LAXMI PAT SURANA vs. UNION BANK OF INDIA

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 26-03-2021

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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2734 OF 2020 LAXMI PAT SURANA                 ...APPELLANT Versus UNION BANK OF INDIA & ANR.      ...RESPONDENTS J U D G M E N T A.M. Khanwilkar, J. 1. Two   central   issues   arise   for   our   determination   in   this appeal, as follows: ­ (i) Whether   an   action   under   Section   7   of   the 1 Insolvency   and   Bankruptcy   Code,   2016   can   be initiated by the financial creditor (Bank) against a corporate   person   (being   a   corporate   debtor) concerning guarantee offered by it in respect of a loan account of the principal borrower, who had Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by NEETU KHAJURIA Date: 2021.03.26 15:20:49 IST Reason: 1  for short, “the Code” 1 committed default and is not a “corporate person” within the meaning of the Code? (ii) Whether an application under Section 7 of the Code filed after three years from the date of declaration 2 of   the   loan   account   as   Non­performing   Asset , being   the   date   of   default,   is   not   barred   by limitation? 3 2. Briefly   stated,   respondent   No.   1   bank   extended   credit 4 facility to M/s. Mahaveer Construction , a proprietary firm of the appellant, through two loan agreements in years 2007 and 2008 for   a   term   loan   of   Rs.9,60,00,000/­   (Rupees   nine   crore   sixty lakhs   only)   and   an   additional   amount   of   Rs.2,45,00,000/­ (Rupees two crore forty­five lakhs only), respectively.   The loan amount was disbursed to the Principal Borrower.  M/s. Surana 5 Metals   Limited ,   of   which   the   appellant   is   also   a Promoter/Director,   had   offered   guarantee   to   the   two   loan accounts of the Principal Borrower.   The stated loan accounts were declared NPA on 30.1.2010.   The Financial Creditor then issued a recall notice on 19.2.2010 to the Principal Borrower, as 2  for short, “NPA” 3  for short, “the Financial Creditor” 4  for short, “the Principal Borrower” 5  for short, the “Corporate Debtor” 2 well   as,   the   Corporate   Debtor,   demanding   repayment   of outstanding amount of Rs.12,35,11,548/­ (Rupees twelve crore thirty­five lakhs eleven thousand five hundred forty­eight only).   3. The   Financial   Creditor   then   filed   an   application   under Section 19 of the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial 6 Institutions Act, 1993   against the Principal Borrower before the 7 Debt Recovery Tribunal   at Kolkata.   During the pendency of the stated action initiated by the 4. Financial   Creditor,   the   Principal   Borrower   had   repeatedly assured to pay the outstanding amount, but as that commitment remained unfulfilled, the Financial Creditor eventually wrote to the Corporate Debtor on 3.12.2018 in the form of a purported notice of payment under Section 4(1) of the Code.  The Corporate Debtor replied  to  the said  notice  of demand  vide letter dated 8.12.2018,   inter   alia ,   clarifying   that   it   was   not   the   Principal Borrower nor owed any financial debt to the financial creditor and had not committed any default in repayment of the stated outstanding   amount.     This   communication   was   sent   without prejudice.   6  for short, “the 1993 Act” 7 for short, “DRT” 3 5. The Financial Creditor then proceeded to file an application under Section 7 of the Code on 13.2.2019 for initiating Corporate 8 Insolvency Resolution Proceeding   against the Corporate Debtor, 9 before   the   National   Company   Law   Tribunal,   Kolkata .     This application   came   to   be   resisted   on   diverse   counts   and   in particular,   on   the   preliminary   ground   that   it   was   not maintainable   because   the   Principal   Borrower   was   not   a “corporate person”; and further, it was barred by limitation, as the date of default was 30.1.2010, whereas, the application had been filed on 13.2.2019 i.e., beyond the period of three years. These two preliminary objections came to be negatived by the Adjudicating Authority vide judgment and order dated 6.12.2019. 6. The Adjudicating Authority held that the action had been initiated against the Corporate Debtor, being coextensively liable to repay the debt of the Principal Borrower and having failed to do so despite the recall notice, became Corporate Debtor and thus liable to be proceeded with under Section 7 of the Code.  As regards the second objection, the Adjudicating Authority found that the Principal Borrower, as also, the Corporate Debtor had admitted and acknowledged the debt time and again, lastly on 8  for short, “the CIRP” 9  for short, the “Adjudicating Authority” or “NCLT”, as the case may be. 4 8.12.2018 and thus the application filed on 13.2.2019 was within limitation.   7. The   appellant   carried   the   matter   before   the   National 10 Company   Law   Appellate   Tribunal ,   New   Delhi   by   way   of Company Appeal (AT) (Ins) No. 77 of 2020.   The NCLAT vide impugned judgment and order dated 19.3.2020, dismissed the appeal and affirmed the conclusion reached by the Adjudicating Authority   on   the   two   preliminary   objections   raised   by   the appellant.   8. The appellant, feeling aggrieved, has approached this Court by   way   of   present   appeal   reiterating   the   two   preliminary objections   referred   to   above.     This   Court   vide   order   dated 28.7.2020 issued notice in this appeal, recording the principal ground urged at that time.  The order reads thus: ­ “A question has been raised by learned counsel for the appellant that the proprietorship firm had taken the loan, the principal borrower has to be corporate entity, in order to maintain the proceedings under  the Insolvency  and Bankruptcy Code.  Issue   notice   confined   to   the   aforesaid   aspect returnable in four weeks.  Steps be taken within three days from today. If the steps are not taken within the stipulated time, the civil appeal shall stand dismissed without further reference to the Court.  10 for short, “NCLAT” 5 There   shall   be   interim   stay   on   the   operation   of impugned judgment till the next date of hearing.  List in the last week of August, 2020.” 9. According to the appellant, Section 7 plainly ordains that an application can be filed by a financial creditor only against the corporate debtor.   A corporate debtor can either be a corporate person, who had borrowed money or a corporate person, who gives   guarantee   regarding   repayment   of   money   borrowed   by another corporate person.    In other words, the Code cannot apply in respect of “debts” of an entity who is not a “corporate person”. This position is reinforced by the fact that initiation of insolvency of firms and/or individuals in terms of Part III of the Code  has still not been notified.  Further, Section 2 of the Code came to be amended   to   clarify   that   partnership   firms   and   proprietorship firms would fall within Part III of the Code on the basis of the differentiation   made   in   the   report   of   the   Insolvency   Law Committee, February, 2020, which reads thus: ­ “2.DEFINITION OF ‘PROPRIETORSHIP FIRMS’ 2.1  Part III of the Code is applicable to debtors who are individuals or partnership firms.   Section 2 of the Code was recently amended to clarify the different categories of debtors falling within Part III of the Code – (i) personal guarantors to corporate debtors, (ii) partnership firms and proprietorship firms, and (iii) other individuals. Though section   2(f)   of   the   Code   now   includes   the   words 6 “ proprietorship firms ”, this term has not been defined in another legislation. 2.2  Proprietorship firms are businesses that are owned, managed and controlled by one person.   They are the most common form of businesses in India and are based in   unlimited   liability   of   the   owner.     Legally,   a proprietorship is not a separate legal entity and is merely the name under which a proprietor carries on business. Due to this, proprietorships are usually not defined in statutes.   Though some statutes define proprietorships, such definition is limited to the context of the statute. For example, Section 2(haa) of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 defined a ‘sole proprietorship’ as “ an individual who engages himself in practice of accountancy or engages in services … ”.   Notably, ‘ proprietorship firms ’ have also not been statutorily defined in many other jurisdictions.” We may also usefully advert to Chapter 7 of the same report.  It deals   with   the   issue   relating   to   Guarantors.     Paragraph   7.3 thereof reads thus: ­ “7.3 The   Committee   noted   that   while,   under   a contract of guarantee, a creditor is not entitled to recover more than what is due to it, an action against the surety cannot   be   prevented   solely   on   the   ground   that   the creditor   has   an   alternative   relief   against   the   principal borrower.  