UNION OF INDIA vs. PROBIR GHOSH

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 17-02-2022

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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4585 of 2018 UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.            ... APPELLANT(S) Versus PROBIR GHOSH AND ORS.        ... RESPONDENT(S)    WITH  CIVIL APPEAL NOS.1441­1442 OF 2022 (@SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (C) NOS. 30408­30409 OF 2019) CIVIL APPEAL NOs.4586­4587 OF 2018 J U D G M E N T V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN, J. 1. By   a   Notification   dated   03.12.2011,   the   Staff   Selection Commission invited applications for recruitment  (i)  of Constables (GD) in Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) such as ITBP, BSF, CISF, CRPF and SSB; and   (ii)   of Rifleman (GD) in Assam Rifles. Signature Not Verified Initially the number of posts sought to be filled up was notified as Digitally signed by R Natarajan Date: 2022.02.17 16:35:24 IST Reason: 39574, but the same was revised to 48802. 1 2. As per the Notification, the process of recruitment was to comprise   of   Physical   Standards   Test,   Physical   Efficiency   Test, Written Examination and Medical Examination.   3. The closing date for submission of applications was fixed as 04.01.2012. However, candidates residing in North Eastern States, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim, a few districts of Himachal Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep were entitled to submit the applications on or before 11.01.2012. 4. The Notification made it clear that the recruitment would be based upon reservations mentioned in the Appendix, state­wise and category­wise.  Apart from the reservation for OBC, SC and ST candidates, the Notification provided for reservation for candidates domiciled in Naxal and Militancy affected areas and select border districts of some states in each of the services such as ITBP, BSF etc. In fact, relaxation in the upper age limit was also granted not only for SC, ST, OBC and ex­serviceman candidates, but also for those domiciled in certain areas and those dependents of victims killed in 1984 riots or in the communal riots of 2002 in Gujarat. 5. Appendix­A   to   the   Recruitment   Notification   dated 2 03.12.2011 showed that the vacancies were separately earmarked,  service­wise, such as Assam Rifles, BSF, CISF, CRPF, ITBP and (i) Sashastra Seema Bal;  (ii)  State and Union Territory wise such as Andaman and Nicobar, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh etc.; and   (iii)   Intra­State wise for the entire State as well as Naxal affected areas/border districts of the same State. Appendix­C to the Notification indicated how the border districts of North Eastern States,  Bihar,  Gujarat,  Himachal  Pradesh,   Jammu &  Kashmir, Punjab   and   Rajasthan   were   also   divided   into   one   or   more categories  and   how  the   vacancies  are   distributed   among   these areas. The vacancies in every service in respect of every State, under Appendix­A to the Notification were distributed further on the basis of the Rule of Reservation for OBCs, SCs and STs.   6. At the cost of repetition it must be pointed out that the total number of about 48802 vacancies were distributed service­wise, state­wise, reserved category­wise and domiciliary status­wise in respect of border districts and Naxal/Militancy affected areas. 7. Annexure­II   to   the   Recruitment   Notification   contained “ Instructions for filling up the application”.   Column No.16 under 3 paragraph 4.0 of the said Instructions dealt with “ preference for posts ”.  This Column No.16 under paragraph 4.0 of Annexure­II to the Recruitment Notification dated 03.12.2011 reads as follows: “Candidates   should   carefully   indicate   preference   for   post   under different forces. Option once exercised will be final and no change will be allowed under any circumstances.”  8. The format of the certificate to be produced by candidates belonging   to   Scheduled   Castes   and   Scheduled   Tribes,   was provided   in   Annexure­VI.     The   format   of   the   certificate   to   be produced by OBCs was given in Annexure VII.   9. Since vacancies were notified service­wise, state­wise and category­wise,   Annexure­XII   to   the   Recruitment   Notification indicated the code numbers allotted to all the States and Union Territories   and   Annexure   XIII   separately   indicated   the   code numbers allotted to different border districts of the North­Eastern States,  Bihar,  Gujarat,  Himachal  Pradesh,   Jammu &  Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and West Bengal. Annexure­XIV provided the code numbers separately for the Naxal/Militancy affected districts in some of the States such as Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, 4 Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh etc.   10. After the completion of the process of selection, the Staff Selection Commission published a Select List of candidates on 17.10.2012. Finding that their names did not find a place in the final   Select   List   and   contending   that   candidates   who   secured lesser marks than them are included in the Select List, a group of 26 persons filed a writ petition in WP (C) No.5520 of 2012 on the file   of   the   Gauhati   High   Court.   