MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI vs. MANISH SISODIA

Case Type: Criminal Appeal

Date of Judgment: 17-10-2022

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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1791 OF 2022 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Crl) No.351 of 2021) MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI                                       … APPELLANT(S) VERSUS MANISH SISODIA & ORS.                                   …RESPONDENT(S) With CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1790 OF 2022 (@ Special Leave Petition (Crl) No.658 of 2021) J U D G M E N T V. Ramasubramanian, J. Leave granted. 2. The   order   of   summoning   issued   by   the   Additional   Chief Metropolitan Magistrate­I, Rouse Avenue Courts, New Delhi, in a criminal complaint of defamation filed by Respondent No.1 herein against   six   individuals,   was   challenged   before   the   High   Court unsuccessfully, by persons arrayed as Accused Nos.1 and 5 and hence both of them have come up with the above Criminal Appeals. 1 3. We have heard Shri R. Venkataramani and Ms. Pinky Anand, learned   senior   counsel   appearing   for   the   appellants   and   Dr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi, learned senior counsel, as well as Shri Shadan Farasat, learned counsel appearing for Respondent No.1 4. On   19.07.2019,   Respondent   No.1   herein   filed   a   complaint under   Section   200   of   the   Code   of   Criminal   Procedure,   1973 ( hereinafter referred to as ‘Cr.P.C’ ) against six individuals, on the file of   the   Additional   Chief   Metropolitan   Magistrate­I,   Rouse   Avenue Courts,   New   Delhi,   alleging   commission   of   the   offences   under Sections 499 and 500 read with Sections 34 and 35 of the Indian Penal Code ( hereinafter referred to as ‘IPC’ ). The case of Respondent No.1 in   his   complaint  was,   that   he   has   been  the   Deputy   Chief Minister of Delhi since February 2015;   that   on 01.07.2019, Shri Manoj Tiwari, ( A­1 who is the   appellant in one of these appeals ) held a   Press  Conference   making   false   and   defamatory   statements  as though the complainant was involved in corruption to the tune of Rs. 2000 crores, in the matter of award of contracts for building classrooms in Delhi Government Schools;   that   persons arrayed as 2 Accused Nos. 2 to 4 in the said complaint, shared the platform with   the said Shri Manoj Tiwari, during the Press Conference and they also uttered the same defamation statements;   that   Shri Vijender Gupta, arrayed as Accused No.5 in the complaint ( appellant in one )   tweeted   defamatory   contents   against   the of   these   appeals complainant; and  that  the person named as Respondent No.6 in the complaint   also   made   defamatory   statements   in   his   tweets. According   to   Respondent   No.1   herein   ( the   complainant ),   all   the accused persons acted with common intent and in a well­thought­ out   and   planned   manner   to   defame   him,   thereby   rendering themselves liable for prosecution. 5. After recording the statements of Respondent No.1 and two independent witnesses, in the inquiry under Section 202(1) of the Cr.P.C   and   after   taking   note   of   the   documents   produced   by Respondent   No.1,   the   learned   Additional   Chief   Metropolitan Magistrate passed an Order on 28­11­2019 directing the issue of summons to all the  six accused, after holding that there exists sufficient grounds to proceed against the accused Nos.1 to 4 under 3 Section 500 IPC read with Section 34 IPC and against accused Nos.5 and 6 under Section 500 IPC. 6. The appellants herein ( who were cited as accused Nos.1 and 5 respectively ) challenged the order of summoning by way of petitions under Section 482 of the Cr.P.C, before the High Court of Delhi. The High Court dismissed the petitions, forcing the appellants to come up with the above appeals.  7. Though the petitions filed by the appellants under Section 482 of the Code were dismissed by the High Court of Delhi by a common order, the cases of both of them are not exactly the same. Shri Manoj Kumar Tiwari (A­1), the appellant in one of these appeals, is accused along with Accused Nos. 2 to 4 of committing the offence punishable under Section 500 read with Section 34 IPC. But Shri Vijender   Gupta   (A­5)   is   accused   of   committing   an   offence punishable under Section 500 IPC alone. In paragraph 14 of the summoning   order   dated   28.11.2019,   learned   Additional   Chief Metropolitan Magistrate has recorded the following opinion: “Further the exhortation by the respondents as to sharing of the statements and holding a joint conference together also strengthens the inference of common intention of the 4 respondent no.1,2,3 and 4. As far as the tweets made by respondent no.5 and 6 concerned that have been made after   few   hours   of   the   Press   Conference   held   by   the respondent no.1 to 4, hence, the act of respondent no.5 and   6   cannot   said   to   be   done   with   common   intention along with other respondents rather they are individual acts of defamation.” 8. Keeping in mind the above distinction between the case of Shri Manoj Kumar Tiwari and the case of Shri Vijender Gupta, let us now proceed to consider the  grounds on which the  summoning order is challenged by these appellants. 9. The only ground on which accused No.1 assails the order of summoning   is   that   the   Court   ought   not   to   have   entertained   a private   complaint   under   Section   200   Cr.P.C   especially   from   a person covered by Section 199(2) of the Code, without following the procedure prescribed in sub­section (4) of Section 199. 10. Accused No.5 who is appellant in the other appeal assails the order   of   summoning   on   three   grounds   namely,     that   the (i) respondent   No.1   ought   to   have   followed   the   special   procedure prescribed in Section 199(4) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, as he  happens   to   be   a   Minister   of   a   Union   Territory;   (ii)   that  the transcript of the tweets attributed to him were not accompanied by 5 a valid certificate in terms of Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act; and  (iii)  that in any case the tweets made by him  per se  do not make   out   a   case   of   defamation   in   terms   of   Section   499   IPC, punishable under Section 500 IPC.  11. Reliance is placed by the learned counsel for the appellants mainly on the decisions of this Court in  P.C Joshi and Another  vs. 1   vs. State   of   Uttar  Pradesh ; Subramanian   Swamy     Union  of 2 India ;   and   K.K.   Mishra   vs.   State   of   Madhya   Pradesh   and 3   The   contention   of   the   learned   senior   counsel   for   the Another . appellants is that certain consequences are prescribed in Section 237 of the Code, if it is a case of malicious prosecution initiated under Section 199(2) and that the attempt of Respondent No.1 to bypass the special procedure prescribed in Section 199(2) is with a view to escape the consequences of Section 237 of the Code. 12. Defending   the   summoning   order   passed   by   the   Additional Chief   Metropolitan   Magistrate   and   the   order   of   the   High   Court dismissing the challenge to the same, it is contended by Dr. A.M. 1   AIR 1961 SC 387 2   (2016) 7 SCC 221 3   (2018) 6 SCC 676 6 Singhvi that what is prescribed by Section 199(2) of the Code is a special procedure, which does not exclude the general procedure prescribed   under   Section   199(6)   and   that   the   right   of   a   public servant, as an individual, to prosecute a person for defamation, is guaranteed   by   Section   199(6),   to   which   the   provisions   of   sub­ section (2) of Section 199 have no application. Our attention is also st drawn to the 41  Report of the Law Commission of India which led to   Section   198B   of   the   Code   of   Criminal   Procedure,   1898 undergoing sweeping changes in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. 