Tarsem Lal vs. Directorate Of Enforcement Jalandhar Zonal Office

Case Type: Criminal Appeal

Date of Judgment: 16-05-2024

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2024 INSC 434 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.2608 OF 2024     (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Crl.) No. 121 of 2024) TARSEM LAL                           …APPELLANT VERSUS DIRECTORATE OF ENFORCEMENT  JALANDHAR ZONAL OFFICE                 …RESPONDENT WITH CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.2609 OF 2024 @ SLP (Crl.) NO. 191 of 2024  CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.2610 OF 2024 @ SLP (Crl.) NO. 698 of 2024 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.2611 OF 2024 @ SLP (Crl.) NO. 330 of 2024  CRIMINAL APPEALNO.2612 OF 2024 @ SLP (Crl.) NO. 743 of 2024  CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.2613 OF 2024 @ SLP (Crl.) NO. 728 of 2024 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.2614 OF 2024 @ SLP (Crl.) NO. 969 of 2024  CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.2615 OF 2024 @ SLP (Crl.) NO. 3928 of 2024  J U D G M E N T ABHAY S. OKA, J. 1. Leave granted.  Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by Anita Malhotra Date: 2024.05.16 18:06:07 IST Reason: Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 1 of 37 FACTUAL ASPECTS 2. Since the issues involved are common and very little turns on facts, we broadly refer to the factual aspects.  The appellants are the accused in complaints under Section 44 (1) (b)   of   the   Prevention   of   Money   Laundering   Act,   2002   (for short,   ‘the   PMLA’).     The   appellants   have   been   denied   the benefit of anticipatory bail by the impugned orders. We are dealing with the cases of the accused who were not arrested after registration of the Enforcement Case Information Report (ECIR) till the Special Court took cognizance under the PMLA of an offence punishable under Section 4 of the PMLA.  The cognizance was taken on the complaints filed under Section 44 (1)(b). These are the cases where the appellants did not appear before the Special Court after summons were served to them. The Special Court issued warrants for procuring their presence.   After   the   warrants   were   issued,   the   appellants applied  for  anticipatory   bail  before  the   Special  Court.  The applications   were   rejected.   Unsuccessful   accused   have preferred these appeals since the High Court has turned down their prayers. This Court, by interim orders, has protected the appellants from arrest. SUBMISSIONS The learned senior counsel, Mr Sidharth Luthra, appearing 3.  for the appellants in Criminal Appeal @ Special Leave Petition (Crl.) No.121 of 2024 and the learned counsel representing Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 2 of 37 other   appellants   have   made   detailed   submissions.   We   are summarising their submissions as follows:  (a)   The   power   to   arrest   vesting   in   the   officers   of   the Directorate of Enforcement (for short, ‘the ED’) under Section 19 of the PMLA cannot be exercised after the Special Court takes cognizance of the offence punishable under Section 4 of the PMLA;  (b) If an accused appears pursuant to the summons issued by the Special Court, there is no reason to issue a warrant of arrest against him or to take him into custody; (c) There is nothing inconsistent between Section 88 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for short, ‘the CrPC’) and the provisions of the PMLA. On a conjoint reading of Sections 4   and   5   of   the   CrPC   with   Section   65   of   the   PMLA,   it   is apparent that all the provisions of the CrPC would apply to proceedings before the Special Court from the stage of filing a complaint under Section 44 (1)(b). Only those provisions of the CrPC that are inconsistent with the specific provisions of the   PMLA   will   not   apply.   Reliance   was   placed   upon   the decision of this Court in the case of  Ashok Munilal Jain & 1 Anr. v. Assistant Director, Directorate of Enforcement . As there is no inconsistency between Section 88 of the CrPC and the provisions of the PMLA if, after service of summons, the accused offers to furnish bonds for appearance in terms of Section 88 of the CrPC, the Special Court should normally 1 (2018) 16 SCC 158 Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 3 of 37 accept the bonds. After furnishing the bonds, if the accused fails to appear before the Special Court, recourse can always be taken by the Special Court to Section 89 by issuing a warrant for procuring the presence of the accused before the Special Court;  (d)   Once   cognizance   is   taken   based   on   a   complaint,   the Special  Court cannot  exercise the power  of remand under Section 167 (2) of the CrPC. After cognizance is taken, the power can be exercised at the highest under Section 309 (2) of the CrPC;  (e) In view of this Court's decision in  Satender Kumar Antil 2 . , as clarified in v. Central Bureau of Investigation & Anr the   subsequent   decision   in   Satender   Kumar   Antil   v. 3 Central Bureau of Investigation and Anr. , when during the investigation, the prosecution does not seek the custody of the accused, after the Court takes cognizance, there is no need to arrest the accused; (f) When the accused is not arrested during the investigation, after   he   appears   before   the   Special   Court   pursuant   to   a summons, it is not necessary for him to apply for bail. The Special Court can always take recourse to Section 88 of the CrPC. In such a situation, if the ED is seeking remand by taking recourse under Section 309(2) of the CrPC, it will be incumbent upon the Special Court to give an opportunity of 2 (2021) 10 SCC 773 3 (2022) 10 SCC 51; [2022] 10 S.C.R. 351 Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 4 of 37 being   heard   to   the   accused   and   pass   an   order   recording reasons in brief;  3 (g) As held in the second case of   , Satender Kumar Antil Section 170 of the CrPC is merely a procedural compliance. It is submitted that in case of an offence punishable under the PMLA,   a   complaint   under   Section   44   (1)(b)   partakes   the character of a report/chargesheet under Section 173 of the CrPC. Once cognizance is taken based on the complaint, the authorities cannot invoke Section 19 of the PMLA and arrest an accused who has not been arrested till the date of the Special Court taking cognizance. If they require custody of the accused   for   further   investigation   to   enable   them   to   file   a supplementary complaint, the officers of the ED will have to apply to the Special Court for a grant of custody; and     (h) When an accused is not arrested until the filing of the complaint   and   when   an   accused   appears   pursuant   to summons before the Special Court, Section 437 of the CrPC will not apply, and it is not necessary for the accused to seek bail.  4.   