DR. (MAJOR) MEETA SAHAI vs. STATE OF BIHAR

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 17-12-2019

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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO.9482 OF 2019 [Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 12245 of 2017]
Dr. (Major) Meeta Sahai..... Appellants(s)
VERSUS
State of Bihar & Ors......Respondents(s)
JUDGMENT SURYA KANT, J. Leave granted.  2. The   present   appeal   has   been   preferred   against   the   order   dated 24.11.2016 passed by a Division Bench of Patna High Court in LPA No. 1860/2016, whereby appellant’s work experience in an Army Hospital was Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by SANJAY KUMAR Date: 2019.12.17 16:35:56 IST Reason: not  considered   for   grant   of   weightage   and   consequential   selection   and appointment   as   General   Medical   Officer   in   the   State   of   Bihar,   on   the Page | 1 ground   that   Rule   6(iii)   of   the   Bihar   Health   Service   (Appointment   and Service Conditions) Rules, 2013 (hereinafter, “Rules”) mandated that only services rendered in employment of a hospital run by the Government of Bihar could count under the head of work experience.  ACTUAL ATRIX F  M 3. Ostensibly to rectify a constant shortage of doctors in Bihar which was adversely impacting public health, the State of Bihar decided to fill vacant posts in hospitals. Accordingly, an advertisement was published by the   Bihar   Public   Service   Commission   (hereinafter,   “Commission”)   in various local newspapers on 18.07.2014, inviting applications from eligible candidates for filling up 2301 vacant posts of General Medical Officer in Bihar.   The   selection   process   was   elucidated   in   Clause   5   of   the Advertisement wherein general sub­cadre doctors were to be selected on the   basis   of   a   merit   list   prepared   by   giving   weightage   for   academic qualifications (marks obtained in MBBS ­ 50 marks, and higher degree ­ 10 marks), work experience (5 marks per year for a maximum of 25 marks) and marks obtained in interview (out of 15 marks).   It is important to reproduce the relevant portion of the advertisement to aptly comprehend the selection criteria which is to the following effect:   For appointment of the doctors in the general 5. Selection Process –  sub cadre the candidates shall be selected on the basis of the merit list prepared on the basis of the academic qualification, work experience Page | 2 and   the   marks   obtained   in   the   interview.   In   case   there   are   more applications than the vacancy/vacancies, five times candidates shall be invited for the interview as against the vacancy/vacancies prescribed reservation wise. 100   marks   shall   be   prescribed   for   academic   qualification,   work experience and interview. The 100 marks shall be counted as under­ Marks obtained in M.B.B.S. – total 50 marks Master’s degree or higher degree – total 10 marks  Work experience after appointment on regular/contract basis in the Government hospitals (the work experience of the Government hospital of the Government of Bihar only shall be counted) – total 25 marks  But 05 marks shall be given for the work experience of the whole year, thus, maximum 25 marks shall be given.  Oral interview – total 15 marks.  Note – (a) The marks given to any candidate on the basis of the M.B.B.S. course   shall   be   on   multiplication   of   0.5   with   the   total   of   all   the examinations of the said course, viz., if the total of the total marks obtained by any candidate in all examinations of the M.B.B.S. coms to 50%, then he shall be given 50% x 0.5 = 25 marks.  (b)                                                                                                         (sic) (c) There shall be requirement of minimum 30 marks on the basis of academic qualification, work experience and interview for consideration of any candidate for appointment in the general duty sub cadre.” (emphasis supplied) 4. Pursuant to this advertisement, the appellant also applied for the post of General Medical Officer. She was called for an interview where she was informed that no marks could be granted under the head of ‘work experience’ as she lacked experience in a hospital run by the Government of  Bihar.  Post  conduction   of  interview,  a   merit  list  was  prepared.  The Page | 3 appellant was unsuccessful in securing a place in the merit list as she had obtained only 42.61 marks which did not meet the prescribed cut off of 53.04 marks for the General Category. 