In   addition   to   the   contention revolving   around   the   marks   secured   by   them   and   the   marks secured by some of the selected candidates, this group of 26 writ petitioners also contended that though two of them belonged to OBC   category,   they   had   been   treated   under   the   unreserved category.  Therefore, these candidates sought a writ of  certiorari  to quash the final Select List of candidates, in so far as the State of Assam is concerned with a further direction to the respondents in the writ petition to prepare a fresh Select List.   11. The said writ petition WP (C) No.5520 of 2012 was taken up by a learned Judge of the Gauhati High Court along with 14 other writ   petitions.     All   the   15   writ   petitions   were   allowed   by   the 5 learned Judge, by a common order dated 04.01.2016. 12. Following the decision rendered on 04.01.2016 in the said batch of 15 writ petitions, the learned Single Judge also allowed other similar writ petitions by separate orders dated 26.02.2016, 14.03.2016,   21.03.2016,   30.03.2016,   31.03.2016,   06.04.2016, 06.06.2016 and 09.06.2016. 13. Aggrieved by these orders, the Union of India and the Staff Selection   Commission   filed   an   intra­court   appeal   before   the Division Bench. It was stated in the Memorandum of Appeal that there were totally 476 candidates before the learned Single Judge in  various  writ  petitions   and   that   out  of   those   candidates, 61 persons had been selected subsequently when revised results were announced. 14. However, the intra­court appeal was filed with a delay.  By an order dated 24.10.2016 the Division Bench of the High Court refused   to   condone   the   delay   in   filing   the   intra­court   appeal. Therefore, the Union of India and the Staff Selection Commission have come up with Civil Appeal No.4585 of 2018, challenging the order of  the  learned  Single  Judge  dated  04.01.2016 passed in 6 WP(C) No.5520 of 2012.  15. In this appeal (Civil Appeal No.4585 of 2018) only two issues arise for consideration. They are,     whether the rejection of the (i) OBC certificate of a few candidates on the ground that they were not in the prescribed format and the consequent categorization of those candidates as general category candidates is correct?; and   whether   candidates   who   have   indicated   preference   to   a (ii) particular service can be kept out of consideration for appointment to other services, despite these candidates having secured more marks than the selected candidates in those other services? 16. One   candidate   who   was   issued   with   an   order   of appointment,   but   which   was   subsequently   cancelled   on   the ground that he did not belong to the border district to which he was selected, filed an independent writ petition before the Gauhati High Court in WP (C) No.6153 of 2013. Holding that the domicile of a person in one particular border district will not debar him from being considered for appointment in another border district, the   Gauhati   High   Court   allowed   the   said   writ   petition   by   a Judgment dated 16.05.2016. A petition for review was filed by the 7 Union   of   India,   but   the   same   was   also   dismissed.   Therefore, challenging   the   order   allowing   W.P.(C)   No.6153   of   2013   and challenging the order passed in the Review Petition, the Union of India and the Staff Selection Commission have come up with two civil appeals in C.A. Nos.4586­4587 of 2018. 17. One candidate approached the Delhi High Court by way of a writ petition in W.P.(C) No.8571 of 2015 contending that though he indicated his preference for one particular service, he is entitled to be considered for appointment in other services, on the basis of his own merit. This writ petition was allowed by the Delhi High Court by an Order dated 03.10.2018. The petition for review filed by   the   Union   of   India   was   also   dismissed   on   05.04.2019.   As against   the   order   passed   in   the   writ   petition   and   the   review petition, the Union of India and the Staff Selection Commission have come up with SLP(C) Nos.30408­30409 of 2019. 18. Leave granted in SLP(C) Nos.30408­30409 of 2019.    Civil Appeal Nos.4586­4587 of 2018 19. Since   the   issue   involved   in   these   two   appeals   lies   on   a narrow compass, we shall take up these appeals first. 8 20. As we have indicated in paragraph 14 above, the respondent in   this   writ   petition   belongs   to   the   Scheduled   Tribe   and   is domiciled   in   Baksa   District  of   Assam.   In  Annexure­XIII   to  the Recruitment Notification dated 03.12.2011, the border districts of Assam were divided into two categories. The border districts of Dhubri, Cachar & Karimganj were given Code No.“01”. The border districts of Baksa, Chirang, Kokrajhar & Udalguri were assigned Code No.“02”.   Since the respondent belonged to Baksa District, he was entitled to be considered as a candidate belonging to the border districts of Assam with Code No.“02”.   21. Paragraph 2 of the Recruitment Notification stated that the state­wise and category­wise tentative number of vacancies to be filled   up   are   indicated   in   the   Appendix.   Appendix­C   to   the Recruitment Notification indicated the vacancy position in respect of   CT   (GD)  (male   and   female)  of   B.G.   Districts   of   CAPFs.   The relevant portion  of Appendix­C  to  the Recruitment Notification, which relates to the two categories (Code Nos. 01 and 02) of the border districts of Assam are reproduced for easy reference as follows: 9