The   learned   Additional   Solicitor   General   Mr   S   V   Raju submitted that:  (a) Once an accused appears before the Special Court, he is deemed to be in its custody. Though Section 437 of the CrPC may not apply, the accused must apply for bail under Section 439 of the CrPC;  Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 5 of 37 (b)   A   Special   Court   takes   cognizance   of   an   offence   under Section 4 of the PMLA based on a complaint only if a prima facie case of commission of the offence is made out. When the accused applies for bail under Section 439 of the CrPC, after cognizance is taken, the conditions incorporated in Section 45 (1) of the PMLA will apply to the bail application; (c) An application made by the accused for furnishing bonds in terms of Section 88 is an application for grant of bail; therefore, Section 45 (1) of the PMLA will apply even to such application;  (d) The guidelines issued in the case of   Satender Kumar 3  do not apply to special acts like the PMLA;  Antil , (e)   After cognizance is taken on a complaint under Section 44 (1)(b), the ED has the right to make further investigation and file a supplementary complaint. For that purpose, the ED can always exercise its power under Section 19 of the PMLA to arrest the accused against whom the complaint is filed; (f)   Though   an   accused   against   whom   an   allegation   of commission of an offence punishable under Section 4 of the PMLA is made can apply for grant of anticipatory bail, such application shall also be governed by the conditions in Section 45 (1). Relying upon the decision of this Court in the case of Vijay Madanlal Choudhary & Ors. v. Union of India & 4 Ors. , it is submitted that money laundering is an offence 4 2022 SCC OnLine SC 929; [2022] 6 SCR 382 Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 6 of 37 against the nation. Therefore, taking into consideration the gravity   and   severity   of   the   offence   under   the   PMLA, mandatory compliance with the requirements of Section 45 (1) must always be ensured;  (g) In view of Section 65, read with Section 71 of the PMLA, the provisions of the PMLA will have an overriding effect over the provisions of the CrPC; and  (h) In none of these cases, the conditions incorporated under Section 45 (1) of the PMLA have been fulfilled; therefore, the appellants are disentitled to grant of anticipatory bail. CONSIDERATION OF SUBMISSIONS  5.  While dealing with the complaints under Section 44 (1)(b), th this Court, in its judgment dated 8  April 2024 in the case of 5 dealt with the Yash Tuteja & Anr. v Union of India & Ors.   issue   of   the   applicability   of   provisions   of   the   CrPC   to   a complaint under Section 44 (1)(b) of the PMLA. While dealing with the said issue in paragraph 6, this Court held thus: “6.  The only mode by which the cognizance of the offence under Section 3, punishable under Section 4 of the PMLA, can be taken by the Special Court is upon a complaint filed by the Authority authorized on this behalf. Section 46 of PMLA provides that the provisions of the Cr.PC (including the provisions as to bails or bonds)   shall   apply   to   proceedings   before   a Special   Court   and   for   the   purposes   of   the Cr.PC provisions, the Special Court shall be 5 2024 INSC 301 Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 7 of 37 deemed to be a Court of Sessions. However, sub­section (1) of Section 46 starts with the words “save as otherwise provided in this Act.” Considering the provisions of Section 46(1) of the PMLA, save as otherwise provided in the PMLA, the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for short, Cr. PC) shall apply to   the   proceedings   before   a   Special   Court. Therefore, once a complaint is filed before the   Special   Court,   the   provisions   of Sections 200 to 204 of the Cr.PC will apply to the Complaint. There is no provision in the PMLA which overrides the provisions of Sections   200   to   Sections   204   of   Cr.PC. Hence, the Special Court will have to apply its mind to the question of whether a prima facie case   of   a   commission   of   an   offence   under Section   3   of   the   PMLA   is   made   out   in   a complaint under Section 44(1)(b) of the PMLA. If   the   Special   Court   is   of   the   view   that   no prima facie case of an offence under Section 3 of the PMLA is made out, it must exercise the power   under   Section   203   of   the   Cr.PC   to dismiss the complaint. If a prima facie case is made out, the Special Court can take recourse to Section 204 of the Cr. PC. ”                           (emphasis added) If the Special Court concludes that  case of 6.  a prima facie  commission of an offence under the PMLA is made out in the   complaint,   it   can   order   the   issue   of   process   in accordance with Section 204 (1) of the CrPC. Section 204 of the CrPC reads thus: Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 8 of 37 “204. Issue of process .—(1) If in the opinion of   a   Magistrate   taking   cognizance   of   an offence   there   is   sufficient   ground   for proceeding, and the case appears to be— ( a )   a   summons­case,   he   shall   issue   his summons for the attendance of the accused, or ( ba warrant­case, he may issue a warrant, or,   if   he   thinks   fit,   a   summons,   for causing the accused to be brought or to appear   at   a   certain   time   before   such Magistrate   or   (if   he   has   no   jurisdiction himself)   some   other   Magistrate   having jurisdiction. (2) No summons or warrant shall be issued against   the   accused   under   sub­section   (1) until a list of the prosecution witnesses has been filed. (3)   In   a   proceeding   instituted   upon   a complaint made in writing, every summons or warrant issued under sub­section (1) shall be accompanied by a copy of such complaint. (4) When by any law for the time being in force   any   process­fees   or   other   fees   are payable, no process shall be issued until the fees are paid and, if such fees are not paid within a reasonable time, the Magistrate may dismiss the complaint. (5) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to affect the provisions of Section 87. (emphasis added)                  Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 9 of 37 7.   As   the   punishment   for   an   offence   punishable   under Section 4 of the PMLA is of imprisonment for more than three years, in view of clause (x) of Section 2 of the CrPC, the complaint will be treated as a warrant case. Under Section 204(1)(b), the Court can issue either a warrant or summons   in   a   warrant   case.   Therefore,   while   taking cognizance, the Special Court has the discretion to issue either a summons or warrant.   