Full Judgment Text
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 69646965 OF 2015
| Singapore Airlines Ltd. | ..... Appellant |
|---|---|
| VERSUS | |
| C.I.T., Delhi | ..... Respondent |
WITH
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 69666967 OF 2015
| KLM Royal Dutch Airlines | ..... Appellant |
|---|---|
| VERSUS | |
| C.I.T. New Delhi | ..... Respondent |
WITH
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 6968 OF 2015
| ature Not Verified<br>ally signed by<br>HAL ANAND<br>: 2022.11.15<br>4:08 IST | |
| son:<br>British Airways PLC | ..... Appellant |
Page 1 of 50
| VERSUS | |
|---|---|
| Commissioner of Income Tax (TDS) Delhi | ..... Respondent |
JUDGEMENT
Surya Kant, J:
1. The question that arises for our consideration pertains to
the interpretation of Section 194H of the Income Tax Act, 1961
(“IT Act”) as introduced by the Finance Act, 2001, with effect from
01.04.2000. The provision requires deduction of tax at source
(“TDS”) at 10% plus surcharge from payments falling under the
definition of “Commission” or “Brokerage” under the Section.
A. THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY
2. Within the aviation industry during the relevant period, the
1
base fare for air tickets was set by the International Air
Transport Association (“IATA”) with discretion provided to airlines
to sell their tickets for a net fare lower than the Base Fare, but
2
not higher. In essence, the IATA set the ceiling price for how
much airlines may charge their customers. This formed part of
1 “Base Fare”
2 “Net Fare”
Page 2 of 53
the IATA’s overall responsibility of overseeing the functioning of
the industry.
3. The air carriers were also required to provide a fare list to
the Director General of Civil Aviation (“DGCA”) for approval. The
prices that were rubber stamped by the DGCA may be equivalent
to or lower than the Base Fare set by the IATA. Alongside setting
the standard pecuniary amount for tickets, the IATA would
provide blank tickets to the travel agents acting on behalf of the
airlines to market and sell the travel documents. The
arrangement between the airlines and the travel agents would be
governed by Passenger Sales Agency Agreements (“PSA”). The
draft templates for these contracts are drawn up by the IATA and
entered into by various travel agents operating in the sector, with
the IATA which signs on behalf of the air carriers. The PSAs set
the conditions under which the travel agents carry out the
aforementioned sale of flight tickets, along with other ancillary
services, and the remuneration they are entitled to for these
activities.
4. Once these tickets were sold, a 7% commission designated
by the IATA would, be paid to the travel agent for its services as
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3
“Standard Commission” based on the price bar set by the IATA.
This would be independent of the Net Fare quoted by the air
carriers themselves. The 7% commission on the Base Fare
consequently triggered a requirement on the part of the airline to
deduct TDS under Section 194H at 10% plus surcharge. The
details of the amounts at which the tickets were sold would be
transmitted by the travel agents to an organization known as the
Billing and Settlement Plan (“BSP”). The BSP functions under the
aegis of the IATA and manages inter alia logistics visàvis
payments and acts as a forum for the agents and airlines to
examine details pertaining to the sale of flight tickets.
5. The BSP stores a plethora of financial information including
the net amount payable to the aviation companies, discounts,
and commission payable to the agents. The system consolidated
the amounts owed by each agent to various airlines following the
sale of the tickets by the former. The aggregate amount
accumulated in the BSP would then be transmitted to each air
carrier by the IATA in a single financial transaction to smoothen
the process and prevent the need to make multiple payments
over time.
3 Prior to 01.01.2002, the Standard Commission was paid at the rate of 9%.
Page 4 of 53
6. Within this framework, the airlines would have no control
over the Actual Fare at which the travel agents would sell the
4
tickets. While the ceiling price could not be breached, as
mentioned earlier, the agents would be at liberty to set a price
lower than the Base Fare pegged by the IATA, but still higher
than the Net Fare demanded by the airline itself. Hence, the
additional amount that the travel agents charged over and above
the Net Fare that was quoted by the airline would be retained by
the agent as its own income.
An illustration of how such a transaction would be carried
7.
out and the monetary gains made by the respective parties is
shown below:
| Base Fare<br>for<br>Singapore<br>Delhi (Set<br>by the<br>IATA) | Net Fare<br>(Set by<br>the<br>Airline) | Actual<br>Fare<br>(Set by<br>the<br>Travel<br>Agent) | Standard<br>Commissio<br>n<br>(7% of the<br>Base Fare) | Supplementar<br>y Commission<br>(Actual Fare –<br>Net Fare) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rs. 1 Lakh | Rs.<br>60,000 | Rs.<br>80,000 | 7% of Rs. 1<br>Lakh = Rs.<br>7,000 | Rs. 80,000<br>60,000 = Rs.<br>20,000 |
| Ceiling<br>Price | Income<br>of the<br>Assessee | Rs.<br>20,000<br>left after<br>payment<br>of Net | Income of<br>the travel<br>agent | Additional<br>Income of the<br>travel agent |
4 “Actual Fare”
Page 5 of 53
| Fare to<br>the<br>Assessee |
|---|
8. This auxiliary amount charged on top of the Net Fare was
portrayed on the BSP as a “Supplementary Commission” in the
hands of the travel agent. Thus, the heart of the dispute between
the Assessee airlines and the Revenue in this case lies in the
characterization of the income earned by the agent besides the
Standard Commission of 7% and whether this additional portion
would be subject to TDS requirements under Section 194H.
B. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
9. This batch of Civil Appeals arises from a judgement passed
on 13.04.2009 by the High Court of Delhi whereby the High
Court allowed the appeal by the Respondents/Revenue and held
that Appellants/Assessees were required to deduct TDS under
Section 194H of the Income Tax Act, 1961 (“IT Act”), on the
Supplementary Commission accrued to travel agents entrusted
Page 6 of 53
by the Appellants to sell airline tickets. As a consequence of the
Assessees’ failure to carry out the subtraction of the requisite
amount of TDS, they were declared “assessees in default” under
Section 201 and would accordingly be subject to payment of
interest and penalties under Sections 201(1A) and 271C of the IT
Act.
10. The relevant Assessment Year is 200102. Spurred by the
reintroduction of Section 194H in the IT Act by the Finance Act,
5
2001 , the Revenue sent out notices to the air carriers operating
in the country to adhere to the requirements for deduction of
TDS. Upon suspecting deficiencies on the part of certain airlines
in their compliance with statutory requirements under the IT Act,
the Revenue carried out surveys under Section 133A of the IT
6
Act. Following the investigation, the Assessee airlines were
5
73. Insertion of a new provision for deduction of tax at source from payments in the
nature of commission or brokerage
73.1 An effective method of widening the tax base is to enlarge the scope of deduction of
income tax at source. Apart from bringing in more persons in the tax net, it also helps in
the reporting of correct income. An item of income which needs to be covered within the
scope of deduction of income tax at source is the income by way of commission (not being
insurance commission referred to in section 194D) and brokerage. The Act has, therefore,
inserted a new section 194H relating to deduction of tax at source from income by way of
commission (not being insurance commission referred to in section 194D) and brokerage.
6
[133A. Power of survey.—
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other provision of this Act, an incometax
authority may enter—
(a) any place within the limits of the area assigned to him, or
(b) any place occupied by any person in respect of whom he exercises jurisdiction, [or]
[(c) any place in respect of which he is authorised for the purposes of this section by such
incometax authority, who is assigned the area within which such place is situated or who
exercises jurisdiction in respect of any person occupying such place,]
Page 7 of 53
allegedly found to have paid their respective travel agents certain
amounts as Supplementary Commission on which the purported
TDS that the carriers had failed to deduct was as follows:
| Assessee | Supplementary<br>Commission | Short Fall in<br>Deduction of TDS |
|---|---|---|
| Singapore Airlines | Rs. 29,34,97,709 | Rs. 2,93,49,770 (Not<br>including surcharge) |
| KLM Royal Dutch<br>Airlines | Rs. 179,00,49,410 | Rs. 18,25,85,040<br>(Including surcharge) |
| British Airways | Rs. 46,24,28,310 | Rs. 4,71,67,688<br>(Including surcharge) |
11. The Revenue contended that the travel agents operating on
behalf of the Appellants during AY 200102 had accrued the
aforementioned amounts to themselves as Supplementary
Commission on which, as per Section 194H read with Circular
No. 619 of 04.12.1991 issued by the Central Board of Direct
Taxes (“CBDT”), TDS was to be deducted by the Assessee airlines.
Show Cause notices for the recovery of the short fall in TDS were
sent to each of the air carriers. Subsequently, successive
Assessment Orders were passed holding that the airlines were
[at which a business or profession or an activity for charitable purpose is carried on,
whether such place be the principal place or not of such business or profession or of such
activity for charitable purpose, and require any proprietor, trustee, employee or any other
person who may at that time and place be attending in any manner to, or helping in, the
carrying on of such business or profession or such activity for charitable purpose—]…
Page 8 of 53
7
assessees in default under Section 201 of the IT Act for their
failure to deduct TDS from the Supplementary Commission, and
the demands raised by the Revenue in respect of each of them
were confirmed.
Following addition of surcharge, and interest under Section
12.
