VIKAS KISHANRAO GAWALI vs. THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA

Case Type: Writ Petition Civil

Date of Judgment: 04-03-2021

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1 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 980 OF 2019 VIKAS KISHANRAO GAWALI    …PETITIONER VERSUS STATE OF MAHARASHTRA & ORS.   …RESPONDENTS WITH WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 981 OF 2019 WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 1408 OF 2019 AND WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 743 OF 2020 J U D G M E N T A.M. KHANWILKAR, J. 1. These writ petitions under Article 32 of the Constitution of India seek a declaration that Section 12(2)(c) of the Maharashtra Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by DEEPAK SINGH Date: 2021.03.04 15:13:12 IST Reason: 1 Zilla Parishads and Panchayat Samitis Act, 1961 , is  ultra vires  the 1  for short, “the 1961 Act” 2 provisions of Articles 243­D and 243­T including Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution of India.   In addition, the validity of the notifications dated 27.7.2018 and 14.2.2020 issued by the State Election   Commission,   Maharashtra   providing   for   reservation exceeding 50 per cent in respect of  Zilla Parishads  and  Panchayat Samitis   of districts Washim, Akola, Nagpur and Bhandara have been questioned and it is prayed that the same be quashed and set aside.   A district wise chart has been presented to illustrate the excess reserved percentage and seats (more than aggregate 50 per cent of total seats), in some of the districts, which reads thus: “ District: Washim
ParticularsTotal<br>SeatsGeneralReservedExceed 50 per cent
SCSTOBCPercentageSeats
Zilla Parishad52231104145.76 %3
Gram<br>Panchayat490219100391325.30 %26
District: Bhandara
ParticularsTotal<br>SeatsGeneralReservedExceed 50 per cent
SCSTOBCPercentageSeats
Zilla Parishad52250904141.92 %1
Gram<br>Panchayat54126191431461.75 %9
District: Akola
ParticularsTotal<br>SeatsGeneralReservedExceed 50 per cent
SCSTOBCPercentageSeats
Zilla Parishad53221205148.49 %4
3
Panchayat<br>Samiti106442509288.49 %9
Gram<br>Panchayat539226125421468.07 %43
District: Nagpur
ParticularsTotal<br>SeatsGeneralReservedExceed 50 per cent
SCSTOBCPercentageSeats
Zilla Parishad58251007166.89 %4
Panchayat<br>Samiti116511915316.03 %7
Gram<br>Panchayat772330137972087.25 %56
District: Gondiya
ParticularsTotal<br>SeatsGeneralReservedExceed 50 per cent
SCSTOBCPercentageSeats
Zilla Parishad53230610146.60 %3
Panchayat<br>Samiti106451219307.54 %8
Gram<br>Panchayat54423266991477.35 %40”
(emphasis supplied) 2. The   conundrum   in   these   matters   revolves   around   the exposition of the Constitution Bench of this Court in  K. Krishna 2 Murthy (Dr.) & Ors. v. Union of India & Anr. .    Relying on the dictum in the said decision, the petitioners would urge that it is no more open to the respondents to reserve more than 50 per cent (aggregate)   seats   in   the   concerned   local   bodies   by   providing 3 4 reservation   for   Scheduled   Castes /Scheduled   Tribes /Other 2  (2010) 7 SCC 202 3  for short, “the SCs” 4  for short, “the STs” 4 5 Backward Classes .   Whereas, the respondent­State would urge that the stated decision recognises that it is permissible to reserve seats for OBCs to the extent permissible in the 1961 Act.  Further, in exceptional situation, the reservation for SCs/STs/OBCs in the concerned   local   bodies   ( Zilla   Parishads   and   Panchayat   Samitis ) could exceed even 50 per cent of the total seats .   This is the central issue to be dealt with in the present writ petitions. The   provision   in   the   form   of   Section   12   of   the   1961   Act 3. enables the respondents to reserve 27 per cent of seats in the concerned   Zilla Parishads   and   Panchayat Samitis .   Section 12 of the 1961 Act is reproduced hereunder: “12. Division of District into electoral division.—(1) The State Election Commission shall, for the purposes of election   of   Councillors   divide   every   District;   into electoral divisions (the territorial extent of any such division   not   being   outside   the   limits   of   the   same Block), each returning one Councillor, and there shall be a separate election for each electoral division: Provided that,  such electoral division  shall be divided in such a manner that the ratio between the population   of   each   electoral   division   and   the   total number   of   Councillors   to   be   elected   for   the   Zilla Parishad   shall,   so   far   as   practicable,   be   the   same throughout the  Zilla Parishad  area: Provided   further   that,   while   distributing   such electoral divisions among the Panchayat Samitis, not less than two electoral divisions shall be allotted to each  Panchayat Samiti. 5  for short, “the OBCs” 5 (2)(a) In the seats to be filled in by election in a Zilla Parishad  there shall be seats reserved for persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Backward Class  of  citizens  and  women,  as may   be determined by the State Election Commission in the prescribed manner: (b)   the   seats   to   be   reserved   for   the   persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in a  Zilla Parishad  shall bear, as nearly as may be, the same proportion to the total number of seats to be filled in by direct election in that  Zilla Parishad  as the population of the Scheduled Castes or, as the case may be, the Scheduled Tribes in that   Zilla Parsishad area bears to the total population of that area and such seats shall be allotted by  rotation to different electoral divisions in a  Zilla Parishad : Provided   that,   in   a   Zilla   Parishad   comprising entirely the Scheduled Areas, the seats to be reserved for the Scheduled Tribes shall not be less than one­ half of the total number of seats in the  Zilla Parishad :  Provided   further   that,   the   reservation   for   the Scheduled   Tribes   in   a   Zilla   Parishad   falling   only partially in the Scheduled Areas shall be in accordance with the provisions of clause (b): Provided also that one­half of the total number of   seats   so   reserved   shall   be   reserved   for   women belonging to the Scheduled Castes or, as the case may be, the Scheduled Tribes: (c)   the   seats   to   be   reserved   for   persons belonging   to   the   category   of   Backward   Class   of Citizens shall be 27 per cent. of the total number of   seats   to   be   filled   in   by   election   in   a   Zilla Parishad   and   such   seats   shall   