect of any such rights, privilege, obligation, penalty, forfeiture or punishment. Section 13, both in the matter of punishment as also by the addition of the Explana­ tion to Section 13(1)(e) is materially different from Sec­ tion 5 of the 1947 Act. The presumption permitted to be raised   under   the   Explanation   to Section   13(1)(e) was not available to be raised under Section 5(1)(e) of the 1947 Act. This difference can have a material bearing on the case." 36. The explanation to Section 13(1)(e) of the Act 1988 has the ef­ fect of defining  the  expression  “known  sources  of  income” used in Section 13(1)(e) of the Act 1988. The explanation to Section 13(1) (e) of the Act 1988 consists of two parts. The first part states that the known sources of income means the income received from any lawful source and the second part states that such receipt should have been intimated by the public servant in accordance with the 34 provisions of law, rules and orders for the time being applicable to a public servant. 37. Referring to the first part of the expression "known sources of income" in  , 2009  Crl.L.J. N.  Ramakrishnaiah v. State of A.P. 1767, this Court observed as under: "15. The emphasis of the phrase "known sources of in­ come" in Section 13(1)(e) (old Section 5(1)(e))  is clearly on the word "income". It would be primary to observe that qua the public servant, the income would be what is attached to his office or post, commonly known as re­ muneration or salary. The term "income" by itself, is classic and has a wide connotation. Whatever comes in or is received is income. But, however, wide the import and connotation of the term "income", it is incapable of being understood as meaning receipt having no nexus to one's labour, or expertise, or property, or investment, and being further a source which may or may not yield a regular revenue. These essential characteristics are vital in understanding the term "Income". Therefore, it can be said that, though "income" in receipt in the hand of its recipient, every receipt would not partake into the character of income. For the public servant, whatever return he gets of his service, will be the primary item of his income. Other income which can conceivably be in­ come qua the public servant will be in the regular re­ ceipt from (a) his property, or (b) his investment. A re­ ceipt from windfall, or gains of graft crime or immoral secretions by persons prima facie would not be receipt for the "known source of income" of a public servant.” 35 38. The above brings us to the second part of the explanation, defining the expression “such receipt should have been intimated by the public Servant” i.e. intimation by the public servant in accor­ dance with any provisions of law, rules or orders applicable to a public servant.  39. The language of the substantive provisions of Section 5(3) of the Act 1947 before its amendment, Section 5 (1)(e) of the Act 1947 and   13(1)(e)   of   the   Act   1988   continues   to   be   the   same   though Section   5(3)   before   it   came   to   be   amended   was   held   to   be   a procedural Section in the case of  , Sajjan Singh v. State of Punjab AIR 1964 SC 464. Section 5(3) of the Act 1947 before it came to be th amended w.e.f. 18  December, 1964 was interpreted in the case of C.D.S. Swami v. State , AIR 1960 SC 7, and it was observed:­
“5. Reference was also made to cases in which courts
had held that if plausible explanation had been offered
by an accused person for being in possession of prop­
erty which was the subject­matter of the charge, the
court could exonerate the accused from criminal respon­
sibility for possessing incriminating property. In our
opinion, those cases have no bearing upon the charge
against the appellant in this case, because the section
requires the accusedperson to "satisfactorily account"
for the possession of pecuniary resources or property
disproportionate to his known sources of income. Ordi­
36
narily, an accused person is entitled to acquittal if he
can account for honest possession of property which
has been proved to have been recently stolen (see illus­
tration (a) toSection 114of the Indian Evidence Act,
1872). The rule of law is that if there is a prima facie
explanation of the accused that he came by the stolen
goods in an honest way, the inference of guilty knowl­
edge is displaced. This is based upon the well­ estab­
lished principle that if there is a doubt in the mind of
the court as to a necessary ingredient of an offence, the
benefit of that doubt must go to the accused. But the
legislature has advisedly used the expression "satisfac­
torily account". The emphasis must be on the word "sat­
isfactorily", and the legislature has, thus, deliberately
cast a burden on the accused not only to offer a plausi­
ble explanation as to how he came by his large wealth,
but also to satisfy the court that his explanation was
worthy of acceptance.
6. Another argument bearing on the same aspect of the
case, is that the prosecution has not led evidence to
show as to what are the known sources of the appel­
lant’s income. In this connection, our attention was in­
vited to the evidence of the investigating officers, and
with reference to that evidence, it was contended that
those officers have not said, in terms, as to what were
the known sources of income of the accused, or that the
salary was the only source of his income. Now, the ex­
pression "known sources of income" must have refer­
ence to sources known to the prosecution on a thorough
investigation of the case. It was not, and it could not
be, contended that "known sources of income" means
sources known to the accused. The prosecution cannot,
in the very nature of things, be expected to know the af­
fairs of an accused person. Those will be matters "spe­
cially within the knowledge" of the accused, within the
meaning ofSection 106of the Evidence Act. The prose­
37
cution can only lead evidence, as it has done in the in­
stant case, to show that the accused was known to
earn his living by service under the Government during
the material period. The prosecution would not be justi­
fied in concluding that travelling allowance was also a
source of income when such allowance is ordinarily
meant to compensate an officer concerned for his out­
of­pocket expenses incidental to journeys performed by
him for his official tours. That could not possibly be al­
leged to be a very substantial source of income. The
source of income of aparticular individual will depend
upon his position in life with particular reference to his
occupation or avocation in life. In the case of a govern­
ment servant, the prosecution would, naturally, infer
that his known source of income would be the salary
earned by him during his active service. His pension or
his provident fund would come into calculation only af­
ter his retirement, unless he had a justification for bor­
rowing from his provident fund.We are not, therefore,
impressed by the argument that the prosecution has
failed to lead proper evidence as to the appellant’s
known sources of income. It may be that the accused
may have made statements to the investigating officers
as to his alleged sources of income, but the same,
strictly, would not be evidence in the case, and if the
prosecution has failed to disclose all the sources of in­
come of an accused person, it is always open to him to
prove those other sources of income which have not
been taken into account or brought into evidence by the
prosecution.