StateDistricts<br>falling in<br>their areaBorder Security Force (Male)Border Security Force (Female)Assam Rifles (Male)INDO TIBETAN BORDER<br>POLICE FORCE (MALE)Shashastra Seema Bal (male)G.Total
UROBCSCSTTotalUROBCSCSTTotalUROBCSCSTTotalUROBCSCSTTotalUROBCSCSTTotalUROBCSCSTTotal
AssamDhubri ,<br>Cachar,<br>Karimgan<br>j8342111915520103437000000000000000103521423192
Baksa,<br>Chirang,<br>Kokrajhar<br>&<br>Udalguri000000000000000000004221697842216978
10
22. The   last   portion   of   paragraph   1   of   the   Recruitment Notification indicated the importance of the domiciliary status. It reads as follows: “State­wise   vacancies   are   available   for   candidates domiciled in the State and reservation is also available for   candidates   domiciled   in   naxal   and   militancy affected   areas   and   select   border   districts   in   each CAPFs”. 23. Note­III under para 2 of the Recruitment Notification reads as follows: “As the vacancies have been allotted to the concerned States/UTs, candidates are required to submit domicile certificates   of   the   States   indicated   by   them   in   the application at the time of the medical examination.” 24. Paragraph   4(C)  of   the   Recruitment  Notification   contained instructions regarding the   “process of certification and format of certificates”.  The relevant portion of paragraph 4C reads as follows: “…Candidates belonging to the State/UT will only be considered for recruitment in their respective State/UT on production of valid “Domicile Certificate” issued by the competent authority so authorized by the concerned State/UT to prove their domiciliary status.   Since the State   of   Assam   is   not   issuing   Domicile Certificate/PRC, candidates belonging to the state of   Assam  are  not   required   to  submit   the  same. However, their selection will be subject to verification of 11 residential   status   from   the   concerned   District Authorities.  West Pakistani refugees who have settled in J & K but have not been given the status of J & K citizen   of   the   State   will   be   recruited   without   the condition   of   having   a   domicile   certificate   from   the designated authority of the J & K State.”  25. Admittedly   the   respondent   in   these   two   civil   appeals belonged to the border district of Baksa which came under Code “02”. As per Appendix­C to the Notification, the vacancies for the border districts coming under Code “02” of the State of Assam were “nil” in respect of BSF (Male and Female), Assam Rifles (Male)   and   ITBP   (Male).   Therefore,   he   could   not   have   been considered for the vacancies earmarked for the border districts of Assam coming under Code “01”.   26. But unfortunately the High Court, in the impugned order, proceeded on a curious reasoning that all border districts are liable to be treated alike and that once a person is found to belong to one border district, he is entitled to be considered in respect of all border districts. 27. The aforesaid reasoning of the High Court, if accepted, will tantamount   to   tampering   with   the   Recruitment   Notification. 12 Once vacancies are earmarked separately for different categories of border districts, even in the Recruitment Notification, it is not possible to hold that all border districts are to be treated alike. Different   considerations   may   weigh   with   the   recruiting authorities for categorizing the border districts into two types. Therefore, the High Court was not justified in granting relief to the respondent on the ground that he must be considered as a person   domiciled   in   the   border   district   where   vacancies   were available, though he belonged to another border district, to which no vacancy was notified.  28. Relying   upon   one   portion   of   paragraph   4(C)   of   the Recruitment Notification which we have extracted in paragraph 24 above ( in bold letters ), it is contended by the learned counsel for the respondent that when the State of Assam was admittedly not issuing domicile certificates, it is not proper to discriminate between 2 different categories of border districts.  29. But we are not impressed with the above argument. The requirement   to   produce   a   domicile   certificate   stands   on   a 13 different   footing   from   the   categorization   of   border   districts. Paragraph 4(C) of the Recruitment Notification dispenses with the requirement  of certificate,  in  so far as the  State of  Assam is concerned. But it does not make the categorization of border districts inapplicable.  30. Therefore, the Civil Appeal Nos. 4586 and 4587 of 2018 are allowed and the impugned orders passed in W.P.