be   allotted   by rotation to different electoral divisions in a   Zilla Parishad  : Provided that, in a  Zilla Parishad  comprising entirely   the   Scheduled   Areas,   the   seats   to   be reserved for the persons belonging to the Backward Class of Citizens shall be 27 per cent. of the seats remaining (if any), after reservation of the seats for the Scheduled Tribes and the Scheduled Castes : 6 Provided further that, the reservation for the persons   belonging   to   the   Backward   Class   of Citizens in a  Zilla Parishad  falling only partially in the Scheduled Areas shall be in accordance with the provisions of clause (c) : Provided   also   that   one­half   of   the   total number of seats so reserved shall be reserved for women   belonging   to   the   category   of   Backward Class of Citizens: (d)   one­half   (including   the   number   of   seats reserved   for   women   belonging   to   the   Scheduled Castes,   Scheduled   Tribes   and   the   category   of Backward  Class  of   Citizens)  of  the  total  number   of seats   to   be   filled   in   by   direct   election   in   a   Zilla Parishad  shall be reserved for women and such seats shall   be   allotted   by   rotation   to   different   electoral divisions in a  Zilla Parishad . (3)   The   reservation   of   seats   (other   than   the reservation   for   women)   under   sub­section   (2)   shall cease to have effect on the expiration of the period specified in Article 334 of the Constitution of India.” (emphasis supplied) We may straight away advert to the decision in  4. K. Krishna Murthy   (supra).     In   paragraph   9   of   the   decision,   this   Court formulated two questions for its consideration, the same read thus:
“9. In light of the submissions that have been<br>paraphrased in the subsequent paragraphs, the<br>contentious issues in this case can be framed in the<br>following manner:
(i) Whether Article 243­D(6) and Article 243­T(6)<br>are constitutionally valid since they enable<br>reservations in favour of backward classes for<br>the purpose of occupying seats and chairperson<br>positions in panchayats and municipalities<br>respectively?
7 ( ii ) Whether  Article 243­D(4) and Article 243­T(4) are   constitutionally   valid   since   they   enable   the reservation of chairperson positions in panchayats and municipalities respectively?” (emphasis supplied) 5. As   regards   the   discussion   on   the   question   of   validity   of reservation in favour of backward classes, the Court proceeded to examine the same in paragraphs 58 to 67 of the reported decision. The essence of the view expressed by the Constitution Bench on the said  question  is   that  Articles   243­D(6) and   243­T(6)  of the Constitution of India are merely enabling provisions and it would be improper to strike them down as violative of the equality clause. At the same time, the Court noted that these provisions did not provide   guidance   on   how   to   identify   the   backward   classes   and neither   do   they   specify   any   principle   for   the   quantum   of   such reservations.  Instead, discretion has been conferred on the State legislatures to design and confer reservation benefits in favour of backward classes.  While dealing with the provisions pertaining to reservations in favour of backward classes concerning the States of Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh wherein the quantum of reservation was 33 per cent and 27 per cent respectively, the Court noted that objections can be raised even with regard to similar provisions of 8 some   other   State   legislations.     The   real   concern   was   about overbreadth in the State legislations and while dealing with that aspect in paragraphs 60 to 63, the Court noted thus:
60.There is no doubt in our minds that excessive and
disproportionate reservations provided by the State
legislations can indeed be the subject­matter of
specific challenges before the courts. However, the
same does not justify the striking down of Articles
243­D(6) and 243­T(6) which are constitutional
provisions that enable reservations in favour of
backward classes in the first place.As far as the
challenge against the various State legislations is
concerned, we were not provided with adequate
materials or argumentation that could help us to
make a decision about the same.The identification
of backward classes for the purpose of reservations
is an executive function and as per the mandate of
Article 340, dedicated commissions need to be
appointed to conduct a rigorous empirical inquiry
into the nature and implications of backwardness.
61.It is also incumbent upon the executive to
ensure that reservation policies are reviewed from
time to time so as to guard against overbreadth. In
respect of the objections against the Karnataka
Panchayat Raj Act, 1993, all that we can refer to is the
Chinnappa Reddy Commission Report (1990) which
reflects the position as it existed twenty years ago.In
the absence of updated empirical data, it is well­
nigh impossible for the courts to decide whether
the reservations in favour of OBC groups are
proportionate or not.
62.  Similarly, in the case of the State of Uttar Pradesh, the claims about the extent of the OBC population are based on the 1991 census. Reluctant  as we are to leave these questions open, it goes without saying that the petitioners are at liberty to raise specific challenges against   the   State   legislations   if   they   can   point   out 9 flaws in the identification of backward classes with the help of updated empirical data.
63.As noted earlier, social and economic
backwardness does not necessarily coincide with
political backwardness.In this respect, the State
Governments are well advised to reconfigure their
reservation policies, wherein the beneficiaries
under Articles 243­D(6) and 243­T(6) need not
necessarily be coterminous with the Socially and
Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs) [for the
purpose of Article 15(4)] or even the backward
classes that are underrepresented in government
jobs [for the purpose of Article 16(4)].It would be
safe to say that not all of the groups which have been
given reservation benefits in the domain of education
and employment need reservations in the sphere of
local self­government.This is because the barriers to
political participation are not of the same
character as barriers that limit access to education
and employment. This calls for some fresh
thinking and policy­making with regard to
reservations in local self­government.”