13. We have carefully considered the rival submissions. In order to understand the scope and ambit of the two different procedures prescribed in Section 199 of the Code, it may be necessary to have a look at the legislative history of these provisions. Unfortunately, there   emerges   two   versions   of   this   history,   one   from   the amendments made to the Code of 1898 in the years 1943, 1955 and st 1964 and the Code of 1973 and the other emerging from the 41 Report of the Law Commission. We shall take note of both versions of history.  7 Legislative History of Section 199 (and 198, to be precise) Milestone ­1 (year 1898) 14. Section 198 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, as it originally stood in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 read as follows:­ “198.  No  Court  shall  take  cognizance  of  an  offence falling under Chapter XIX or Chapter XXI of the Indian Penal   Code   or   under   sections   493   to   496   (both inclusive) of the same Code, except upon a complaint made by some person aggrieved by such offence”    Milestone­2 (year 1943) 15. By Criminal Procedure (Second Amendment)   Act,   1943,   a proviso  was added to Section 198, to the following effect: “Provided   that,   where   the   person   so   aggrieved   is   a woman who, according to the customs and manners of the country, ought not to be compelled to appear in public,   or   where   such   person   is   under   the   age   of eighteen  years  or   is  an  idiot   or   lunatic,   or   is  from sickness   or   infirmity   unable   to   make   a   complaint, some other person may, with the leave of the Court, make a complaint on his or her behalf.”  Milestone­3 (Constitution of Law Commission) 16. After India attained independence, suggestions were made for the appointment of a Law Commission for examining the Central Acts. Initially, a Resolution was moved in the Constituent Assembly 8 on   December   2,   1947   recommending   the   establishment   of   a Statutory Law Revision Committee. However, the Resolution was withdrawn upon an assurance given by the then Law Minister Dr. Ambedkar, to constitute a permanent Law Commission to revise and   codify   the   laws.   Eventually,   the   Lok   Sabha   resolved   on November 19, 1954, to constitute a Law Commission to recommend revision   and   modernization   of   laws,   both   substantive   and procedural   and   in   particular,   the   Civil   and   Criminal   Procedure Codes. Pursuant thereto, the Law Commission was constituted in August/September 1955 with M.C. Setalvad, Attorney General of India as its Chairman.  Milestone­4 (year 1955) 17. In   the   meantime,   the   Parliament   enacted   ‘The   Code   of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1955, (Act XXVI of 1955)’ th which received the assent of the President on 10  August 1955 and th was published in the Gazette of India on 12   August 1955. By Section 25 of this Amendment Act XXVI of 1955, a new provision in Section 198­B was inserted, providing for a special procedure for prosecution for defamation against public servants in respect of 9 their conduct in the discharge of public functions. This Section 198­B read as follows:    (1)   Notwithstanding   anything   contained   in   this “198B. Code, when any offence falling under Chapter XXI of the Indian Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860) (other than the offence of   defamation   by   spoken   words)   is   alleged   to   have   been committed against the President, or the Vice­President, or the Governor or Rajpramukh of a State, or a Minister, or any other public servant employed in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State, in respect of his conduct in the discharge of his public functions, a Court of Session may take cognizance of of such offence, without the accused being committed to it for trial, upon a complaint in writing made by the Public Prosecutor. (2) Every such complaint shall set forth the facts which   constitute  the   offence   alleged,   the   nature  of  such offence   and   such   other   particulars   as   are   reasonably sufficient to give notice to the accused of the offence alleged to have been committed by him. (3) No   complaint   under   sub­section   (1)   shall   be made  by   the   Public  Prosecutor   except   with  the  previous sanction,­ (a)  in the case of the President or the Vice­President or the Governor or Rajpramukh of a State, of any Secretary to the Government authorised by him in this behalf; (b)   in   the   case   of   a   Minister   of   the   Central Government or of a State Government, of the Secretary to the Council of Ministers, if any, or of any Secretary to the Government authorised in this behalf by the Government concerned; (c)  in the case of any other public servant employed in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State, of the Government concerned. (4) No   Court   of   Session   shall   take   cognizance   of   an offence under sub­section (1), unless the complaint is made 10 within six months from the date on which the offence is alleged to have been committed. (5) When the Court of Session takes cognizance of an offence   under   sub­section   (1),   then,   notwithstanding anything contained in this Code, the Court of Session shall try the case without a jury and in trying the case, shall follow the procedure prescribed for the trial by Magistrates of   warrant­cases   instituted   otherwise   than   on   a   police report and the person against whom the offence is alleged to have been committed shall, unless the Court of Session, for reasons to be recorded otherwise directs, be examined as a witness for the prosecution. (6)  If in any case instituted under this section, the Court of Session by which the case is heard discharges or acquits all   or   any   of   the   accused,   and   is   of   opinion   that   the accusation against them or any of them was false and either frivolous   or   vexatious,   the   Court   of   Session   may,   by   its order of discharge or acquittal, direct the person against whom the offence was alleged to have been committed (other than   the   President,   Vice­President   or   the   Governor   or Rajpramukh of a State) to show cause why he should not pay compensation to such accused or to each or any of such accused, when there are more than one. (7)   The Court of Session shall record and consider any cause which may be shown by the person so directed and if it   is   satisfied   that   the   accusation   was   false   and   either frivolous or vexatious, it may, for reasons to be recorded, direct that compensation to such amount, not exceeding one thousand rupees, as it may determine, be paid by such person to the accused or to each or any of them. (8)     All   compensation   awarded   under   sub­section   (7) may be recovered as if it were a fine. (9)     No   person   who   has   been   directed   to   pay compensation under sub­section (7) shall, by reason of such order, be exempted from any civil or criminal liability in respect of the complaint made under this section: Provided that any amount paid to an accused person under this section shall be taken into account in awarding 11
compensation to such person in any subsequent civil suit<br>relating to the same matter.
(10) The person who has been ordered under sub­section<br>(7) to pay compensation may appeal from the order, in so far<br>as the order relates to the payment of the compensation, as<br>if he had been convicted in a trial held by the Court of<br>Session.
(11) When an order for payment of compensation to an<br>accused person is made in a case which is subject to appeal<br>under sub­section (10), the compensation shall not be paid<br>to him before the period allowed for the presentation of the<br>appeal has elapsed, or, if an appeal is presented, before the<br>appeal has been decided.
(12) For the purposes of this section, the expression<br>"Court of Session" includes the High Courts at Calcutta and<br>Madras in the exercise of their original criminal jurisdiction.
(13) The provisions of this section shall be in addition to,<br>and not in derogation of, those of section 198.”