(C) No.6153 of 2013 and in the review application are set aside. The writ petition filed by the respondent shall stand dismissed. Civil Appeal No. 4585 of 2018 & Civil Appeals arising out of Special Leave Petition (C) Nos.30408­30409 of 2019 31. As we have indicated in paragraph 13 above, two questions arise   for   consideration   in   C.A.No.4585   of   2018.   Only   one question   arises   for   consideration   in   the   other   Civil   Appeals arising out of the judgment of the Delhi High Court. 32. The question that is common to the appeal arising out of the judgment of the Gauhati High Court and the appeals arising out of the Delhi High Court is whether candidates who have indicated 14 preference   for   a   particular   service   can   be   kept   out   of consideration   for   appointment   to   other   services,   despite   such candidates   having   secured   more   marks   than   the   selected candidates in those other services. 33. In   Column   No.16   under   paragraph   4.0   of   Annexure­II, which is the brochure containing instructions for filling up the application,   candidates   were   called   upon   to   carefully   indicate preference for the post under different Forces. It was also made clear that option once exercised will be final and that no change will be allowed thereafter. 34. The preference for BSF was to be indicated by the alphabet “A”. The preference for CISF, CRPF, SSB, ITBP and Assam Rifles are to be indicated respectively by the alphabets “B”, “C”, “D”, “E” and   “F”.   The   respondents   are   candidates   who   have   clearly indicated their preference to one service only. Some candidates have indicated preferences to multiple services, as there was no prohibition under the Recruitment Notification to do so. 35. What the Staff Selection Commission did was, to confine the 15 consideration of candidates who indicated preference only to one service, to that service only. Candidates who indicated multiple preferences were considered for all those services and depending upon the cut off marks, they were allotted to any one of the services. 36. Unfortunately, the respondents in these appeals indicated preference only to one service. They did not secure more than or equal to the cut­off mark for that service in the category to which they   belonged.   It   is   true   that   candidates   who   secured   lesser marks   than   these   respondents   have   been   selected   in   other services, but it was because of the expression of their openness for appointment to any service, even at the time of submitting the application. The respondents have become wiser after the event. 37. The High Court proceeded on the basis that the candidates cannot   be   pinned   down   to   the   preference   indicated   in   the application form and that appointing persons who secured lesser marks and rejecting those who secured higher marks on this ground, would be violative of Article 14 of the Constitution. 16 38. In   doing   so,   the   High   Court   clearly   overlooked   Column No.16 under paragraph 4 of Annexure­II, to the Notification.  This is clearly erroneous. 39. However,   the   learned   counsel   for   the   respondents   relied upon a decision of the Division Bench of the Patna High Court in 1 Ram   Bilash   Ram   vs.   State   of   Bihar   and   others   and   the decision of the Allahabad High Court in   Bindhyachal Kumar 2 Singh  vs.   Union of India and others. . 40. In     (supra),   the   High   Court   of   Patna Ram   Bilash   Ram interpreted the word “preference” to mean a mere indication of a choice and held that the same cannot be taken to indicate the rejection of other options. The relevant portion of the judgment reads as follows:­  So, the ordinary meaning of “preference” is to give  11. priority  to   one   over  another.  It  would   mean   that  by giving preference to one the person shows his liking for it over the others. This does not mean that by giving preference or priority to one, he shows his dislike for others and opts against them. So, if the appellant gave preference to some services/posts, it cannot be said that he has withdrawn his candidature for the rest of the services/posts. Any contrary inference drawn on 1  1986 SCC OnLine Pat 268 2  2013 SCC OnLine All 9828 17
the basis of preference list would be opposed to the<br>principle of natural justice. If one says that her prefers<br>a five­roomed house, it cannot be interpreted to mean<br>that he would not accept a four­roomed house if no five­<br>roomed house is made available to him. The term<br>“preference” always indicates that the person has a<br>choice to make. It cannot be interpreted to mean that if<br>he is not offered the thing for which he has shown his<br>preference, he will not accept the other things offered to<br>him for which also he was otherwise eligible and for<br>which also he was candidate from the very beginning.<br>If the applicant had no choice left with him, as he was<br>not found suitable for the services/posts for which he<br>had shown preference, it cannot be said that he has<br>abandoned his claim for the rest of the services, as it<br>cannot be presumed that he would prefer to remain<br>unemployed, if he did not get services/posts of his<br>choice.”