5. The aggrieved appellant filed a writ petition before the Patna High Court   challenging   Clause   5(iii)   of   the   advertisement   issued   by   the Commission   to   the   extent   it   mandated   that   only   work   experience   in hospitals of Government of Bihar shall be considered for awarding marks for  ‘work  experience’.  The  appellant  contended  that  this  Clause  of  the advertisement was in contravention of the Rules (which didn’t prescribe any   such   limitation   of   work   experience   only   being   in   hospitals   of   the Government of Bihar). She was upset that her work experience in the Army Medical Corp Hospital had been disregarded while others who served in Bihar Government hospitals were given due weightage. She felt that if not for this erroneous interpretation of the Rules, she would have been selected for the post of General Medical Officer. Similarly, some other candidates also approached the Patna High Court, agitating their exclusion pursuant to the non­consideration of work experience in non­private hospitals other than those administered by the Government of Bihar.  6. A Learned Single Judge of the High Court dismissed all these writ petitions with a brief order holding that the validity of such provision had already been upheld by a Division Bench of the Patna High Court in  Dr. Page | 4 1 and, therefore, the appellant could Dharmbir Kumar v. State of Bihar   not   plead   that   exclusion   of   service   rendered   in   Army   Hospitals,   while evaluating work experience, resulted in discrimination. 7. Unsatisfied with this Order, the appellant filed a Letter Patent Appeal, with   the   foremost   plea   that   the   condition   in   the   advertisement   which restricted the work experience to only hospitals of Government of Bihar, was contrary to the Rules which gave weightage for experience in any Government hospital for the purpose of drawing the merit list. Further, it was   highlighted   that   in   Dharmbir   (supra)   the   Division   Bench  had dismissed   a   petition   relating   to   appointment   of   Dentists   wherein   a challenge   had   been   made   against   grant   of   benefit   of   experience   to contractual employees. This was contended as being different from the present case. Additionally, the appellant placed reliance on the English version of the analogous Bihar Dentist Service Rules, 2014 which explicitly defined the term ‘Government hospital’ to include hospitals run by both Central   and   State   Government,   to   show   that   the   same   should   be transposed to the present instance. 8. The Division Bench placed reliance on several decisions of this Court 2 including  and Ram Surat Mishra v. State of U.P.    M/s J.K. Jute Mills 1 2015 (2) PLJR 916 2 (2008) 7 SCC 409 Page | 5 3   and  followed the dictum therein to note how the Co. Ltd. V. State of U.P. , Hindi version only referred to Government  of Bihar  and there being a conflict between English and Hindi versions, the latter version of the Bihar Dentist Service Rules, 2014 would prevail. The Bench further observed that Rule 2(a) of the Dentist Rules defined ‘Government’ as Government of Bihar and that thus work experience under Rule 6(iii) must be read conjointly with Rule 2(a) which would show that only work experience in hospitals of Government of Bihar ought to be considered for awarding marks under the head of work experience. The intra­court appeal was thus dismissed, giving rise to further challenge through this Special Leave Petition.  C ONTENTION   OF  P ARTIES 9. Learned   Counsel   for   the   appellant   vehemently   argued   that   the Division Bench judgement was erroneous. He hammered clause 5(iii) of the advertisement and urged that the restriction of work experience to only hospitals of Government of Bihar was arbitrary and contrary to Rule 5 and Rule 6(iii) of the Rules, which read as under: “5. For appointment in General Duty Sub Cadre minimum educational qualification shall be MBBS degree from a recognized university: Provided that the postgraduate or higher degree holder in any subject   of   Medical   science   and   the   doctors   appointed   on regular/contract basis in any Government hospital shall be given weightage for work experience.  3 AIR 1961 SC 1534 Page | 6 6.   For   selection   of   doctors   to   appointment   in   General   sub­cadre, candidates shall be given marks for their educational qualification and work experience. Apart from that, they shall also be given marks for the oral interview. A total 100 marks shall be for educational qualification, work experience and interview. The break up of these 100 marks shall be as follows: (i) Marks obtained in MBBS                                         Total 50 Marks (ii) PG or Higher Degree                                                Total 10 Marks (iii)             Total 25 Marks      Work Experience after appointment in .                     