201(1A), the aggregate amount calculated as being owed to the
Revenue was:
| Assessee (Liability) | Surcharge + Interest | Aggregate Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Singapore Airlines<br>(Rs. 2,93,49,770) | Rs. 58,700 + Rs.<br>21,13,224 | Rs. 3,19,21,694 |
| KLM Royal Dutch<br>Airlines<br>(Rs. 18,25,85,040) | Rs. 2,24,26,580<br>(Interest Only) | Rs. 20,50,11,620 |
| British Airways<br>(Rs. 4,71,67,688) | Rs. 60,08,391<br>(Interest Only) | Rs. 5,31,76,079 |
13. Penalty proceedings were directed to be initiated against all
the Assessees under Section 271C of the IT Act. The Assessees
proceeded to file their respective appeals before the
Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) against the Assessment
7
201. Consequences of failure to deduct or pay.—
[(1) Where any person, including the principal officer of a company,—
(a) who is required to deduct any sum in accordance with the provisions of this Act; or
(b) referred to in subsection (1A) of section 192, being an employer, does not deduct, or
does not pay, or after so deducting fails to pay, the whole or any part of the tax, as required
by or under this Act,
then, such person, shall, without prejudice to any other consequences which he may incur,
be deemed to be an assessee in default in respect of such tax…
Page 9 of 53
Orders. The Commissioner (Appeals) passed a common order,
rejecting the appeals on merits but directing that any
transactions dated prior to 01.06.2001, the date on which
Section 194H came into effect, would be excluded from the
demand for TDS.
14. The Assessees subsequently approached the Income Tax
Appellate Tribunal, Delhi (“ITAT”). In CA No. 69646965 of 2015
concerning Singapore Airlines, the ITAT accepted the contentions
of the Assessee and set aside the Assessment Order passed
against it, while holding that:
(i) The amount realized by the travel agent over and above the
Net Fare owed to the air carrier is income in its own hands
and is payable by the customer purchasing the ticket
rather than the airline;
(ii) The “Supplementary Commission”, therefore, was income
earned via proceeds from the sale of the tickets, and not a
commission received from the Assessee airline;
(iii) The airline itself would have no way of knowing the price at
which the travel agent eventually sold the flight tickets;
(iv) Section 194H referred to “service rendered” as the guiding
principle for determining whether a payment fell within the
ambit of a “Commission”. In this case, the amounts earned
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by the agent in addition to the Net Fare are not connected
to any service rendered to the Assessee;
(v) The Revenue had erroneously and baselessly assumed that
the travel agent had, in every dealing, realized the entire
difference between the Net Fare and the IATA Base Fare
and characterized the entire differential as a
Supplementary Commission. Section 194H could not be
pressed into operation on the basis of such surmises and
without actual figures being proved.
15. The ITAT followed the same reasoning and allowed the
appeals by the Assessees in the remaining Civil Appeals.
Aggrieved by the quashing of the Assessment Orders, the
Revenue brought separate appeals before the Delhi High Court. A
Division Bench of the High Court clubbed together various
Income Tax Appeals all of which concerned tax liability for the
airline industry. In the context of the applicability of Section
194H of the IT Act, the Division Bench reversed the findings of
the ITAT and restored the Assessment Orders. The relevant part
of the High Court judgement may be summerised as follows:
(i) The principles to be kept in mind when interpreting the
application of Section 194H of the IT Act are:
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a. The existence of a principalagent relationship between
the Assessee airlines and the travel agents;
b. Payments made to the travel agents in the nature of a
commission;
c. The payments must be in the course of services
provided for sale or purchase of goods;
d. The income received by the travel agent from the
Assessees may be direct or indirect, given expansive
wording of Section 194H;
e. The stage at which TDS is to be deducted is when the
amounts are rendered to the accounts of the travel
agents;
(ii) All the Assessees had accepted that a principalagent
relationship subsisted between them and the travel agents.
The terms of the PSAs also indicated that the actions of the
agents in procuring customers was done on behalf of the
airlines and not independently;
(iii) Hence, the additional income garnered by the agents was
inextricably linked with the overall principalagent
relationship and the responsibilities that they were
entrusted with by the Assessees;
(iv) There was no transfer in terms of title in the tickets and
they remained the property of the airline companies
throughout the transaction;
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(v) The Assessees were only required to make the deductions
under Section 194H of the IT Act when the total amounts
were accumulated by the BSA.
The High Court reimposed the tag of “assessee in default”
16.
under Section 201 and the levy of interest on short fall of TDS
8
under Section 201(1A) on the Assessees. The aggrieved
Assessees are now before this Court in this batch of appeals.