(emphasis supplied)
6. Again, in paragraph 64, the Court noted about the absence of explicit constitutional guidance as to the quantum of reservation in favour of backward classes in local self­government.  For that, the thumb   rule   is   that   of   proportionate   reservation.     The   Court hastened   to   add   a   word   of   caution,   which   in,   essence,   is   the declaration of the legal position that the upper ceiling of 50 per cent (quantitative limitation) with respect to vertical reservations in favour of SCs/STs/OBCs taken together should not be breached. 10 This has been made amply clear and restated even in paragraph 67 of the reported decision, which reads thus:
67.In the recent decision reported asUnion of
Indiav.Rakesh Kumar[(2010) 4 SCC 50 : (2010) 1
SCC (L&S) 961 : (2010) 1 Scale 281] this Court has
explained why it may be necessary to provide
reservations in favour of the Scheduled Tribes that
exceed 50% of the seats in panchayats located in the
Scheduled Areas.However, such exceptional
considerations cannot be invoked when we are
examining the quantum of reservations in favour of
backward classes for the purpose of local bodies
located in general areas. In such circumstances,
the vertical reservations in favour of
SCs/STs/OBCs cannot exceed the upper limit of
50% when taken together. It is obvious that in
order to adhere to this upper ceiling, some of the
States may have to modify their legislations so as
to reduce the quantum of the existing quotas in
favour of OBCs.”
(emphasis supplied) On that analysis, the Court in conclusion noted as follows:
“Conclusion
82. In view of the above, our conclusions are:
(i) The nature and purpose of reservations in the<br>context of local self­government is considerably<br>different from that of higher education and public<br>employment. In this sense, Article 243­D and Article<br>243­T form a distinct and independent constitutional<br>basis for affirmative action and the principles that<br>have been evolved in relation to the reservation<br>policies enabled by Articles 15(4) and 16(4) cannot be<br>readily applied in the context of local self­government.<br>Even when made, they need not be for a period<br>corresponding to the period of reservation for the<br>purposes of Articles 15(4) and 16(4), but can be much<br>shorter.i) The nature and purpose of reservations in the
context of local self­government is considerably
different from that of higher education and public
employment. In this sense, Article 243­D and Article
243­T form a distinct and independent constitutional
basis for affirmative action and the principles that
have been evolved in relation to the reservation
policies enabled by Articles 15(4) and 16(4) cannot be
readily applied in the context of local self­government.
Even when made, they need not be for a period
corresponding to the period of reservation for the
purposes of Articles 15(4) and 16(4), but can be much
shorter.
11
(ii) Article 243­D(6) and Article 243­T(6) are
constitutionally valid since they are in the nature of
provisions which merely enable the State Legislatures
to reserve seats and chairperson posts in favour of
backward classes.Concerns about disproportionate
reservations should be raised by way of specific
challenges against the State legislations.
(iii)We are not in a position to examine the
claims about overbreadth in the quantum of
reservations provided for OBCs under the
impugned State legislations since there is no
contemporaneous empirical data.The onus is on
the executive to conduct a rigorous investigation
into the patterns of backwardness that act as
barriers to political participation which are indeed
quite different from the patterns of disadvantages
in the matter of access to education and
employment. As we have considered and decided only
the constitutional validity of Articles 243­D(6) and
243­T(6), it will be open to the petitioners or any
aggrieved party to challenge any State legislation
enacted in pursuance of the said constitutional
provisions before the High Court.We are of the view
that the identification of “backward classes” under
Article 243­D(6) and Article 243­T(6) should be
distinct from the identification of SEBCs for the
purpose of Article 15(4) and that of backward
classes for the purpose of Article 16(4).
(iv)The upper ceiling of 50% vertical
reservations in favour of SCs/STs/OBCs should not
be breached in the context of local self­
government. Exceptions can only be made in order
to safeguard the interests of the Scheduled Tribes
in the matter of their representation in panchayats
located in the Scheduled Areas.
(v) The reservation of chairperson posts in the
manner contemplated by Articles 243­D(4) and 243­
T(4) is constitutionally valid. These chairperson posts
12
cannot be equated with solitary posts in the context of
public employment.”