Government hospital on contract/regular basis Provided that for each complete one year of work experience, candidates  will be given 5 and thus maximum 25 marks will be given.  (iv) Interview:                                                                    Total 15 Marks Note: (a) The determination of marks to be given to candidate for MBBS shall be in multiple of 0.5 of total percentage of marks obtained in the examination of said course. Thus, if a candidate has obtained 50% marks, he/she shall get 50 x 0.5 = 25 marks (b) Minimum 30 marks will be required for consideration for the  appointment in the General sub cadre and specialist sub cadre.” (emphasis supplied) 10. He   argued   that   the   Rules   did   not   define   the   term   ‘Government hospital’ and that hence its common meaning be taken. Since the Rules have been formulated under Article 309 of the Constitution, they carried the   same   force   as   a   legislation   and   the   Commission   or   the   State Government could not have restricted the meaning of “any Government hospital”   to   “Government   hospital   of   the   Government   of   Bihar   only” through the advertisement. It was also argued that exclusion of services rendered in non­Bihar Government hospitals would be discriminatory for it Page | 7 failed to further the object of the Rules to promote recruitment of better qualified doctors and recognize technical knowledge or expertise gained in this field. The learned Counsel although admitted that the work experience gained in Government hospitals was different than private hospitals owing to doctors’ interactions with poor patients and them being accustomed to working   with   minimal   infrastructure,   nevertheless   contended   that   the services rendered in hospitals of Government of Bihar offered no special experience as compared to other non­private hospitals in the State; and that   no   public   purpose   was   served   for   both   categories   similarly   gave medical treatment to swarms of patients, in return for a meagre salary. 11. The counsel for appellant further based his argument on Rule 5 & 6(iii) of the Rules which contain the expression ‘any Government hospital’, to contend that it must be interpreted to include all Government hospitals in Bihar, including those run by the Central Government and other public bodies   to   avoid   any   unconstitutionality.   It   was   contended   that   the definition of ‘Government’ as under Rule 2(a) of the Rules did not control the meaning of the term ‘Government hospital’ since presence of ‘any’ as a prefix to ‘Government hospital’ was indicative of the fact that the Rules envisaged   all   Government   hospitals   in   its   ambit.   He   made   a   pointed reference to the definitional clause contained in the Rules, which has been extracted below: Page | 8 “2.   Definitions.   –   In   this   Rule   unless   anything   otherwise requires in the context: (a) ‘Government’ means Government of Bihar. xxxxxxxxx” (emphasis supplied) 12. It was also urged that the observation of the High Court with respect to   the   ascendancy   of   Hindi   version   over   English   version   of   the   Bihar Dentist Service Rules, 2014 would be inapplicable to the present case since the issue at hand pertains to a different enactment which did not have any conflict   between   versions.   The   appellant   stated   that   reference   to   the English version of the Dentist Rules which explicitly defined ‘Government hospital’ as both Government of Bihar and Central Government hospitals, was merely illustrative to support an argument that ‘Government hospital’ can have a different meaning than ‘Government’ and thus her case ought not to have been dismissed on this count.  13. On the other hand, learned counsel for Respondents questioned the maintainability   of   the   appellant’s   challenge   and   urged   that   once   a candidate had participated in a recruitment process, he/she could not at a later stage challenge its correctness merely because of having failed in selection. It was contended that the appellant was taking ‘two shots’ at success, and her challenge was opposed for being opportunistic. Further it Page | 9 was   argued   by   the   respondents   that   the   appellant’s   attempt   to   draw inference from the Dentist Rules has rightly not been accepted by the High Court.   Moreover,   the   advertisement   was   shown   as   being   merely clarificatory in stating that marks shall only be granted for work experience in hospitals of Government of Bihar.  