Further, as discussed above, the creditor is at liberty to proceed against either the debtor alone, or the surety alone, or jointly against both the debtor .   Therefore, restricting a creditor from and the surety initiating CIRP against both the principal borrower and the   surety   would   prejudice   the   right   of   the   creditor provided   under   the   contract   of   guarantee   to   proceed simultaneously against both of them.” (emphasis supplied) It   is   urged   that   any   other   view   would   inevitably   result   in indirectly   enforcing   the   Code   even   against   entities,   such   as partnership firms and proprietorship firms and/or individuals, who are governed by Part III of the Code, without notifying the same.  According to the appellant, a corporate guarantee is one 7 which  is   extended   in   respect  of   a  loan   given   to   a   “corporate person”, coming within the purview of Part II of the Code.  That is reinforced   by   the   amendment   Act   26   of   2018   on   account   of insertion of definition of “corporate guarantor” with effect from 6.6.2018,   as   can   be   discerned   from   the   portion   of   report   of Insolvency Law Committee, dated 26.3.2018, which reads thus: ­ “23.1 Section   60   of   the   Code   requires   that   the Adjudicating   Authority   for   the   corporate   debtor   and personal   guarantors   should   be   the   NCLT   which   has territorial jurisdiction over the place where the registered office of the corporate debtor is located.   This creates a link   between   the   insolvency   resolution   or   bankruptcy processes   of   the   corporate   debtor   and   the   personal guarantor such that the matters relating to the same debt are dealt in the same tribunal.  However, no such link is present between the insolvency resolution or liquidation processes   of   the   corporate   debtor   and   the   corporate guarantor.     It  was   decided   that  section   60   may   be suitably amended to provide for the same NCLT to deal   with   the   insolvency   resolution   or   liquidation processes of the corporate debtor and its corporate guarantor.     For   this   purpose,   the   term   “corporate guarantor” will also be defined .” (emphasis supplied) In substance, it is urged that since an application under Section 7 of the Code cannot be maintained against a principal borrower, who is not a “corporate person”, it must follow that in respect of such transaction, no action under Section 7 of the Code can be maintained   against   a   company   or   corporate   person,   merely because it had extended guarantee thereto.   10. As regards maintainability of the subject application under Section 7 on the ground of being barred by limitation, it is urged 8 by the appellant that the date of default must be reckoned as 30.1.2010, on which date, the loan accounts were declared as NPA.   That fact has been duly noted in the subject application filed on 13.2.2019.  Hence, the application was  ex facie  barred by 11 limitation in view of Article 137 of the Limitation Act, 1963 .  It is urged   that   Section   18   of   the   Limitation   Act   invoked   by   the Financial  Creditor   and  which commended  to  the   Adjudicating Authority and the NCLAT, has no application to the proceedings under the Code.   It applies only to suits for recovery and in respect of property or  right.   The Insolvency and  Bankruptcy Code is a self­contained code.  Section 7 thereof merely refers to the factum of default being the cause of action for maintaining the application.   The amended provision in the form of Section 238A of the Code, which has come into effect with effect from 6.6.2018, is only a clarificatory provision.  It is urged that there is distinction between the proceedings for recovery and winding up under the Companies Act and the action under Section 7 of the Code.  It is further urged that action under the Code cannot be invoked nor can be used as a fresh opportunity for creditors and claimants who had failed to invoke remedy in respect of claims which had become time barred under the existing laws.  It 11  for short, “the Limitation Act” 9 is finally urged that even if Section 18 of the Limitation Act was to  be applied   to   an   action   under   Section  7   of   the   Code,   the application including Form­1 filed by the financial creditor before the adjudicating   authority   in  no way   makes  out the   case  for granting benefit under Section 18 of the Limitation Act.   The factual narration in the subject application is that the date of default was 30.1.2010 being the date of declaration of accounts as NPA, and no other fact which is relevant for giving benefit under Section 18 of the Limitation Act as expounded in  Shanti Conductors   Private   Limited   vs.   Assam   State   Electricity 12 Board   &   Ors. ,   has   been   stated   therein.     In   other   words, respondent No. 1 has failed to set forth a case in that behalf in the   application   as   filed.     Further,   letters   relied   upon   do   not mention  about   the   factum  of  acknowledgment  of  debt  by   the Principal Borrower or the Corporate Debtor, as the case may be. The   said   communications   were   sent   without   prejudice   and cannot be read as an acknowledgment of liability as such.  The communication dated 8.12.2018, therefore, will be of no avail to the Financial Creditor.   All other relied upon communications have been sent by the Principal Borrower and not the Corporate Debtor,   who   is   an   independent   legal   entity.     The   so­called 12  (2020) 2 SCC 677 10 acknowledgment   by   the   Principal   Borrower,   therefore,   cannot bind   the   Corporate   Debtor.     Communications   sent   by   the Principal   Borrower   after   the   original   limitation   period   had expired, in any case, cannot be taken into account for invoking remedy under Section 7 of the Code.  Obviously, there was delay in filing of the application under Section 7 and despite that, it was not  accompanied  by  application  for  condonation  of   delay under Section 5 of the Limitation Act.  According to the appellant, the factum of application being barred by limitation is a mixed question of fact and law and would involve triable issues.  Those aspects can be finally adjudicated after production of evidence in the form of affidavits before the Adjudicating Authority. 11. Reliance is placed by the appellant on the dictum of this Court in  Babulal Vardharji Gurjar vs. Veer Gurjar Aluminium 13 ,   Industries   Private   Limited   &   Anr.   (I) B.K.   Educational 14 Services Private Limited vs. Parag Gupta and Associates , Gaurav   Hargovindbhai   Dave   vs.   Asset   Reconstruction 15 Company (India) Limited & Anr.Vashdeo R. Bhojwani vs. 13  (2019) 15 SCC 209 14  (2019) 11 SCC 633 15  (2019) 10 SCC 572 11 16   and   Abhyudaya Co­operative Bank Limited & Anr. Sagar 17 Sharma & Anr. vs. Phoenix Arc Private Limited & Anr. . The   Financial   Creditor   has   refuted   the   plea   regarding 12. maintainability of the application against the Corporate Debtor. According to the Financial Creditor, the liability of the Principal Borrower and of the Guarantor is coextensive or coterminous, as 18 predicated in Section 128 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 . This   legal   position   is   well­established   by   now   (see   – Bank   of 19 Bihar Ltd. vs. Dr. Damodar Prasad & Anr. ).  Section 7 of the Code enables the financial creditor to initiate CIRP against the principal borrower if it is a corporate person, including against the   corporate   person   being   a   guarantor   in   respect   of   loans obtained   by   an   entity   not   being   a   corporate   person.     The Financial Creditor besides placing reliance on Section 7, would also rely on definition of expressions “corporate debtor” in Section 3(8), “debt” in Section 3(11), “financial creditor” in Section 5(7) and “financial debt” in Section 5(8) of the Code.     It is urged that upon conjoint reading of these provisions, it is crystal clear that a 16  (2019) 9 SCC 158 17  (2019) 10 SCC 353 18  for short, “the Contract Act” 19  (1969) 1 SCR 620 12 “financial debt” includes the amount of any liability in respect of any   guarantee   or   indemnity   for   any   money   borrowed   against interest.  Resultantly, the money borrowed by sole proprietorship of   the   appellant   against   payment   of   interest   for   which   the Corporate   Debtor   stood   guarantee   or   indemnity,   was   also   a “financial debt” of the Corporate Debtor and for that reason, the Financial   Creditor   ­   respondent   No.   1,   could   proceed   under Section 7 of the Code.  It is further urged that the definition of “corporate guarantor” introduced by way of amendment of 2018 is   to   define   a   corporate   guarantor   in   relation   to   a   corporate debtor against whom any CIRP is to be initiated, in reference to Section 60 of the Code.  The objection regarding maintainability of the application against a corporate guarantor, is, therefore, devoid of merit and needs to be rejected.   