(Emphasis supplied) 40. Even after Section 5(3) was deleted and Section 5(1)(e) was en­ acted, this Court in the case of  Wasudeo Ram Chandra Kaidal­ war    (supra) has observed  that the expression "known sources of 38   income" occurring in   Section 5(1)(e)     has a definite legal connotation which in the context must mean the sources known to the prosecu­ tion and not sources relied upon and known to the accused. Sec­ tion 5(1)(e), it was observed by this Court, casts a burden on the ac­ cused for it uses the words "for which the public servant cannot satisfactorily   account".  The   onus   is   on   the   accused   to   account     and satisfactorily explain the assets.  Accordingly, in   for Wasudeo  (supra) it was observed:­ Ram Chandra Kaidalwar "11. The provisions of Section 5(3) have been subject of judicial   interpretation.   First   the   expression   "known sources of income" in the context of Section 5(3) meant "sources known to the prosecution". The other principle is equally well­ settled. The onus placed on the accused under Section 5(3) was, however, not to prove his inno­ cence beyond reasonable doubt, but only to establish a preponderance of probability. These are the well­settled principles: see C.S.D. Swamy v. State; Sajjan Singh v. State   of   Punjab and V.D.   Jhingan   v.   State   of   U.P. The legislature thought it fit to dispense with the rule of evidence under Section 5(3) and make the possession of disproportionate assets by a public servant as one of the species of the offence of criminal misconduct by in­ serting Section 5(1)(e) due to widespread corruption in public services. 12.   The   terms   and   expressions   appearing   in Section 5(1)(e) of the Act are the same as those used in the old Section 5(3). Although the two provisions operate in two different fields, the meaning to be assigned to them 39 must be the same. The expression "known sources of incomes" means "sources known to the prosecution". So also, the same meaning must be given to the words "for which the public servant cannot satisfactorily account" occurring in Section 5(1)(e). No doubt, Section 4(1) pro­ vides   for   presumption   of   guilt   in   cases   falling   un­ der Section 5(1)(a) and (b), but there was, in our opin­ ion, no need to mention Section 5(1)(e) therein. For, the reason is obvious. The provision contained in Section 5(1)(e) of the Act is a self­contained provision. The first part of the section casts a burden on the prosecution and   the   second   on   the   accused.  When     Section   5(1)     uses the words "for which the public servant cannot (e) satisfactorily account", it is implied that the burden is on such public servant to account for the sources for the acquisition of disproportionate assets. The High Court, therefore, was in error in holding that a public servant charged for having disproportionate assets in his pos­ session for which he cannot satisfactorily account, can­   not be convicted of an offence under   Section 5(2)     read   with   Section   5(1)(e)     of  the   Act  unless  the   prosecution disproves all possible sources of income. 13. That takes us to the difficult question as to the na­ ture and extent of the burden of proof under Section 5(1)(e) of the Act. The expression "burden of proof" has two distinct meanings (1) the legal burden i.e. the bur­ den of establishing the guilt, and (2) the evidential bur­ den i.e. the burden of leading evidence. In a criminal trial, the burden of proving everything essential to es­ tablish the charge against the accused lies upon the prosecution,   and   that   burden   never   shifts.   Notwith­ standing the general rule that the burden of proof lies exclusively upon the prosecution, in the case of certain offences, the burden of proving a particular fact in is­ sue may be laid by law upon the accused. The burden resting on the accused in such cases is, however, not 40 so onerous as that which lies on the prosecution and is discharged by proof of a balance of probabilities. The ingredients of the offence of criminal misconduct un­ der Section   5(2) read   with Section   5(1)(e) are   the   pos­ session of pecuniary resources or property dispropor­ tionate to the known sources of income for which the public   servant   cannot   satisfactorily   account.  To   sub­ stantiate the charge, the prosecution must prove the fol­   lowing facts before it can bring a case under   Section   5(1)(e)  , namely, (1) it must establish that the accused is a public servant, (2) the nature and extent of the pecu­ niary resources or property which were found in his possession, (3) it must be proved as to what were his known sources of income i.e. known to the prosecution, and (4) it must prove, quite objectively, that such re­ sources or property found in possession of the accused were disproportionate to his known sources of income. Once these four ingredients are established, the offence   of criminal misconduct under   Section 5(1)(e)     is complete, unless   the   accused   is   able   to   account   for   such   re­ sources or property. The burden then shifts to the ac­ cused to satisfactorily account for his possession of dis­ proportionate assets. The extent and nature of burden of proof resting upon the public servant to be found in   possession   of   disproportionate   assets   under   Section   5(1)(e)   cannot be higher than the test laid by the Court in Jhingan case i.e. to establish his case by a prepon­ derance of probability. That test was laid down by the court following the dictum of Viscount Sankey, L.C., in Woolmington v. Director of Public Prosecution. The High Court has placed an impossible burden on the prosecu­ tion to disprove all possible sources of income which were within the special knowledge of the accused. As laid down in Swamy case, the prosecution cannot, in the very nature of things, be expected to know the af­   fairs   of   a   public   servant   found   in   possession   of   re­ sources   or   property   disproportionate   to   his   known 41 sources of income i.e. his salary. Those will be matters specially within the knowledge of the public servant   within the meaning of   Section 106     of the Evidence Act,   1872.   Section 106     reads: "When any fact is especially within the knowledge of any person, the burden of proving that fact is upon him.” In this connection, the phrase the burden of proof is clearly used in the secondary sense namely, the duty of introducing evidence. The nature and extent of the burden cast on the accused is well settled.   The ac­ cused is not bound to prove his innocence beyond all the reasonable doubt.  All that he need to do is to bring out a preponderance of probability.” 41.  While the expression "known sources of income" refers to the sources known to the prosecution, the expression "for which the public servant cannot satisfactorily account" refers to the onus or burden on the accused to satisfactorily explain and account for the assets found to be possessed by the public servant. This burden is on the accused   as   the   said   facts   are   within   his   special  knowl­ edge. Section   106 of   the   Evidence   act   applies.   The   explanation to Section 13(1)(e) is a procedural Section which seeks to define the expression "known sources of income" as sources known to the prosecution and not to the accused. The explanation applies and re­ 42 lates to the mode and manner of investigation to be conducted by the prosecution, it does away with the requirement and necessity of the prosecution to have an open, wide and rowing investigation and enquire into the alleged sources of income which the accused may have. It curtails the need and necessity of the prosecution to go into the alleged sources of income which a public servant may or possi­ bly have but are not legal or have not been declared. The unde­ clared alleged sources are by their very nature are expected to be   known to the   accused only and are within his special knowledge. The effect of the explanation is to clarify and reinforce the existing position and understanding of the expression "known sources of in­ come" i.e. the expression refers to sources known to the prosecution and not sources known to the accused. The second part of the ex­ planation does away with the need and requirement for the prose­ cution to conduct an open ended or rowing enquiry or investigation to find out all alleged/claimed known sources of income of an ac­ cused who is investigated under the PC Act, 1988. The prosecution can rely upon the information furnished by the accused to the au­ thorities under law, rules and orders for the time being applicable 43 to a public servant. No further investigation is required by the pros­ ecution to find out the known sources of income of the accused public servant. As noticed above, the first part of the explanation refers to income received from legal/lawful sources. This first part of the expression states the obvious as is clear from the judgment of this Court in  N. Ramakrishnaiah  (supra). (Emphasis supplied) 42.  Thus,   it   is   evident   from   the   aforesaid   that   the   expression “known source of income” is not synonymous with the words “for which the public servant cannot satisfactorily account.”   The two expressions   connote   and   have   different   meaning,   scope   and requirements.