14. Additionally, the Commission has filed a separate counter affidavit supplementing the stand taken by other respondents with the plea that the Courts ought not to interfere with the selection procedure as stipulated by the employer unless it was found to be patently illegal. It is urged by the Commission that the Division Bench correctly interpreted the meaning and ambit of the term ‘Government hospital’ in light of Rule 2(a) of the Rules which defines ‘Government’ as Government of Bihar, and hence ruled that the advertisement is in accordance with the subject Rules.  INDINGS AND NALYSIS F    A 15. We may at the outset clarify that question of reconciling the Hindi and English versions does not arise in the present case for both versions of the Rules are similarly worded. We thus proceed under the assumption that Hindi will prevail over the English version in case of any conflict.    Preliminary Issues 16. Furthermore, before beginning analysis of the legal issues involved, it is necessary to first address the preliminary issue. The maintainability of Page | 10 the very challenge by the appellant has been questioned on the ground that she having partaken in the selection process cannot later challenge it due to mere failure in selection. The counsel for respondents relied upon a catena of decisions of this Court to substantiate his objection.  17. It is well settled that the principle of estoppel prevents a candidate from challenging the selection process after having failed in it as iterated by   this   Court   in   a   plethora   of   judgements   including   Manish   Kumar 4 , observing as follows: Shahi v. State of Bihar
16. We also agree with the High Court that after having taken part
in the process of selection knowing fully well that more than 19%
marks have been earmarked for viva voce test, the appellant is not
entitled to challenge the criteria or process of selection. Surely, if the
appellant's name had appeared in the merit list, he would not have
even dreamed of challenging the selection. The appellant invoked
jurisdiction of the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution of
India only after he found that his name does not figure in the merit
list prepared by the Commission. This conduct of the appellant
clearly disentitles him from questioning the selection and the High
Court did not commit any error by refusing to entertain the writ
petition.”5
The underlying objective of this principle is to prevent candidates from trying another shot at consideration, and to avoid an impasse wherein every disgruntled candidate, having failed the selection, challenges it in the 4 (2010) 12 SCC 576
v.
[(1995) 3 SCC],
pati Nagarajav.State of A.P.[(2007) 11
[(2008) 4 SCC 171] andK.A.
SCC 522],
Nagamaniv.
Malikv.State of
[(2009) 5 SCC 515]
Page | 11 hope of getting a second chance.  18. However,  we  must  differentiate  from   this  principle  insofar  as  the candidate by agreeing to participate in the selection process only accepts the prescribed procedure and not the illegality in it. In a situation where a candidate alleges misconstruction of statutory rules and discriminating consequences   arising   therefrom,   the   same   cannot   be   condoned   merely because   a   candidate   has   partaken   in   it.   The   constitutional   scheme   is sacrosanct and its violation in any manner is impermissible. In fact, a candidate may not have locus to assail the incurable illegality or derogation of the provisions of the Constitution, unless he/she participates in the selection process.  19. The   question   of   permissibility   of   giving   weightage   for   ‘work experience’ in government hospitals is also not the bone of contention in this case. Medicine being an applied science cannot be mastered by mere academic   knowledge.   Longer   experience   of   a   candidate   adds   to   his knowledge   and   expertise.   Similarly,   government   hospitals   differ   from private   hospitals   vastly   for   the   former   have   unique   infrastructural constraints   and   deal   with   poor   masses.   Doctors   in   such   non­private hospitals serve a public purpose by giving medical treatment to swarms of patients, in return for a meagre salary. Hence, when placing emphasis on the   requirement   of   work   experience,   there   is   no   dispute   on   such Page | 12 recognition   of   government   hospitals   and   private   hospitals   as   distinct classes. Instead such recognition ensures that the doctors recruited in not­ so­rich states like Bihar have the requisite exposure to challenges faced in those regions.  