Regarding the discretion under Section 204 (1)(b), this Court has laid down the law in the case of  Inder Mohan Goswami & Anr. v. State of 6 . This Court held that as a general Uttaranchal & Ors rule,   unless   an   accused   is   charged   with   an   offence   of heinous crime and it is feared that he is likely to tamper with or destroy the evidence or evade the process of law, the issue of summons is the rule. This Court held that in a complaint   case,   at   the   first   instance,   the   Court   should direct   serving   of   summons   along   with   the   copy   of complaint. If service is avoided by the accused, initially, a bailable warrant should be issued. If that is not effective, a non­bailable warrant should be issued. Paragraphs 55 and 56 of the said decision read thus: “55.   In   complaint   cases,   at   the   first instance, the court should direct serving of the summons along with the copy of the complaint.   If the accused seem to be avoiding   the   summons,   the   court,   in   the second   instance   should   issue   bailable 6 (2007) 12 SCC 1; [2007] 10 SCR 847 Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 10 of 37 warrant.   In   the   third   instance,   when   the court is fully satisfied that the accused is avoiding   the   court's   proceeding intentionally, the process of issuance of the non­bailable warrant should be resorted to. Personal liberty is paramount, therefore, we caution courts at the first and second instance   to   refrain   from   issuing   non­ bailable warrants. 56.  The power being discretionary must be exercised judiciously with extreme care and caution. The court should properly balance both personal liberty and societal interest before issuing warrants.   There cannot be any straitjacket formula for issuance of warrants but as a general rule, unless an accused is charged with the commission of an offence of a heinous crime and it is feared   that   he   is   likely   to   tamper   or destroy the evidence or is likely to evade the   process   of   law,   issuance   of   non­ bailable warrants should be avoided.” (emphasis added) As noted earlier, a complaint under Section 44(1)(b) of the PMLA will be governed by Sections 200 to 204 of the CrPC. Hence, the law laid down by this Court in the above decision will apply to a complaint under Section 44(1)(b). 8.  While taking cognizance on a complaint under Section 44 (1)(b), if the Court finds that till the filing of the complaint, the accused was not arrested, generally at the first instance, as a rule, the Court must issue a summons on the complaint. If Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 11 of 37 the accused was not arrested till the filing of the complaint but   has   not   cooperated   with   the   investigation   by   defying summons issued under Section 50 of the PMLA, the Special Court may issue a bailable warrant at the first instance while issuing   the   process.   But   even   in   such   a   case,   it   is   not mandatory to issue a warrant while issuing process; instead issuance of a summons would suffice.  When an accused is on bail, while issuing the process, the Special Court will have to issue only a summons. When the accused is granted bail in the same case, it is not necessary to arrest him after taking cognizance. If such an accused does not remain present after service   of   summons   without   seeking   an   exemption,   the Special   Court   can   always   issue   a   warrant   to   secure   his presence. 9.  Section 61 of the CrPC provides for the form of summons. nd Form No. 1 in the 2   Schedule is the prescribed form of summons   under   Section   61  of   the   CrPC.   For   the   sake   of convenience, we are reproducing Form No. 1: F ORM  1 [ See  Section 61] Summons to an accused person To  (name of accused)     of            (address). Whereas   your   attendance   is   necessary   to answer to a charge of                 ( state shortly the offence   charged ),   you   are   hereby   required   to appear in person (or by pleader,  as the case may Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 12 of 37 be ) before the ( Magistrate ) of __________, on the _____day of _______Herein fail not. Dated,   this                       day   of                    ,   20          
(Seal of the Court)(Signature)
________________ Looking at the form of the summons, it is apparent that it is issued only to secure the presence of the accused before the Court to answer the charge. If the accused appears before the Court,   there   is   sufficient   compliance   with   the   summons. Hence,   the   question   of   taking   him   into   custody   on   his appearance before the Court pursuant to the summons does not arise at all. 10.  We fail to understand the basis of the submission of the learned ASG that after an accused appears before a Special Court in compliance with the summons, he shall be deemed to be in custody. The object of issuing a summons is to secure the accused's presence before the Court.  It is not issued for taking an accused in custody. An argument is made that once an  accused  appears  before  the  Special   Court,  as   provided under sub­Section (1) of Section 437, he has to apply for bail. For ready reference, we are reproducing sub­Section (1) of Section 437, which reads thus: “437. When bail may be taken in case of non­bailable offence.—  (1) When any person accused of, or suspected of, the commission of Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 13 of 37 any   non­bailable   offence   is   arrested   or detained   without   warrant   by   an   officer   in charge of a police station   or appears  or  is brought before a Court other than the High Court   or   Court   of   session ,   he   may   be released on bail, but—  (i) such person shall not be so released if there appear reasonable grounds for believing that he has been guilty of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life;  (ii)   such   person   shall   not   be   so   released   if such offence is a cognizable offence and he had been previously convicted of an offence punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment for seven years or more, or he had been previously convicted on two or more   occasions   of   a   cognizable   offence punishable with imprisonment for three years or more but not less than seven years: Provided   that   the   Court   may   direct   that   a person referred to in clause (i) or clause (ii) be released on bail if such person is under the age of sixteen years or is a woman or is sick or infirm:  Provided   further   that   the   Court   may   also direct that a person referred to in clause (ii) be released on bail if it is satisfied that it is just and   proper   so   to   do   for   any   other   special reason:  Provided   also   that   the   mere   fact   that   an accused   person   may   be   required   for   being identified   by   witnesses   during   investigation shall not be sufficient ground for refusing to Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 14 of 37 grant   bail   if   he   is   otherwise   entitled   to   be released on bail and gives an undertaking that he shall comply with such directions as may be given by the Court: Provided   also   that   no   person   shall,   if   the offence alleged to have been committed by him is   punishable   with   death,   imprisonment   for life, or imprisonment for seven years or more, be released on bail by the Court under this sub­section without giving an opportunity of hearing to the Public Prosecutor. (emphasis added) On its plain reading, sub­Section (1) of Section 437 does not apply when an accused appears or is brought before a High Court or Sessions Court. A Special Court is appointed under sub­Section (1) of Section 43 of the PMLA, which reads thus: “43.   