13. As regards the second issue of application being barred by limitation,   it   is   contended   that   this   Court  had   issued   limited notice in the present appeal only to examine the question noted in the order dated 28.7.2020.   Hence, the second objection of limitation need not be examined.   It is then urged that in any case, there is no substance even in this objection.  Referring to the decisions relied upon by the appellant, it is urged that it was 13 open to the Financial Creditor to maintain the application even after   three   years   from   the   declaration   of   accounts   as   NPA because   of   the   acknowledgment   of   debt   including   by   the Corporate   Debtor  from   time   to  time   and   lastly   on  8.12.2018, whereby   it   admitted   the   initial   loan   granted   by   the   Financial Creditor in favour of the Principal Borrower and also of having provided collateral security to secure the liability of the Principal Borrower.  The Adjudicating Authority, as well as, the NCLAT had justly taken due cognizance of the said admission to conclude that   fresh   period   of   limitation   commenced   because   of   such acknowledgment by the Corporate Debtor.   Further, the default committed by the Corporate Debtor is a continuing one.   It is urged that the Court must look behind the veil of corporate entity M/s. Surana Metals Limited, being the alter ego of the appellant herein.     The   Code   is   a   special   enactment   for   resolution   of  a financial debt and it is in larger public interest that financial debts   are   recovered   and   the   debts   of   corporate   person   are restructured   to   revive   the   failing   corporate   entity.     Thus understood,   the   process   is   not   for   recovery   as   such,   but   for resolution of the insolvency of the corporate person.  It is further urged that there is no need to relegate the parties before the Adjudicating Authority on the question of limitation.  It is not a 14 mixed question of fact and law as contended, but on the facts discerned from the communication and as stated in the subject application, it is obvious that the Corporate Debtor had admitted the   liability   vide   communication   dated   8.12.2018,   for   which reason the application filed on 13.2.2019 was within limitation. The Financial Creditor­respondent No. 1 pressed for dismissal of the appeal. 14. We have heard Mr. Abhijit Sinha, learned counsel for the appellant and Mr. O.P. Gaggar, learned counsel for respondent No. 1. 15. It is no more  res integra  that the Code is a complete code — provisioning   for   actions   and   proceedings   relating   to,   amongst others,   reorganisation   and   insolvency   resolution   of   corporate persons in a time bound manner for maximisation of value of assets of   such  persons,   availability   of   credit  and   balance   the interests of all the stakeholders including alteration in the order of priority of payment of Government dues and to establish an Insolvency   and   Bankruptcy   Board   of   India,   and   for   matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.   ISSUE (i): 15 16. Section   7   of   the   Code   propounds   the   manner   in   which corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP) may be initiated by the “financial creditor” against a “corporate person being the corporate debtor”.  It predicates that a financial creditor either by itself or jointly with other financial creditors or any other person on behalf of the financial creditor, as may be notified by the Central Government, may file an application for initiating CIRP against   a   corporate   debtor   before   the   Adjudicating   Authority when a default is committed by it.   The expression “default” is expounded in Section 3(12) to mean non­payment of debt which had become due and payable and is not paid by the debtor or the corporate debtor, as the case may be. 17. Section   7   is   an   enabling   provision,   which   permits   the financial creditor to initiate CIRP against a corporate debtor.  The corporate debtor can be the principal borrower.  It can also be a corporate person assuming the status of corporate debtor having offered guarantee, if and when the principal borrower/debtor (be it a corporate person or otherwise) commits default in payment of its debt. 16 18. The term “financial creditor” has been defined in Section 5(7) read with expression “Creditor” in Section 3(10) of the Code to mean a person to whom a financial debt is owed and includes a   person   to   whom   such   debt   has   been   legally   assigned   or transferred to.  This means that the applicant should be a person to whom a financial debt is owed.  The expression “financial debt” has   been   defined   in   Section   5(8).     Amongst   other   categories specified therein, it could be a debt along with interest, which is disbursed against the consideration for the time value of money and would include the amount of any liability in respect of any of the guarantee or indemnity for any of the items referred to in sub­clauses (a) to (h) of the same clause.  It is so provided in sub­ clause (i) of Section 5(8) of the Code to take within its ambit a liability in relation to a guarantee offered by the corporate person as a result of the default committed by the principal borrower. The expression “debt” has been defined separately in the Code in Section 3(11) to mean a liability or obligation in respect of “a claim” which is due from any person and includes a financial debt   and   operational   debt.     The   expression   “claim”   would certainly   cover   the   right   of   the   financial   creditor   to   proceed against the corporate person being a guarantor due to the default 17 committed by the principal borrower.  The expression “claim” has been defined in Section 3(6), which means a right to payment, whether   or   not   such   right   is   reduced   to   judgment,   fixed, disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable, secured or unsecured.  It also means a right to remedy for breach of contract under any law for the time being in force, if such breach gives rise to a right to payment in respect of specified matters.   19. Indubitably, a right or cause of action would enure to the lender   (financial   creditor)   to   proceed   against   the   principal borrower, as well as the guarantor in equal measure in case they commit default in repayment of the amount of debt acting jointly and severally.  It would still be a case of default committed by the guarantor   itself,   if   and   when   the   principal   borrower   fails   to discharge his obligation in respect of amount of debt.   For, the obligation of the guarantor is coextensive and coterminous with that of the principal borrower to defray the debt, as predicated in Section  128   of   the   Contract  Act.     As   a  consequence   of   such default, the status of the guarantor metamorphoses into a debtor or a corporate debtor if it happens to be a corporate person, within the meaning of Section 3(8) of the Code.  For, as aforesaid, expression “default” has also been defined in Section 3(12) of the 18 Code to mean non­payment of debt when whole or any part or instalment of the amount of debt has become due or payable and is not paid by the debtor or the corporate debtor, as the case may be.   20.priori,  in the context of the provisions of the Code, if the guarantor is a corporate person (as defined in Section 3(7) of the Code), it would come within the purview of expression “corporate debtor”, within the meaning of Section 3(8) of the Code.     21. It  may   be   useful   to   also   advert   to   the   generic   provision contained in Section 3(37).   It postulates that the words and expressions used and not defined in the Code, but defined in enactments   referred   to   therein,   shall   have   the   meanings respectively assigned to them in those Acts.   Drawing support from this provision, it must follow that the lender would be a financial creditor within the meaning of the Code.  The principal borrower   may   or   may   not   be   a   corporate   person,   but   if   a corporate   person   extends   guarantee   for   the   loan   transaction concerning a principal borrower not being a corporate person, it would   still   be   covered   within   the   meaning   of   expression “corporate debtor” in Section 3(8) of the Code.   19 22. Thus   understood,   it   is   not   possible   to   countenance   the argument of the appellant that as the principal borrower is not a corporate person, the financial creditor could not have invoked remedy under Section 7 of the Code against the corporate person who had merely offered guarantee for such loan account. That action can still proceed against the guarantor being a corporate debtor,  consequent   to   the   default   committed   by   the   principal borrower.  There is no reason to limit the width of Section 7 of the Code despite law permitting initiation of CIRP against the corporate   debtor,   if   and   when   default   is   committed   by   the principal   borrower.     