43.In the case ofCentral Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and
Anr.   v.   Thommandru   Hannah   Vijayalakshmi   @   T.H.
Vijayalakshmi and Anr., reported in 2021 SCC OnLine SC 923,
this Court, after an exhaustive review of its various other decisions,
more particularly the decision in the case ofK. Veeraswami v.
Union of India, (1991) 3 SCC 655, held that since the accused
public servant does not have a right to be afforded a chance to explain   the   alleged   Disproportionate   Assets   to   the   investigating 44 officer before the filing of a chargesheet, a similar right cannot be granted to the accused before the filing of an FIR by making a preliminary inquiry mandatory.
44.The above decision of this Court in the case ofThommandru
Hannah Vijayalakshmi @ T.H. Vijayalakshmi(supra) is a direct
answer to the contention raised on behalf of the accused persons that   the   investigating   officer   wrongly   declined   to   consider   the explanation   offered   by   the   public   servant   in   regard   to   the allegations  and   also  failed   to  take  into  consideration  the  assets lawfully acquired by his wife.
45.InK. Veeraswami(supra), this Court held thus:­
“75…since the legality of the charge­sheet has been impeached,   we   will   deal   with   that   contention   also.Counsel laid great emphasis on the expression  for which   he   cannot   satisfactorily   account    used   in clause (e) of Section 5(1) of the Act. He argued that that term means that the public servant is entitled to an opportunity before the Investigating Officer to explain the alleged disproportionality between assets and the known sources of income. The Investigating Officer is required to consider his explanation and the charge­ sheet filed by him must contain such averment. The failure to mention that requirement would vitiate the charge­sheet and renders it invalid. This submission, if we may say so, completely overlooks the powers of the Investigating Officer. The Investigating Officer is only 45
required to collect material to find out whether the
offence alleged appears to have been committed. In the
course of the investigation, he may examine the
accused. He may seek his clarification and if
necessary, he may cross check with him about his
known sources of income and assets possessed by
him. Indeed, fair investigation requires as rightly stated
by Mr. A.D. Giri, learned Solicitor General, that the
accused should not be kept in darkness. He should be
taken into confidence if he is willing to cooperate.But to
state that after collection of all material the
Investigating Officer must give an opportunity to the
accused and call upon him to account for the excess of
the assets over the known sources of income and then
decide whether the accounting is satisfactory or not,
would be elevating the Investigating Officer to the
position of an enquiry officer or a judge. The
Investigating Officer is not holding an enquiry against
the conduct of the public servant or determining the
disputed issues regarding the disproportionality
between the assets and the income of the accused. He
just collects material from all sides and prepares a
report which he files in the court as charge­sheet.
(Emphasis supplied)
46. The second contention canvassed on behalf of the accused persons that every bit of information in regard to the assets had been intimated to the Income Tax Authorities and the documents in regard to the same should be sufficient to exonerate the accused persons from the charges is without any merit. In other words, the contention that the High Court rightly took into consideration the 46 aforesaid for the purpose of discharging the accused persons from the   prosecution   is   without   any   merit   and   erroneous   more particularly in view of the decision of this Court in the case of Thommandru   Hannah   Vijayalakshmi   @   T.H.   Vijayalakshmi (supra). This Court has observed in paras 58, 60 & 61 resply as under:­ “58. On the other hand, it has been argued on behalf of the appellant that the documents relied upon by the respondents  are   not  unimpeachable   and   have  to  be proved at the stage of trial. Hence, it was urged that the arguments made on the basis of these documents should not be accepted by this Court. The appellant has relied upon the judgment of a two Judge Bench of this Court in J. Jayalalitha (supra), where it has been held   that   documents   such   as   Income   Tax   Returns cannot be relied upon as conclusive proof to show that the income is from a lawful source under the PC Act. Justice P C Ghose held thus:  “191. Though considerable exchanges had been made in course of the arguments, centering around Section 43 of the Evidence Act, 1872, we are of the comprehension that those need not be expatiated in details. Suffice it to state that even assuming that the income tax returns, the   proceedings   in   connection   therewith   and   the decisions rendered therein are relevant and admissible in evidence  as  well, nothing as such, turns thereon definitively as those do not furnish any guarantee or authentication   of   the   lawfulness   of   the   source(s)   of income,   the   pith   of   the   charge   levelled   against   the respondents.   It   is   the   plea   of   the   defence   that   the 47 income tax returns and orders, while proved by the accused   persons   had   not   been   objected   to   by   the prosecution   and   further   it   (prosecution)   as   well   had called in evidence the income tax returns/orders and thus, it cannot object to the admissibility of the records produced   by   the   defence.  To   reiterate,   even   if   such returns and orders are admissible, the probative value would   depend   on   the   nature   of   the   information furnished,   the   findings   recorded   in   the   orders   and having a bearing on the charge levelled. In any view of the matter, however, such returns and orders would not ipso facto either conclusively prove or disprove the charge and can at best be pieces of evidence which have to be evaluated along with the other materials on record.  Noticeably, none of the respondents has been examined on oath in the case in hand. Further, the income tax returns relied upon by the defence as well as   the   orders   passed   in   the   proceedings   pertaining thereto have been filed/passed after the chargesheet had been submitted. Significantly, there is a charge of conspiracy and abetment against the accused persons. In the overall perspective therefore neither the income tax returns nor the orders passed in the proceedings relatable   thereto,   either   definitively   attest   the lawfulness   of   the   sources   of   income   of   the   accused persons or are of any avail to them to satisfactorily account   the   disproportionateness   of   their   pecuniary resources and properties as mandated by Section 13(1) (e) of the Act. In Vishwanath Chaturvedi (3) v. Union of India   [Vishwanath   Chaturvedi   (3)   v.   Union   of   India, (2007) 4 SCC 380 : (2007) 2 SCC (Cri) 302] , a writ petition was filed under Article 32 of the Constitution of India   seeking   an   appropriate   writ   for   directing   the Union of India to take appropriate action to prosecute R­2 to R­5  under the  1988  Act  for having amassed assets disproportionate to the known sources of income by   misusing   their   power   and   authority.   