C. SUBMISSIONS
17. Mr. C.S. Agarwal, learned Senior Counsel, appearing for the
Assessees in CA Nos. 69646965 of 2015, and Nos. 69666967 of
2015, has vehemently urged us to appreciate the incorrectness of
the impugned judgment, on the following grounds:
(i) After the tickets are provided to the travel agent to sell, the
Assessees no longer have any control over the price at
which the agent finally sells them. Thus, the
Supplementary Commission that accrues to the travel
8
201. Consequences of failure to deduct or pay.—
[(1A) Without prejudice to the provisions of subsection (1), if any such person, principal
officer or company as is referred to in that subsection does not deduct the whole or any
part of the tax or after deducting fails to pay the tax as required by or under this Act, he or
it shall be liable to pay simple interest,—
(i) at one per cent for every month or part of a month on the amount of such tax from the
date on which such tax was deductible to the date on which such tax is deducted; and
(ii) at one and onehalf per cent for every month or part of a month on the amount of such
tax from the date on which such tax was deducted to the date on which such tax is actually
paid,
and such interest shall be paid before furnishing the statement in accordance with the
provisions of subsection (3) of section 200…
Page 13 of 53
agent is due to dealings between the agent and the
customer. The airline is not involved in this leg of the
transaction;
(ii) There are two separate transactions via two distinct legal
relationships that are spawned during the process of
selling the tickets. The first is between the air carrier and
the travel agent for which the Standard Commission is
paid. The second relationship is between the agent and the
customer in course of which the agent attempts to sell the
ticket for the highest price possible to maximize its income;
(iii) The airline is oblivious to the final price at which the agent
sells the travel documents to the customer. The portion in
addition to the Net Fare which the agent retains is not paid
by the airline at all but is a payment to the agent directly
by the purchaser of the ticket. Hence, the question of
deducting TDS cannot feasibly arise as there is no payment
by the Assessee to begin with. Reliance was placed on a
decision of the Bombay High Court in
CIT v. Qatar
9
Airways .
(iv) The High Court has made various factual errors in terms of
how the industry functions:
9 2009 SCC OnLine Bom 2179
Page 14 of 53
a. The PSA is signed by the IATA on behalf of the airlines
and not by the airline itself, as stated by the Division
Bench;
b. The High Court opined that the Assessees would have
access to information regarding the price at which the
travel agent sells the tickets via the BSP. However, the
High Court failed to note that the BSP is under the
control of the IATA which aggregates the amounts and
sends the final bill to the airline at fixed times, rather
than after each transaction between the agent and the
customer;
c. The High Court has failed to consider the PSA which
clearly does not govern the dealings between the agent
and the customer. Section 211 of the Contract Act,
1872, requires agents to act in accordance with their
10
duties and obligations under the relevant agreement.
However, if the PSA itself does not address certain
aspects of the agent’s functioning, these facets cannot
10
211. Agent’s duty in conducting principal’s business.—
An agent is bound to conduct the business of his principal according to the directions given
by the principal, or, in the absence of any such directions, according to the custom which
prevails in doing business of the same kind at the place where the agent conducts such
business. When the agent acts otherwise, if any loss be sustained, he must make it good to
his principal, and if any profit accrues, he must account for it.
Page 15 of 53
fall under the ambit of the principalagent relationship,
as defined under Section 182 of the Contract Act;
(v) Section 194H of the IT Act refers to a “Commission” as
being payment in the course of “services rendered”. In the
second segment of the transaction, there is evidently no
service being provided by the agent to the Assessee;
(vi) The usage of the “Supplementary Commission”
nomenclature by the BSP when aggregating the amounts
involved in the transaction is of no legal consequence as
this terminology is employed purely for convenience. This
does not cloak the amount earned by the agent from the
customer as a “Commission” within the meaning of Section
194H;
(vii) The actions undertaken by the agents are of their own
accord and do not fall under the terms of the PSA. Such a
scenario is most appropriately characterized as an agent
acting on his own account without the knowledge of the
principal under Section 216 of the Contract Act.
(viii)The travel agents had already filed tax returns which were
inclusive of the amounts earned by them from the sale of
tickets over and above the Net Fare. Hence, income tax had
already been imposed on this additional portion of income
Page 16 of 53
and the matter was revenue neutral. Consequently, no TDS
was liable to be deducted at this stage as it would be akin
to taxing the same amount twice. A judgement of this
Court in
Hindustan Coca Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd. v.
11
Commissioner of Income Tax was cited in this regard.
Learned Counsel appearing for the Assessee in CA No. 6968 of
2015 broadly adopted the submissions made by learned Senior
Counsel, Mr. Agarwal, in full.
18. On the Revenue’s side, we have benefitted from the able
assistance of Mr. Vikramjit Banerjee, learned Additional Solicitor
General, as well as learned Counsel, Mr. Rupesh Kumar. They
rebuffed the contentions of the Assessees in the following terms:
(i) The distinction that the Assessees have attempted to draw
between the two purported legs of the ticket selling process
is artificial and irrelevant. The overall relationship that
exists between the airline and the travel agents is that of
principalagent, and having admitted this position before
the High Court, no contrary stands were possible at this
stage;
11 (2007) 8 SCC 463
Page 17 of 53
(ii) The PSAs between the Assessees and the travel agents
clearly showed that every activity carried out by the latter
in terms of selling the tickets was on behalf of the air
carrier, further cementing the principalagent equation;
(iii) At no point did title in the tickets pass from the airline to
the agents to transform the relationship into one between
two principals. The distinction between a principalagent
relationship, and that between two principals, in the
context of Section 194H was expounded upon by the
Gujarat High Court in Ahmedabad Stamp Vendors Ass.