Special   Courts .—(1)   The   Central Government, in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court, shall, for trial of offence   punishable   under   Section   4,   by notification, designate, one or more Courts of   Session   as   Special   Court   or   Special Courts for such area or areas or for such case or class or group of cases as may be specified in the notification. Explanation .—In   this   sub­section,   “High Court” means the High Court of the State in which   a   Sessions   Court   designated   as Special Court was functioning immediately before such designation. (2)…………………………………………………… Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 15 of 37 Section   44   (1)(d)   provides   that   while   trying   a   scheduled offence or offence under the PMLA, a Special Court shall hold the trial in accordance with the provisions of the CrPC as they apply to trial before a Court of Session. A Special Court is a Court of Session. Therefore, Section 437 will not apply when an accused appears before the Special Court after a summons is issued on a complaint under Section 44 (1)(b) of the PMLA. 11.   There are provisions in the CrPC which show that an accused  who   appears   before   the   Court   under   a   summons issued  on  a  complaint   cannot   be  treated  as  if  he  is  in  a deemed custody.   One such provision is Section 205 of the CrPC, which reads thus:    “205. Magistrate   may   dispense   with personal   attendance   of   accused.— (1) Whenever   a   Magistrate   issues   a summons, he may, if he sees reason so to   do,   dispense   with   the   personal attendance of the accused and permit him to appear by his pleader.  (2) But the Magistrate inquiring into or trying the case may, in his discretion, at any stage of the proceedings, direct the personal attendance of the accused, and, if necessary, enforce such attendance in the manner hereinbefore provided. (emphasis added) We will examine whether Section 205 of the CrPC will apply to a complaint under Section 44(1)(b) of the PMLA. Sections 65 and 71 of the PMLA read thus:   Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 16 of 37
65. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 to
apply.—The provisions of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) shall
apply, in so far as they are not inconsistent
with the provisions of this Act, to arrest,
search and seizure, attachment,
confiscation, investigation, prosecution and
all other proceedings under this Act.
71. Act to have overriding effect.The
provisions of this Act shall have effect
notwithstanding anything inconsistent
therewith contained in any other law for the
time being in force.
After carefully perusing the provisions of the PMLA, we find that there is no provision therein which is in any manner inconsistent with  Section  205 of the  CrPC.  Hence,  it  will apply to a complaint under the PMLA. A summons is issued on a complaint to ensure attendance of the accused before the Criminal Court.  If an accused is in custody, no occasion arises for a Court to dispense with the personal attendance of the accused. We may note here that Section 205 empowers the   Court   to   grant   exemption   only   when   a   summons   is issued. Sub­section (2) of Section 205 provides for enforcing the attendance of the accused before the Court at the time of the   trial.   If   the   accused   who   appears   pursuant   to   the summons   issued   on   a   complaint   were   deemed   to   be   in custody, the lawmakers would not have provided for Section 205. Hence, we reject the argument of the learned ASG that once   an   accused   appears   before   the   Special   Court   on   a Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 17 of 37 summons being served to him, he shall be deemed to be in custody.     Now, we come to Section 88 of the CrPC. Section 88 12. reads thus:    “88. Power to take bond for appearance . —When any person for whose appearance or arrest the officer presiding in any Court is   empowered   to   issue   a   summons   or warrant,   is   present   in   such   Court,   such officer may require such person to execute a bond,   with   or   without   sureties,   for   his appearance   in   such   Court,   or   any   other Court to which the case may be transferred for trial.   If a summons on a complaint is issued and the accused appears on the returnable date, it is not necessary in every case to direct the accused to furnish bonds as required by Section 88. It is an enabling provision that permits the Court to direct the accused to furnish bonds considering the facts of each case. Based on the submissions made across the Bar, there are three issues concerning   Section 88, which are as under: (i) Whether Section 88 applies to an accused who has been   served   with   a   summons   or   applies   to   an accused   who   appears   before   the   Court   before   the summons is issued or served? Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 18 of 37 (ii) Will   Section   88   apply   to   a   complaint   under   the PMLA?  (iii) Whether an order issued by a Criminal Court to the accused to furnish bonds in accordance with Section 88 amounts to a grant of bail?  13.  Firstly, after examining the provisions of the PMLA, it is apparent that Section 88 is in no manner inconsistent with the provisions of the PMLA. Therefore, Section 88 will apply after filing of a complaint under Section 44(1)(b) of the PMLA. If Section 88 is to apply even before a summons is issued or served upon a complaint, there is no reason why it should not apply after the service of summons. A discretionary power has been conferred by Section 88 on the Court to call upon the accused to furnish bonds for his appearance before the Court. It does not depend on the willingness of the accused. The object of Section 88 is to ensure that the accused regularly appears before the Court. Section 88 is a part of Chapter VI of the   CrPC   under   the   heading   “Processes   to   Compel Appearance”.   