For,   the   liability   and   obligation   of   the guarantor   to   pay   the   outstanding   dues   would   get   triggered coextensively. 23. To   get   over   this   position,   much   reliance   was   placed   on Section   5(5A)   of   the   Code,   which   defines   the   expression “corporate guarantor” to mean a corporate person, who is the surety in a contract of guarantee to a Corporate debtor.   This definition has been inserted by way of an amendment, which has come into force on 6.6.2018.  This provision, as rightly urged by the   respondents,   is   essentially   in   the   context   of   a   corporate debtor   against   whom   CIRP   is   to   be   initiated   in   terms   of   the 20 amended   Section   60   of   the   Code,   which   amendment   is introduced by the same Amendment Act of 2018.   This change was to empower NCLT to deal with the insolvency resolution or liquidation processes of the corporate debtor and its corporate guarantor in the same Tribunal pertaining to same transaction, which   has   territorial   jurisdiction   over   the   place   where   the registered office of the corporate debtor is located.  That does not mean that proceedings under Section 7 of the Code cannot be initiated against a corporate person in respect of guarantee to the loan amount secured by person not being a corporate person, in case of default in payment of such a debt. Accepting   the   aforementioned   argument   of   the   appellant 24. would result in diluting or constricting the expression “corporate debtor”   occurring   in   Section   7   of   the   Code,   which   means   a corporate person, who owes a debt to any person.  The “debt” of a corporate person would mean a liability or obligation in respect of a claim which is due from any person and includes a financial debt and operational debt.  The expression “debt” in Section 3(11) is   wide   enough   to   include   liability   of   a   corporate   person   on account of guarantee given by it in relation to a loan account of any person including not being a corporate person in the event of 21 default committed by the latter.   It would still be a “financial debt” of the corporate person, arising from the guarantee given by it, within the meaning of Section 5(8) of the Code.   25. Notably, the expression “corporate guarantee” is not defined in   the   Code.     Whereas,   expression   “corporate   guarantor”   is defined in Section 5(5A) of the Code.  If the legislature intended to exclude a corporate person offering guarantee in respect of a loan secured   by   a   person   not   being   a   corporate   person,   from   the expression “corporate debtor” occurring in Section 7, it would have so provided in the Code (at least when Section 5(5A) came to be inserted defining expression “corporate guarantor”).   It was also open to the legislature to amend Section 7 of the Code and replace   the   expression   “corporate   debtor”   by   a   suitable expression.  It could have even amended Section 3(8) to exclude liability arising from a guarantee given for the loan account of an entity not being a corporate person.  Similarly, it could have also amended expression “financial debt” in Section 5(8) of the Code, “claim” in Section 3(6), “debt” in Section 3(11) and “default” in Section   3(12).     There   is   no   indication   to   that   effect   in   the contemporaneous legislative changes brought about.   22 26. The expression “corporate debtor” is defined in Section 3(8) which   applies   to   the   Code   as   a   whole.     Whereas,   expression “corporate guarantor” in Section 5(5A), applies only to Part II of the Code.  Upon harmonious and purposive construction of the governing provisions, it is not possible to extricate the corporate person from the liability (of being a corporate debtor) arising on account of the guarantee given by it in respect of loan given to a person   other   than   corporate   person.     The   liability   of   the guarantor is coextensive with that of the principal borrower.  The remedy under Section 7 is not for recovery of the amount, but is for   reorganisation   and   insolvency   resolution   of   the   corporate debtor who is not in a position to pay its debt and commits default in that regard.  It is open to the corporate debtor to pay off the debt, which had become due and payable and is not paid by the principal borrower, to avoid the rigours of Chapter II of the Code in general and Section 7 in particular.   In   law,   the   status   of   the   guarantor,   who   is   a   corporate 27. person,   metamorphoses   into   corporate   debtor,   the   moment principal borrower (regardless of not being a corporate person) commits default in payment of debt which had become due and payable.   Thus, action under Section 7 of the Code could be 23 legitimately invoked even against a (corporate) guarantor being a corporate   debtor.     The   definition   of   “corporate   guarantor”   in Section 5(5A) of the Code needs to be so understood. 28. A   priori,   we find no substance in the argument advanced before us that since the loan was offered to a proprietary firm (not a corporate  person),  action  under  Section  7  of  the  Code cannot be initiated against the corporate person even though it had offered guarantee in respect of that transaction.   Whereas, upon default committed by the principal borrower, the liability of the company (corporate person), being the guarantor, instantly triggers the right of the financial creditor to proceed against the corporate  person  (being  a corporate  debtor).    Hence,  the  first question stands answered against the appellant.   ISSUE (ii): 29. As noted earlier, this Court while entertaining the present appeal in its order dated 28.07.2020 had adverted to only one contention   ­   which   already   stands   answered   against   the appellant.  However, the appellant would contend that the other plea taken by him and having been dealt with by the NCLT as well as the NCLAT, the appellant ought to be allowed to pursue 24 that plea — regarding the maintainability of application under Section   7   of   the   Code,   on   the   ground   of   being   barred   by limitation.  Inasmuch as, if this ground is answered in favour of the appellant, it would go to the root of the matter touching upon the jurisdiction of the NCLT to entertain the subject application under Section 7 of the Code.  Hence, despite the objection of the respondent   (financial   creditor)   not   to  permit  the   appellant   to canvas this ground, in our opinion, it is necessary to answer this ground as well in the interest of justice; and also, because it is the duty of the court under Section 3 of the Limitation Act, to answer the stated issue at the threshold or at appropriate stage, as the case may be, even if it is not expressly raised by the opposite party. 30. The objection regarding limitation has been negatived by the NCLT vide judgment dated 06.12.2019.  It observed in paragraph 7 of its judgment as follows: “7.   It is seen from the evidence on record that not only   the   original   borrower   but   also   the   Corporate Debtor admitted and acknowledged the debt time and again   on   27.05.2015   (exhibit   J­1)   and   08.12.2018 (exhibit K).  The Corporate Debtor replied the notice issued by the Bank clearly admitting the debt .   We have gone through his reply to the notice.  We hold that his reply is in form of admission of debt and nothing else. The Corporate Debtor contended that recovery proceeding is pending in Debt Recovery Tribunal, Kolkata against the Corporate Debtor.   It cannot be said that debt become 25 due and payable.   We hold that it is admission of debt and his only defense is that it is yet to become due and payable.   In this case, by virtue of guarantee in favour of the Bank, the Corporate Debtor undertook to clear loan of the original borrower in case original borrower   commit   default   and   it   is   duty   of   the Corporate   Debtor   to   clear   the   outstanding.     His defence   is   that   debt   is   yet   to   become   due   is   not sustainable .” (emphasis supplied) 31. After  so  observing,  the  NCLT  proceeded  to advert to  the decision   in   Gaurav   Hargovindbhai   Dave   (supra)   and distinguished   the   same   on   the   ground   that   in   that   case   the original borrower and the corporate debtor had not admitted or acknowledged   the   debt   after   the   date   of   default,   which   had occurred three years before the filing of the application.  In the present   case,   however,   the   principal   borrower   as   well   as   the corporate debtor had acknowledged the debt time and again after 30.01.2010 and lastly on 08.12.2018, which was the basis of filing   of   subject   application   under   Section   7   of   the   Code   on 13.02.2019. 32. Even the NCLAT   noted this ground urged by the appellant in paragraph 21 of the impugned judgment as follows: “ 21.     