20. The appellant has thus rightly not challenged the selection procedure but has narrowed her claim to only against the respondents’ interpretation of ‘work experience’ as part of merit determination. Since interpretation of a statute or rule is the exclusive domain of Courts, and given the scope of judicial review in delineating such criteria, the appellant’s challenge cannot be   turned   down   at   the   threshold.   However,   we   are   not   commenting specifically on the merit of appellant’s case, and our determination is alien to the outcome of the selection process. It is possible post what is held hereinafter that she be selected, or not.  Statutory Interpretation 21. It is a settled cannon of statutory interpretation that as a first step, the Courts ought to interpret the text of the provision and construct it literally. Provisions in a statute must be read in their original grammatical meaning to give its words a common textual meaning. However, this tool of interpretation can only be applied in cases where the text of the enactment 6 is susceptible to only one meaning.   Nevertheless, in a situation where 6 Nathi Devi v. Radha Devi Gupta, (2005) 2 SCC 271  ¶ 13. Page | 13 there is ambiguity in the meaning of the text, the Courts must also give due regard to the consequences of the interpretation taken. 22. It is the responsibility of the Courts to interpret the text in a manner which   eliminates   any   element   of   hardship,   inconvenience,   injustice, 7 absurdity or anomaly.   This principle of statutory construction has been 8 approved   by   this   Court   in   ,   by Modern   School   v.   Union   of   India reiterating that a legislation must further its objectives and not create any confusion or friction in the system. If the ordinary meaning of the text of such law is non­conducive for the objects sought to be achieved, it must be interpreted accordingly to remedy such deficiency.  23. There  is  no  doubt that  executive actions  like advertisements can neither expand nor restrict the scope or object of laws. It is therefore necessary   to   consider   the  interpretation   of   the   phrase   ‘Government hospital’ as appearing in the Rules. Two interpretations have been put forth before us which can be summarized as follows: a. Only hospitals run by the Government of Bihar.  b. Hospitals run by the Bihar Government or its instrumentalities, as well as any other non­private hospital within the territory of Bihar.  The former interpretation to the term, as accorded to it by the respondents, th INGH ON RINCIPLES OF TATUTORY NTERPRETATION 7 GP S    P    S  I  (14  edn., 2016) pp. 145­170. 8 (2004) 5 SCC 583 ¶62. Page | 14 forms   a   narrower   class   whereas   the   latter   interpretation   used   by   the appellant is broader and more inclusive.   Literal Interpretation 24. At the outset, the respondents’ contention that meaning of the term ‘Government   hospital’   would   be   bound   by   the   restrictive   definition   of ‘Government’ under Rule 2(a) of the Rules, does not sound well. It is settled that   grammatical   rules   must   be   given   due   weightage   during   statutory 9 interpretation.  Rule 2 is a definitional provision and defines ‘Government’ as a noun. However, it would not necessarily govern instances where the 10 word has been used in another form.  Under Rule 5, the operative phrase is “any Government hospital”. Here, ‘Government’ is restrictively defining the   noun   ‘hospital’   to   exclude   those   run   by   certain   entities.   Thus, ‘Government’ as part of ‘Government hospital’ is a noun adjunct and has been used as an adjective. Such usage of a noun in its adjectival form changes its character altogether and it would be unwise to import the meaning of its noun form. This is especially true considering how the prefatory   portion   of   Rule   2   explicitly   provides   that   the   definitions   as prescribed thereunder shall be referred to unless otherwise required in context. The phrase ‘Government hospital’ therefore cannot be construed to exclude other non­private hospitals which are otherwise run exclusively 9 Navinchandra Mafatlal v. CIT, (1955) 1 SCR  829 ¶6. 10  See  FCC v. AT&T Inc. 562 U.S. 397 (2011); where the Supreme Court of the United States held that definition of ‘person’ as a noun would not be applicable to its use as an adjective. Page | 15 with the aid and assistance of the Governments. Additionally given the difference in common usage wherein ‘government hospital’ refers to all non­private   hospitals   and   not   hospitals   established   by   a   particular government, Rule 5 & 6(iii) would not be bound by Rule 2(a).  