The 48 respondents were the then sitting Chief Minister of U.P. and his relatives. Having noticed that the basic issue was with regard to alleged investments and sources of such investments, Respondents 2 to 5 were ordered by this Court to file copies of income tax and wealth tax returns of the relevant assessment years which was done. It was pointed out on behalf of the petitioner that the   net   assets   of   the   family   though   were   Rs 9,22,72,000, as per the calculation made by the official valuer, the then value of the net assets came to be Rs 24 crores. It was pleaded on behalf of the respondents that income tax returns had already been filed and the matters were pending before the authorities concerned and all the payments were made by cheques, and thus the allegation levelled against them were baseless. It was   observed   that   the   minuteness   of   the   details furnished by the parties and the income tax returns and   assessment   orders,   sale   deeds,   etc.   were necessary   to   be   carefully   looked   into   and   analyzed only by an independent agency with the assistance of chartered accountants and other accredited engineers and valuers of the property. It was observed that the Income Tax Department was concerned only with the source of income and whether the tax was paid or not and,   therefore,   only   an   independent   agency   or   CBI could,   on   court   direction,   determine   the   question   of disproportionate   assets.   CBI   was   thus   directed   to conduct a preliminary enquiry into the assets of all the respondents and to take further action in the matter after scrutinizing as to whether a case was made out or not.  This decision is to emphasize that submission of income tax returns and the assessments orders passed thereon,   would   not   constitute   a   foolproof   defence against   a   charge   of   acquisition   of   assets disproportionate to the known lawful sources of income as   contemplated   under   the   PC   Act   and   that   further scrutiny/analysis thereof is imperative to determine as 49 to whether the offence as contemplated by the PC Act is made out or not.    x x x x x 60. At the very outset, we must categorically hold that the documents which have been relied upon  by the respondents cannot form the basis of quashing the FIR. The value and weight to be ascribed to the documents is a matter of trial. Both the parties have cited previous decisions of two Judge Benches of this Court in order to support their submissions. There is no clash between the decisions in Kedari Lal (supra) and J. Jayalalitha (supra)   for   two   reasons:   (i)   the   judgment   in   J. Jayalalitha   (supra)   notes   that   a   document   like   the Income Tax Return, by itself, would not be definitive evidence in providing if the source of one‘s income was lawful since the Income Tax Department is not responsible for investigating that, while the facts in the judgment   in   Kedari   Lal   (supra)   were   such   that   thesource of the income was not in question at all and hence,   the   Income   Tax   Returns   were   relied   upon conclusively; and (ii) in any case, the decision in Kedari Lal (supra) was delivered while considering a criminal appeal challenging a conviction under the PC Act, while the present matter is at the stage of quashing of an FIR.  61. In the present case, the appellant is challenging the very  source   of   the   respondents‘   income   and   the questioning the assets acquired by them based on such income.   Hence,   at   the   stage   of   quashing   of   an   FIR where the Court only has to ascertain whether the FIR prima facie makes out the commission of a cognizable offence,  reliance  on  the  documents  produced   by  the respondents  to  quash   the  FIR would  be  contrary  to fundamental   principles   of   law.   The   High   Court   has 50 gone far beyond the ambit of its jurisdiction by virtually conducting   a   trial   in   an   effort   to   absolve   the respondents.” (Emphasis supplied) 47. Now, the reason why we say that the impugned orders passed by the High Court are utterly incomprehensible is because the High Court has not been able to comprehend the true scope and ambit of Section 239 of the CrPC. The High Court has also not been able to comprehend in what set of  circumstances the  revisional  powers under Section 397 read with Section 401 of the CrPC are to be exercised. 48.  We have gathered an impression that the High Court seems to be labouring under a serious mis­conception of law as is evident from the two impugned orders and such erroneous mis­conceptions need to be eradicated. 49. The learned counsel appearing for the State rightly submitted that at the stage of consideration of discharge under Section 239 of the CrPC only a  prima facie  case is to be seen and the Special Court having recorded a satisfaction with regard to the existence of a prima facie   case there cannot be said to be any material error or illegality in the orders assailed before the High Court. 51 50.   The   procedure   for   trial  of   warrant   cases   by   Magistrate is provided for under Chapter XIX of the CrPC and Sections 239 and 240 resply relate to discharge and framing of charge.  51. The primary consideration at the stage of framing of charge is the test of existence of a   prima facie   case, and at this stage, the probative value of materials on record is not to be gone into. 52. The   provisions   which   deal   with   the   question   of   framing   of charge or discharge, relatable to: (i) a sessions trial or, (ii) a trial of warrant case, or (iii) a summons case, are contained in three pairs of Sections under the CrPC. These are Sections 227 and 228 resply in so far as, the sessions trial is concerned; Sections 239 and 240 resply relatable to the trial of warrant cases; and Sections 245(1) and   245(2)   resply   in   respect   of   summons   case.   The   relevant provisions read as follows:­   ­ If, upon consideration of the Section 227. Discharge record   of   the   case   and   the   documents   submitted therewith,   and   after   hearing   the   submissions   of   the accused and the prosecution in this behalf, the Judge considers   that   there   is   not   sufficient   ground   for proceeding against the accused, he shall discharge the accused and record his reasons for so doing.  52 Section 228.   Framing of charge .—(1) If, after such consideration and hearing as aforesaid, the Judge is of opinion   that   there   is   ground   for   presuming   that   the accused has committed an offence which—  (a)   is   not   exclusively   triable   by   the   Court   of Session,   he   may,   frame   a   charge   against   the accused and, by order, transfer the case for trial to   the   Chief   Judicial   Magistrate,   or   any   other Judicial Magistrate of the first class and direct the accused   to   appear   before   the   Chief   Judicial Magistrate, or, as the case may be, the Judicial Magistrate of the first class, on such date as he deems fit, and thereupon such Magistrate shall try the offence in accordance with the procedure for the trial of warrant­cases instituted on a police report;  (b) is  exclusively triable  by the  Court, he  shall frame in writing a charge against the accused.  (2)   Where   the   Judge   frames   any   charge   under clause (b) of subsection (1), the charge shall be read and   explained   to   the   accused,   and   the   accused shall   be   asked   whether   he   pleads   guilty   of   the offence charged or claims to be tried.  .— Section 239 When accused shall be discharged If, upon considering the police report and the documents sent   with   it   under   Section   173   and   making   such examination, if any, of the accused as the Magistrate thinks necessary and after giving the prosecution and the   accused   an   opportunity   of   being   heard,   the Magistrate considers the charge against the accused to be   groundless,   he   shall   discharge   the   accused,   and record his reasons for so doing.  53 Section 240 .   Framing of charge .—(1) If, upon such consideration,   examination,   if   any,   and   hearing,   the Magistrate   is   of   opinion   that   there   is   ground   for presuming that the accused has committed an offence triable   under   this   Chapter,   which   such   Magistrate   is competent to try and which, in his opinion, could be adequately punished by him, he shall frame in writing a charge against the accused.  (2) The charge shall then be read and explained to the accused,   and   he   shall   be   asked   whether   he   pleads guilty of the offence charged or claims to be tried.  Section 245.   When accused shall be discharged .— (1) If, upon taking all the evidence referred to in Section 244,   the   Magistrate   considers,   for   reasons   to   be recorded, that no case against the accused has been made   out   which,   if   unrebutted,   would   warrant   his conviction, the Magistrate shall discharge him. (2) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to prevent a Magistrate   from   discharging   the   accused   at   any previous stage of the case if, for reasons to be recorded by   such   Magistrate,   he   considers   the   charge   to   be groundless.” 53.   The aforestated Sections indicate that the CrPC contemplates discharge of the accused by the Court of Sessions under Section 227 in a case triable by it, cases instituted upon a police report are covered by Section 239 and cases instituted otherwise than on a police   report   are   dealt   with   in   Section   245.   The   three   Sections contain somewhat different provisions in regard to discharge of the 54 accused. As per Section 227, the trial judge is required to discharge the accused if   “the Judge considers that there is not sufficient ground   for   proceeding   against   the   accused”.   The   obligation   to discharge   the   accused   under   Section   239   arises   when   “the Magistrate   considers   the   charge   against   the   accused   to   be groundless”.   The   power   to   discharge   under   Section   245(1)   is exercisable   when   “the   Magistrate   considers,   for   reasons   to   be recorded, that no case against the accused has been made out which, if unrebutted would warrant his conviction”. Sections 227 and   239   resply   provide   for   discharge   being   made   before   the recording   of   evidence   and   the   consideration   as   to   whether   the charge has to be framed or not is required to be made on the basis of the record of the case, including the documents and oral hearing of   the   accused   and   the   prosecution   or   the   police   report,   the documents sent along with it and examination of the accused and after affording an opportunity to the parties to be heard. On the other hand, the stage for discharge under Section 245 is reached only after the evidence referred to in Section 244 has been taken.  54.  Despite the slight variation in the provisions with regard to 55 discharge under the three pairs of Sections referred to above, the settled legal position is that the stage of framing of charge under either of these three situations, is a preliminary one and the test of “ ” case has to be applied — if the trial court is satisfied prima facie that a  prima facie  case is made out, charge has to be framed.  55 . The nature of evaluation to be made by the court at the stage of framing of charge came up for consideration of this Court in Onkar Nath Mishra and others v. State (NCT of Delhi) and , (2008) 2 SCC 561, and referring to its earlier decisions in another the   State of Maharashtra v. Som Nath Thapa , (1996) 4 SCC 659, and the   , (2000) 6 SCC 338, State of M.P. v. Mohanlal Soni it was held that at that stage, the Court has to form a presumptive opinion as to the existence of the factual ingredients constituting the   offence   alleged   and   it   is   not   expected   to   go   deep   into   the probative   value   of   the   materials   on   record.   The   relevant observations made in the judgment are as follows:­ "11. It is trite that at the stage of framing of charge the court is required to evaluate the material and documents on record with a view to finding out if the facts emerging therefrom,   taken   at   their   face   value,   disclosed   the existence of all the ingredients constituting the alleged 56 offence. At that stage, the court is not expected to go deep into the probative value of the material on record. What   needs   to   be   considered   is   whether   there   is   a ground   for   presuming   that   the   offence   has   been committed and not a ground for convicting the accused has been made out. At that stage, even strong suspicion founded on material which leads the court to form a presumptive opinion as to the existence of the factual ingredients constituting the offence alleged would justify the framing of charge against the accused in respect of the commission of that offence.”   56. Then again in the case of   (supra), a three­ Som Nath Thapa Judge Bench of this Court, after noting the three pairs of Sections i.e. (i) Sections 227 and 228 resply in so far as the sessions trial is concerned; (ii) Sections 239 and 240 resply relatable to the trial of warrant cases; and (iii) Sections  245(1) and (2)   qua   the  trial of summons cases, which dealt with the question of framing of charge or discharge, stated thus: (SCC p. 671, para 32). "32...if on the basis of materials on record, a court could come to the conclusion that commission of the offence is a probable consequence, a case for framing of charge exists. To put it differently, if the court were to think that the accused might have committed the offence it can frame the charge, though for conviction the conclusion is required   to   be   that   the   accused   has   committed   the offence. It is apparent that at the stage of framing of a charge,   probative   value   of   the   materials   on   record cannot be gone into; the materials brought on record by the   prosecution   has   to   be   accepted   as   true   at   that 57 stage."  