In   the   instant   case   the   Corporate   Debtor   (M/s Surana   Metals   Ltd.)   had   duly   executed   the   Letter   of Guarantor dated 2.2.2007, 17.2.2007 and 3.8.2008 for the   Loan   facilities   Sanctioned   by   the   Bank   to   M/s Mahaveer Construction  also that the Corporate Debtor had  acknowledged  its  debt  on 16.9.2010,  3.3.2012, 26 27.5.2015, 24.10.2016, and executed by the Appellant (Vide Page. No.196, 197, 140, 198) and on 8.12.2018 executed by the (M/s Surana Metals Ltd.) page no.141 respectively against the execution of the Letters of Guarantee .     Significantly,   the   Corporate   Debtor   in   its Reply dated 8.12.2018 had tacitly admitted the execution of   Guarantors   Agreement   dated   2.2.2007,   17.2.2007, 3.8.2008   in   and   by   which   the   Corporate   Debtor   had agreed to pay Rs.12,05,00,000/­ crore and interest on such sum.”   (emphasis supplied) Finally, in paragraph 30 of the impugned judgment, the NCLAT after analysing the relevant decisions relied upon by the parties in  B.K. Educational Services Private Limited  (supra),  Jignesh 20 and   Shah and Anr. vs. Union of India and Anr.   Gaurav Hargovindbhai Dave  (supra), concluded as follows: “ 30.   In the light of detailed qualitative and quantitative discussions aforesaid and also this Tribunal keeping in mind the present facts and circumstances of the instant case in an integral fashion, which float on the surface case comes to an inescapable conclusion that there is an acknowledgment of ‘Debt’ on various dates like 2.2.07, 17.2.07, 3.8.07 for the loan facilities availed by Mahaveer Construction   the Letters of Guarantee Acknowledged by the Corporate Debtor (M/s Surana Metals Ltd.) on 16.9.10,   3.3.12,   27.5.15,   24.10.16   executed   by   the Appellant and on 8.12.18 by the Surana Metals Ltd. etc. This apart, here is an acknowledgment of Debt by the Principal Borrower but also the Corporate Debtor .     The   object   of on   27.5.15   &   8.12.18   respectively specifying time limit for limitation is undoubtedly based on ‘Public Policy’.   The application projected before the Adjudicating Authority (NCLT) Kolkata Bench, on 13.2.19 is well within limitation and not barred by Limitation. Looking   at   from   any   angle,   the   present   Appeal   sans merits and the same is dismissed without costs. …” 20  (2019) 10 SCC 750 27 (emphasis supplied) 33. We may straight away advert to the decision of this Court in Babulal   Vardharji   Gurjar   vs.   Veer   Gurjar   Aluminium 21 Industries Private Limited & Anr. (II)  wherein after analysing the earlier decisions of this Court, the Court summed up the position in the following words: “ 32.  When Section 238­A of the Code is read with the above   noted   consistent   decisions   of   this   Court 22 in  Innoventive   IndustriesB.K.   Educational 23 24 25 ServicesSwiss   RibbonsK.   SashidharJignesh 26 27 ShahVashdeo   R.   BhojwaniGaurav   Hargovindbhai 28 29 Dave   and  Sagar   Sharma  respectively,   the   following basics undoubtedly come to the fore: ( a ) that the Code is a beneficial legislation intended to put the corporate debtor back on its feet and is not a mere money recovery legislation; ( b ) that CIRP is not intended to be adversarial to the corporate debtor but is aimed at protecting the interests of the corporate debtor; ( c ) that intention of the Code is not to give a new lease of life to debts which are time­barred; ( d )   that   the   period   of   limitation   for   an   application seeking initiation of CIRP under Section 7 of the Code is governed   by   Article   137   of   the   Limitation   Act   and   is, therefore, three years from the date when right to apply accrues; ( e ) that the trigger for initiation of CIRP by a financial creditor is default on the part of the corporate debtor, 21  (2020) 15 SCC 1 22  Innoventive Industries Ltd. vs. ICICI Bank,  (2018) 1 SCC 407  23  s upra at footnote 14 24  Swiss Ribbons (P) Ltd. vs. Union of India,  (2019) 4 SCC 17 25  K. Sashidhar vs. Indian Overseas Bank,  (2019) 12 SCC 150 26  s upra at footnote 20 27  s upra at footnote 16 28  supra at footnote 15 29   supra at footnote 17 28
that is to say, that the right to apply under the Code<br>accrues on the date when default occurs;
(f) that default referred to in the Code is that of actual<br>non­payment by the corporate debtor when a debt has<br>become due and payable; and
(g) that if default had occurred over three years prior<br>to the date of filing of the application, the application<br>would be time­barred save and except in those cases<br>where, on facts, the delay in filing may be condoned; and
(h) an application under Section 7 of the Code is not<br>for enforcement of mortgage liability and Article 62 of the<br>Limitation Act does not apply to this application.”
34. In the earlier part of this reported decision, the Court did advert   to   the   exposition   in   (supra).     In   that Jignesh   Shah   decision, the Court had analysed the provisions of the Code by first   adverting   to   the   decision   in   B.K.   Educational   Services (supra) in which Section 238A of the Code was Private Limited  referred to.  Paragraphs 7 and 8 of the decision in  Jignesh Shah (supra) read thus:
“7. Having heard the learned Senior Counsel for the<br>parties, it is important to first advert to this Court's<br>decision in B.K. Educational Services (P) Ltd.30 in which<br>Section 238­A of the Code was referred to, which states<br>as follows:
“238­A. Limitation.—The provisions of the<br>Limitation Act, 1963 (36 of 1963) shall, as far as<br>may be, apply to the proceedings or appeals before<br>the Adjudicating Authority, the National Company Law<br>Appellate Tribunal, the Debts Recovery Tribunal or the<br>Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunal, as the case may<br>be.”
8. In para 7 of the said judgment, the Report of the<br>Insolvency Law Committee of March 2018 was referred to
30  s upra at footnote 14 29 as follows:  ( B.K. Educational Services case,  SCC pp. 644­ 45, para 11) “ 11 . Having heard the learned counsel for both sides, it is   important   to   first   set   out   the   reason   for   the introduction of Section 238­A into the Code. This is to be   found   in   the   Report   of   the   Insolvency   Law Committee of March 2018, as follows: ‘ 28.  Application of Limitation Act, 1963 28.1. The question of applicability of the Limitation Act, 1963 (“the Limitation Act”) to the Code has been deliberated   upon   in   several   judgments   of   NCLT and N CLAT .   The   existing   jurisprudence   on   this subject indicates that if a law is a complete code, then   an   express   or   necessary   exclusion   of   the 31 Limitation Act should be respected.   In   light of the confusion in this regard, the Committee deliberated on the issue and unanimously agreed that the intent of the Code could not have been to give a new lease of life to debts which are time­barred . It is settled law that when a debt is barred by time, the right to a 32 remedy  is   time­barred .   This   requires   being   read with the definition of “debt” and “claim” in the Code. Further, debts in winding­up proceedings cannot be 33 time­barred , and there appears to be no rationale to exclude the extension of this principle of law to the Code. 28.2.   Further,   non­application   of   the   law   on limitation creates the following problems: first, it re­ opens the right of financial and operational creditors holding time­barred debts under the Limitation Act to file for CIRP, the trigger for which is default on a debt above INR one lakh. The purpose of the law of limitation is ‘ to prevent disturbance or deprivation of what may have been acquired in equity and justice by long enjoyment or what may have been lost by a 34 party's own inaction, negligence or laches ’  .  Though the Code is not a debt recovery law, the trigger being “default in payment of debt” renders the exclusion   of   the   law   of   limitation   counter­ . Second, it re­opens the right of claimants intuitive 31  Ravula Subba Rao vs. CIT, AIR 1956 SC 604 32  Punjab National Bank vs. Surendra Prasad Sinha, 1993 Supp (1) SCC  499 33   Interactive Media and Communication Solution (P) Ltd. vs. GO Airlines  Ltd., 2013 SCC OnLine Del 445 34   Rajender Singh vs. Santa Singh, (1973) 2 SCC 705 30
(pursuant to issuance of a public notice) to file time­<br>barred claims with the IRP/RP, which may<br>potentially be a part of the resolution plan. Such a<br>resolution plan restructuring time­barred debts and<br>claims may not be in compliance with the existing<br>laws for the time being in force as per Section 30(4)<br>of the Code.
28.3. Given that the intent was not to package the<br>Code as a fresh opportunity for creditors and<br>claimants who did not exercise their remedy under<br>existing laws within the prescribed limitation period,<br>the Committee thought it fit to insert a specific section<br>applying the Limitation Act to the Code. The relevant<br>entry under the Limitation Act may be on a case­<br>to­case basis. It was further noted that the<br>Limitation Act may not apply to applications of<br>corporate applicants, as these are initiated by the<br>applicant for its own debts for the purpose of CIRP<br>and are not in the form of a creditor's remedy.’”