Milestone­5 (14 th Report of the Law Commission on “Reform of
Judicial Administration” and the Amendment of 1964)
18. The enactment of the Amendment Act XXVI of 1955 (by which<br>Section 198­B was inserted), coincided with the constitution of the<br>Law Commission in August/September 1955. The Law Commission<br>submitted its 14th Report on “Reform of Judicial Administration” in<br>September 1958. The Report was confined only to indicating in<br>broad outline, the changes that were required to make judicial<br>administration speedy and less expensive as seen from the letter of
12 the Chairman of the Law Commission dated September 26, 1958 addressed to the then Minister of Law. The detailed examination of the Codes of Criminal and Civil Procedure was deferred, as they were likely to consume considerable time.    th 19. After the Law Commission submitted its 14   Report on the Reform   of   Judicial   Administration,   in   September   1958,   the Government asked the Commission to undertake an examination of the Code of Criminal Procedure. When the Law Commission was carrying   out   this   exercise,   the   Parliament   enacted   ‘The   Anti­ Corruption Laws (Amendment) Act, 1964 (Act 40 of 1964)’. By this Act, four different Acts, namely, the  Indian Penal Code, 1860, the Code   of   Criminal   Procedure,   1898,   the   Delhi   Special   Police Establishment   Act,   1946   and   the   Prevention   of   Corruption   Act, 1947 were amended.  20. Three important changes were made to Section 198­B of . the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, by this Act 40 of 1964 They were: 13
(a) The brackets and words "(other than the offence of<br>defamation by spoken words)" in sub­section (1) of Section 198­B<br>were directed to be omitted;
(b) After sub­section (5), a new sub­section (5A) was directed to<br>be inserted as follows: ­
"(5A) Every trial under this section shall be held in<br>camera if either party thereto so desires or if the Court<br>of Session so thinks fit to do.";
(c) After sub­section (13), a new sub­section (14) was directed<br>to be inserted as follows:­
"(14) Where a case is instituted under this section for<br>the trial of an offence, nothing in sub­section (13) shall<br>be construed as requiring a complaint to be made also<br>by the person aggrieved by such offence."
The version of history as reflected by the Amendments to the
Code of 1898
21. The version of history that could be traced from the<br>Amendments made in the years 1943, 1955 and 1964, to the Code<br>of 1898, can be summed up as follows:
(i) The Code of 1898 enabled, under Section 198, only the<br>aggrieved person to file a complaint.
14 (ii)  The Amendment of the year 1943 carved out an exception in the case  of women who could  not appear in public,  minors, lunatics, sick and infirm persons etc., by enabling them to file a complaint through some other person.  The Amendment of the year 1955 prescribed a detailed special (iii) procedure to be followed in the case of offences under Chapter XXI of IPC, committed against  the President, or the Vice­President, or the Governor or Rajpramukh of a State, or a Minister, or any other public servant employed in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State, in respect of his conduct in the discharge of his public functions.  But this procedure was not applicable to the offence of defamation by spoken words as seen from the words “ any offence falling under Chapter XXI of the Indian Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860) (other than the offence of defamation by spoken words)” (iv)   But the words   “ other than the offence of defamation by spoken words” in Section 198­B(1) were omitted by the Amendment of 1964.  15 It was from this milestone that the legislation moved to Section 199 of the Code of 1973, which we shall see later.     th   Milestone­6 (37      Report of the Law Commission leaves the task uncompleted) 22. After   the   aforesaid   amendment   of   the   year   1964,   the   Law th Commission submitted its 37   Report in December, 1967 on the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, but it covered only Sections 1 to th 176. Paragraph 525 of this 37  Report indicated that the Sections of the Code after Section 176 were proposed to be dealt with in later Reports. st   Milestone­7 (41      Report of the Law Commission) 23. Therefore, the revision of the remaining provisions of the Code of   Criminal   Procedure   was   undertaken   by   the   subsequent   Law Commission,   constituted   in   March,   1968.   This   Commission st submitted its Report, which is the 41  Report, in September 1969. Interestingly, it was recorded in the introductory Chapter of this st   41  Report that though the first 14 Chapters of the Code have been th exhaustively analysed in the previous report (37  Report) of the Law Commission, the Commission was compelled to revisit even those 16 recommendations.   The   reason   for   this,   according   to   the   Law Commission, was that a finely integrated and comprehensive law like the Code of Criminal Procedure cannot be revised piecemeal, as the amendments suggested in one part of the Code were likely to naturally   affect,   provisions   of   the   other   parts   of   the   Code   to   a st greater or lesser extent. Therefore, the 41   Report became a very comprehensive report. 24. As we have seen in paragraph 14 above, the Code of 1898 contained a provision in Section 198, which mandated that the cognizance   of   offences   relating   to     breach   of   contract; (i) (ii)   defamation; and   (iii)   marriage, cannot be taken by any court st except upon a complaint made by the aggrieved person.  The 41 Report of the Law Commission recognized (as seen  from paragraph 15.131 )   that   Section   198   of   the   Code   dealt   with   the   issue   of cognizance   of   three   completely   unconnected   groups   of   offences namely,  (i)  offence relating to breach of contract to attend on or to supply   demands   to   helpless   persons;     offences   relating   to (ii) marriage; and  (iii)  offence relating to defamation. Finding that these 17 groups of offences have nothing in common and that the grouping st of all of them together was faulty, the 41  Report recommended the deletion of the reference to Chapter XIX of the Indian Penal Code, in Section 198.
25. Then the Law Commission took note of the insertion of section<br>198­B under the Amendment Act XXVI of 1955 and recorded in<br>paragraph 15.138 of the Report, the rationale behind Section 198­B<br>as follows:
“15.138. Section 198B, which was introduced by the<br>Amendment Act of 1955, deals with prosecution for the<br>offence of defamation where such offence is committed<br>against certain high dignitaries and public servants in<br>respect of their conduct in the discharge of public<br>functions. The section lays down a special procedure for<br>such cases. The Court of Session is empowered to take<br>cognizance of such offence, without the accused being<br>committed to it for trial, upon a complaint in writing made<br>by the Public Prosecutor. It is not necessary for the<br>aggrieved person to sign the complaint under this section,<br>but the complaint has to be made with the previous<br>sanction of a specified authority. There are also distinctive<br>features which will be discussed below.”
26. According to the 41st Report of the Law Commission, Section<br>198­B was inserted to provide a special procedure for prosecution<br>for the offence of defamation where such offence is committed<br>against certain high dignitaries and public servants in respect of<br>their conduct in the discharge of public functions. The specialties of
18 the   procedure   were,   (i)   that   the   offence   was   made   cognizable;  that the complaint could be by the Public Prosecutor and need (ii) not even be signed by the aggrieved person; and  (iii)  that the pre­ condition   for   taking   cognizance   is   that   it   was   sanctioned   by   a specified authority.   st 27. It   is   interesting   to   see   that   the   41   Report   of   the   Law Commission   fails   to   note   how   Section   198­B   inserted   by   the Amendment Act of 1955 was worded and how it was changed in 1964.   The   Amendment   Act   of   1955   made   section   198­B applicable   to   offences   other   than   defamation   by   spoken words. This exception was removed only by the Amendment of st . The 41  Report of the Law Commission makes no mention of 1964 the 1964 Amendment.   st  28. Without reference to the Amendment of 1964, the 41  Report of the Law Commission records in paragraphs 15.139 to 15.142, a different version of history starting with the battle that preceded the 1955   Amendment.   It   appears   therefrom   that   there   was   a   huge opposition to the offence of defamation being made cognizable. The 19 opposition came from the Indian Federation of Working Journalists. The Press Commission reported that the consequences of making the offence of defamation cognizable, are very dangerous, as it may enable   the   Police     to   arrest   without   a   warrant;     to   take (i) (ii) preventive action contemplated under Chapter XIII of the Code of 1898   (presently   Chapter   XI   of   the   Code   of   1973);     and   (iii)   to conduct searches.   29. After   expressing   the   above   apprehensions,   the   Press Commission recommended that a procedure may be devised so as to   strike   a   balance   between   those   two   considerations,   viz., (i)   frivolous action by the police and the consequent harassment of the alleged offender; and  the desirability of police investigation (ii)  or magisterial inquiry in some cases where it is necessary that the public servant should clear himself of the defamatory allegations. st 30. According to the 41  Report of the Law Commission, the Joint Committee   which   considered   the   Bill   of   1954   agreed   that   "the offence   of   defamation   against   the   President,   Governor   or Rajpramukh of a State, Minister, or other public servant should not be made cognizable." The Report says that it was on the basis of the 20
suggestions of the Joint Committee that Section 198­B emerged in<br>the form in which it was inserted under the 1955 Act.
