Full Judgment Text
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO.3190 OF 2011
(Arising out of Special Leave Petition No. 12187 of 2009)
Devinder Singh ……Appellant
Versus
Municipal Council, Sanaur ……Respondent
J U D G M E N T
G.S. Singhvi, J.
1. Leave granted.
2. This appeal is directed against the order passed by the Division
Bench of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in the writ petition filed by
the respondent whereby the award passed by Labour Court, Patiala (for
short, “the Labour Court”) for reinstatement of the appellant was set aside
and it was declared that he shall be entitled to wages in terms of Section
17-B of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (for short, “the Act”).
3. The appellant was engaged by the respondent with effect from
1.8.1994 for doing the work of clerical nature. He was paid consolidated
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salary of Rs.1,000/- per month. He continued in the service of the
respondent till 29.09.1996. His service was discontinued with effect from
30.9.1996 without giving him notice and compensation as per the
requirement of Section 25-F of the Act.
4. The appellant challenged the termination of his service by raising
an industrial dispute, which was referred by the State Government to the
Labour Court. In the statement of claim filed by him, the appellant
pleaded that he had continuously worked in the employment of the
respondent from 1.8.1994 to 29.9.1996; that his service was terminated
without holding any enquiry and without giving him notice and
compensation and that persons junior to him were retained in service. In
the written statement filed on behalf of the respondent, it was pleaded that
the appellant was engaged on contract basis and his service was
terminated because the Director, Local Self Government did not give
approval to the resolution passed for his employment. According to the
respondent, the resolution passed for engaging the appellant was sent to
the Deputy Director for approval, but the same was returned with the
remark that the approval may be obtained from the Director, Local Self
Government. Thereafter, the resolution was sent to the Director, Local
Self Government but no response was received from the concerned
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authority and, therefore, it became necessary to discontinue the service of
the appellant.
5. After considering the pleadings of the parties and the evidence
produced by them, the Labour Court passed an award for reinstatement of
the appellant without back wages. The Labour Court held that the
appellant had worked for more than 240 days in a calendar year preceding
the termination of his service and that his service was terminated with
effect from 30.9.1996 without complying with the mandatory provisions
contained in Section 25F of the Act. The Labour Court rejected the plea
that the termination of the appellant’s service is covered by Section
2(oo)(bb) of the Act by observing that no evidence was produced by the
respondent to prove that it was a case of termination of service in
accordance with the terms of the contract of employment.
6. The Division Bench of the High Court entertained and allowed the
writ petition filed by the respondent by relying upon the judgments of this
Court in Secy., State of Karnataka v. Umadevi (2006) 1 SCC 1;
State of M.P. v. Lalit Kumar Verma (2007) 1 SCC 575; Uttranchal
Forest Development Corporation v M.C. Joshi (2007(2) SCC (L&S)
813; M.P. Administration v. Tribhuban (2007) 9 SCC 748; Mahboob
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Deepak v. Nagar Panchayat, Gajraula (2008) 1 SCC 575 and
Ghaziabad Development Authority v. Ashok Kumar (2008) 4 SCC
261. The Division Bench was of the view that the Labour Court should
not have ordered reinstatement of the appellant because his appointment
was contrary to the recruitment rules and Articles 14 and 16 of the
Constitution and it would not be in public interest to sustain the award of
reinstatement after long lapse of time. Simultaneously, the Division
Bench declared that the appellant shall be entitled to wages in terms of
Section 17-B of the Act.
7. Shri R.L.Batta, learned senior counsel for the appellant argued that
the impugned order is liable to be set aside because while interfering with
the award of the Labour Court, the Division Bench of the High Court
ignored the judicially recognised parameters for the exercise of power
under Article 226 of the Constitution. Learned senior counsel further
argued that the High Court was not justified in upsetting the award of
reinstatement simply because there was some time gap between reference
of the dispute by the State Government and adjudication thereof by the
Labour Court. Learned senior counsel then relied upon the judgments of
this Court in Harjinder Singh v. Punjab State Warehousing
Corporation (2010) 3 SCC 192 and Anoop Sharma v. Public Health
Division, Haryana (2010) 5 SCC 497 and argued that the Labour Court
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did not commit any illegality by ordering reinstatement of the appellant
because his service was terminated in clear violation of Sections 25-F and
25-G of the Act.