25. Presence of the word ‘any’ in Rule 5 is also critical. It indicates a legislative intent to bestow a broad meaning to  hospitals eligible for accrual of work experience . Importing the restrictive definition of Rule 2(a) would hence   lead   to   an   anomalous   situation   in   having   both   expansive   and restrictive adjectives applied to the same underlying noun. Consequently, we are inclined to adopt an expansive interpretation of the phrase, and not lay weight on Rule 2(a), as urged by the respondents.   26. In addition to this, adopting the respondents’ interpretation would increase uncertainty and create practical difficulties. When Rule 2(a) is applied to ‘Government hospital’ there is substantial ambiguity created as to whether or not hospitals run by instrumentalities of the Government, which   are   not   strictly   owned   by   the   Government   of   Bihar   would   be included within Rule 5. When a pointed question was put forth to learned counsel for the respondents as to whether a hospital established by the municipality   or   one   run   by   an   institute   substantially   funded   by   State money   would   be   included   in   their   definition,   no   clear   answer   was forthcoming. Such issues are bound to arise repeatedly in any selection Page | 16 process. Given how there is no simple answer to such questions, the rigid interpretation adopted by the Government would only lead to friction in the system and cause interpretative chaos which would undermine the fair and just right to compete for public employment.  27. Further, if faced between a choice in which only a few people would be eligible versus a fairly large group, we feel that the latter ought to be adopted to have a diverse pool of applicants. This would promote merit, bring better doctors and further the Constitutional scheme of providing equal opportunity in public employment to the masses. We are thus of the view   that   the   provisions   of   the   Rules   in   the   case­at­hand   cannot   be construed or explained by applying the principle of literal interpretation.  Purposive Interpretation 28. In pursuance to the above analysis, we are of the view that it is necessary to resort to purposive interpretation of the provisions of the Rules, in light of its objectives. Otherwise also as per the prefatory part of Article 309, the Rules framed thereunder must be in conformity with all other Constitutional provisions, which necessarily includes Part III. Dealing with recruitment in Government hospitals, it is clear that the object and purpose of the Rules too must satisfy the test of Article 16. 29. Further,   given   the   absence   of   express   definition   of   ‘Government Page | 17 hospitals’ under the Rules which is the central stage of this debate, we deem it fit to make use of Constitutional values as a tool of statutory interpretation. It is well known the Constitution must not only be seen as a benchmark   for   testing   the   validity   of   legislations,   but   also   as   an inspirational document to guide State action. When there are two plausible interpretations, the one which promotes Constitutional values must be 11 preferred.   30. Under our constitutional scheme, obligations and duties of the ‘State’ have eloquently been divided using a three­tier system of governance. The Union of India at the national level, individual State Governments at the State   Level   and   various   Municipalities/Panchayats   at   the   local   level, parallelly discharge their respective Constitutional duties for the welfare of the general public.  31. In deference to their duties to raise the standard of living, ensure adequate nutrition and public health of its people under Article 47 of the Constitution, both the Central as well as the State Governments formulate various   welfare   schemes   and   establish   institutions   including hospitals/primary health centres. Still further, under Article 243G read with Entry 23 of Schedule XI of the Constitution, the legislature of the State   can   entrust   the   functions   of   “Health   and   sanitation,   including 11  See  R v. Jarvis, 2019 SCC 10; where the Supreme Court of Canada held that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms could be used as an interpretive tool in certain cases. Page | 18 hospitals, primary health centres and dispensaries”  to the Panchayati Raj Institutions.   