(emphasis in original and supplied)”
(emphasis supplied)
In paragraph 21 after analysing the decisions on the point, the Court noted as follows:
21.The aforesaid judgments correctly hold that a suit for
recovery based upon a cause of action that is within
limitation cannot in any manner impact the separate and
independent remedy of a winding­up proceeding.In law,
when time begins to run, it can only be extended in
the manner provided in the Limitation Act. For
example, an acknowledgment of liability under
Section 18 of the Limitation Act would certainly
extend the limitation period, but a suit for recovery,
which is a separate and independent proceeding
distinct from the remedy of winding up would, in no
manner, impact the limitation within which the
winding­up proceeding is to be filed, by somehow
keeping the debt alive for the purpose of the winding­
up proceeding.”
(emphasis supplied)
31 35. The purport of such observation has been dealt with in the case   of   Babulal   Vardharji   Gurjar   (II)   (supra).     Suffice   it   to observe   that   this   Court   had   not   ruled   out   the   application   of Section 18 of the Limitation Act to the proceedings under the Code, if the fact situation of the case so warrants.  Considering that the purport of Section 238A of the  Code, as enacted, is clarificatory in nature and being a procedural law had been given retrospective effect; which included application of the provisions of the Limitation Act on case­to­case basis.  Indeed, the purport of amendment in the Code was not to reopen or revive the time barred debts under the Limitation Act.  At the same time, accrual of   fresh   period   of   limitation   in   terms   of   Section   18   of   the Limitation Act is on its own under that Act.  It will not be a case of giving new lease to time barred debts under the existing law (Limitation Act) as such. 36. Notably, the provisions of Limitation Act have been made applicable to the proceedings under the Code, as far as may be applicable.   For, Section 238A predicates that the provisions of Limitation Act shall, as far as may be, apply to the proceedings or appeals before the Adjudicating Authority, the NCLAT, the DRT or the Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal, as the case may be. 32 After   enactment   of   Section   238A   of   the  Code   on   06.06.2018, validity whereof has been upheld by this Court, it is not open to contend that the limitation for filing application under Section 7 of the Code would be limited to Article 137 of the Limitation Act and extension of prescribed period in certain cases could be only under Section 5 of the Limitation Act.   There is no reason to exclude   the   effect   of   Section   18   of   the   Limitation   Act   to   the proceedings   initiated   under   the   Code.     Section   18   of   the Limitation Act reads thus: “ 18. Effect of acknowledgment in writing .—(1) Where, before the expiration of the prescribed period for a suit or application   in   respect   of   any   property   or   right,   an acknowledgment of liability in respect of such property or right   has   been   made   in   writing   signed   by   the   party against whom such property or right is claimed, or by any person through whom he derives his title or liability, a fresh period of limitation shall be computed from the time when the acknowledgment was so signed. (2) Where the writing containing the acknowledgment is undated, oral evidence may be given of the time when it was signed; but subject to the provisions of the Indian Evidence   Act,   1872   (1   of   1872),   oral   evidence   of   its contents shall not be received. Explanation .—For the purposes of this section,— ( a ) an acknowledgment may be sufficient though it omits to specify the exact nature of the property or right, or avers that the time for payment, delivery, performance or enjoyment has not yet come or is accompanied by a refusal to pay, deliver, perform or permit to enjoy, or is coupled with a claim to set off, or is addressed to a person other than a person entitled to the property or right; ( b ) the word “signed” means signed either personally or by an agent duly authorised in this behalf; and 33 ( c ) an application for the execution of a decree or order shall not be deemed to be an application in respect of any property or right.” Ordinarily, upon declaration of the loan account/debt as 37. NPA that date can be reckoned as the date of default to enable the financial creditor to initiate action under Section 7 of the Code.   However, Section 7 comes into play when the corporate debtor   commits   “default”.     Section   7,   consciously   uses   the expression “default” — not the date of notifying the loan account of the corporate person as NPA.  Further, the expression “default” has been defined in Section 3(12) to mean non­payment of “debt” when whole or any part or instalment of the amount of debt has become due and payable and is not paid by the debtor or the corporate   debtor,   as   the   case   may   be.     In   cases   where   the corporate   person   had   offered   guarantee   in   respect   of   loan transaction, the right of the financial creditor to initiate action against   such   entity   being   a   corporate   debtor   (corporate guarantor),   would   get   triggered   the   moment   the   principal borrower commits default due to non­payment of debt.   Thus, when the principal borrower and/or the  (corporate) guarantor admit and acknowledge their liability after declaration of NPA but before the expiration of three years therefrom including the fresh 34 period of limitation due to (successive) acknowledgments, it is not possible to extricate them from the renewed limitation accruing due to the effect of Section 18 of the Limitation Act.  Section 18 of the Limitation Act gets attracted the moment acknowledgment in writing signed by the party against whom such right to initiate resolution process under Section 7 of the Code enures.  Section 18 of the Limitation Act would come into play every time when the principal borrower and/or the corporate guarantor (corporate debtor), as the case may be, acknowledge their liability to pay the debt.     Such   acknowledgment,   however,   must   be   before   the expiration  of   the   prescribed   period  of   limitation  including  the fresh period of limitation due to acknowledgment of the debt, from time to time, for institution of the proceedings under Section 7   of   the   Code.     Further,   the   acknowledgment   must   be   of   a liability   in  respect  of   which   the   financial   creditor   can  initiate action under Section 7 of the Code. In the present case, the NCLT as well as the NCLAT have 38. adverted to the acknowledgments by the principal borrower as well   as   the   corporate   guarantor   ­   corporate   debtor   after declaration of NPA from time to time and lastly on 08.12.2018. The fact that acknowledgment within the limitation period was 35 only by the principal borrower and not the guarantor, would not absolve the guarantor of its liability flowing from the letter of guarantee and memorandum of mortgage.   The liability of the guarantor being coextensive with the principal borrower under Section 128 of the Contract Act, it triggers the moment principal borrower commits default in paying the acknowledged debt.  This is a legal fiction.  Such liability of the guarantor would flow from the   guarantee   deed   and   memorandum   of   mortgage,   unless   it expressly provides to the contrary. In the application under Section 7 of the Code filed by the 39. financial creditor on 13.02.2019, in Part IV thereof, it has been clearly stated that the corporate debtor duly secured the credit facilities from time to time.  The relevant portion of paragraph 1 of Part IV of the application and paragraph 2 of the same Part reinforces this position.  The same reads thus: “ PART IV PARTICULARS OF FINANCIAL DEBT