57. In   a   later   decision   in   (supra),   this   Court, Mohanlal   Soni   referring to several of its previous decisions, held that: (SCC p. 342, para 7) "7. The crystallised judicial view is that at the stage of framing charge, the court has to prima facie consider whether there is sufficient ground for proceeding against the   accused.   The   court   is   not   required   to   appreciate evidence to conclude whether the materials produced are sufficient or not for convicting the accused.” 58. Reiterating a similar view in   Sheoraj Singh Ahlawat and , (2013) 11 SCC others v. State of Uttar Pradesh and another 476, it was observed by this Court that while framing charges the court   is   required   to   evaluate   the   materials   and   documents   on record to decide whether the facts emerging therefrom taken at their face value would disclose existence of ingredients constituting the alleged offence. At this stage, the court is not required to go deep into the probative value of the materials on record. It needs to evaluate whether there is a ground for presuming that the accused had   committed   the   offence   and   it   is   not   required   to   evaluate sufficiency of evidence to convict the accused. It was held that the 58 Court at this stage cannot speculate into the truthfulness or falsity of   the   allegations   and   contradictions   &   inconsistencies   in   the statement   of   witnesses   cannot   be   looked   into   at   the   stage   of discharge.  59. In the context of trial of a warrant case, instituted on a police report, the provisions for discharge are to be governed as per the terms of Section 239 which provide  that a direction for discharge can be made only for reasons to be recorded by the court where it considers   the   charge   against   the   accused   to   be   groundless.   It would, therefore, follow that as per the provisions under Section 239 what needs to be considered is whether there is a ground for presuming that the offence has been committed and not that a ground   for   convicting   the   accused   has   been   made   out.   At   that stage, even strong suspicion founded on material which leads the Court to form a presumptive opinion as to the existence of the factual ingredients constituting the offences alleged would justify the framing of charge against the accused in respect of that offence, and it is only in a case where the Magistrate considers the charge to be groundless, he is to discharge the accused after recording his 59 reasons for doing so. 60.  Section 239 envisages a careful and objective consideration of the question whether the charge against the accused is groundless or whether there is ground for presuming that he has committed an offence. What Section 239 prescribes is not, therefore, an empty or routine formality. It is a valuable provision to the advantage of the accused, and its breach is not permissible under the law.  But if the Judge, upon considering the record, including the examination, if any, and the hearing, is of the opinion that there is "ground for presuming"   that   the   accused   has   committed   the   offence   triable under the chapter, he is required by Section 240 to frame in writing a charge against the accused. The order for the framing of the charge is also not an empty or routine formality. It is of a far­ reaching nature, and it amounts to a decision that the accused is not entitled to discharge under Section 239, that there is, on the other hand, ground for presuming that he has committed an offence triable under Chapter XIX and that he should be called upon to plead guilty to it and be convicted and sentenced on that plea, or face the trial. (See :  V.C. Shukla v. State through CBI , AIR 1980 60 SC 962). 61.  Section   239   of   the   CrPC   lays   down   that   if   the   Magistrate considers the charge against the accused to be groundless, he shall discharge   the   accused.   The   word   'groundless',   in   our   opinion, means   that   there   must   be   no   ground   for   presuming   that   the accused has committed the offence. The word 'groundless' used in Section 239 of the CrPC means that the materials placed before the Court do not make out or are not sufficient to make out a   prima facie  case against the accused. 62.  The   learned   author   Shri   Sarkar   in   his   Criminal   P.C.,   5th Edition, on page 427, has opined as:­ "The provision is the same as in S. 227, the only difference being that the Magistrate may examine the accused, if nec­ essary, of also S. 245. The Magistrate shall discharge the accused recording reasons, if after (i) considering the police report and documents mentioned in S. 173; (ii) examining the accused, if necessary and (iii) hearing the arguments of both sides he thinks the charge against him to be groundless, i.e., either there is no legal evidence or that the facts do not make out any offence at all." 63.    In short, it means that if no   prima facie   case regarding the commission of any offence is made out, it would amount to a charge being groundless.  61 64.   In  Century Spinning and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. v. State , AIR 1972 SC 545, this Court has stated about of Maharashtra the ambit of Section 251(A)(2) of the CrPC 1898, which is in   pari materia  with the wordings used in Section 239 of the CrPC as fol­ lows:­ "It cannot be said that the Court at the stage of framing the charge has not to apply its judicial mind for considering whether or not there is a ground for presuming the commis­ sion of the offence by the accused. The order framing the charges does substantially affect the person's liberty and it cannot be said that the Court must automatically frame the charge merely because the prosecuting authorities by rely­ ing   on   the   documents   referred   to   in   S.   173   consider   it proper to institute the case. The responsibility of framing the charges is that of the Court and it has to judicially con­ sider the question of doing so. Without fully adverting to the material on the record it must not blindly adopt the decision of the prosecution." In para 15, this Court has stated as:­ "Under sub­sec. (2), if upon consideration of all the docu­ ments referred to in S. 173, Criminal P.C. and examining the accused, if considered necessary by the Magistrate and also after hearing both sides, the Magistrate consid­ ers the charge to be groundless, he must discharge the accused. This sub­section has to be read along with sub­ sec. (3), according to which, if after hearing the argu­ ments and hearing the accused, the Magistrate thinks that there is ground for presuming that the accused has committed an offence triable under Chap. XXI of the Code within the Magistrate's competence and for which he can 62 punish adequately, he has to frame in writing a charge against  the  accused.  Reading the two  sub­sections  to­ gether, it clearly means that if there is no ground for pre­ suming that the accused has committed an offence, the charges must be considered to be groundless, which is the same thing as saying that there is no ground for framing the charges."  (Emphasis supplied) 65.  Thus   the   word   'groundless',   as   interpreted   by   this   Court, means that there is no ground for presuming that the accused has committed an offence.  66.  