8. Shri Sanjay Jain, learned counsel for the respondent argued that the
High Court did not commit any error by setting aside the award of
reinstatement because initial appointment of the appellant was not
sanctioned by law. Learned counsel submitted that the action taken by
the respondent was legally correct and justified because the Director,
Local Self Government did not approve the resolution passed by the
respondent for engaging the appellant. Shri Jain further submitted that
service of the appellant was terminated in accordance with the conditions
stipulated in the contract of employment and, as such, it cannot be termed
as retrenchment within the meaning of Section 2(oo) of the Act.
9. We have considered the respective submissions and carefully
perused the record. Sections 2(oo), 2(s) and 25F of the Act which have
bearing on the decision of this appeal read as under:
“2. (oo) “retrenchment” means the termination by the employer
of the service of a workman for any reason whatsoever,
otherwise than as a punishment inflicted by way of disciplinary
action, but does not include –
(a) voluntary retirement of the workman; or
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(b) retirement of the workman on reaching the age of
superannuation if the contract of employment between
the employer and the workman concerned contains a
stipulation in that behalf; or
(bb) termination of the service of the workman as a result of
the non-renewal of the contract of employment between
the employer and the workman concerned on its expiry
or of such contract being terminated under a stipulation
in that behalf contained therein; or
(c) termination of the service of a workman on the ground of
continued ill-health;
2 (s) “workman" means any person (including an apprentice)
employed in any industry to do any manual, unskilled, skilled,
technical, operational, clerical or supervisory work for hire or
reward, whether the terms of employment be express or
implied, and for the purposes of any proceeding under this Act
in relation to an industrial dispute, includes any such person
who has been dismissed, discharged or retrenched in connection
with, or as a consequence of, that dispute, or whose dismissal,
discharge or retrenchment has led to that dispute, but does not
include any such person—
(i) who is subject to the Air Force Act, 1950 (45 of 1950), or
the Army Act, 1950 (46 of 1950), or the Navy Act, 1957 (62 of
1957); or
(ii) who is employed in the police service or as an officer or
other employee of a prison; or
(iii) who is employed mainly in a managerial or
administrative capacity; or who, being employed in a
supervisory capacity, draws wages
exceeding ten thousand rupees per mensem or
exercises, either by the nature of the duties attached to the
office or by reason of the powers vested in him, functions
mainly of a managerial nature.
25F. Conditions precedent to retrenchment of workmen.–
No workman employed in any industry who has been in
continuous service for not less than one year under an employer
shall be retrenched by that employer until–
(a) the workman has been given one month’s notice in
writing indicating the reasons for retrenchment and the
period of notice has expired, or the workman has been
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paid in lieu of such notice, wages for the period of the
notice;
(b) the workman has been paid, at the time of retrenchment,
compensation which shall be equivalent to fifteen days’
average pay for every completed year of continuous
service or any part thereof in excess of six months; and
(c) notice in the prescribed manner is served on the
appropriate Government or such authority as may be
specified by the appropriate Government by notification
in the Official Gazette.”
10. The definition of the term “retrenchment” is quite comprehensive.
It covers every type of termination of the service of a workman by the
employer for any reason whatsoever, otherwise than as a punishment
inflicted by way of disciplinary action. The cases of voluntary retirement
of the workman, retirement on reaching the age of superannuation,
termination of service as a result of non-renewal of the contract of
employment or of such contract being terminated under a stipulation
contained therein or termination of the service of a workman on the
ground of continued ill health also do not fall within the ambit of
retrenchment.