Section   61,   which   deals   with   the   form   of summons and mode of service of summons, is a part of the same   Chapter.   When   a   summons   is   issued   after   taking cognizance of a complaint to an accused, he is obliged to appear before the Criminal Court on the date fixed in the case unless his presence is exempted by an express order passed in the exercise of powers under Section 205 of the CrPC. Therefore, when an accused appears pursuant to a summons Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 19 of 37 issued on the complaint, the Court will be well   within its powers to take bonds under Section 88 from the accused to ensure his appearance before the Court. Therefore, when an accused appears before the Special Court under a summons issued on the complaint, if he offers to submit bonds in terms of Section 88, there is no reason for the Special Court to refuse or decline to accept the bonds. Executing a bond will aid the Special Court in procuring the accused's presence during the trial. A decision of this Court in the case of  14. Pankaj Jain v. 7 had an occasion to deal with the Union of India and Anr.   issue.   The occasion to consider the provision of Section 88 was the word “may” used in the Section. We may conveniently reproduce paragraphs 21 and 22 of the said decision, which reads thus: “21.  This Court in  State of Kerala  v.  Kandath Distilleries  [ State   of   Kerala  v.  Kandath Distilleries ,   (2013)   6   SCC   573]   came   to consider the use of expression “may” in the Kerala Abkari Act, 1902. The Court held that the expression conferred discretionary power on   the   Commissioner   and   power   is   not coupled with duty. Following observation has been made in para 29: (SCC p. 584) “ 29 .   Section   14   uses   the   expression “ Commissioner may ”, “with the approval of the Government”   so   also   Rule   4   uses   the expressions   “ Commissioner   may ”,   “ if   he   is 7  (2018) 5 SCC 743; [2018] 9 SCR 248 Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 20 of 37
satisfied” after making such enquiries as he<br>may consider necessary “licence may be<br>issued”. All those expressions used in Section<br>14 and Rule 4 confer discretionary powers on<br>the Commissioner as well as the State<br>Government, not a discretionary power<br>coupled with duty.”
(emphasis in original)
22. Section 88 of the CrPC does not confer<br>any right on any person, who is present in<br>a court. Discretionary power given to the<br>court is for the purpose and object of<br>ensuring appearance of such person in that<br>court or to any other court into which the<br>case may be transferred for trial. Discretion<br>given under Section 88 to the court does<br>not confer any right on a person, who is<br>present in the court rather it is the power<br>given to the court to facilitate his<br>appearance, which clearly indicates that<br>use of the word “may” is discretionary and<br>it is for the court to exercise its discretion<br>when situation so demands. It is further<br>relevant to note that the word used in<br>Section 88 “any person” has to be given<br>wide meaning, which may include persons,<br>who are not even accused in a case and<br>appeared as witnesses.”
(emphasis added)
This Court, in the aforesaid decision, dealt with a case where Section 437 of the CrPC was applicable. We have already held that   in   case   of   a   complaint   under   Section   44(1)(b)   of   the Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 21 of 37 PMLA, Section 437 will have no application. Thereafter, this Court discussed the issue as to in what manner discretion should be exercised. Paragraphs 27 to 29 deal with this issue which read thus:   Another   judgment   relied   upon   by   the “27. appellant   is   the   judgment   of   the   Punjab   & Haryana High Court in  Arun Sharma  v.  Union of India  [ Arun Sharma  v.  Union of India , 2016 SCC OnLine P&H 5954 : (2016) 3 RCR (Cri) 883]   .   In   the   above   case,   the   Punjab   & Haryana High Court was considering Section 88   CrPC   read   with   Section   65   of   the Prevention   of   Money­Laundering   Act.   In   the above context, following has been observed in para 11: (SCC OnLine P&H) “ 11 .   On   the   same   principles,   in   absence   of anything  inconsistent  in  PMLA  with  Section 88 CrPC, when a person voluntarily appears before the Special Court for PMLA pursuant to issuance of process vide summons or warrant, and   offers   submission   of   bonds   for   further appearances   before   the   court,   any consideration of his application for furnishing such bond, would be necessarily governed by Section   88   CrPC   read   with   Section   65   of PMLA. Section 88 CrPC reads as follows: ‘ 88.  .— Power to take bond for appearance When   any   person   for   whose   appearance   or arrest   the   officer   presiding   in   any   court   is empowered to issue a summons or warrant, is present   in   such   court,   such   officer   may require such person to execute a bond, with or without sureties, for his appearance in such Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 22 of 37 court, or any other court to which the case may be transferred for trial.’ This Section 88 (corresponding to Section 91 CrPC,  1898) would not apply qua  a person whose appearance is not on his volition, but is brought in custody by the authorities as held by   the   Constitution   Bench   of   the   Hon'ble Supreme   Court   in  Madhu   Limaye  v.  Ved Murti  [ Madhu   Limaye  v.  Ved   Murti ,   (1970)   3 SCC 739] , wherein it was observed that: (SCC p. 745, para 17) ‘ 17 . … In fact Section 91 applies to a person who is present in court and is free because it speaks of his being bound over, to appear on another day before the court. That shows that the person must be a free agent whether to appear or not. If the person is already under arrest and in custody, as were the petitioners, their appearance depended not on their own volition but on the volition of the person who had their custody.’ Thus,   in   a   situation   like   this   where   the accused were not arrested under Section 19 of PMLA   during   investigations   and   were   not produced   in   custody   for   taking   cognizance, Section 88 CrPC shall apply upon appearance of   the   accused   person   on   his   own   volition before   the   trial   court   to   furnish   bonds   for further appearances.”   28. The   present   is   not   a   case   where accused was a free agent whether to appear or not. He was already issued non­bailable warrant of arrest as well as proceeding of Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 23 of 37 Sections   82   and   83   CrPC   had   been initiated. In this view of the matter, he was not entitled to the benefit of Section 88.  In the Punjab & Haryana case, the High 29. Court has relied on judgment of this Court in  Madhu   Limaye  v.  