This Court has again dealt with this aspect of the matter in Superintendent and Remembrancer of Legal Affairs, West Ben­ gal v. Anil Kumar Bhunja , AIR 1980 SC 52. This Court has stated in the said case as:­ "At this stage, even a very strong suspicion found upon materials before the Magistrate, which leads him to form a presumptive opinion as to the existence of the factual ingredients constituting the offence alleged, may justify the framing of charges against the accused in respect of the commission of that offence."   67.  The suspicion referred to by this Court must be founded upon the materials placed before the Magistrate which leads him to form 63 a presumptive opinion as to the existence of the factual ingredients constituting the offence alleged. Therefore, the words "a very strong suspicion" used by this Court must not be a strong suspicion of a vacillating mind of a Judge. That suspicion must be founded upon the materials placed before the Magistrate which leads him to form a presumptive opinion about the existence of the factual ingredients constituting the offence alleged.  68.  Section 239 has to be read along with Section 240 of the CrPC. If the Magistrate finds that there is  prima facie  evidence or the ma­ terial against the accused in support of the charge (allegations), he may frame charge in accordance with Section 240 of the CrPC. But if he finds that the charge (the allegations or imputations) made against the accused does not make out a  prima facie  case and does not furnish basis for framing charge, it will be a case of charge be­ ing groundless, so he has no option but to discharge the accused. Where the Magistrate finds that taking cognizance of the offence it­ self was contrary to any provision of law, like Section 468 of the CrPC, the complaint being barred by limitation, so he cannot frame the charge, he has to discharge the accused. Indeed, in a case 64 where the Magistrate takes cognizance of an offence without taking note of Section 468 of the CrPC, the most appropriate stage at which the accused can plead for his discharge is the stage of fram­ ing the charge. He need not wait till completion of trial. The Magis­ trate will be committing no illegality in considering that question and discharging the accused at the stage of framing charge if the facts so justify. 69.  The real test for determining whether the charge should be considered   groundless   under   Section   239   of   the   CrPC   is   that whether the materials are such that even if unrebutted make out no case whatsoever, the accused should be discharged under Section 239 of the CrPC. The trial court will have to consider, whether the materials   relied   upon   by   the   prosecution   against   the   applicant herein for the purpose of framing of the charge, if unrebutted, make out any case at all. 70. The provisions of discharge under Section 239 of the CrPC fell for consideration of this Court in  K. Ramakrishna and others v. , (2000) 8 SCC 547, and it was held State of Bihar and another that   the   questions   regarding   the   sufficiency   or   reliability   of   the 65 evidence to proceed further are not required to be considered by the trial court under Section 239 and the High Court under Section 482. It was observed as follows:­ “4. The trial court under Section 239 and the High Court under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is not called upon to embark upon an inquiry as to whether evidence in question is reliable or not or evidence relied upon is sufficient to proceed further or not. However, if upon the admitted facts and the documents relied upon by   the   complainant   or   the   prosecution   and   without weighing or sifting of evidence, no case is made out, the criminal proceedings instituted against the accused are required to be dropped or quashed. As observed by this [ Court in Rajesh Bajaj v. State NCT of Delhi,   1999 (3) SCC 259] the High Court or the Magistrate are also not supposed to adopt a strict hypertechnical approach to sieve the complaint through a colander of finest gauzes for   testing   the   ingredients   of   offence   with   which   the accused is charge. Such an endeavour may be justified during trial but not during the initial stage.” 71.    In   the   case   of   State   by   Karnataka   Lokayukta,   Police , (2019) 7 SCC 515, this Station, Bengaluru v. M.R. Hiremath Court observed and held in paragraph 25 as under:­ “25.   The High Court ought to have been cognizant of the fact that   the   trial   court   was   dealing   with   an   application   for discharge under the provisions of Section 239 CrPC. The parameters   which   govern   the   exercise   of   this   jurisdiction 66 have found expression in several decisions of this Court. It is a settled principle of law that at the stage of considering an application   for   discharge   the   court   must   proceed   on   the assumption that the material which has been brought on the record by the prosecution is true and evaluate the material in order   to   determine   whether   the   facts   emerging   from   the material, taken on its face value, disclose the existence of the ingredients necessary to constitute the offence. In State of T.N. v. N. Suresh Rajan [State of T.N. v. N. Suresh Rajan, (2014) 11 SCC 709, adverting to the earlier decisions on the subject, this Court held: (SCC pp. 721­22, para 29)  “29. … At this stage, probative value of the materials has tobe gone into and the court is not expected to go deep   into   the   matter   and   hold   that   the   materials would not warrant a conviction. In our opinion, what needs to be considered is whether there is a ground for presuming that the offence has been committed and not whether a ground for convicting the accused has been made out. To put it differently, if the court thinks   that   the   accused   might   have   committed   the offence on the basis of the materials on record on its probative value, it can frame the charge; though for conviction, the court has to come to the conclusion that the accused has committed the  law does not permit a mini trial at this stage.”” 72. The ambit and scope of exercise of power under Sections 239 and 240 of the CrPC, are therefore fairly well settled. The obligation to   discharge   the   accused   under   Section   239   arises   when   the Magistrate   considers   the   charge   against   the   accused   to   be 67 "groundless".   The   Section   mandates   that   the   Magistrate   shall discharge the accused recording reasons, if after (i) considering the police report and the documents sent with it under Section 173, (ii) examining the accused, if necessary, and (iii) giving the prosecution and the accused an opportunity of being heard, he considers the charge against the accused to be groundless, i.e., either there is no legal evidence or that the facts are such that no offence is made out at   all.   No   detailed   evaluation   of   the   materials   or   meticulous consideration of the possible defences need be undertaken at this stage nor any exercise of weighing materials in golden scales is to be undertaken at this stage ­ the only consideration at the stage of Section   239/240   is   as   to   whether   the   allegation/charge   is groundless.  