31. Paragraph 15.143 of the 41st Report summed up the rationale,<br>scope and ambit of Section 198­B as follows:
“15.143. Section 198B thus emerged in its present form after<br>much deliberation and discussion. It was substantially different<br>from the original clause in the Bill, and also from the provision<br>suggested by the Press Commission. It brings in the Public<br>Prosecutor, who is expected to make the complaint made with<br>the Government's approval and to conduct the trial before the<br>Court of Session. It puts the whole weight of the Government<br>against the accused, in what would otherwise have been a<br>private litigation between the accused and the public<br>servant. This intervention of the State can be justified only<br>on the ground that the Government has an interest in<br>protecting its reputation when it is likely to be tarnished if<br>an attack on its officers goes unchallenged, or in other<br>words, the defamation, besides causing harm to the<br>individual, has caused appreciable injury to the State.”
32. In a nutshell, the 41st Report recognized that the provision<br>in Section 198­B puts the whole weight of the Government<br>against the accused, in what would otherwise have been a<br>private litigation between the accused and the public servant.<br>This intervention of the State can be justified only on the ground<br>that the Government has an interest in protecting its reputation<br>when it is likely to be tarnished if an attack on its officers goes
21 unchallenged or in other words, the defamation, besides causing harm to the individual, has caused appreciable injury to the State. 33. The Law Commission’s Report recorded in paragraph 15.144 that   the   primary   object   behind   Section   198B   was   to   provide   a machinery enabling Government to step in to maintain confidence in the purity of  administration when high dignitaries  and  other public servants are wrongly defamed. Therefore, the Commission recommended that the special provision is needed only for the high dignitaries who really constitute the Government itself and that it is unnecessary to cover all Government servants irrespective of their position.   The   Commission   opined   that   Government   servants   in general can seek permission of the Government and approach the courts   for   vindicating   their   official   conduct.   In   essence,   the Commission thought that it should be confined to the President and the Vice­President of India, the Governors of States, Administrators of Union Territories and Ministers, whether of the Union or of a State.   34. In   fact   before   making   the   above   recommendation,   the   Law Commission looked into the data regarding the number of cases 22
filed throughout the country and the officers/dignitaries on whose<br>behalf they were filed. The Commission recorded as follows:
“Details as to the number and nature of the<br>prosecutions launched under section 198B since 1955<br>which were furnished to us by the Courts of Session<br>show that a comparatively large number of cases were<br>on behalf of the subordinate ranks of Government<br>servants. For example, during the period 1955 to 1967<br>only twenty­five cases were instituted under this<br>section in Punjab, out of which 2 related to Class I<br>officers, 8 related to class If officers and 15 related to<br>other Government servants such sub­Inspectors of<br>Police, Registration Clerk, Accountants, Peons etc. The<br>Total number of prosecutions in any year was very<br>small.
We are of the view that the provisions of the section,<br>exceptional as they are, should be confined to the high<br>dignitaries of the State mentioned above. In the case of<br>defamation of other public servants, the ordinary<br>provisions of section 198 should be enough, so far as<br>the Code is concerned.”
35. Apart from making the above recommendation, the 41st Report<br>also suggested something, in relation to sub­sections (13) and (14)<br>of Section 198­B. We may recall that sub­section (13) of Section<br>198­B made the provisions of this section to be in addition to, and<br>not in derogation of, those of Section 198. Sub­section (14) was in<br>the nature of a clarification to the effect that where a case is<br>instituted under this section for the trial of an offence, nothing in<br>sub­section (13) shall be construed as requiring a complaint to be
23 made also by the person aggrieved by such offence. With regard to these   two   sub­sections,   the   Law   Commission   recommended   as follows: 
15.153 Sub­section (13) states that “the provisions of<br>section 198B shall be in addition to, and not in<br>derrogation of, those of section 198". The precise<br>meaning and effect of this sub­section was a matter of<br>controversy until it was settled by the Supreme Court.<br>The sub­section is "enacted with a view to state ex<br>abundanti cautela that the right of a party aggrieved<br>by publication of a defamatory statement to proceed<br>under section 198 is not derogated by the enactment<br>of section 198B. The expression ‘in addition to’ and<br>‘not in derogation of’ mean the same thing, that<br>section 198B is an additional provision and not<br>intended to take away the right of a person aggrieved,<br>even if he belongs to the specified classes and the<br>offence is in respect of his conduct in the discharge of<br>his public functions, to file a complaint in the manner<br>provided by section 198". The Supreme Court thus<br>negatived the contention that, in every case falling<br>under section 198B, besides the complaint filed by the<br>Public Prosecutor, there must also be a complaint by<br>the aggrieved person.
15.154. Presumably with a view to making this position<br>clear, sub­section (14) was added to section 198B by the<br>Anti­Corruption Laws (Amendment) Act, 1964. This sub­<br>section states that "where a case is instituted under this<br>section for the trial of any offence, nothing in sub­section<br>(13) shall be construed as requiring a complaint to be<br>made also by the person aggrieved by the said offence".<br>The correct position appears to be that the remedies<br>available to the aggrieved person under the two sections<br>are not mutually exclusive but are parallel to, and<br>independent of, each other. Where the aggrieved person<br>and the Government concerned have decided to proceed<br>under section 198B, it is clear that the complaint need<br>not comply with the condition laid down in section 198.<br>This idea could be readily brought out by inserting the
24
usual saving provision in section 198, e.g., the words<br>"save as otherwise provided in section 198B". If this was<br>done, the only point to make clear in section 198B would<br>be that the right of the aggrieved person to bring forward<br>a complaint on his own in the Court of a Magistrate in<br>accordance with section 198 was not in any way affected.<br>15.155. We accordingly propose that in place of the<br>existing sub­sections (13) and (14), the following may be<br>put in section 198B:­<br>“(13) Nothing in this section shall affect the right of<br>the person against whom the offence referred to in<br>sub­section (1) is alleged to have been committed, to<br>make a complaint in respect of that offence before a<br>Magistrate having jurisdiction or the power of such<br>Magistrate to take cognizance of the offence upon<br>such complaint."usual saving provision in section 198, e.g., the words<br>"save as otherwise provided in section 198B". If this was<br>done, the only point to make clear in section 198B would<br>be that the right of the aggrieved person to bring forward<br>a complaint on his own in the Court of a Magistrate in<br>accordance with section 198 was not in any way affected.