Ved   Murti  [ Madhu Limaye  v.  Ved Murti , (1970) 3 SCC 739] and held that Section 88 shall be applicable since accused were not arrested under Section 19 of PMLA during investigation and were not taken into custody for taking cognizance. What the Punjab & Haryana High Court missed, is that this   Court   in   the   same   paragraph   had observed “ that shows that the person must be ”.  a free agent whether to appear or not When the accused was issued warrant of arrest to appear in the court and proceeding under Sections   82   and   83   CrPC   has   been initiated, he cannot be held to be a free agent   to   appear   or   not   to   appear   in   the court.   We   thus   are   of   the   view   that   the Punjab   &   Haryana   High   Court   has   not correctly   applied   Section   88   in   the . aforesaid case                 (emphasis added) Therefore,   if   a   warrant   of   arrest   has   been   issued   and proceedings under Section 82 and/or 83 of the CrPC have been issued against an accused, he cannot be let off by taking a bond under Section 88.  Section 88 is indeed discretionary. But this proposition will not apply to a case where an accused in a case under the PMLA is not arrested by the ED till the filing of the complaint.  The reason is that, in such cases, as a Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 24 of 37 rule, a summons must be issued while taking cognizance of a complaint.  In such a case, the Special Court may direct the accused to furnish bonds in accordance with Section 88 of the CrPC. 15.   Now, we come to the issue of whether an order of the Court accepting bonds under Section 88 amounts to grant of bail. If an accused appears pursuant to a summons issued on the complaint, he is not in custody. Therefore, there is no question of granting him bail. Moreover, even if the accused who appears before the Court does not offer to submit bonds under Section 88 of the CrPC, the Court can always direct him to do so. A bond furnished according to Section 88 is an undertaking to appear before the Court on the date fixed. The question of filing bail bonds arises only when the Court grants bail. When an accused furnishes a bond in accordance with Section   88   of   the   CrPC   for   appearance   before   a   Criminal Court,   he   agrees   and   undertakes   to   appear   before   the Criminal Court regularly and punctually and on his default, he agrees to pay the amount mentioned in the bond. Section 441 of the CrPC deals with a bond to be furnished by an accused when released on bail. Therefore, in our considered view, an order accepting bonds under Section 88 from the accused does not amount to a grant of bail.   Now, we deal with a contingency where after service of 16. summons   issued   on   a   complaint   under   the   PMLA,   the accused does not appear. One category of such cases can be Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 25 of 37 where   the   accused   appears   on   the   returnable   date   of   the summons   and   subsequently   does   not   appear, notwithstanding the furnishing of bonds under Section 88. The   other   category   of   cases   is   where,   after   the   service   of summons is made on the complaint, the accused does not appear.   This   category   will   also   include   a   case   where   the accused appears on returnable date, but on a subsequent date   fails   to   appear.   In   the   first   contingency,   where   the accused does not appear in breach of the bond furnished under Section 88, Section 89 of the CrPC confers sufficient powers on the Court to take care of the situation. Section 89 reads thus:  “89.   Arrest   on   breach   of   bond   for appearance. —When   any   person   who   is bound by any bond taken under this Code to appear before a Court, does not appear, the   officer   presiding   in   such   Court   may issue a warrant directing that such person be arrested and produced before him.   The warrant contemplated by Section 89 can be a bailable or non­bailable warrant. Even if a bond is not furnished under Section 88 by an 17. accused and if the accused remains absent after that, the Court can always issue a warrant under Section 70 (1) of the CrPC for procuring the presence of the accused before the Court.   In   both   contingencies,   when   the   Court   issues   a warrant, it is only for securing the accused's presence before the Court.  When a warrant is issued in such a contingency, it Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 26 of 37 is not necessary for the accused to apply for bail.  Section 70, which   confers   power   on   the   Court   to   issue   a   warrant, indicates that the Court which issues the warrant has the power to cancel it.  Section 70 reads thus: “70.   Form   of   warrant   of   arrest   and duration .—(1)   Every   warrant   of   arrest issued by a Court under this Code shall be in writing, signed by the presiding officer of such Court and shall bear the seal of the Court. (2)   Every such warrant shall remain in force until it is cancelled by the Court or until it is executed. which issued it,                      (emphasis added) Thus,   sub­section   (2)   of   Section   70   confers   power   on   the Court to cancel the warrant.   When a bailable warrant is issued to an accused on the grounds of his non­appearance, he is entitled to be enlarged on bail as a matter of right when he appears before the Court.  Therefore, he need not apply for cancellation of the warrant. When a warrant is issued in the cases mentioned in 18. paragraph 16 above, the Special Court can always entertain an application for cancellation of the warrant and can cancel the   warrant   depending   upon   the   conduct   of   the   accused. While cancelling the warrant, the Court can always take an undertaking from the accused to appear before the Court on every date unless   appearance   is specifically exempted. When the ED has not taken the custody of the accused during the Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 27 of 37 investigation,   usually,   the   Special   Court   will   exercise   the power   of   cancellation   of   the   warrant   without   insisting   on taking the accused in custody provided an undertaking is furnished   by   the   accused   to   appear   regularly   before   the Court. When the Special Court deals with an application for cancellation of a warrant, the Special Court is not dealing with an application for bail. Hence, Section 45(1) will have no application to such an application.  19. At this stage, we may refer to a decision of this Court in 3     the   case   of   While   dealing   with Satender   Kumar   Antil . Sections 88, 170, 204, and 209 of the CrPC, in paragraphs 100.5, this Court held thus:
“100.5. There need not be any insistence of a<br>bail application while considering the<br>application under Sections 88, 170, 204 and<br>209 of the Code.”