73. This would not be the stage for weighing the pros and cons of all the implications of the materials, nor for sifting the materials placed   by   the   prosecution­   the   exercise   at   this   stage   is   to   be confined  to  considering  the   police  report  and   the  documents to decide whether the allegations against the accused can be said to be “groundless”.  68 74. The word "ground" according to the Black's Law Dictionary connotes foundation or basis, and in the context of prosecution in a criminal case, it would be held to mean the basis for charging the accused or foundation for the admissibility of evidence. Seen in the context,   the   word   "groundless"   would   connote   no   basis   or foundation in evidence. The test which may, therefore, be applied for   determining   whether   the   charge   should   be   considered groundless   is   that   where   the   materials   are   such   that   even   if unrebutted, would make out no case whatsoever. SPOPE OF EXCERICSE OF REVISIONAL POWER AT THE STAGE OF CHARGE 75.  In  ., (2001) 9 SCC Munna Devi v. State of Rajasthan & Anr 631, this Court held as under:­ "3.....The revision power under the Code of Criminal Proce­ dure cannot be exercised in a routine and casual manner. While exercising such powers the High Court has no author­ ity to appreciate the evidence in the manner as the trial and the appellate courts are required to do. Revisional powers could be exercised only when it is shown that there is a le­ gal bar against the continuance of the criminal proceedings or the framing of charge or the facts as stated in the first in­ formation report even if they are taken at the face value and accepted in their entirety do not constitute the offence for which the accused has been charged." 69 76.  Thus, the revisional power cannot be exercised in a casual or mechanical manner. It can only be exercised to correct manifest er­ ror of law or procedure which would occasion injustice, if it is not corrected. The revisional power cannot be equated with appellate power. A revisional court cannot undertake meticulous examination of the material on record as it is undertaken by the trial court or the appellate court. This power can only be exercised if there is any le­ gal bar to the continuance of the proceedings or if the facts as stated in the charge­sheet are taken to be true on their face value and   accepted   in   their   entirety   do  not   constitute   the   offence  for which the accused has been charged. It is conferred to check grave error of law or procedure. 77. This Court in  Asian Resurfacing of Road Agency Pvt. Ltd. , (2018) 16 SCC 299, has held v. Central Bureau of Investigation that   interference   in   the   order   framing   charges   or   refusing   to discharge is called for in the rarest of rare case only to correct the patent error of jurisdiction. 70 78.  The   High   Court   has   acted   completely   beyond   the   settled parameters,   as   discussed   above,   which   govern   the   power   to discharge the accused from the prosecution. The High Court could be said to have donned the role of a chartered accountant. This is exactly   what   this   Court   observed   in   the   case   of   Thommandru Hannah Vijayalakshmi @ T.H. Vijayalakshmi  (supra). The High Court has completely ignored that it was not at the stage of trial or considering an appeal against a verdict in a trial. The High Court has enquired into the materials produced by the accused persons, compared   with   the   information   complied   by   the   investigation agency   and   pronounced   a   verdict   saying   that   the   explanation offered by the accused persons deserves to be accepted applying the doctrine of preponderance of probability. This entire exercise has been justified on account of the investigating officer not taking into the explanation offered by the public servant and also not taking into  consideration   the   lawful   acquired   assets   of   the   wife   of  the public servant i.e. the Respondent No. 2 herein. 79. By accepting the entire evidence put forward by the accused persons applying the doctrine of preponderance of probability, the 71 case put up by the prosecution cannot be termed as “groundless”. As   observed   by   this   Court   in   C.D.S.   Swami   (supra)   that   the accused might have made statements before the investigating officer as to his alleged sources of income, but the same, strictly, would not be evidence in the case.  80. Section 13(1)(e) of the Act 1988 makes a departure from the principle of criminal jurisprudence that the burden will always lie on the prosecution to prove the ingredients of the offences charged and never  shifts  on the  accused  to  disprove  the  charge  framed
against him. The legal effect ofSection 13(1)(e)is that it is for the
prosecution   to   establish   that   the   accused   was   in   possession   of properties disproportionate to his known sources of income but the
term “knownsources of income” would mean the sources known to
the prosecution and not the sources known to the accused and within   the   knowledge   of   the   accused.   It   is   for   the   accused   to account satisfactorily for the money/assets in his hands.  The onus in this regard is on the accused to give satisfactory explanation. The accused cannot make an attempt to discharge this onus upon him at the stage of Section 239 of the CrPC. At the stage of Section 239 72
of the CrPC, the Court has to only look into theprima faciecase
and   decide   whether   the   case   put   up   by   the   prosecution   is groundless. 
81.In the overall view of the matter, we are convinced that the
impugned orders passed by the High Court are not sustainable in law and deserve to be set aside.  The circumstances emerging from
the record of the case,prima facie, indicate the involvement of the
accused   persons   in   the   alleged   offence.   Having   regard   to   the materials on record, it cannot be said that the charge against the accused   persons   is   groundless.   There   are   triable   issues   in   the matter. If there are triable issues, the Court is not expected to go into the veracity of the rival versions.
82.In the result, both the appeals succeed and are hereby
allowed.     The   impugned   orders   passed   by   the   High   Court discharging the accused persons from the prosecution are hereby set aside.   The Special Court shall now proceed to frame charge against the accused persons in accordance with law and put them to trial. 
83.It is clarified that the observations made by this Court in this
73 judgment   shall   not   be   construed   as   final   expressions   of   the innocence or guilt of the accused persons.  The guilt or innocence of the accused persons shall be determined by the trial court on the basis of the evidence that may be led by both the prosecution and the defence. We have confined our adjudication only to consider the legality and validity of the impugned orders passed by the High Court discharging the accused persons. 
84.Pending application, if any, also stands disposed of.
…………………………………….J. (DINESH MAHESHWARI] …………………………………….J. (J.B. PARDIWALA) NEW DELHI; SEPTEMBER 5, 2022 74