15.155. We accordingly propose that in place of the<br>existing sub­sections (13) and (14), the following may be<br>put in section 198B:­
“(13) Nothing in this section shall affect the right of<br>the person against whom the offence referred to in<br>sub­section (1) is alleged to have been committed, to<br>make a complaint in respect of that offence before a<br>Magistrate having jurisdiction or the power of such<br>Magistrate to take cognizance of the offence upon<br>such complaint."
st 36. In   other   words,   the   41   Report   of   the   Law   Commission recommended   the   replacement  of   the   then   existing   sub­sections (13) and (14) of Section 198B with a new sub­section (13). This new sub­section (13) of Section 198B was intended to make it clear that the right of an individual against whom the offence of defamation was   committed,   to   make   a   complaint   before   a   Magistrate,   was preserved and that the said right will not stand affected by the other provisions contained in this Section. Milestone­8 (Code of 1973) st 37. The   41   Report   of   the   Law   Commission   was   submitted   in September, 1969.  Thereafter, a draft Bill in Bill No.XLI of 1970 was 25 introduced in the Rajya Sabha in December, 1970. The Bill was referred   to   a   Joint   Select   Committee   of   both   the   Houses   of Parliament   and   what   finally   emerged,   was   passed   by   both   the Houses and this became the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Act No.2 of 1974).   38. It is Section 199 of this Code of 1973, which we are called upon to interpret in this case. Section 199 of the Code of 1973 reads as follows:
199. Prosecution for defamation(1)
Provided that where such person is under the age of eighteen years, or is an idiot or a lunatic, or is from sickness or infirmity unable to make a complaint, or is a woman   who,   according   to   the   local   customs   and manners, ought not to be compelled to appear in public, some other person may, with the leave of the Court, make a complaint on his or her behalf. (2) Notwithstanding   anything   contained   in   this Code, when any offence falling under Chapter XXI of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860 ) is alleged to have been committed  against   a  person  who,   at   the   time   of  such commission, is the President of India, the Vice­ President of India, the Governor of a State, the Administrator of a Union territory or a Minister of the Union or of a State or of a Union territory, or any other public servant employed in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State in respect   of   his   conduct   in   the   discharge   of   his   public functions a Court of Session may take cognizance of such offence, without the case being committed to it, upon a complaint in writing made by the Public Prosecutor. 26
(3) Every complaint referred to in sub­ section (2)<br>shall set forth the facts which constitute the offence<br>alleged, the nature of such offence and such other<br>particulars as are reasonably sufficient to give notice to<br>the accused of the offence alleged to have been committed<br>by him.
(4) No complaint under sub­section (2) shall be<br>made by the Public Prosecutor except with the previous<br>sanction­
(a) of the State Government, in the case of a<br>person who is or has been the Governor of<br>that State or a Minister of that Government;
(b) of the State Government, in the case of any<br>other public servant employed in connection<br>with the affairs of the State;
(c) of the Central Government, in any other<br>case.
(5) No Court of Session shall take cognizance of an<br>offence under sub­section (2) unless the complaint is<br>made within six months from the date on which the<br>offence is alleged to have been committed.
(6) Nothing in this section shall affect the right of<br>the person against whom the offence is alleged to have<br>been committed, to make a complaint in respect of that<br>offence before a Magistrate having jurisdiction or the<br>power of such Magistrate to take cognizance of the offence<br>upon such complaint.”
39. Before proceeding further, it is necessary to take note of the st fact that what was recommended by the 41   Report of the Law Commission to be sub­section (13) of Section 198B, in replacement of   the   then   existing   sub­sections   (13)   and   (14),   which   we   have extracted in paragraph 35 above, has now become sub­section (6) of Section   199.   Keeping   this   in   mind,   let   us   now   go   back   to   the 27 grounds   raised   by   the   appellants,   for   assailing   the   order   of summoning issued by the Magistrate.   Back to the cases on hand 40. To recapitulate, the appellant in one of these appeals (who is A­1)   is   assailing   the   order   of   summoning,   only   on   one   ground namely, that a person covered by sub­section (2) cannot bypass the special procedure prescribed in sub­section (4) of Section 199. The appellant   in   the   other   appeal   (A­5)   has   raised   two   additional grounds namely,  (i)  that the contents of the tweets sent by him were not     defamatory; and     that the transcript of the tweets per se (ii) cannot   be   relied   upon   without   complying   with   the   mandate   of Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act. Let us first deal with the common ground on which both the appellants assail the order of summoning.  Whether special procedure eclipses the general procedure? 41. In support of the contention that a person covered by sub­ section (2) of Section 199 has to necessarily go through the special procedure prescribed by sub­section (4) of Section 199, the learned counsel for the appellants has relied upon the decisions of this 28 Court   in   P.C   Joshi,   Subramanian   Swamy   and   K.K.   Mishra (supra).  Therefore, let us see the  ratio decidendi  of these decisions. 42. In   (supra), the Public Prosecutor, Kanpur filed a P.C Joshi   complaint   in  the   Court  of   Sessions,   against  the   Editor   and  the Printer and the Publisher of an English Weekly, claiming that a news item published therein was defamatory of the Chief Minister of the State. The Order of the Home Secretary sanctioning prosecution under Section 198B(3) of the Code of 1898 was filed along with the complaint. After examining witnesses, the learned Sessions Judge framed the charge. The order framing charge was unsuccessfully challenged by the Editor and Publisher before the High Court and the matter landed up on the file of this Court. The object behind the special procedure prescribed under Section 198B of the Code of 1898 was elaborated in detail by this Court in   (supra). P.C. Joshi In paragraph  7  of   the   Report  in   P.C.  Joshi   (supra),  this   Court indicated that Section 198B has made a departure from the normal rule, in larger public interest. After holding so, this Court clarified that the expression “ not in derogation of ” appearing in sub­section (13) of Section 198B clearly indicated that the provisions of Section 29 198B did  not impair  the remedy provided by Section  198. This Court  said:   “ it   means  that  by  Section   198B,  the  right   which an aggrieved person has to file a complaint before a Magistrate under Section   198   for   the   offence   of   defamation,   even   if   the   aggrieved person belongs to the specified classes and the defamation is in respect of his conduct in the discharge of his public functions, is not taken away or impaired. If sub­section (13) be construed as meaning that the provisions of Section 198B are to be read as supplementary to those of Section 198, the non­obstante clause with which sub­ section (1) of Section 198B commences is rendered wholly sterile …….. ” 43. An argument was advanced in   P.C. Joshi   (supra) that sub­ sections (6) to (11) of Section 198B of the Code of 1898 provided for the award of compensation in the case of vexatious prosecution and that if the aggrieved person was not the complainant, it was not possible to direct compensation to be paid to the accused who was made to face a vexatious complaint. The said argument was rejected in  P.C. Joshi  (supra) on the basis of sub­section (5) of Section 198B 30 which   required   the   person   against   whom   the   offence   was committed,   to   be   examined   as   a   witness   for   prosecution.   In paragraph 8 of the Report in   (supra), this Court held as P.C. Joshi follows:
“8. Reliance was placed on behalf of the appellants
upon sub­ss. (6) to (11) of S.198B which provide for
the award of compensation to the person accused if
the court is satisfied that the accusation is false and
either frivolous or vexatious, and it was submitted
that the Legislature could not have intended that a
person who was not the complainant and who was
not directly concerned with the proceedings may still
be required if so ordered by the court to pay
compensation. But sub­s. (5) which provides that a
person against whom the offence is alleged to have
been committed shall, unless the court for reasons to
be recorded otherwise directs, be examined as a
witness for the prosecution, clearly indicates that the
question whether the complaint was false and either
frivolous or vexatious may fall to be determined only
if the person complaining to be defamed actively
supports the complaint. It cannot therefore be said
that S. 198Bprovides for compensation being
awarded against a person who is not concerned with
the complaint.