11. In State Bank of India v. N. Sundara Money (1976) 1 SCC
822, a three Judge Bench of this Court analysed Section 2(oo) and held:
“…… Termination ... for any reason whatsoever’ are the key
words. Whatever the reason, every termination spells
retrenchment. So the sole question is, has the employee’s
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service been terminated? Verbal apparel apart, the substance is
decisive. A termination takes place where a term expires either
by the active step of the master or the running out of the
stipulated term. To protect the weak against the strong this
policy of comprehensive definition has been effectuated.
Termination embraces not merely the act of termination by the
employer, but the fact of termination howsoever produced.
Maybe, the present may be a hard case, but we can visualise
abuses by employers, by suitable verbal devices, circumventing
the armour of Section 25-F and Section 2( oo ). Without
speculating on possibilities, we may agree that “retrenchment”
is no longer terra incognita but area covered by an expansive
definition. It means “to end, conclude, cease”………………..”
The ratio of the aforementioned judgement was approved by the
Constitution Bench in Punjab Land Development And Reclaimation
Corporation Ltd., Chandigarh v. Presiding Officer Labour Court,
Chandigarh ( 1990) 3 SCC 682.
12. Section 2(s) contains an exhaustive definition of the term
‘workman’. The definition takes within its ambit any person including an
apprentice employed in any industry to do any manual, unskilled, skilled,
technical, operational, clerical or supervisory work for hire or reward and
it is immaterial that the terms of employment are not reduced into
writing. The definition also includes a person, who has been dismissed,
discharged or retrenched in connection with an industrial dispute or as a
consequence of such dispute or whose dismissal, discharge or
retrenchment has led to that dispute. The last segment of the definition
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specifies certain exclusions. A person to whom the Air Force Act, 1950,
or the Army Act, 1950, or the Navy Act, 1957, is applicable or who
is employed in the police service as an officer or other employee of
a prison or who is employed mainly in managerial or
administrative capacity or who is employed in a supervisory
capacity and is drawing specified wages per mensem or exercises
mainly managerial functions does not fall within the definition of
the term ‘workman’.
13. The source of employment, the method of recruitment, the
terms and conditions of employment/contract of service, the
quantum of wages/pay and the mode of payment are not at all
relevant for deciding whether or not a person is a workman within
the meaning of Section 2(s) of the Act.
14. It is apposite to observe that the definition of workman also
does not make any distinction between full time and part time
employee or a person appointed on contract basis. There is
nothing in the plain language of Section 2(s) from which it can be
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inferred that only a person employed on regular basis or a person
employed for doing whole time job is a workman and the one
employed on temporary, part time or contract basis on fixed
wages or as a casual employee or for doing duty for fixed hours is
not a workman.
15. Whenever an employer challenges the maintainability of
industrial dispute on the ground that the employee is not a
workman within the meaning of Section 2(s) of the Act, what the
Labour Court/Industrial Tribunal is required to consider is
whether the person is employed in an industry for hire or reward
for doing manual, unskilled, skilled, operational, technical or
clerical work in an industry. Once the test of employment for hire
or reward for doing the specified type of work is satisfied, the
employee would fall within the definition of ‘workman’.
16. In Birdhichand Sharma v. First Civil Judge,Nagpur 1961
(3) SCR 161 this Court considered the question whether bidi
rollers were workmen within the meaning of the term used in the
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Factories Act, 1948. The factual matrix of the case reveals that the
workers who used to roll the bidis had to work at the factory and
were not at liberty to work at their houses. Their attendance was
noted in the factory and they had to work within the factory,
though there was freedom of doing work for particular hours.
They could be removed from service on the ground of absence for
eight days. The wages were paid on piece-rate basis. After
considering these facts, the Court held that the bidi rollers were
workmen. The Court observed that when the operation was of a
simple nature and did not require supervision, the control could
be exercised at the end of the day by the method of rejecting bidis
which did not meet the required standard and such supervision
was sufficient to establish the employer employee relationship.