Similarly,   the   State   legislature   may   entrust   under   Article 243W read with Entry 6 of Schedule XII, the functions of   “Public health, sanitation   conservancy   and   solid   waste   management”   to   Municipalities. Hospitals of these local governments are often run on the back of funds derived from the Consolidated Fund of the States. It may thus be seen that the Constitution envisages the setting up of hospitals by many different public authorities, including the Central Government, State Government, Municipalities and Panchayati Raj Institutions.  32. In addition, it is a well­known fact that several hospitals throughout the country have been set up by instrumentalities of the Central or State Governments, more notably the Employees’ State Insurance Corporation Hospitals, to cater to the need of poor and needy persons.  T hese hospitals, therefore, are at par with other government hospitals for all intents and purposes,   and   the   experience   gained   by   a   doctor   in   such   hospitals subsume the characteristics acquired in a hospital set up by the Bihar Government.  33. Other hospitals are also established by instrumentalities of the States and the Centre in pursuance of Constitutional obligations under Part IV. These   although   not   strictly   covered   within   the   ambit   of   the   Rules   as propounded by the respondents, nevertheless serve the same purpose of Page | 19 providing best medical facilities to public at large. An apt example is of Army   hospitals,   and   there   is   little   reason   to   ignore   and   overlook   the experience gained in such hospitals. 34. It is hence irrational to urge that the work experience in any such hospital is different from that in a Government of Bihar hospital. Hence, i t would   be   Constitutionally   unjust   to   allow   differentiation   between   the experience gained by doctors at these hospitals established by Panchayats or Municipalities or by the Central Government and its instrumentalities in the territory of Bihar vis­à­vis those run by the Bihar Government.   Any attempt to discriminate between hospitals run by the State Government and the Central Government or Municipalities/Panchayati Raj Institutions is bound to hit the very ethos of our Constitutional governance setup. 35. Having said so, we are not oblivious to the fact that equality does not imply that there can be no classification. Instead, sometimes it may be necessary to treat unequals unequally, for equal treatment of persons with 12 unequal circumstances  creates an unjust situation.   Such classification, however, must not be arbitrary but rationally founded on some quality or characteristics which are identifiable within the class of people so created and absent in those excluded from such classification. 36. We are of the view that the purpose behind formulation of the Rules 12 Indira Sawhney v. Union of India 1992 Supp. (3) SCC 217  ¶  415. Page | 20 was   to   recognize   the   unique   challenges   of   hospitals   in   Bihar   and incentivise   doctors   to   work   in   non­private   hospitals.   There   is   some substance in the submission of learned counsel for the respondents that Bihar is predominantly poor and thus requires doctors having exposure to such challenging environment as compared to their counterparts in private hospitals. Experience in a non­private hospital instills sensitivity in its doctors, making them more adept to understand the ail and agony of poor patients. Such experience will  undoubtedly be useful  in furthering the object of Government hospitals and must be given due weightage while selecting   suitable   candidates.   Interpreting   ‘Government   hospitals’   to include   only   a   small   class   of   persons   who   have   worked   under   the Government of Bihar, is thus clearly erroneous and anti­merit.   Such an objective would not be defeated by the understanding of the Rules as has been construed by us.  C ONCLUSION   37. For the reasons stated above, the appeal is allowed. Rule 5 & 6(iii) of the Bihar Health Service (Appointment and Service Conditions) Rules, 2013 are construed to include the experience gained by a doctor in any hospital run by the Bihar Government or its instrumentalities, as well as any other non­private   hospital   (including   those   run   by   the   Central   Government, Municipalities and Panchayati Raj Institutions; or other public authorities) Page | 21 within   the   territory   of   Bihar.  Respondents   are   accordingly   directed   to rework and prepare a fresh merit list by granting due weightage to the appellant and other similarly placed candidates, within two months. We however clarify that grant of weightage on the basis of work experience shall have no bearing on the suitability of a candidate. ……………………………..J. (DEEPAK GUPTA) …………………………… J. (SURYA KANT) NEW DELHI DATED : 17.12.2019 Page | 22