But in paragraph 12 of the said decision itself, the High Court<br>made it clear that “it would have been a different matter had<br>there been a rule or instruction to the contrary”. In the case<br>on hand the instructions were very clear and hence the decision<br>of the Patna High Court will not apply.<br>41. In Bindhyachal Kumar Singh (supra), the Allahabad High<br>Court was concerned with a case where the candidate left the<br>column relating to preference, blank. Therefore, the High Court<br>held that in the absence of any condition or instruction to the<br>18
effect that if any column in the application form is left blank, the application form would be rejected, and the approach adopted by the Staff Selection Commission was not correct. Therefore, the said case is also not on par with the case on hand. 42. As   a   matter   of   fact,   a   similar   question   came   up   for consideration before this Court in   Union of India   vs.   M.V.V.S 3 .   The   candidate   in   that   case   preferred   Indian Murthy Administrative Service in the Civil Services Examination, 1983. He was actually selected for IPS. He did not accept it but chose to appear for the next year Examination. When he could not make it in the next year examination, he gave a representation seeking at least to be allotted to IPS for the CSE ‘83 batch on the ground that candidates who had secured lesser marks than him have been allotted to IPS in CSE 1983. When it was not accepted, he approached the court, but this Court rejected his claim.  43. Paragraph 5 of the said decision clinches the issue and it reads as follows:­ 3  (1987) Supp.SCC 371 19 “5.  Indisputably the respondent confined his prefer­ ence only to the Indian Administrative Service. The note appearing   below   column   22   in   the   application   form reads thus: “In respect of the services/posts not covered by the entries  above, it  will  be  assumed  that  you  have  an equal   preference   for   those   services/posts.   You   will therefore, be considered for any of those services if you cannot be allotted to the services of your preference.” The real meaning of this note appears to us to be that if preferences given by the candidate are not available to be accommodated on the basis of the results of the can­ didate's   preference   in   the   selection   examination,   in­ stead of being rejected he would be available to be con­ sidered for the other service. As already pointed out, the Civil Services Examination is a combined examina­ tion for several services and when a vacancy is not available within the field of the candidate's choice, it is open to the Central Government to consider the candi­ date for other services. The effect of this note is not that preferences   given   by   a   candidate   securing   a   place lower to the respondent would not be entitled to his preference because he has been placed below the re­ spondent in ranking.   If ranking alone is to be the   On the test, preferences would have no meaning. other hand, the procedure that preferences are accept­ able with reference to the position in the final list till va­ cancies in the services preferred are exhausted is the most   logical   one   and   meets   the   requirements   of   the scheme. Merely because the respondent was placed at the   280th   place   in   the   merit   list   and   someone   else placed at No. 291 was being offered the Indian Police Service in keeping with his preference, would not give the respondent any cause of action…” 44. Therefore,   the  High  Court  was   clearly   wrong   in  granting relief   to   the   respondents   (i)   by   diluting   the   significance   of 20 preferences given by candidates; and  (ii)  in nullifying the effect of the instructions contained in Column No.16 of paragraph 4 of Annexure­II to the Recruitment Notification. 45. Coming to the second issue which arises only in respect of two respondents in Civil Appeal No.4585 of 2018, the case of the appellant is that those two candidates produced caste certificates to   show   that   they   belonged   to   the   OBC   category,   but   those certificates were not in the format prescribed in Annexure­VII, to the Recruitment Notification. It is the argument of the appellant that paragraph­4 of the  “important instructions to candidates ” in the  Recruitment  Notification   made   it  clear   that  certificates  in respect   of   these   claims   should   be   in   the   format   prescribed. Paragraph 4 reads as follows:­ “4.   Candidates   seeking   reservation   benefits   as SC/ST/OBC/ExS must ensure that they are entitled to such   reservation   as   per   eligibility   prescribed   in   the Notice.     