17. In Silver Jubilee Tailoring House v. Chief Inspector of
Shops and Establishments 1974 (3) SCC 498 the three Judge
Bench held that the tailors employed in a tailoring shop, who were
paid according to their skill and work and the quality of whose
work was regularly checked were employees covered by the
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Andhra Pradesh (Tilengana Area) Shops and Establishments Act,
1951.
18. In L. Robert D’souza v. Executive Engineer (1982) 1 SCC
645 the Court held that even a daily rated worker would be
entitled to protection of Section 25-F of the Act if he had
continuously worked for a period of one year or more.
19. Section 25 couched in negative form. It imposes a restriction on
the employer’s right to retrench a workman and lays down that no
workman employed in any industry who has been in continuous service
for not less then one year under an employer shall be retrenched until he
has been given one month’s notice in writing indicating the reasons for
retrenchment and the period of notice has expired or he has been paid
wages for the period of notice and he has also been paid, at the time of
retrenchment, compensation equivalent to fifteen days’ average pay for
every completed year of continuous service or any part thereof in excess
of six months and notice in the prescribed manner has been served upon
the appropriate Government or the authority as may be specified by the
appropriate Government by notification in the Official Gazette.
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20. This Court has repeatedly held that the provisions contained in
Section 25F (a) and (b) are mandatory and termination of the service of a
workman, which amounts to retrenchment within the meaning of Section
2(oo) without giving one month’s notice or pay in lieu thereof and
retrenchment compensation is null and void/illegal/inoperative— State of
Bombay v. Hospital Mazdoor Sabha AIR 1960 SC 610, Bombay
Union of Journalists v. State of Bombay AIR 1964 SC 1617, State
Bank of India v. N. Sundara Money (supra), Santosh Gupta v. State
Bank of Patiala (1980) 3 SCC 340, Mohan Lal v. Bharat Electronics
Ltd.( 1981) 3 SCC 225, L. Robert D’Souza v. Southern Railway
(supra), Surendra Kumar Verma v. Central Government Industrial
Tribunal-cum-Labour Court (1980) 4 SCC 443, Gammon India Ltd.
v. Niranjan Dass (1984) 1 SCC 509, Gurmail Singh v. State of Punjab
(1991) 1 SCC 189 and Pramod Jha v. State of Bihar (2003) 4 SCC 619.
21 In Anoop Sharma v. Executive Engineer, Public Health
Division, Haryana (supra), the Court considered the effect of violation
of Section 25F, referred to various precedents on the subject and held the
termination of service of a workman without complying with the
mandatory provisions contained in Section 25-F (a) and (b) should
ordinarily result in his reinstatement.
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22. We may now advert to the impugned order. A careful analysis
thereof reveals that the High Court neither found any jurisdictional
infirmity in the award of the Labour Court nor it came to the conclusion
that the same was vitiated by an error of law apparent on the face of the
record. Notwithstanding this, the High Court set aside the direction given
by the Labour Court for reinstatement of the appellant by assuming that
his initial appointment/engagement was contrary to law and that it would
not be in public interest to approve the award of reinstatement after long
lapse of time. In our view, the approach adopted by the High Court in
dealing with the award of the Labour Court was ex facie erroneous and
contrary to the law laid down in Syed Yakoob v. K.S. Radhakrishnan
AIR (1964) SC 477, Swaran Singh v. State of Punjab (1976) 2 SCC
868 P.G.I. of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh v. Raj
Kumar (2001) 2 SCC 54, Surya Dev Rai v. Ram Chander Rai (2003)
6SCC 675 and Shalini Shyam v. Rajendra Shankar Path (2010) 8
SCC 329.