44. In  (supra), this Court was dealing with Subramanian Swamy  a   batch   of   writ   petitions   under   Article   32   of   the   Constitution challenging the constitutional validity of Sections 499 and 500 IPC and Sections 199(1) to 199(4) of the Code of 1973. The impact of sub­section (6) on other sub­sections of Section 199 of the Code of 31 1973   was   indicated   in   paragraph   203   of   the   Report   in Subramanian Swamy  as follows:­
“203.Sub­section (6) gives to a public servant what every
citizen has as he cannot be deprived of a right of a citizen.
There can be cases where sanction may not be given by
the State Government infavour of a public servant to
protect his right and, in that event, he can file a case
before the Magistrate. The provision relating to
engagement of the public prosecutor in defamation cases
in respect of the said authorities is seriously criticized on
the ground that it allows unnecessary room to the
authorities mentioned therein and the public servants to
utilize the Public Prosecutor to espouse their cause for
vengeance. Once it is held that the public servants
constitute a different class in respect of the conduct
pertaining to their discharge of duties and functions, the
engagement of Public Prosecutor cannot be found fault
with. It is ordinarily expected that the Public Prosecutor
has a duty to scan the materials on the basis of which a
complaint for defamation is to be filed. He has a duty
towards the Court. This Court inBairam Muralidhar v.
State of A.Pwhile deliberating onSection 321CrPC has
opined that the Public Prosecutor cannot act like a post
office on behalf of the State Government. He is required to
act in good faith, peruse the materials on record and form
an independent opinion. It further observed that he
cannot remain oblivious to his lawful obligations
underthe Codeand is required to constantly remember
his duty to the court as well as his duty to the collective.
While filing cases underSections 499and500IPC, he is
expected to maintain that independence and notact as a
machine.”
45. The above passage is relied upon by the learned senior counsel for the appellants to contend that it is only in cases where the State Government   refuses   to   give   sanction   for   prosecution,   that   the individual   right   under   sub­section   (6)   of   Section   199   can   be 32 invoked.  But we are afraid that such an inference does not flow out of   what   is   observed   in   paragraph   203   of   the   decision   in (supra).  To say that the provisions of sub­ Subramanian Swamy  section (6) of Section 199 can be invoked by the individual public servant, only in cases where the State Government does not go to his rescue, could violate the plain language of sub­section (6).  Sub­ section (6) of Section 199 begins with the words “ nothing in this section shall affect the right of the person against whom the offence is alleged to have been committed ”. Sub­section (6) does not contain any   conditions   subject   to   which   the   right   thereunder   can   be exercised. 46. The non­obstante clause in sub­section (2) of Section 199 will also not go to the rescue of the appellants, as the said clause also stands eclipsed by the words “ nothing in this section ” appearing in sub­section (6). The word “ nothing ” appearing in sub­section (6) will include the non­obstante clause in sub­section (1) also. 47. In   K.K.   Mishra   (supra)   this   Court   was   concerned   with   a challenge to the maintainability of the prosecution instituted under 33 Section 199(2). After referring to the decisions in   P.C. Joshi   and (supra), this Court held the prosecution to Subramanian Swamy  be not maintainable, primarily on two grounds namely  (i)  that the alleged   defamatory   statements   cannot   be   said   to   have   any reasonable connection with the discharge of public duties by the office of the Chief Minister and that therefore the Chief Minister should have resorted only to provisions of sub­section (6) of Section 199; and   (ii)   that in any case the Public Prosecutor had failed to apply his mind to the materials placed before him, vitiating the complaint presented by him. 48. We do not know how the decision in  (supra) will K.K. Mishra   be of any assistance to the appellants. The question whether the Public Prosecutor applied his mind or not cannot arise in this case, as Respondent No.1 has filed the complaint on his own in terms of Section   199(6).   The   question   whether   the   alleged   defamatory statements relate to the official discharge of duties of Respondent No.1,  hinges on  facts. 34 49. Merely because it was stated in  K.K. Mishra   (supra) that what is   envisaged   in   sub­sections   (2)   and   (4)   of   Section   199   is   a departure from the normal rule, it does not mean that sub­section (6) stands nullified. In fact more than helping the appellants, the ratio propounded in paragraph 7 of  K.K. Mishra   (supra) supports the stand of Respondent No.1. Paragraphs 7 and 8 of  K.K. Mishra (supra) read thus:
7.Section 199(2) CrPC provides for a special procedure
with regard to initiation of a prosecution for the offence of
defamation committed against the constitutional
functionaries and public servants mentioned therein.
However, the offence alleged to have been committed
must be in respect of acts/conduct in the discharge of
public functions of the functionary or public servant
concerned, as may be. The prosecution under Section
199(2) CrPC is required to be initiated by the Public
Prosecutor on receipt of a previous sanction of the
competent authority in the State/Central Government
under Section 199(4) of the Code. Such a complaint is
required to be filed in a Court of Session that is alone
vested with the jurisdiction to hear and try the alleged
offence and even without the case being committed to the
said court by a subordinate court. Section 199(2) CrPC
read with Section 199(4) CrPC, therefore, envisages a
departure from the normal rule of initiation of a
complaint before a Magistrate by the affected persons
alleging the offence of defamation. The said right,
however, is saved even in cases of the category of persons
mentioned in sub­section (2) of Section 199 CrPC by sub­
section (6) thereof.
8.The rationale for the departure from the normal rule
has been elaborately dealt with by this Court in a
35
judgment of considerable vintage inP.C. Joshiv.State of
U.P.(AIR pp. 391­92, para 9) The core reason which this
Court held to be the rationale for the special procedure
engrafted by Section 199(2) CrPC is that the offence of
defamation committed against the functionaries
mentioned therein is really an offence committed against
the State as the same relate to the discharge of public
functions by such functionaries. The State, therefore,
would be rightly interested in pursuing the prosecution;
hence the special provision and the special procedure.”