They   should   also   be   in   possession   of   the certificates in the format prescribed by Government of India in support of their claim when the copies of the certificates   will   be   sought   after   the   Written Examination.” 46. The High Court rejected the contention of the appellant on 21 the ground that what is of importance is the substance and not the form and that a certificate holder has no control over the format of the certificate. 47. Defending the judgment of the High Court, it is contended by the learned counsel for the respondents that so long as the status of the respondents is not disputed by the Staff Selection Commission,   it   is   not   open   to   them   to   raise   hyper­technical objections on the basis of the format in which the certificate is produced.  This  is  especially  so  when the   candidates  have no control   over   the   authorities   who   are   competent   to   issue   the certificates. Therefore, the learned counsel for the respondents submitted that the order of the High Court in respect of the candidates   belonging   to   OBC   category,   does   not   call   for   any interference. 48. It is true that the power to issue caste certificates vests with the   officers   of   the   State   Government   and   that   there   is   no uniformity in this  regard.  Therefore, some leverage has  to be given. 22 49. But the case of the appellant in the above appeal is that the indication   regarding   non­creamy   layer   status   in   the   caste certificate is one of substance and not of form. The very eligibility to seek the benefit of reservation would depend upon the non­ creamy layer status. 50. However, the respondents have filed as Annexure R­8, along with   their   application   for   vacating   the   stay   (I.A.No.76255   of 2018), a caste certificate which actually contains a declaration about the non­creamy layer status of one of the respondents. On the   basis   of   this   certificate   it   was   contended   by   the   learned counsel for the respondents that the certificate was actually in the format prescribed in Annexure­VII to the Notification. 51. But we do not know whether what is produced before us as Annexure R­8 along with I.A.No.76255 of 2018 was the caste certificate actually produced by that respondent. If this is the certificate that he had actually enclosed to his application, there would  have  been  no occasion for  the  High  Court to examine whether the objection relates to substance or mere form. At this 23 level, in an appeal before the highest Court, it is not possible for us to look into this question of fact. This is especially so since the recruitment relates to uniformed services, where physical fitness of the incumbents is of utmost importance.   A period of more than 10 years have now passed from the date of Notification. Therefore, at this stage it is not possible to enter into disputed questions of fact and grant relief to those two respondents. 52. In view of the above, these appeals are also liable to be allowed.   But   before   we   do   so,   we   must   deal   with   one   last contention of Mr. Siddharth Dave, learned senior counsel for the respondents. Inviting our attention to the fact that by the order impugned, the High Court disposed of 15 writ petitions, but the appellants have chosen to file only one appeal against one of those   writ   petitions.   It   was   contended   by   the   learned   senior counsel that after having allowed the common order passed in other   writ   petitions   to   attain   finality,   it   is   not   open   to   the appellants to blow hot and cold. 53. In normal circumstances, the above argument would have 24 really appealed to us as it is legally well founded. But in this case even   admittedly   some   of   the   petitioners   who   approached   the court have been granted relief, due to the revision of Merit List. It means that each of the candidates who were before the High Court had some distinguishable feature and some of them got the relief even from the appellants. Therefore, the contention that the  appellants   cannot  blow   hot  and   cold   in  respect  of   a  few candidates may not hold water.   54. Therefore, the appeals are allowed and the impugned order of the High Court is set aside.  There will be no order as to costs. …..…………....................J.                                      (Hemant Gupta) .…..………......................J                                                   (V. Ramasubramanian) New Delhi February 17,  2022 25