At this stage, we may note here that from paragraphs 86 to 89<br>of the same decision, this Court dealt with category of special<br>acts. In paragraph 89, this Court held thus:
“89. We may clarify on one aspect which is<br>on the interpretation of Section 170 of the<br>Code. Our discussion made for the other<br>offences would apply to these cases also. To<br>clarify this position, we may hold that if an<br>accused is already under incarceration, then<br>the same would continue, and therefore, it is<br>needless to say that the provision of the<br>Special Act would get applied thereafter. It is<br>only in a case where the accused is either
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not arrested consciously by the<br>prosecution or arrested and enlarged on<br>bail, there is no need for further arrest at<br>the instance of the court. Similarly, we<br>would also add that the existence of a pari<br>materia or a similar provision like Section<br>167(2) of the Code available under the<br>Special Act would have the same effect<br>entitling the accused for a default bail. Even<br>here the court will have to consider the<br>satisfaction under Section 440 of the Code.”<br>(emphasis added)not arrested consciously by the<br>prosecution or arrested and enlarged on<br>bail, there is no need for further arrest at<br>the instance of the court. Similarly, we<br>would also add that the existence of a pari<br>materia or a similar provision like Section<br>167(2) of the Code available under the<br>Special Act would have the same effect<br>entitling the accused for a default bail. Even<br>here the court will have to consider the<br>satisfaction under Section 440 of the Code.”
(emphasis added)
(emphasis added)
20. Once cognizance is taken of the offence punishable<br>under Section 4 of the PMLA, the Special Court is seized of the<br>matter. After the cognizance is taken, the ED and other<br>authorities named in Section 19 cannot exercise the power of<br>arrest of the accused shown in the complaint. The reason is<br>that the accused shown in the Complaint are under the<br>jurisdiction of the Special Court dealing with the complaint.<br>Therefore, after cognizance of the complaint under 44(1)(b) of<br>the PMLA is taken by the Court, the ED and other authorities<br>named in Section 19 are powerless to arrest an accused<br>named in the complaint. Hence, in such a case, an<br>apprehension that the ED will arrest such an accused by<br>exercising powers under Section 19 can never exist.
21. We are informed across the Bar by the learned counsel<br>of the appellants that some of the Special Courts under the<br>PMLA are following the practice of taking the accused into
Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 29 of 37 custody after they appear pursuant to the summons issued on the complaint. Therefore, the accused are compelled to apply for   bail   or   for   anticipatory   bail   apprehending   arrest   upon issuance of summons. We cannot  countenance a  situation where, before the filing of the complaint, the accused is not arrested; after the filing of the complaint, after he appears in compliance with the summons, he is taken into custody and forced to apply for bail. Hence, such a practice, if followed by some Special Courts, is completely illegal. Such a practice may offend the right to liberty guaranteed by Article 21 of the Constitution of India. If the ED wants custody of the accused who appears after service of summons for conducting further investigation in the same offence, the ED will have to seek custody of the accused by applying to the Special Court. After hearing the accused, the Special Court must pass an order on the application by recording brief reasons. While hearing such an application, the Court may permit custody only if it is satisfied that custodial interrogation at that stage is required, even though the accused was never arrested under Section 19.   However,   when   the   ED   wants   to   conduct   a   further investigation   concerning   the  same   offence,   it   may   arrest   a person not shown as an accused in the complaint already filed under Section 44(1)(b), provided the requirements of Section 19 are fulfilled. ON FACTUAL ASPECTS OF THE APPEALS Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 30 of 37
22. Coming back to the facts of the cases before us,<br>warrants were issued to the appellants as they did not appear<br>before the Special Court after the service of summons. As held<br>earlier, the appellants could have applied for cancellation of<br>warrants issued against them as the warrants were issued<br>only to secure their presence before the Special Court. Instead<br>of applying for cancellation of warrants, the appellants applied<br>for anticipatory bail. All of them were not arrested till the filing<br>of the complaint and have co­operated in the investigation.<br>Therefore, we propose to direct that the warrants issued<br>against the appellants shall stand cancelled subject to the<br>condition of the appellants giving undertakings to the<br>respective Special Courts to regularly and punctually attend<br>the Special Court on all dates fixed unless specifically<br>exempted by the exercise of powers under Section 205 of the<br>CrPC. The second condition will be furnishing bonds to the<br>Special Court in terms of Section 88 of the CrPC.