(emphasis supplied) 7. On a fair reading of the exposition in the reported decision, what follows is that the reservation for OBCs is only a “statutory” dispensation to be provided by the State legislations unlike the “constitutional” reservation regarding SCs/STs which is linked to the proportion of  population.    As  regards  the  State  legislations providing   for   reservation   of   seats   in   respect   of   OBCs,   it   must ensure that in no case the aggregate vertical reservation in respect of SCs/STs/OBCs taken together should exceed 50 per cent of the seats   in   the   concerned   local   bodies.     In   case,   constitutional reservation provided for SCs and STs were to consume the entire 50 per cent of seats in the concerned local bodies and in some cases in scheduled area even beyond 50 per cent, in respect of such local bodies, the question of providing further reservation to OBCs would not arise at all.  To put it differently, the quantum of reservation for OBCs ought to be local body specific and be so provisioned   to   ensure   that   it   does   not   exceed   the   quantitative limitation of 50 per cent (aggregate) of vertical reservation of seats for SCs/STs/OBCs taken together. 13 Besides   this   inviolable   quantitative   limitation,   the   State 8. Authorities   are   obliged   to   fulfil   other   pre­conditions   before reserving   seats   for   OBCs   in   the   local   bodies.     The   foremost requirement is to collate adequate materials or documents that could help in identification of backward classes for the purpose of reservation by conducting a contemporaneous rigorous empirical inquiry into the nature and implications of backwardness in the concerned   local   bodies   through   an   independent   dedicated Commission   established   for   that   purpose.     Thus,   the   State legislations cannot simply provide uniform and rigid quantum of reservation of seats for OBCs in the local bodies across the State that too without a proper enquiry into the nature and implications of   backwardness   by   an   independent   Commission   about   the imperativeness of such reservation.  Further, it cannot be a static arrangement.  It must be reviewed from time to time so as not to violate the principle of overbreadth of such reservation (which in itself is a relative concept and is dynamic).   Besides, it must be confined   only   to   the   extent   it   is   proportionate   and   within   the quantitative limitation as is predicated by the Constitution Bench of this Court. 14 Notably,   the   Constitution   Bench   adverted   to   the   fact   that 9. provisions of most of the State legislations may require a relook, but left the question regarding validity thereof open with liberty to raise   specific   challenges   thereto   by   pointing   out   flaws   in   the identification of the backward classes in reference to the empirical data.  Further, the Constitution Bench expressed a sanguine hope that the  concerned  States  ought to  take a fresh  look  at policy making with regard to reservations in local self­government in light of the said decision, whilst ensuring that such a policy adheres to the upper ceiling including by modifying their legislations — so as to reduce the quantum of the existing quotas in favour of OBCs and make it realistic and measurable on objective parameters. Despite this declaration of law and general observations cum 10. directions   issued   to   all   the   States   on   the   subject   matter,   the legislature of the State of Maharashtra did not take a relook at the existing   provisions   which   fell   foul   of   the   law   declared   by   the Constitution Bench of this Court.   As a matter of fact, couple of 6 writ petitions  came to be filed in the Bombay High Court in which solemn assurance was given on behalf of the State of Maharashtra 6  W.P. (Civil) No.6676 of 2016 and W.P. (Civil) No.5333 of 2018 15 that necessary corrective measures in light of the decision of this Court,   will   be   taken   in   right   earnest.     The   situation,   however, remained unchanged. 11. As a matter of fact, no material is forthcoming as to on what basis the quantum of reservation for OBCs was fixed at 27 per cent, when it was inserted by way of amendment in 1994.  Indeed, when the amendment was effected in 1994, there was no guideline in existence regarding the modality of fixing the limits of reserved seats for OBCs as noted in the decision of the Constitution Bench in  K. Krishna Murthy  (supra).  After that decision, however, it was imperative   for   the   State   to   set   up   a   dedicated   Commission   to conduct   contemporaneous   rigorous   empirical   inquiry   into   the nature   and   implications   of   backwardness   and   on   the   basis   of recommendations   of   that   Commission   take   follow   up   steps including to amend the existing statutory dispensation, such as to amend Section 12(2)(c) of the 1961 Act.  There is nothing on record that such a dedicated Commission had been set up until now.  On the   other   hand,   the   stand   taken   by   the   State   Government   on affidavit, before this Court, would reveal that requisite information for   undertaking   such   empirical   inquiry   has   not   been   made 16 available to it by the Union of India.  In light of that stand of the State Government, it is unfathomable as to how the respondents can   justify   the   notifications   issued   by   the   State   Election Commission   to   reserve   seats   for   OBCs   in   the   concerned   local bodies in respect of which elections have been held in the year December   2019/January   2020,   which   notifications   have   been challenged   by   way   of   present   writ   petitions.     This   Court   had allowed  the   elections   to  proceed  subject  to  the   outcome   of  the present writ petitions. 12. Be   that   as   it   may,   it   is   indisputable   that   the   triple test/conditions   required   to   be   complied   by   the   State   before reserving seats in the local bodies for OBCs has not been done so far.   To  wit,  (1)  to  set  up  a  dedicated  Commission  to  conduct contemporaneous rigorous empirical inquiry into the nature and implications   of   the   backwardness   qua   local   bodies,   within   the State; (2) to specify the proportion of reservation required to be provisioned   local  body   wise   in  light   of   recommendations   of  the Commission, so as not to fall foul of overbreadth; and (3) in any case such reservation shall not exceed aggregate of 50 per cent of the total seats reserved in favour of SCs/STs/OBCs taken together. 17 In a given local body, the space for providing such reservation in favour of OBCs may be available at the time of issuing election programme (notifications).   However, that could be notified only upon fulfilling the aforementioned pre­conditions.  Admittedly, the first   step   of   establishing   dedicated   Commission   to   undertake rigorous   empirical   inquiry   itself   remains   a   mirage.     