12 13
and was later affirmed by this Court ;
v. Union of India
(iv) The Assessees would have access to the data maintained
by the BSP to delineate the Supplementary Commission
amount from the Standard Commission. Moreover, there
was no requirement for TDS to be deducted after every
transaction. It was completely practical and permissible for
the airlines to assemble the amounts together and make a
comprehensive TDS deduction at the end of the month;
(v) The language of Section 194H is inclusive and covers any
“direct or indirect” payments to the agent. Hence, there
was no need for the payment to be made directly by the
12 2002 SCC OnLine Guj 135
13 (2014) 16 SCC 114
Page 18 of 53
Assessees to the travel agents in order for it to fall under
the ambit of “Commission” and be subject to TDS. Reliance
was placed on a decision of this Court in
Director, Prasar
14
Bharati v. CIT ;
(vi) The taxing of the auxiliary amounts in the hands of the
travel agents as income, did not cure the default by the
airlines in deduction of TDS.
We will now proceed to examine the rival submissions.
D. ANALYSIS
D.1 INTERPRETATION OF SECTION 194H OF THE IT ACT
The central point for our consideration lies in the
19.
interpretation of what amounts to a “Commission” under Section
194H of the IT Act. The Assessees and the Revenue emphasized
upon the nature of the relationship between an airline and a
travel agent under the framework of the PSA that governs their
arrangement. Before analysing the competing interpretations
placed before us, the relevant part of Section 194H requires
examined and reads as follows:
14 (2018) 7 SCC 800
Page 19 of 53
194H. Commission or brokerage.
Any person, not being an individual or a Hindu
undivided family, who is responsible for paying, on or
after the 1st day of June, 2001, to a resident, any
income by way of commission (not being insurance
commission referred to in section 194D) or brokerage,
shall, at the time of credit of such income to the
account of the payee or at the time of payment of such
income in cash or by the issue of a cheque or draft or
by any other mode, whichever is earlier, deduct
incometax thereon at the rate of five per cent:
Provided that no deduction shall be made under this
section in a case where the amount of such income or,
as the case may be, the aggregate of the amounts of
such income credited or paid or likely to be credited or
paid during the financial year to the account of, or to,
the payee, does not exceed fifteen thousand rupees:
…
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section,—
(i) "commission or brokerage" includes any payment
received or receivable, directly or indirectly, by a
person acting on behalf of another person for services
rendered (not being professional services) or for any
services in the course of buying or selling of goods or
in relation to any transaction relating to any asset,
valuable article or thing, not being securities;
20. Explanation (i) of Section 194H highlights the nature of the
legal relationship that exists between two entities for payments
between them to qualify as a “commission”. Consequently, our
endeavour must be to determine whether the travel agents were
“acting on behalf of” the airlines during the process of selling
flight tickets. As elaborated upon earlier, the Assessees do not
dispute that a principalagent relationship existed during the
Page 20 of 53
payment of the Standard Commission. The point on which the air
carriers differ from the Revenue is the purported second part of
the transaction i.e. when the tickets were sold to the customer
and for which the travel agents earned certain amounts over and
above the Net Fare set by the Assessees.
21. The definition of a “principal” and an “agent” is provided
under Section 182 of the Contract Act. The provision states:
| 182. “Agent” and “principal” defined.—An “agent” is a<br>person employed to do any act for another, or to<br>represent another in dealings with third persons. The<br>person for whom such act is done, or who is so<br>represented, is called the “principal”. | ||
|---|---|---|
22. Due to the interlinked nature of Section 194H of the IT Act
and Section 182 of the Contract Act, our examination will
axiomatically focus upon both provisions. The ambit of a contract
of agency has been elaborated upon lucidly by this Court on
various occasions. In Lakshminarayan Ram Gopal and Sons
15
several treatises in
Ltd. vs. The Government of Hyderabad
English Law on the ambit of a contract of agency and its
distinction from a relationship of servant and master, were listed:
“10. The distinction between a servant and an agent is
thus indicated in Powell's Law of Agency, at page 16 :
15 (1955) 1 SCR 393
Page 21 of 53
(a) Generally a master can tell his servant what to do
and how to do it.
(b) Generally a principal cannot tell his agent how to
carry out his instructions.
(c) A servant is under more complete control than an
agent,
and also at page 20 :
(a) Generally, a servant is a person who not only
receives instructions from his master but is subject to
his master's right to control the manner in which he
carries out those instructions. An agent receives his
principal's instructions but is generally free to carry
out those instructions according to his own discretion.
(b) Generally, a servant, qua servant, has no authority
to make contracts on behalf of his master. Generally,
the purpose of employing an agent is to authorise him
to make contracts on behalf of his principal.
(c) Generally, an agent is paid by commission upon
effecting the result which he has been instructed by
his principal to achieve. Generally, a servant is paid
by wages or salary.
11. The statement of the law contained in Halsbury's
Laws of England Hailsham Edition Volume 22, page
113, paragraph 192 may be referred to in this
connection :
"The difference between the relations of master and
servant and of principal and agent may be said to be
this : a principal has the right to direct what work the
agent agent has to do : but a master has the further
right to direct how the work is to be done."