OPERATIVE CONCLUSIONS
23. Now, we summarise our conclusions as under:
a) Once a complaint under Section 44 (1)(b) of the PMLA<br>is filed, it will be governed by Sections 200 to 205 of<br>the CrPC as none of the said provisions are<br>inconsistent with any of the provisions of the PMLA;
b) If the accused was not arrested by the ED till filing of<br>the complaint, while taking cognizance on a complaint<br>under Section 44(1)(b), as a normal rule, the Court
Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 31 of 37 should issue a summons to the accused and not a warrant. Even in a case where the accused is on bail, a summons must be issued; c) After a summons is issued under Section 204 of the CrPC on taking cognizance of the offence punishable under Section 4 of the PMLA on a complaint, if the accused appears before the Special Court pursuant to the summons, he shall not be treated as if he is in custody. Therefore, it is not necessary for him to apply for   bail.   However,   the   Special   Court   can   direct   the accused to furnish bond in terms of Section 88 of the CrPC; In a case where the accused appears pursuant to a d) summons   before   the   Special   Court,   on   a   sufficient cause   being   shown,   the   Special   Court   can   grant exemption from personal appearance to the accused by exercising power under Section 205 of the CrPC; e) If the accused does not appear after a summons is served or does not appear on a subsequent date, the Special Court will be well within its powers to issue a warrant in terms of Section 70 of the CrPC. Initially, the Special Court should issue a bailable warrant. If it is not possible to effect service of the bailable warrant, then the recourse can be taken to issue a non­bailable warrant;  Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 32 of 37 f) A bond furnished according to Section 88 is only an undertaking by an accused who is not in custody to appear before the Court on the date fixed. Thus, an order   accepting   bonds   under   Section   88   from   the accused does not amount to a grant of bail;  g) In   a   case   where   the   accused   has   furnished   bonds under Section 88 of the CrPC, if he fails to appear on subsequent dates, the Special Court has the powers under Section 89 read with Sections 70 of the CrPC to issue  a warrant  directing  that  the accused  shall  be arrested and produced before the Special Court; If such a   warrant   is   issued,   it   will   always   be   open   for   the accused   to  apply   for   cancellation   of  the  warrant   by giving an undertaking to the Special Court to appear before the said Court on all the dates fixed by it.  While cancelling the warrant, the Court can always take an undertaking   from   the   accused   to   appear   before   the Court on every date unless   appearance   is specifically exempted. When the ED has not taken the custody of the   accused   during   the   investigation,   usually,   the Special Court will exercise the power of cancellation of the warrant without insisting on taking the accused in custody provided an undertaking is furnished by the accused to appear regularly before the Court. When the Special Court deals with an application for cancellation of a warrant, the Special Court is not dealing with an Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 33 of 37 application for bail. Hence, Section 45(1) will have no application to such an application ; When an accused appears pursuant to a summons, the h) Special   Court   is   empowered   to   take   bonds   under Section 88 of the CrPC in a given case. However, it is not  mandatory   in   every   case  to  direct  furnishing  of bonds. However, if a warrant of arrest has been issued on account of non­appearance or proceedings under Section 82 and/or Section 83 of the CrPC have been issued   against   an   accused,   he   cannot   be   let   off   by taking a bond under Section 88 of the CrPC, and the accused   will   have   to   apply   for   cancellation   of   the warrant;  i) After   cognizance   is   taken   of   the   offence   punishable under Section 4 of the PMLA based on a complaint under Section 44 (1)(b), the ED and its officers are powerless to exercise power under Section 19 to arrest a person shown as an accused in the complaint; and If the ED wants custody of the accused who appears j) after   service   of   summons   for   conducting   further investigation in the same offence, the ED will have to seek custody of the accused by applying to the Special Court.  After  hearing   the  accused,  the   Special  Court must pass an order on the application by recording brief reasons. While hearing such an application, the Court may permit custody only if it is satisfied that Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 34 of 37
custodial interrogation at that stage is required, even<br>though the accused was never arrested under Section<br>19. However, when the ED wants to conduct a further<br>investigation concerning the same offence, it may<br>arrest a person not shown as an accused in the<br>complaint already filed under Section 44(1)(b), provided<br>the requirements of Section 19 are fulfilled.
24. We are making it clear that we are dealing with a fact<br>situation where the accused shown in the complaint under<br>Section 44(1)(b) of the PMLA was not arrested by the ED by<br>the exercise of power under Section 19 of the PMLA till the<br>complaint was filed.
25. Hence, the appeals succeed, and we pass the following<br>order:
a) We set aside the impugned orders declining to grant<br>anticipatory bail;<br>b) We direct that warrants issued by the Special Courts<br>against the appellants shall stand cancelled subject to<br>the following conditions:<br>i. The appellants shall appear before the<br>concerned Special Court within one month from<br>today and shall file an undertaking before the<br>Special Court that they shall regularly and<br>punctually appear before the Special Court ona) We set aside the impugned orders declining to grant<br>anticipatory bail;
b) We direct that warrants issued by the Special Courts<br>against the appellants shall stand cancelled subject to<br>the following conditions:
The appellants shall appear before the<br>concerned Special Court within one month from<br>today and shall file an undertaking before the<br>Special Court that they shall regularly and<br>punctually appear before the Special Court on
Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 35 of 37
ii.the dates fixed unless their appearance is<br>specifically exempted by the exercise of powers<br>under Section 205 of the CrPC; and
The appellants shall furnish bonds in<br>accordance with Section 88 of the CrPC to the<br>satisfaction of the Special Court within one<br>month from today.
c) It is necessary to clarify that the warrants issued<br>against the appellants shall be cancelled only if they<br>make compliance as aforesaid within one month from<br>today. To enable them to do so, the warrants shall not<br>be executed against them for a period of one month<br>from today;
d) On the failure of the appellants to appear before the<br>Special Court and to file undertakings and bonds<br>within one month from today, it will be open for the<br>Special Courts to issue warrants against the<br>appellants; and
e) After the warrants issued against the appellants are<br>cancelled, the apprehension that they may be arrested<br>will not survive. Hence, in view of what we have held in<br>this judgment, it is unnecessary to consider the prayer<br>for the grant of anticipatory bail.
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26. The appeals are allowed on the above terms.
……………………..J. (Abhay S. Oka) ……………………..J. (Ujjal Bhuyan) New Delhi; May 16, 2024.   Criminal Appeal @ SLP(Crl.) 121 of 2024 Page 37 of 37