To   put   it differently,   it   will   not   be   open   to   respondents   to   justify   the reservation for OBCs without fulfilling the triple test, referred to above. 13. As regards Section 12(2)(c) of the 1961 Act inserted in 1994, the plain language does give an impression that uniform and rigid quantum of 27 per cent of the total seats across the State need to be set apart by way of reservation in favour of OBCs.  In light of the dictum of the Constitution Bench, such a rigid provision cannot be sustained much less having uniform application to all the local bodies   within   the   State.     Instead,   contemporaneous   empirical inquiry must be undertaken to identify the quantum  qua  local body or local body specific. 14. In our opinion, the provision in the form of Section 12(2)(c) can be saved by reading it down, to mean that reservation in favour 18 of   OBCs   in   the   concerned   local   bodies   may   be   notified   to   the extent,   that   it   does   not   exceed   50   per   cent   of   the   total   seats reserved   in   favour   of   SCs/STs/OBCs   taken   together.     In  other words, the expression “shall be” preceding 27 per cent occurring in Section 12(2)(c), be construed as “may be” including to mean that reservation for OBCs may be up to 27 per cent but subject to the outer limit of 50 per cent aggregate in favour of SCs/STs/OBCs taken together, as enunciated by the Constitution Bench of this Court.  On such interpretation, Section 12(2)(c) can be saved and at the same time, the law declared by the Constitution Bench of this Court can be effectuated in its letter and spirit. 15. The argument of the respondent­State that the reservations in favour of OBCs must be linked to population, is very wide and tenuous.   That plea if countenanced, will be in the teeth of the dictum of the Constitution Bench of this Court wherein it has been noted   and   rejected.     The   Court   has   expounded   about   the distinction in the matter of reservation in favour of SCs and STs on the   one   hand,   which   is   a   “constitutional”   reservation   linked  to population   unlike   in   the   case   of   OBCs   which   is   a   “statutory” dispensation.   Therefore, the latter reservation for OBCs must be 19 proportionate   in   the   context   of   nature   and   implications   of backwardness and in any case, is permissible only to the extent it does not exceed the aggregate of 50 per cent of the total seats in the local bodies reserved for SCs/STs/OBCs taken together. 16. Indeed, this Court had allowed the State Election Commission to conduct elections on the basis of old dispensation in terms of orders   dated   28.08.2019,   07.11.2019   and   13.12.2019,   by recording  prima facie  view as noted in the order dated 18.12.2019. However, it was made amply clear that the elections in respect of five districts (Nagpur, Washim, Akola, Dhule and Nandurbar) were allowed to proceed subject to the outcome of present writ petition(s) questioning the validity of Section 12(2)(c) of the 1961 Act.  Thus understood, the respondents cannot take benefit of the  prima facie observations to repel the challenge to the old dispensation being continued despite the decision of the Constitution Bench of this Court and more particularly, to the notifications reserving seats for OBC candidates exceeding the quantitative limitation of aggregate 50 per cent of total seats in the local bodies concerned. 17. In light of the finding recorded hitherto (that no inquiry much less contemporaneous rigorous empirical inquiry into the nature 20 and   implications   of   backwardness   by   a   dedicate   Commission established by the State for the purpose has been undertaken), it is not open to the State to fall back on Section 12(2)(c) as enacted in 1994.  That provision, as aforementioned, is an enabling provision and would become functional and operational only upon fulfilling triple test as specified by the Constitution Bench of this Court. That is the  sine qua non  or the quintessence for exercise of power to reserve seats for OBCs in the local bodies.  Indeed, the exercise of power to reserve seats for OBCs springs from Section 12(2)(c) of the 1961 Act, but that is hedged by conditions and limitations specified by the Constitution Bench of this Court and would not get ignited until such time. 18. Thus understood, the impugned notifications issued by the State   Election   Commission   reserving   seats   for   OBCs   in   the concerned   local   bodies,   suffer   from   the   vice   of   foundational jurisdictional error.   The impugned notification(s) to the extent it provides for reservation for OBCs in the concerned local bodies, is, therefore, void and without authority of law.  19. A   priori ,   the   elections   conducted   by   the   State   Election Commission on the basis of such notifications concerning reserved 21 OBC seats alone are vitiated and must be regarded as  non est  in the eyes of law from its inception in the wake of declaration of law in that regard by the Constitution Bench of this Court.   The fact that   it   will   impact   large   number   of   seats   throughout   the   five districts   or   elsewhere   where   such   elections   are   conducted   in 2019/2020, would make no difference.  For, such reservation was not permissible in law unless the essential steps, as propounded by the Constitution Bench of this Court, had been taken before issuing the election notifications, that too only to the extent of quantitative limitation.  This position would apply in full measure, to all elections conducted in respect of reserved OBC seats by the State Election Commission duly notifying that the same will be subject to the outcome of these writ petitions.  The State Election Commission   must   proceed   to   take   follow   up   steps   and   notify elections for seats vacated in terms of this decision for being filled up by open/general category candidates for the remainder tenure of the concerned  Gram Panchayats  and  Samitis .  We are inclined to take this view as it is not possible to identify which of the reserved seat for OBCs in the concerned local body would fall foul of the law 22 declared by the Constitution Bench of this Court, amongst the total seats reserved for OBCs.  20. The respondent­State through learned counsel had urged that this Court ought not to entertain the present writ petitions as writ 7 petitions   were still pending before the High Court for the same relief.  We are not impressed by this hyper technical objection.  It is true that petitioners in two writ petitions had first approached the High Court, but still the issue under consideration needs to be answered at the instance of petitioners in other two writ petitions praying for the same reliefs.  