The position is further clarified in Halsbury's Laws of
England Hailsham Edition Volume 1, at page 193,
article 345 where the positions of an agent, a servant
and independent contractor are thus distinguished :
" An agent is to be distinguished on the one hand from
a servant, and on the other from an independent
contractor. A servant acts under the direct control and
supervision of his master, and is bound to conform to
all reasonable orders given him in the course of his
work; an independent contractor, on the other hand, is
Page 22 of 53
entirely independent of any control or interference and
merely undertakes to produce a specified result,
employing his own means to produce that result. An
agent, though bound to exercise his authority in
accordance with all lawful instructions which may be
given to him from time to time by his principal, is not
subject in its exercise to the direct control or
supervision of the principal. An agent, as such is not a
servant, but a servant is generally for some purposes
his master's implied agent, the extent of the agency
depending upon the duties or position of the servant."
This Court in
23. Gordon Woodroffe & Co. v. Sheikh M.A.
16
Majid & Co. also drew the distinction between a ‘contract of
agency’ and a ‘contract of sale’, on the following basis:
“The essence of sale is the transfer of the title to the
goods for price paid or to be paid. The transferee in
such case becomes liable to the transferor of the goods
as a debtor for the price to be paid and not as agent
for the proceeds of the sale. On the other hand, the
essence of agency to sell is the delivery of the goods to
a person who is to sell them, not as his own property
but as the property of the principal who continues to
be the owner of the goods and who is therefore liable
to account for the proceeds.”
24. To understand whether or not such transfer of title had
taken place, this Court in
Khedut Sahakari Ginning and
17
Pressing Society v. State of Gujarat had placed emphasis on
the need to closely scrutinize the contract between the parties
and opined that:
16 1966 Supp SCR 1
17 (1971) 3 SCC 480
Page 23 of 53
| “5. Whether a particular agreement is an agency<br>agreement or an agreement of sale depends upon the<br>terms of the agreement. For deciding that question,<br>the terms of the agreement have got to be examined.<br>The true nature of a transaction evidenced by a writ<br>ten agreement has to be ascertained from the<br>covenants and not merely from what the parties<br>choose to call it. The terms of the agreement must be<br>carefully scrutinised in the light of the surrounding<br>circumstances.” | ||
|---|---|---|
25. This was reiterated in Bhopal Sugar Industries Ltd. v.
18
by a 3judge bench which held:
STO, Bhopal
“5…Thus the essence of the matter is that in a
contract of sale, title to the property passes on to the
buyer on delivery of the goods for a price paid or
promised. Once this happens the buyer becomes the
owner of the property and the seller has no vestige of
title left in the property. The concept of a sale has,
however, undergone a revolutionary change, having
regard to the complexities of the modern times and the
expanding needs of the society, which has made a
departure from the doctrine of laissez faire by
including a transaction within the fold of a sale even
though the seller may by virtue of an agreement
impose a number of restrictions on the buyer, e. g.,
fixation of price, submission of accounts, selling in a
particular area or territory and so on. These
restrictions per se would not convert a contract of sale
into one of agency, because in spite of these
restrictions the transaction would still be a sale and
subject to all the incidents of a sale. A contract of
agency, however, differs essentially from a contract of
sale inasmuch as an agent after taking delivery of the
property does not sell it as his own property but sells
the same as the property of the principal and under
his instructions and directions. Furthermore, since the
agent is not the owner of the goods, if any loss is
suffered by the agent he is to be indemnified by the
18 (1977) 3 SCC 147
Page 24 of 53
principal. This is yet another dominant factor which
distinguishes an agent from a buyerpure and simple.”
26. From the catena of cases elaborating on the characteristics
of a contract of agency, the following indicators can be used to
determine whether there is some merit in the Assessees’
contentions on the bifurcation of the transaction into two parts:
Firstly , whether title in the tickets, at any point, passed from the
Assessees to the travel agents; Secondly , whether the sale of the
flight documents by the latter was done under the pretext of
them being the property of the agents themselves, or of the
airlines; , whether the airline or the travel agent was liable
Thirdly
for any breaches of the terms and conditions in the tickets, and
for failure to fulfil the contractual rights that accrued to the
consumer who purchased them.
Our examination of the nature of the arrangement between
27.
the parties will be premised on a reading of the PSA. Learned
Senior Counsel for the Assessees has gone to great lengths to
show us that there isn’t even a whisper in the PSA regarding the
transaction between the travel agents and the customer.
According to him, this shows that the second part of the
Page 25 of 53
transaction falls outside the ambit of the principalagent
relationship.