50. As seen from the portion of     (supra) extracted K.K. Mishra above, the right of an individual is saved, under sub­section (6), even if he falls under the category of persons mentioned in sub­ section (2). 51. The long history of the evolution of the legislation relating to prosecution for the offence of defamation of public servants shows that the special procedure introduced in 1955 and fine­tuned in 1964   and   overhauled   in   1973   was   in   addition   to   and   not   in derogation  of  the  right that a public  servant always  had  as an individual. He never lost his right merely because he became a public servant  and  merely because the allegations related to official discharge of his duties. Sub­section (6) of Section 199 which is a st reproduction of what was recommended in the 41   Report of the Law   Commission   to   be   made   sub­section   (13)   of   Section   198B, 36 cannot be made a dead letter by holding that persons covered by sub­section (2) of Section 199 may have to invariably follow only the procedure prescribed by sub­section (4) of Section 199.  Therefore, the common ground raised by both the appellants is liable to be rejected. A person falling under the category of persons mentioned in sub­section (2) of Section 199 can either take the route specified in sub­section (4) or take the route specified in sub­Section (6) of Section 199. 52. An ancillary argument arising out of Section 199(4) is that Section 237 of the Code provides a safety valve against malicious prosecution or prosecution without reasonable cause.  Section 237 reads as follows: “237.   Procedure   in   cases   instituted   under   section 199(2) .—(1) A Court of Session taking cognizance of an offence under sub­section (2) of section 199 shall try the case in accordance with the procedure for  the trial of warrant­cases instituted otherwise than on a police report before a Court of Magistrate:  Provided that the person against whom the offence is alleged to have been committed shall, unless the Court of Session, for reasons to be recorded, otherwise directs, be examined as a witness for the prosecution. (2) Every trial under this section shall be held  in camera  if either party thereto so desires or if the Court thinks fit so to do.  37 (3) If, in any such case, the Court discharges or acquits all or any of the accused and is of opinion that there was no reasonable cause for making the accusation against them or any of them, it may, by its order of discharge or acquittal, direct the person against whom the offence was alleged to have been committed (other than the President, Vice­President   or   the   Governor   of   a   State   or   the Administrator of a Union territory) to show cause why he should not pay compensation to such accused or to each or any of such accused, when there are more than one.  (4) The Court shall record and consider any cause which may be shown  by  the  person so  directed,  and  if it is satisfied that there was no reasonable cause for making the accusation, it may, for reasons to be recorded, make an   order   that   compensation   to   such   amount   not exceeding one thousand rupees, as it may determine, be paid by such person to the accused or to each or any of them.  (5) Compensation awarded under sub­section (4) shall be recovered as if it were a fine imposed by a Magistrate.  (6) No person who has been directed to pay compensation under sub­section (4) shall, by reason of such order, be exempted from any civil or criminal liability in respect of the complaint made under this section:  Provided   that   any   amount   paid   to   an   accused person under this section shall be taken into account in awarding   compensation   to   such   person   in   any subsequent civil suit relating to the same matter.  (7) The person who has been ordered under sub­section (4) to pay compensation may appeal from the order, in so far as it relates to the payment of compensation, to the High Court.  (8) When an order for payment of compensation to an accused person is made, the compensation shall not be paid to him before the period allowed for the presentation of the appeal has elapsed, or, if an appeal is presented, before the appeal has been decided.” 38 The contention of the appellants is that the protection available under Section 237 of the Code to the accused, will be lost if the public servant avoids the special procedure and lodges a complaint individually. 53. It is true that under sub­section (3) of Section 237, the Court is empowered to direct the public servant (other than the President, Vice­President or the Governor of a State or the Administrator of a Union   Territory)   to   show   cause   why   he   should   not   pay compensation to a person accused  of  committing  the  offence of defamation, in cases where the Court not only discharges or acquits the accused, but is also of the opinion that there was no reasonable cause for making the accusation against him. 54. But Section 237(3) is not a new invention. What was contained in sub­sections (6) to (11) of Section 198B of the old Code of 1898 has taken a new shape in Section 237. Moreover, it is not as though there is no such safety valve against prosecution by an individual without   reasonable   cause,   when   he   invokes   sub­section   (6)   of Section 199. Whenever a person is prosecuted by a public servant in his individual capacity before a Magistrate by virtue of Section 39 199(6), the accused can always fall back upon Section 250, for claiming   compensation   on   the   ground   that   the   accusation   was made without  reasonable  cause.  Section  250   of  the   Code  reads thus: “250.  Compensation for accusation without reasonable cause .—(1) If, in any case instituted upon complaint or upon   information   given   to   a   police   officer   or   to   a Magistrate, one or more persons is or are accused before a Magistrate of any offence triable by a Magistrate, and the Magistrate by whom the case is heard discharges or acquits all or any of the accused, and is of opinion that there   was   no   reasonable   ground   for   making   the accusation against them or any of them, the Magistrate may, by his order of discharge or acquittal, if the person upon whose complaint or information the accusation was made is present, call upon him forthwith to show cause why he should not pay compensation to such accused or to each or any of such accused when there are more than one; or, if such person is not present, direct the issue of a summons to him to appear and show cause as aforesaid. (2) The Magistrate shall record and consider any cause which such complainant or informant may show, and if he is satisfied that there was no reasonable ground for making the accusation, may, for reasons to be recorded, make an order that compensation to such amount, not exceeding the amount of fine he is empowered to impose, as he may determine, be paid by such complainant or informant to the accused or to each or any of them.  (3) The Magistrate may, by the order directing payment of the   compensation   under   sub­section   (2),   further   order that, in default of payment, the person ordered to pay such compensation shall undergo simple imprisonment for a period not exceeding thirty days.  (4) When any person is imprisoned under sub­section (3), the provisions of sections 68 and 69 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) shall, so far as may be, apply.  40 (5) No person who has been directed to pay compensation under   this   section   shall,   by   reason   of   such   order,   be exempted from any civil or criminal liability in respect of the complaint made or information given by him:  Provided   that   any   amount   paid   to   an   accused person under this section shall be taken into account in awarding   compensation   to   such   person   in   any subsequent civil suit relating to the same matter. (6) A complainant or informant who has been ordered under sub­section (2) by a Magistrate of the second class to pay compensation exceeding one hundred rupees, may appeal   from   the   order,   as   if   such   complainant   or informant had been convicted on a trial held by such Magistrate. (7) When an order for payment of compensation to an accused person is made in a case which is subject to appeal under sub­section (6), the compensation shall not be   paid   to   him   before   the   period   allowed   for   the presentation of the appeal has elapsed, or, if an appeal is presented, before the appeal has been decided; and where such order is made in a case which is not so subject to appeal   the   compensation   shall   not   be   paid   before   the expiration of one month from the date of the order.  (8) The provisions of this section apply to summons­cases as well as to warrant­cases.” 55. Therefore, nothing turns on Section 237 of the Code. Section 237 cannot be used as a crutch to support the argument revolving around Sections 199(2) and 199(4). 56. Since we are rejecting the argument revolving around sub­ sections (2) and (4) of Section 199 and also since this is the only argument on which Shri Manoj Kumar Tiwari (A­1) has come up 41 with the above appeal, his appeal in Criminal Appeal arising out of S.L.P. (Crl.) No.351 of 2021, is liable to be dismissed.  Accordingly, it is dismissed. ADDITIONAL   GROUNDS   IN   THE   CASE   OF   SHRI   VIJENDER GUPTA (A­5) 57. In the first portion of this judgment where we have provided the background facts, we have indicated that the learned Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate has held Shri Vijender Gupta (A­5) not liable to be prosecuted for the offence under Section 34 of the IPC.  We have extracted elsewhere, paragraph 14 of the summoning order dated 28.11.2019 passed by the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, which became the subject matter of challenge before the High Court in the order impugned in these appeals. 58. In   the   light   of   the   fact   that   learned   Additional   Chief Metropolitan Magistrate has taken cognizance only of the offence under Section 500 IPC against Shri Vijender Gupta, it is enough for us to test whether the tweets attributed to him can be said to be per   se   defamatory.     It   is   a   fundamental   rule   of   criminal jurisprudence that if the allegations contained in the complaint, 42 even if taken to be true, do not constitute the offence  complained, the person accused should not be allowed to undergo the ordeal of a trial.  Therefore, let us have a look at the tweets attributed to Shri Vijender Gupta (A­5).  These tweets are extracted in paragraphs 44 and 45 of the impugned judgment of the High Court of Delhi and they are extracted as follows: “44. The   alleged   culpable   tweet   of   the   petitioner   of Crl.M.C. 2355/2020 reads as under:­ “Vijender Gupta @ Gupta, vijend…01 Jul Chief   Minister   of   Delhi   @   Arvind   Kejriwal   and   Deputy Chief   Minister   @mssodia,   kindly   give   answer   to   24 questions of mine I am sure that your answer will disclose your scam in the construction of these rooms but you are avoiding to give answer but I will obtain the reply. 45. Though   the   tweet   itself   is   requirement   of   the complainant   to   respond   to   24   questions   of   the   said alleged Twitter which questions are to t he effect: “1. How   many   rooms   and   what   total   cost   was sanctioned under Priority in Directorate of Education? 2. What is the cost of construction per square meter and   what   is   the   cost   of   construction   per   room   under Priority? 3. What were AA and ES for same were given by DOE and with what conditions? 4. What   components   were   included   in   the   cost estimates including horticulture, landscaping, rain water harvesting   etc.?   List   different   components   as   the estimated expenditure? 43 5. What was the time of completion under Priority? 6. How many rooms are actually constructed till now under Priority and at what different time building wise? 7. What was the time over run in handling over of these rooms? 8. How many rooms are still to be constructed under Priority, both building/school wise? 9. What   remaining   work   including   horticulture, landscaping   etc.   is   left   under   Priority,   both building/school wise? 10. Is there any cost escalation by PWD in construction of rooms under Priority? 11. If   yes,   please   give   details   –  PWD   zone   wise   and school/building wise ? 12. What was the reasons for cost escalation? 13. Are these reasons approved by DOE before it was implemented by PWD? 14. Is there any precondition in AA & ES given by DOE regarding how much cost escalation is  allowed  without prior approval as when the approval is required? 15. Were   such   approvals   of   the   competent   authority taken? 16. If   no,   what   action   is   taken   against   concerned officials of PWD? 17. What penalties are imposed on contractor of PWD for time overrun? 18. Whether   the   work   done   by   PWD   is   as   per specifications? 19. Is the water drainage system built by PWD using pipes   on   the   face   of   the   building   on   all   floors,   as   per specification of PWD? 44 20. What are the EORs sanctioned by DOE to PWD for civil workers during 2016­17, 2017­18, 2018­19 scheme wise? 21. What   steps   are   taken   by   DOE   to   avoid   any duplication of work under EORs and under works carried in Priority I? 22. How   many   rooms   and   at   what   total   cost   were sanctioned under priority II under DOE? 23. What is the cost of construction per square metre and   what   is   the   cost   of   construction   per   room   under Priority­II? 24. What   extra   components   are   included   in   the   cost estimates under Priority II vis­à­vis under Priority I? Give list of new components and expenditure on same.” 59. Admittedly and obviously the twenty­four questions posed by Shri Vijender Gupta (A­5) to respondent No.1 cannot be said to be defamatory as these questions seek answers to certain facts relating to   the   construction   of   some   buildings.   What   is   sought   to   be projected as defamatory, is only one statement namely “ I am sure that your answer will disclose your scam in the construction of these rooms but you are avoiding to give answer but I will obtain the reply ”. 60. We do not know how a statement in a tweet that the answers of respondent No.1 to the questions posed by the appellant will disclose his scam, can be said to be defamatory.  We are afraid that even if a person belonging to a political party had challenged a 45 person holding public office by stating “ I will expose your scam” , the same may not amount to defamation. Defamatory statement should be specific and not very vague and general. The essential ingredient of Section 499 is that the imputation made by the accused should have the potential to harm the reputation of the person against whom the imputation is made. Therefore, we are of the view that the statement made by Shri Vijender Gupta (A­5) to the effect “ your answer will disclose  your scam ”  cannot  be  considered   to  be an imputation   intending   to   harm   or   knowing   or   having   reason   to believe that it will harm the reputation of respondent No.1. 61. Unfortunately the summoning Order dated 28.11.2019 passed by the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, did not go into the contents of the tweets made by Shri Vijender Gupta.  To that extent, there was no application of mind on the part of the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate. 62. Though the High Court   prima facie   examined the tweets, it upheld the summoning order passed by the Magistrate, after simply extracting Section 499. The claim made by a person involved in politics that the answers provided by his rival in public office to the 46 questions posed by him, will expose his scam, cannot be   per se stated to be intended to harm the reputation of the person holding office. The statements such as “ I will expose you ”, “ I will expose your corrupt practices ” and “ I will expose the scam in which you are involved, etc .” are not by themselves defamatory unless there is something more. 63. In view of the above, the appeal filed by Shri Vijender Gupta (A­5) is liable to succeed on the sole ground that the statements contained in his tweets cannot be said to be defamatory within the meaning of Section 499 of the IPC. 64. In light of the above finding, we do not think that we need to go into other argument raised by Shri Vijender Gupta (A­5), on the basis of Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act. CONCLUSION 65. In the result, the appeal arising out of S.L.P. (Criminal) No.658 of 2021, is allowed and the order of summoning dated 28.11.2019 passed by   the   Additional   Chief   Metropolitan  Magistrate­I,   Rouse Avenue Court Complex, New Delhi in Ct. Case 51/2019, insofar as 47 Shri Vijender Gupta (A­5) is concerned, is set aside.  However, the complaint may  proceed in respect of  other  accused. The  appeal arising out of S.L.P. (Criminal) No.351 of 2021 filed by Shri Manoj Kumar Tiwari shall stand dismissed. Pending application(s), if any, stands disposed of accordingly. …………………………….J. (S. Abdul Nazeer) …………………………….J. (V. Ramasubramanian) New Delhi October 17,  2022 48