Indeed, it would have been possible for us to request the High Court to decide the issue in the first instance but  as the  matter  essentially  pertains  to  the  width of declaration and directions given by the Constitution Bench of this Court in  K. Krishna Murthy  (supra) and its implementation in its letter and spirit, we deem it appropriate to answer the issue under consideration. It has been faintly suggested by the respondent­State in its 21. written   submission   that   the   writ   petition   may   be   set   down   for further hearing.  However, we fail to fathom why such a plea has 7   W.P. (Civil) No. 2756 of 2019; W.P. (Civil) No. 2893 of 2019 and W.P. (Civil) No. 9159 of 2020 23 been   put   forth   especially   when   the   State   has   already   filed   a consolidated affidavit in this Court, apart from the comprehensive written submissions filed after closure of oral arguments.  In our opinion,   no   fruitful   purpose   will   be   served   by   showing   that indulgence.  For, the matter is capable of and is being disposed of on the basis of undisputed fact that before instructing the State Election Commission to reserve seats for OBC groups in the local bodies, no attempt was made by the State Government to set up a dedicated   Commission   to   conduct   contemporaneous   rigorous empirical   inquiry   into   the   nature   and   implications   of backwardness, and then to act upon the report of the Commission. That fact is reinforced from the consolidated affidavit filed by the respondent­State in SLP (Civil) No. 33904 of 2017, which was the lead matter until it was disposed of on 17.02.2021, after analogous hearing with the present writ petitions.  That consolidated affidavit was filed pursuant to the directions given by this Court  vide  order dated 19.01.2021, which  reads thus: 24 “Heard learned counsel for the parties. We direct the  Respondent­State  to file  a  consolidated  affidavit dealing   with   the   issues   raised   in   each   of   these proceedings   including   in   the   form   of   interlocutory application(s)   to   be   served   on   learned   counsel appearing   for   the   concerned   petitioners/applicants within three weeks from today. We clarify that the consolidated affidavit will be   a   common   affidavit   used   in   the   concerned petitioners and application(s) as the case may be. List on 11.02.2021.” (emphasis supplied) Accordingly, the consolidated affidavit dated 04.02.2021 came to be  filed   by   the   State   duly   sworn   by   the   Deputy   Commissioner (Establishment), which reads thus: “ COUNTER AFFIDAVIT ON BEHALF OF RESPONDENT I, D.D. Shinde age 55 years, Occ. Service, presently working as Deputy Commissioner (Establishment) in the   office   of   Divisional   Commissioner,   Nashik, Maharashtra, do hereby submit on solemn affirmation as under that:­ 1. I am the authorized officer of the respondent in the   present   Special   Leave   Petition.     I   am   also authorized   to   file   Counter   Affidavit   on   behalf   of Respondent  as  such I  am  well conversant  with  the facts and circumstances of the case and hence I am competent   and   authorized   to   swear   this   Counter Affidavit on behalf of the Respondent. 2. I have gone through the contents of the present Special Leave Petition in reply thereto the answering Respondent seeks to file this Counter Affidavit in order to   oppose   the   averments   and   contentions   of   the Special Leave Petition with liberty of this Hon’ble Court 25 to   file   a   further   Counter   Affidavit   as   and   when necessary   and   with   the   permission   of   this   Hon’ble Court. 3. The State Government has filed affidavits dated ,   and   I   repeat   and 05.11.2019   and   13.03.2020 reiterate the contents of the same as if the same have been set out herein, in extenso.  I say that I am filing this Affidavit  in  compliance of  the  directions of  the Hon’ble Court in its order dated 19.01.2021, passed in the above Special Leave Petition. 4. I say that the elections were held to the Zilla Parishads   of   five   districts   in   Maharashtra,   namely Nagpur,   Washim,   Akola,   Dhule   and   Nandurbar   in December 2019/January 2020, pursuant to the orders passed  by  this  Hon’ble  Court.    In all the  aforesaid districts,   the   reservation   exceeded   50%.     It   is   the contention of the Petitioners that in all the aforesaid districts the reservation could not have exceeded 50% as it was the upper limit as set out in the judgments of Indra Sawhney vs. Union of India reported in (1992) 3 SCC 217   and the judgment of   K. Krushnamurthy vs. Union of India reported in (2010) 7 SCC 202.   The only issue that essentially remains for consideration of this Hon’ble   Court,   in   all   these   matters   is   whether   the reservation in all the aforesaid five districts could have exceeded 50%. 5. I repeat and reiterate that the elections held in December 2019/January 2020 have been held on the basis of the old dispensation, but for future elections, the  State  Government  will have  to provide  category wise breakup of population and in particular regarding Backward Class Category (BCC), as the information can be provided only by the Central Government.  It is therefore   submitted   that,   I.A.   No.188324/2019   be allowed and the Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India and the Secretary, Ministry of Social Justice and Welfare be added as party   respondents   in   the   aforesaid   Special   Leave Petitions.     It   is   further   submitted   that,   I.A. No.188318/2019 be allowed and the Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India 26 and   the   Secretary,   Ministry   of   Social   Justice   and Welfare   be   directed   to   make   available   the   data   of Socio­Economic   Census   2011,   to   the   extent   only relating   to   the   caste   of   the   citizens   of   Rural Maharashtra,   to   enable   the   Government   of Maharashtra   to   calculate   population   belonging   to castes   that   make   a   part   of   Backward   Classes   of Citizens (BCC) in Maharashtra. 6. I repeat and reiterate with regard to the decision of the Constitution Bench of this Hon’ble Court in  K. Krishnamurthy   (supra) ,   and   in   particular   paragraph no.83(iv) thereof, it is submitted with respect that, a reading of paragraphs no.59, 64, 66 and 67 thereof, create a doubt as to whether 50% vertical reservations referred to in paragraph no.82(iv) can be regarded as unalterable.  A breakup of the figures in respect of the five   districts   (mentioned   in   the   order   dated 18.12.2019)   show   that   if   the   direction   given   in paragraph no.82(iv) are to be strictly complied with, it may not be possible to give effect thereto, at least in respect of Dhule and Nandurbar districts which have high tribal population. 7. I submit that in the case of  K. Krushna Murthy (Supra)  the Hon’ble Constitution Bench of this Hon’ble Court   lays   down   that   the   nature   and   purpose   of reservations in the context of local self­government is considerably different  from  that of higher education and   public   employment.     