28. On the contrary, Mr. Kumar, learned Counsel for the
Revenue, has emphasized on the point that at no stage does the
PSA indicate that title in the goods i.e. the tickets, transfers from
the air carrier to the agent. Clause 6.1 of the PSA states in clear
terms that the travel documents “ …are and remain the sole
property of the Carrier…until duly issued and delivered
pursuant to a transaction under this Agreement. ” No rebuttal
on this averment was forthcoming from learned Senior Counsel
for the Assessees, and hence, we have no hesitation in agreeing
with Mr. Kumar’s submission that the tickets remained the
property of the airline. No contract of sale between two principals
was ever in existence between the Assessees and the travel agent
as per the criteria laid down in
Bhopal Sugar Industries
(Supra) and Gordon Woodroffe & Co. (Supra) .
29. When we take a closer look at the PSA, there are numerous
portions which crystallize the intentions of the parties when
entering into the agreement. The recitals of the PSA state:
Page 26 of 53
Each IATA Member (hereinafter called "Carrier") which
appoints the Agent, represented by the Director General of
IATA acting for and on behalf of such IATA Member.
30. In the same vein, Clauses 3, 9 & 15 also indicate that:
| 3.1 The Agent is authorized to sell air passenger transportation<br>on the services of the Carrier and on the services of other are | ||
|---|---|---|
| carriers as authorized by the Carrier. The sale of air<br>passenger transportation means all activities necessary to<br>provide a passenger with a valid contract of carriage<br>including but not limited to the issuance of a valid Traffic<br>Documents and the collection of monies therefore. The Agent<br>is also authorized to sell such ancillary and other services us<br>the Carrier may authorize; | ||
| 3.2 All services sold pursuant to this Agreement shall be sold<br>on behalf of Carrier and in compliance with Carrier's tariffs, | ||
| conditions of carriage and the written instructions of the | ||
| Carrier as provided to the Agent. The Agent shall not in any | ||
| way vary or modify the terms and conditions set forth in any | ||
| Traffic Document used for services provided by the Carrier,<br>and the Agent shall complete these documents in the manner<br>prescribed by the Carrier. | ||
| xx<br>x | ||
| 9. Remuneration | ||
| For the sale of air transportation and ancillary services by the<br>Agent under this Agreement the Carrier shall remunerate the<br>Agent in a manner and amount as may be stated from time<br>to time and communicated to the Agent by the Carrier. Such<br>remuneration shall constitute full compensation for the | ||
| services rendered to the Carrier. | ||
| xx<br>x | ||
| 15. Indemnities and Waiver | ||
| 15.1 The Carrier agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the<br>Agent, its officers and employees from and against liability | ||
| for any loss, injury, or damage, whether direct, indirect or | ||
| consequential, arising in the course of transportation or other | ||
| ancillary services provided by the Carrier pursuant to a sale | ||
| made ty the Agent hereunder or arising from the failure of | ||
| the Carrier to provide such transportation or services, except<br>to the extent that such less, injury, or damage is caused or |
Page 27 of 53
contributed to by the Agent, its officers, employees or any
other person acting on the Agent's behalf.
31. Several elements of a contract of agency are satisfied by
these clauses, and the recitals. Every action taken by the travel
agents is on behalf of the air carriers and the services they
provide is with express prior authorization. The airline also
indemnifies the travel agent for any shortcoming in the actual
services of transportation, and any connected ancillary services,
as it is the former that actually retains title over the travel
documents and is responsible for the actual services provided to
the final customer. Furthermore, the airline has the
responsibility to provide full and final compensation to the travel
agent for the acts it carries out under the PSA.
32. The irresistible conclusion is that the contract is one of
agency that does not distinguish in terms of stages of the
transaction involved in selling flight tickets. While Assessees had
readily accepted the existence of the principalagent relationship,
their consternation had been directed at the socalled second
limb of the deal that is exclusively between the agent and the
customer. However, the submissions advanced in this regard are
clearly not supported by the bare wording of the PSA itself. The
Page 28 of 53
High Court in the impugned judgment is correct in its holding
that the arrangement between the agent and the purchaser is not
a separate and distinct arrangement but is merely part of the
package of activities undertaken pursuant to the PSA.
Regardless, learned Senior Counsel, Mr. Agarwal, remained
33.
resolute in his submission that the principalagent relationship
does not cover the Supplementary Commission on the basis of
arguments that are independent of the PSA. We shall now turn to
a discussion of those. Primarily, he contended that
Supplementary Commission goes from the hands of the
consumer and into the pockets of the travel agents without any
intervention from the Assessees. Hence, the prerequisite of a
payment on which TDS can be deducted in the first place is not
fulfilled.
34. Section 194H of the IT Act, as noted earlier, does not
distinguish between direct and indirect payments. Both fall
under Explanation (i) to the provision in classifying what may be
called a “Commission”. As submitted by learned Additional
Solicitor General, Mr. Banerjee, this Court in
Prasar Bharati
Page 29 of 53
(Supra) had expounded on the ambit of Section 194H by ruling
that:
“28. The Explanation appended to Section 194H
defines the expression "commission or brokerage". It is
an inclusive definition and includes therein any
payment received or receivable, directly or indirectly
by a person acting on behalf of another person for
services rendered (not being professional services) or
for any services in the course of buying or selling of
goods or in relation to any transaction relating to
assets, valuable Article or thing not being securities.