23. In Syed Yakoob v. K.S. Radhakrishnan (supra), this Court
identified the limitations of certiorari jurisdiction of the High Court under
Article 226 of the Constitution in the following words:
“The question about the limits of the jurisdiction of High
Courts in issuing a writ of certiorari under Article 226 has been
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frequently considered by this Court and the true legal position
in that behalf is no longer in doubt. A writ of certiorari can be
issued for correcting errors of jurisdiction committed by
inferior courts or tribunals: these are cases where orders are
passed by inferior courts or tribunals without jurisdiction, or is
in excess of it, or as a result of failure to exercise jurisdiction. A
writ can similarly be issued where in exercise of jurisdiction
conferred on it, the court or tribunal acts illegally or
improperly, as for instance, it decides a question without giving
an opportunity to be heard to the party affected by the order, or
where the procedure adopted in dealing with the dispute is
opposed to principles of natural justice. There is, however, no
doubt that the jurisdiction to issue a writ of certiorari is a
supervisory jurisdiction and the court exercising it is not
entitled to act as an appellate court. This limitation necessarily
means that findings of fact reached by the inferior court or
tribunal as result of the appreciation of evidence cannot be
reopened or questioned in writ proceedings. An error of law
which is apparent on the face of the record can be corrected by
a writ, but not an error of fact, however grave it may appear to
be. In regard to a finding of fact recorded by the tribunal, a writ
of certiorari can be issued if it is shown that in recording the
said finding, the tribunal had erroneously refused to admit
admissible and material evidence, or had erroneously admitted
inadmissible evidence which has influenced the impugned
finding. Similarly, if a finding of fact is based on no evidence,
that would be regarded as an error of law which can be
corrected by a writ of certiorari. In dealing with this category of
cases, however, we must always bear in mind that a finding of
fact recorded by the tribunal cannot be challenged in
proceedings for a writ of certiorari on the ground that the
relevant and material evidence adduced before the tribunal was
insufficient or inadequate to sustain the impugned finding. The
adequacy or sufficiency of evidence led on a point and the
inference of fact to be drawn from the said finding are within
the exclusive jurisdiction of the tribunal, and the said points
cannot be agitated before a writ court. It is within these limits
that the jurisdiction conferred on the High Courts under Article
226 to issue a writ of certiorari can be legitimately exercised.”
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In the second judgment – Swaran Singh v. State of Punjab
(supra), this Court reiterated the limitations of certiorari jurisdiction
indicated in Syed Yakoob v. Radhakrishnan (supra) and observed:
“In regard to a finding of fact recorded by an inferior tribunal, a
writ of certiorari can be issued only if in recording such a
finding, the tribunal has acted on evidence which is legally
inadmissible, or has refused to admit admissible evidence, or if
the finding is not supported by any evidence at all, because in
such cases the error amounts to an error of law. The writ
jurisdiction extends only to cases where orders are passed by
inferior courts or tribunals in excess of their jurisdiction or as a
result of their refusal to exercise jurisdiction vested in them or
they act illegally or improperly in the exercise of their
jurisdiction causing grave miscarriage of justice.”
In Surya Dev Rai v. Ram Chander Rai (supra), the two-Judge
Bench noticed the distinction between the scope of Articles 226 and 227
of the Constitution and culled out several propositions including the
following:
“(3) Certiorari, under Article 226 of the Constitution, is issued
for correcting gross errors of jurisdiction i.e. when a
subordinate court is found to have acted (i) without jurisdiction
—by assuming jurisdiction where there exists none, or (ii) in
excess of its jurisdiction—by overstepping or crossing the
limits of jurisdiction, or (iii) acting in flagrant disregard of law
or the rules of procedure or acting in violation of principles of
natural justice where there is no procedure specified, and
thereby occasioning failure of justice.”
24. We are also convinced that the reasons assigned by the High Court
for setting aside the award of reinstatement are legally untenable. In the
first, it deserves to be noticed that the respondent had engaged the
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appellant in the back drop of the ban imposed by the State Government
on the filling up of the vacant posts. The respondent had started a water
supply scheme and for ensuring timely issue of the bills and collection of
water charges, it needed the service of a clerk. However, on account of
the restriction imposed by the State Government, regular recruitment was
not possible. Therefore, resolution dated 27.04.1995 was passed for
engaging the appellant on contract basis. The relevant portions of the
resolution are extracted below:
“MUNICIPAL COUNCIL,SANAUR,(PATIALA).