It   further   lays  down   that Article 243­D and Article 243­T form a distinct and independent constitutional basis for affirmative action and the principle that have been evolved in relation to the reservation policies enabled by Articles 15(4) and 16(4) of the Constitution, cannot be readily applied in the context of local self­government. 8. I   submit   that   in   the   absence   of   explicit constitutional   guidance   as   to   the   quantum   of reservation in favour of backward classes in local self­ government, the rule of thumb is that of ‘proportionate reservation’.  Admittedly, reservations in excess of 50% do exist in some exceptional cases, when it comes to the domain of political representation, which is the 27 outcome of exceptional considerations in relation to these areas.  Similarly, vertical reservations in excess of 50% are permissible in the composition of local self­ government institutions located in the Fifth Schedule Areas.  I submit that in the judgment of  Union of India v. Rakesh Kumar reported in (2010) 4 SCC 50,   this Hon’ble Court has explained why it may be necessary to   provide   reservations   in   favour   of   the   Scheduled Tribes   that   exceed   50%   of   the   seats   in   local   self­ governments located in the Scheduled Area. 9. With regard to the elections held in December 2019/January 2020, in Nandurbar district, 44 out of 56   seats   were   reserved   for   Scheduled   Tribes   (ST) category   which   was  in  keeping   with   the   population ratio.  This itself consumed 50% upper limit provided by   the   Constitution   Bench   of   this   Hon’ble   Court, leaving   1   reservation   for   Scheduled   Caste   (SC) Category.   In respect of elections held in December 2019/January 2020, in Dhule district, 23 out of 56 seats were reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST) category which was in keeping with the population ratio.  This itself   consumed   50%   upper   limit   provided   by   the Constitution Bench of this Hon’ble Court, leaving 3 reservation   for   Scheduled   Caste   (SC)   Category.     In Dhule District the talukas of Saktri and Shirpur are partly ‘Scheduled Areas’.   In Nandurbar District, the talukas of Navapur, Taloda, Akkalkuwa and Akrani are fully ‘Scheduled Areas’ and the blocks of Nandurbar and Shahda are partly ‘Scheduled Areas’.   I say that both   Dhule   and   Nandurbar   Districts,   being   partly ‘Scheduled Areas’ would fall within the exceptions laid down in the case of  Indra Sawhney (Supra) .  Further, the decision of   Indra Sawhney (Supra)   was given in respect   of   reservation   measures   enabled   by   Article 16(4) of the Constitution.  The principles of reservation which are applicable for public employment and for admission   to   educational   institutions   cannot   be readily applied in respect of a reservation policy made to   protect   the   interests   of   the   Scheduled   Tribes   by assuring them of majority of reservation in Scheduled Areas.   Further, the case of   Indra Sawhney (Supra) reveals   that   though   an   upper   limit   of   50%   was 28 prescribed for reservations in public employment, the said   decision   recognizes   the   need   of   exceptional treatment in some circumstances.  The case of Indra Sawhney (supra) prescribes an upper limit of 50% (in paragraph 806 of the judgment) because Article 16(4) deals   with   ‘adequate   representation’   and   not ‘proportionate   representation’.     Hence,   the   elections held in December 2019/January 2020 ought not to set aside   for   the   districts   of   Dhule   and   Nandurbar districts. 10. In   any   event,   as   set   out   in   detail   in   the Affidavit   dated   13.3.2020,   I   say   that   the   State Government   is   unable   to   provide   category   wise breakup of population and in particular regarding Backward   Class   Category   (BCC),   as   that information can be provided only by the Central Government and the same is not forthcoming.  It is important that the data of Socio­Economic to the extent  only  of   field   relating  to  the   caste   of   the citizens of Rural Maharashtra, be provided to the State Government by the Central Government, so as   to   enable   the   State   Government   to   calculate population belonging to castes that make a part of . Backward Caste of Citizens (BCC) in Maharashtra With   regard   to   the   elections   held   in   December 2019/January 2020, in Nagpur, Washim, and Akola districts, the reservations exceeded 50% of the seats, only by 6% to 8% and ought not to be set aside by this Hon’ble Court. 11. I repeat and reiterate that it is important that the data of Socio­Economic to the extent only of field relating   to   the   caste   of   the   citizens   of   Rural Maharashtra, be provided to the State Government by the   Central  Government,   so   as  to   enable   the   State Government   to   calculate   population   belonging   to castes that make a part of Backward Caste of Citizens (BCC) in Maharashtra. 12. Considering the facts and circumstances of the case in hand, the special leave petition deserves to be dismissed. 29 13. That   no   new   additional   facts   or   documents, which are not part of the record are stated or annexed in the counter affidavit. Hence this Counter Affidavit.                                    (Deponent) Drawn by:       Sd/­ Rahul Chitnis, Advocate. (D.D. Shinde)” (emphasis supplied) As matter of fact, this affidavit plainly concedes that in case of 22. some local bodies, the reservation has far exceeded 50 per cent with nominal seats for general category.  At this stage, it may be relevant to mention that the consolidated affidavit refers to the previous   affidavit(s)   dated   5.11.2019   and   13.03.2020   which, however, do not contain any other statement, or any additional information,   requiring   scrutiny   in   the   context   of   the   issues answered in this decision.  The consolidated affidavit also refers to three interlocutory applications filed in the disposed of SLP (Civil) Nos. 33904­33910 of 2017.   IA No.188324 of 2019 was filed for direction   to   allow   impleadment   of   Registrar   General   of   India, Ministry   of   Home   Affairs,   Government   of   India   and   Secretary, Ministry of Social Justice and Welfare as party respondents in the SLP.   That was because the State had sought directions against 30 that party to furnish census data on the basis of which analysis could be done by the State for providing reservation to OBCs in the local bodies, in the elections due in 2019/2020.   That relief was claimed by the State in IA No.188318 of 2019.   Since the said elections are completed, the State is free to pursue with the Union of India for getting requisite information which can be then made available to the dedicated Commission to be established by it for conducting a contemporaneous rigorous empirical inquiry into the nature and implications of backwardness of the concerned groups. As regards IA No.108915 of 2019 referred to in the consolidated affidavit, the relief claimed was to defer the impending elections in the   concerned   Zilla   Parishads   and   Panchayat   Samitis .     