1.TOTAL AMOUNT OF<br>DEBT GRANTED<br>AND DATE(S) OF<br>DISBURSEMENT…..<br>The aforesaid credit facilities duly<br>secured from time to time by the<br>Corporate Guarantor being the<br>Corporate Debtor herein as follow:<br>2.02.2007:<br>i. Letter of Guarantee for<br>Rs.9,60,00,000/­;<br>17.02.2007:<br>i. Letter of Guarantee by the Corporate
36
Debtor;<br>30.08.2008:<br>i. Letter of Guarantee for<br>Rs.12,05,00,000/­;<br>ii. Memorandum of Extension of<br>Mortgage;<br>iii. Declaration of the Director of the<br>Corporate Debtor;<br>Copies of all the aforesaid Documents are<br>annexed hereto and marked with Letter ‘F’,<br>‘F­1’, ‘F­2’, ‘F­3’ and ‘F­4’.<br>In addition to the above the aforesaid<br>Credit facility not only secured by<br>execution of Guarantee by the Corporate<br>Debtor as aforesaid but also by deposit<br>of Title Deed being No. for the year in<br>respect of its immovable property being ALL<br>THAT piece and parcel of Government Khas<br>Mahal Land measuring about 50 Cottahs<br>comprised in Touzi No.1298 in Dihi<br>Panchanan Gram, Division II, together with<br>Building and Structure standing thereon<br>P.S. Maniktala being Municipal Premises<br>No.17, Ultadanga Main Road, Kolkata with<br>an intent to create equitable Mortgage<br>in favour of the Financial Creditor.<br>Creation of such Mortgage in respect of<br>the immovable property as aforesaid<br>duly extended by the Corporate<br>Guarantor lastly on 25.08.2008.<br>Creation of such charge filed with the<br>Registrar of Companies, West Bengal by the<br>Corporate Debtor in Form No.8 Under<br>Section 125/127/137 of the Companies<br>Act, 1956 dated 19.09.2008 and a copy of<br>the Title Deed is annexed hereto and<br>marked with Letter ‘G’ and ‘G­1’.<br>Initially while sanctioning the Term Loan­1<br>dated 19th January, 2007, the Financial<br>Creditor also send a Letter on 19th January,<br>2007 to the said Pantaloons Retail (India)<br>Limited being the Sub­Licensee whose<br>monthly Rent of Rs.21,45,000/­ payable to
37
the said Principal Borrower intimating its<br>conformation sending therewith a copy of<br>the General Power of Attorney executed by<br>the Principal Borrower assigned its right of<br>collecting and receiving Monthly rents from<br>the said Pantaloons Retail (India) Limited in<br>favour of the Financial Creditor. A copy of<br>the said Letter of the Financial Creditor<br>dated 19.01.2007 is annexed hereto and<br>marked with Letter ‘H’.<br>Due to default in repayment in both the<br>said account of the Principal Borrower<br>maintained with the Financial Creditor at<br>its said Strand Road Branch, Kolkata the<br>said accounts maintained in the name of<br>the said principal Borrower with the<br>Financial Creditor duly were Classified and<br>declared as NPA with effect from<br>30.01.2010 and as such the Financial<br>Creditor on 19th February, 2010 issued<br>Recall Notice to the Principal Borrower as<br>well as its Corporate Guarantor being the<br>Corporate Debtor herein demanding a total<br>sum of Rs.12,35,11,548/­ including<br>interest as of 31.01.2010. A copy of the said<br>Recall Notice dated 19.02.2010 is annexed<br>hereto and marked with Letter ‘I’. However,<br>both the Principal borrower and the<br>Corporate Debtor being the Corporate<br>Guarantor had defaulted in repayment of<br>the dues to the Applicant Bank. The<br>Principal Borrower vide its Letter dated<br>3rd March, 2012 requested the Financial<br>Creditor regarding outstanding of its<br>liability as on 29.02.2012 and on 27th<br>May, 2015 requested to provide<br>Statement of accounts. Copies of both<br>the said letters dated 3.03.2012 and<br>27.05.2015 are annexed hereto and<br>marked with Letter ‘J’ and ‘J­1’.<br>In reply of to the Notice of Demand<br>dated 3rd December, 2018 issued by the<br>Financial Creditor, the Corporate<br>Debtor vide its letter dated 8th
38
December, 2018 not only admitted the<br>initial Loans Granted by the Financial<br>Creditor in favour of the Principal<br>Borrower but also providing Collateral<br>Security by the Corporate Debtor to<br>secure the liability of the principal<br>borrower. A copy of the said letter of the<br>Corporate Debtor dated 8.12.2018 is<br>annexed hereto and marked with Letter<br>‘K’.
2.AMOUNT CLAIMED<br>TO BE IN DEFAULT<br>AND THE DATE ON<br>WHICH THE<br>DEFAULT<br>OCCURRED<br>(ATTACH THE<br>WORKINGS FOR<br>COMPUTATION OF<br>AMOUNT AND DAYS<br>OF DEFAULT IN<br>TABULAR FORM)Amount in default:­<br>Rs.23,90,35,759.00 as on 31st January,<br>2019 as per the following particulars:­<br>Statement of Account of the Principal<br>Borrower is attached herewith.<br>Date of default was 30/01/2010 and the<br>total claim of the Financial Creditor as of<br>the date of default is Rs.11,76,80,270.00<br>However, since the Principal Borrower as<br>well as its Corporate Guarantor being the<br>Corporate Debtor herein had defaulted to<br>pay any part or portion of the outstanding<br>amount to UNION BANK OF INDIA the<br>Financial Creditor thereafter the Financial<br>Creditor on 14th July, 2010 filed an<br>application Under Section 19 of the RDDB<br>Act, 1993 before the Debts Recovery<br>Tribunal­3, Kolkata being O.A. No.130 of<br>2010 which is still pending for final<br>adjudication and in that proceeding the<br>said Principal Borrower as well as<br>Corporate Debtor are appearing and several<br>interim orders have been passed from time<br>to time related to collection of rents from<br>the sub­Licensee.”
(emphasis supplied in italics) Again, in Part V specifying about the particulars of financial debt in paragraphs 5 and 8, it is mentioned as follows: 39 “ PART V PARTICULARS OF FINANCIAL DEBT …..
5.THE LATEST AND<br>COMPLETE COPY<br>OF THE FINANCIAL<br>CONTRACT<br>REFLECTING ALL<br>AMENDMENTS AND<br>WAIVERS TO DATE<br>(ATTACH A COPY)Attached to this application.<br>Sanction letters dated 19.01.2007 and<br>25.08.2008 and Letter dated 08.12.2018<br>written by the Corporate Debtor<br>acknowledging their liability towards<br>Financial Creditor­Union Bank of India.
8.LIST OF OTHER<br>DOCUMENTS<br>ATTACHED TO THIS<br>APPLICATION IN<br>ORDER TO PROVE<br>THE EXISTENCE OF<br>FINANCIAL DEBT,<br>THE AMOUNT AND<br>DATE OF DEFAULT.Letter dated 08.12.2018 written by the<br>Corporate Debtor acknowledging their<br>liability towards Financial Creditor­<br>Union Bank of India.”