COPY OF RESOLUTION NO.30 DATED 27.04.1995
It has been informed by the office to the
house that one vacancy of Clerk in the
office of Municipal Council, Sanaur is
being vacant to the water supply branch.
Due to ban imposed by the Punjab
Government vacancy cannot be filed in at
present. Municipal Council is operating
two tubewells and is directly supplying
water to the- general public. At present
Municipal Council is operating two
tubewells and is directly supplying water
to the general public. Municipal Council
has given about 1500 water connections. In
respect of issuance of water bills and
their respective deposit there is need of
one Clerk. This vacancy can be filled in
after receiving sanction from the
government. Therefore at present for the
working of the office business as per the
instruction of the Government, sanction
may kindly be accorded for employing a
person as Clerk on contract basis on the
consolidated salary of Rs. One thousand
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per month. This matter was discussed
seriously by the house because to provide
water to the general public in the summer
season is very essential. Therefore, to
run smoothly - the work of water supplying
Shri Devinder Singh son of .Shjri Hazura
Singh of Mohalla kanian, Sanaur is hereby
engaged for a period of six months on
contract basis on a consolidated
salary of Rs. One thousand with
effect from 02.05.1995. Resolution was
unanimously passed.
Sd/- President
Minicipal Council, Sanaur
Patiala
25. In furtherance of the aforesaid resolution, the respondent engaged
the appellant, who was already in its employment, as a Clerk for a period
of six months on contract basis on consolidated salary of Rs. 1,000/- per
month. At the end of six months, the respondent passed another
resolution dated 30.11.1995 and again employed the appellant for a
period of six months from 1.11.1995 to 20.4.1996. This exercise was
repeated in 1996 and the appellant’s term was extended for six months
from 1.5.1996. However, his engagement was discontinued w.e.f.
30.9.1996 without giving any notice or pay in lieu thereof and
compensation as per the requirement of clauses (a) and (b) of Section 25-
F of the Act. It is true that the engagement of the appellant was not
preceded by an advertisement and consideration of the competing claims
of other eligible persons but that exercise could not be undertaken by the
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respondent because of the ban imposed by the State Government. It is
surprising that the Division Bench of the High Court did not notice this
important facet of the employment of the appellant and decided the writ
petition by assuming that his appointment/engagement was contrary to
the recruitment rules and Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. We may
also add that failure of the Director, Local Self Government, Punjab to
convey his approval to the resolution of the respondent could not be
made a ground for bringing an end to the engagement of the appellant
and that too without complying with the mandate of Section 25-F(a) and
(b).
26. The other reason given by the High Court is equally untenable.
The appellant could hardly be blamed for the delay, if any, in the
adjudication of the dispute by the Labour Court or the writ petition filed
by the respondent. The delay of four to five years in the adjudication of
disputes by the Labour Court/Industrial Tribunal is a normal phenomena.
If what the High Court has done is held to be justified, gross illegalities
committed by the employer in terminating the services of workman will
acquire legitimacy in majority of cases. Therefore, we have no hesitation
to disapprove the approach adopted by the High Court in dealing with the
appellant’s case.
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27. The plea of the respondent that the action taken by it is covered by
Section 2(oo)(bb) was clearly misconceived and was rightly not
entertained by the Labour Court because no material was produced by the
respondent to show that the engagement of the appellant was
discontinued by relying upon the terms and conditions of the
employment.
28. In the result, the appeal is allowed. The impugned order is set
aside and the award passed by the Labour Court for reinstatement of the
appellant is restored. If the respondent shall reinstate the appellant
within a period of four weeks from today, the appellant shall also be
entitled to wages for the period between the date of award and the date of
actual reinstatement. The respondent shall pay the arrears to the
appellant within a period of three months from the date of
receipt/production of the copy of this order.
………………………….J.
(G.S. Singhvi)
………………………….J.
(Asok Kumar Ganguly)
New Delhi,
April 11, 2011.