Those elections having been completed in 2019/2020, obviously the relief as claimed is worked out.  We, therefore, fail to understand as to why the State Government wants further hearing of the matter on such flimsy and specious grounds.  To observe sobriety, we say no more. 31 We, however, appreciate the stand taken by the State Election 23. Commission   which   is   in   conformity   with   the   exposition   of   the Constitution Bench of this Court; and that it had issued impugned notifications by making it amply clear to all concerned that the elections were being conducted as directed by this Court and would be   subject   to   the   outcome   of   the   present   writ   petitions.     The elections were held only after this Court directed the State Election Commission to ensure that the elections in the concerned   Zilla and   of as many as five districts (out Parishads  Panchayat Samitis of 36 districts) of the State, were not being conducted even after more   than   two   years   from   the   expiry   of   term   of   the   outgoing councillors/members of the concerned local bodies. The State Election Commission had invited our attention to 24. the fact that, provision similar to Section 12(2)(c) of the 1961 Act regarding   reservation   for   OBCs   finds   place   in   other   State 8 enactments   concerning  the   establishment of   Village   Panchayat, Municipal Council,  Nagar Panchayat , Corporation, etc.  Needless to 8  (1) The Maharashtra Village Panchayats Act, 1959 – Section 10(2)(c)     (2)  Maharashtra   Municipal  Councils,   Nagar   Panchayats   and  Industrial Townships Act, 1965 – Sections 9(2)(d) and 341(B)(4)   (3) The Maharashtra Municipal Corporations Act, 1949 – Section 5A(1)(c)     32 observe that the view taken in this judgment would apply with full force to the interpretation and application of the provisions of the stated Act(s) and the State Authorities must immediately move into action to take corrective and follow up measures in right earnest including to ensure that future elections to the concerned local bodies are conducted strictly in conformity with the exposition of this Court in  (supra), for providing reservation K. Krishna Murthy  in favour of OBCs. 25. In conclusion, we hold that Section 12(2)(c) of the 1961 Act is an enabling provision and needs to be read down to mean that it may be invoked only upon complying with the triple conditions (mentioned in paragraph 12 above) as specified by the Constitution Bench of this Court, before notifying the seats as reserved for OBC category in the concerned local bodies.  Further, we quash and set aside the   impugned   notifications   to  the  extent they   provide for reservation   of   seats   for   OBCs   being   void   and   non   est   in   law including   the   follow   up   actions   taken   on   that   basis.     In  other words, election results of OBC candidates which had been made subject to the outcome of these writ petitions including so notified in the concerned election programme issued by the State Election 33 Commission, are declared as   non est   in law and the vacancy of seat(s) caused on account of this declaration be forthwith filled up by the State Election Commission with general/open candidate(s) for the remainder term of the concerned local bodies, by issuing notification in that regard. 26. As a consequence of this declaration and direction, all acts done and decisions taken by the concerned local bodies due to participation of members (OBC candidates) who have vacated seats in terms of this decision, shall not be affected in any manner.  For, they be deemed to have vacated their seat upon pronouncement of this  judgment,   prospectively.     This   direction  is   being   issued  in exercise of plenary power under Article 142 of the Constitution of India to do complete justice. It was urged that this Court ought not to exercise plenary 27. power under Article 142 and abjure from disturbing the completed elections.   However, we are not impressed with this contention because participation in the elections conducted since December 2019 to the concerned local bodies across the State of Maharashtra was on clear understanding that the results of the reserved seats for OBCs would be subject to the outcome of these writ petitions. 34 That was clearly notified by the State Election Commission in the election   programme   published   by   it   at   the   relevant   time,   in consonance with the directions given by this Court vide interim orders.    Therefore,   the   reliefs   as   claimed   and   being  granted in terms of this judgment, are in consonance with liberty given by this Court. Accordingly, these writ petitions must partly succeed.   The 28. challenge   to   the   validity   of   Section   12(2)(c)   of   the   1961   Act   is negatived.  Instead, that provision is being read down to mean that reservation in favour of OBCs in the concerned local bodies can be notified to the extent that it does not exceed aggregate 50 per cent of   the   total   seats   reserved   in   favour   of   SCs/STs/OBCs   taken together.   In other words, the expression “shall be” preceding 27 per cent occurring in Section 12(2)(c), be construed as “may be” including to mean that reservation for OBCs may be up to 27 per cent but subject to the outer limit of 50 per cent aggregate in favour   of   SCs/STs/OBCs   taken   together,   as   enunciated   by  the Constitution   Bench   of   this   Court.     However,   the   impugned notifications/orders dated 27.7.2018 and 14.2.2020 and all other similar   notifications   issued   by   the   State   Election   Commission 35 during the pendency of these writ petitions mentioning that the elections to the concerned local bodies were being held subject to the outcome of these writ petitions, are quashed and set aside to the extent of providing reservation of seats in the concerned local bodies for OBCs.  As a consequence, follow up steps taken on the basis of such notifications including the declaration of results of the candidates against the reserved OBC seats in the concerned local bodies, are declared  non est  in law; and the seats are deemed to   have   been   vacated   forthwith   prospectively   by   the   concerned candidate(s)   in   terms   of   this   judgment.     The   State   Election Commission shall take immediate steps to announce elections in respect of such vacated seats, of the concerned local bodies, not later   than   two   weeks   from   today,   to   be   filled   by   general/open category   candidates   for   the   remainder   term   of   the Panchayat/Samitis.   Ordered accordingly. The writ petitions are disposed of in the above terms.   No order as to costs. 36 All pending applications also stand disposed of. ……………………………J. (A.M. Khanwilkar) ……………………………J.          (Indu Malhotra)  ……………………………J.   (Ajay Rastogi) New Delhi; March 04, 2021.