(emphasis supplied) Besides the clear assertion made in the application about 40. the last acknowledgment on 08.12.2018 resulting in fresh period of   limitation,   the   Tribunal   adverted   to   the   correspondence exchanged between the principal borrower,  corporate guarantor (corporate debtor) and the financial creditor (Bank) during the relevant period after 30.01.2010 until filing of application under Section   7   of   the   Code   on   13.02.2019.     The   last   such acknowledgement by the (corporate) guarantor/corporate debtor taken note of by the NCLT as also the NCLAT reads thus: “SURANA METALS LIMITED 12, BONFIELD LANE, KOLKATA­700001 CIN:L27209WB1983PLC36141 40 SML/SB/2/18­19/08 December 08, 2018
The Chief Manager,<br>Union Bank of India,<br>Asset Recovery Branch, Kolkata,<br>15, India Exchange Place,<br>KOLKATA­700 001.WITHOUT PREJUDICE
Sir,  SUB: Notice   regarding   initiation   of proceedings under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016. We acknowledge  the  receipt  of your  Notice  being No.ARB:KOL:198:18­19   dated   03.12.2018   issued   under Section   4(1)   of   The   Insolvency   and   Bankruptcy   Code, 2016 and are really surprised to note its contents. We deny   each   and   every   allegation   contained   therein including the nature of loan and quantum of claim and wish to inform you as under: 1. No   Term   Loan   was   sanctioned   by   you   to   M/s. Mahaveer Construction, 12, Bonfield Lane, Kolkata for   a   sum   of   Rs.9,45,00,000/­   and Rs.2,45,00,000/­ as alleged by you in your above stated letter. We understand that a loan for Rs.945 lacs and Rs.245 lacs was sanction by you to M/s Mahaveer   Construction   of   No.12,   Bonfield   Lane, Kolkata­700001   under   “rent   securitization”   i.e. against future rent receivables from M/s Pantaloon Retail (India) Ltd. (now known as Future Retail Ltd.) for   the   development   of  a   commercial  complex   at Kharagpur, on a government land, on the basis of securities provided by them of which you are fully aware of. We also understand that M/s Mahaveer Construction has executed a power of attorney in your favour authorizing you to collect the future rent receivables from M/s Pantaloon Retail (India) Ltd. and you  have been collecting  the rent from them directly and/or through a Receiver appointed by the Ld. DRT­III, Kolkata, without any intimation to   M/s   Mahaveer   Construction.   As   such   M/s Mahaveer   Construction   is   a   lawful  borrower   and the guarantee for repayment has been provided to you by M/s Pantaloon Retail (India) Ltd. which was unconditionally accepted by you. We are not the 41 borrowers and/or the corporate debtor as claimed by you in your aforesaid notice.  2. We   have,   at   the   request   of   M/s   Mahaveer Construction, provided you a collateral security only   in   the   form   of   a   premises   being   No.17, Ultadanga   Main   Road,   Kolkata   by   way   of creation of a paripassu charge with Syndicate Bank,   of   which   we   are   a   Lessee   only.   It   is   a Debutter Trust Estate. Our corporate guarantee was issued in accordance with the provisions of The Companies Act, 1956 only .  3. You have initiated legal proceedings for recovery of your   loan   against   Mahaveer   Construction   in   the Learned   Debt   Recovery   Tribunal   ­III,   at   Kolkata treating them as defaulters and the said proceeding is awaiting adjudication. We have not committed any default as alleged by you and therefore cannot be   termed   as   a   defaulter,   far   less   to   speak   of corporate defaulter, by any stretch of imagination. You are, therefore, not authorized legally to initiate further proceedings for the self same cause under the pretext of The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016.  4.  Until the recovery proceedings initiated by you against   M/s   Mahaveer   Construction   in   the Learned Court of Debt Recovery Tribunal ­III at Kolkata   attains   finality   you   are,   under   the provisions   of   law,   not   authorized   to   further threaten   us   and/or   initiate   any   proceedings against us for recovery of loan granted to M/s Mahaveer Construction .  5.   The   Insolvency   and   Bankruptcy   Code,   2016 proceeds   to   secure   the   benefits   of   all   creditors, dealing   with   the   assets   of   the   debtor   in   The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016. Therefore before   proceeding   under   The   Insolvency   and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 you have to surrender all the   securities   for   the   benefit   of   all   the   creditors (COC). That would also include the assets involved in   SARFAESI   Act   and   RDBA,   1973   proceedings. Thus   the   Bank   has   to   choose   before   proceeding under The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 whether to surrender the security or to exclusively deal with the same as a secured creditor. If you choose to deal with the property as secured creditor 42 you   cannot   proceed   under   The   Insolvency   and Bankruptcy   Code,   2016.   O.A.   and   S.A.   are   the remedies. Per contra if the Bank chooses to offer and/or surrender its security then it has to waive its right over the secured asset and proceed under The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 but not OA and SA.  6.  You have not made demand against the Principal Borrower   –   Mahaveer   Construction.   Thus without any demand being made against/from the Principal Borrower the issuance of deemed notice upon the Corporate Guarantor is bad in law .  7.   The IBC cannot be made as a tool to recover debt.   Issuance   of   the   purported   notice   is nothing   but   a   threat   to   recover   debt .   We   are commercially   solvent   and   the   alleged   debt   is disputed since O.A. No.310 of 2010 and is pending adjudication   before   the   Learned   Debt   Recovery Tribunal ­III at Kolkata, and therefore the debt is not yet crystallized, wherein you have unequivocally stated that Pantaloon Retail (India) Ltd. is liable to repay the loan granted to Mahaveer Construction under  rent securitization. Thus the Bank cannot proceed   under   The   Insolvency   and   Bankruptcy Code, 2016. 8.   There   is   no   mis­match   between   the   asset   and liability.  In fact asset held as security is for more . Thus venturing upon the valuable than liability provisions of The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 is unfounded/untenable in law.  9.   This   letter   is   issued   reserving   our   rights   to   add further points of law and/or to act further as may be advised in the matter.  Under   the   circumstances   it   is   most   humbly requested to refrain from taking any action against us for the reasons stated above as otherwise it will only be an abuse of the process of law and you would be doing so at your own peril and cost.  Please acknowledge the receipt of this letter.  Thanking you,  43       Yours faithfully,  For Surana Metals Limited.                                             Sd/­ SURANA METALS LIMITED                                                      12, BONFIELD LANE,                                                      KOLKATA­700 001”    (emphasis supplied) Indeed, this communication has been sent without prejudice by the corporate guarantor (corporate debtor).  Nevertheless, it does acknowledge   the   liability   of  M/s.   Mahaveer   Construction (principal   borrower);   and   of   corporate   guarantee   having   been offered by the corporate debtor in that behalf.  As aforesaid, the liability   of   the   corporate   guarantor   (corporate   debtor)   is coextensive   with   that   of   the   principal   borrower   and   it   gets triggered the moment the principal borrower commits default in paying  the   debt   when   it  had   become   due   and   payable.     The liability of the corporate debtor (corporate guarantor) also triggers when the principal borrower acknowledges its liability in writing within the expiration of prescribed period of limitation, to pay such outstanding dues and fails to pay the acknowledged debt. Correspondingly, right to initiate action within three years from such acknowledgment of debt accrues to the financial creditor. That however, needs to be exercised within three years when the 44 right to sue/apply accrues, as per Article 137 of the Limitation Act.  This is the effect of Section 18 of the Limitation Act.  In that, a fresh period of limitation is required to be computed from the time when the acknowledgment was so signed by the principal borrower or the corporate guarantor (corporate debtor), as the case may be, provided the acknowledgment is before expiration of the prescribed period of limitation.  Thus, the conclusion reached by the NCLT and affirmed by the NCLAT on the basis of the asservation in the application under Section 7 of the Code, read with the relevant undisputed correspondence, is a possible view. 41. The   appellant   was   at   pains   to   persuade   us   that   the intention behind the communication  dated  08.12.2018 sent to the   financial   creditor   by   the  corporate   guarantor   (corporate debtor) is a triable matter, as it was sent without prejudice.  We are not impressed by this submission.  The fact that the principal borrower had availed of credit/loan and committed default and that   the   (corporate)   guarantor/corporate   debtor   had   offered guarantee in respect of the loan account is not disputed.  What is urged by the appellant is that the acknowledgment of liability to pay the amount in question was by the principal borrower and that acknowledgment cannot be the basis to proceed against the 45 corporate   guarantor   (corporate   debtor).     Section   18   of   the Limitation Act, however, posits that a fresh period of limitation shall be computed from the time when the party against whom the   right   is   claimed   acknowledges   its   liability.     The   financial creditor has not only the right to recover the outstanding dues by filing a suit, but also has a right to initiate resolution process against the corporate person (being a corporate debtor) whose liability is coextensive with that of the principal borrower and more so when it activates from the written acknowledgment of liability and failure of both to discharge that liability. 42. Suffice it to conclude that there is no substance even in the second   ground   urged   by   the   appellant   regarding   the maintainability   of   the   application   filed   by   the   respondent­ financial creditor under Section 7 of the Code on the ground of being barred by limitation.  Instead, we affirm the view taken by the NCLT and which commended to the NCLAT — that a fresh period of limitation is required to be computed from the date of acknowledgment of debt by the principal borrower from time to time and in particular the (corporate) guarantor/corporate debtor vide   last   communication   dated  08.12.2018.     Thus,   the 46 application under Section 7 of the Code filed on 13.02.2019 is within limitation. As no other issue arises for our consideration — except the 43. two grounds urged by the appellant regarding the maintainability of the application for  initiating  CIRP by  the  financial  creditor (Bank) under Section 7 of the Code, we dispose of this appeal leaving all “other grounds” and contentions available to both the sides open to be decided in the pending proceedings before the NCLT.  The same be decided uninfluenced by any observation(s) made in the impugned judgment or in the present judgment.   44. Accordingly, this appeal is disposed of in the above terms with no order as to costs.   Pending applications, if any, also stand disposed of. ………............................J.   (A.M. Khanwilkar) ………............................J.        (B.R. Gavai) ………............................J.        (Krishna Murari) New Delhi; March 26, 2021. 47