Clause (ii) defines professional services; Clause (iii)
defines securities; and Clause (iv) provides a deeming
fiction for treating any income so as to attract the
rigor of the Section for ensuring its compliance.
…..
31… lastly, the definition of expression "commission"
in the Explanation appended to Section 194H being an
inclusive definition giving wide meaning to the
expression "commission", the transaction in question
did fall under the definition of expression
"commission" for the purpose of attracting rigor of
Section194H of the Act.”
Therefore, if we view the ambit of Section 194H in an
35.
expansive manner, the factum of the exact source of the payment
would be of no consequence to the requirement of deducting
TDS. Even on an indirect payment stemming from the consumer,
the Assessees would remain liable under the IT Act.
Consequently, the contention of the airlines regarding the point
of origination for the amounts does not impair the applicability of
Section 194H of the IT Act.
Page 30 of 53
36. The next point raised was regarding the practicality and
feasibility of making the deductions, regardless of whether
Section 194H may, in principle, cover the indirect payment to the
travel agent. The Assessees have pointed out that the travel agent
acts on its own volition in setting the Actual Fare for which the
flight tickets are sold, and as a symptom of this, the airline itself
has no knowledge whatsoever regarding how much
Supplementary Commission it has drawn for itself.
Before delving into this aspect of the matter, it would be
37.
remiss of us to not mention that this issue has seen
contradictory stands taken among different High Courts. Learned
Senior Counsel for the Assessees brought to our notice a decision
by the Bombay High Court in during the
Qatar Airways (Supra)
course of his submissions. The Division Bench in that case held:
3…For Section 194H to be attracted, the income being
paid out by the Assessee must be in the nature of
commission or brokerage. Counsel for the Revenue
contended that it was not the case of the Revenue that
this difference between the principal price of the
tickets and the minimum fixed commercial price
amounted to payment of brokerage. We find however,
that in order to deduct tax at source the income being
paid out must necessarily be ascertainable in the
hands of the Assessee. In the facts of the present case,
it is seen that the airlines would have no information
about the exact rate at which the tickets were
ultimately sold by their agents since the agents had
Page 31 of 53
been given discretion to sell the tickets at any rate
between the fixed minimum commercial price and the
published price and it would be impracticable and
unreasonable to expect the Assessee to get a feed back
from their numerous agents in respect of each ticket
sold. Further, if the airlines have discretion to sell the
tickets at the price lower than the published price
then the permission granted to the agent to sell it at a
lower price, according to us, can neither amount to
commission nor brokerage at the hands of the agent.
We hasten to add any amount which the agent may
earn over and above the fixed minimum commercial
price would naturally be income in the hands of the
agent and will be taxable as such in his hands. In this
view of the matter, according to us, there is no error in
the impugned order and the question of law as framed
does not arise. The appeal is therefore, dismissed in
limini.
38. As may be evident, there is significant similarity between
the conclusions reached by the Bombay High Court and the
arguments raised by the Assessees. Learned counsel for the
Revenue, on the other hand, urged that the Delhi High Court’s
stand in the impugned judgment is the correct position, both in
terms of the law under Section 194H and a practical
understanding of how the airline industry operates. It is prudent
for our analysis to extract the following relevant part of the
impugned judgment which supports the Revenue’s case:
26. Insofar as the first submission is concerned that
there is no evidence of receipt of money by the travel
agent over and above the net fare is answered really by
the second submission of the assesseeairline which is
that they become aware of the monies received by the
Page 32 of 53
travel agent only when the billing analysis is placed
on record by the BSP. Therefore, to say that the
revenue is seeking to cast the liability on the assessee
airline to deduct tax when there is no evidence of
income received by the travel agent is factually an
incorrect submission. It should be remembered that
what is relevant is whether the Section 194H casts an
obligation on the assessee to deduct tax at source.
Once an obligation is cast it is for the assesseeairline
to retrieve the necessary information from the travel
agent who works under its supervision and put itself
in a position to deduct tax on the actual income
received by the travel agent on sale of each of such
traffic documents/air tickets sold on behalf of the
assesseeairline. Since the best evidence in respect of
the sale of Traffic Documents/Air Tickets is available
with the assesseeairline or its agents it cannot in our
view take up the stand that the machinery for
deduction of tax has failed. The very fact that this
information is made available by the billing analysis
made by BSP would show that it is possible to retrieve
the information by the assesseeairline, therefore, we
do not accept the view of the Tribunal that there is no
evidence of monies having been received by the travel
agent over and above the net fare or that the said
information is not available at the relevant point in
time and, therefore, the assesseeairline cannot be
held to be an assesseeindefault.
For completeness, there is another decision of the Madras
39.
High Court as well which takes the same stance as the Delhi
High Court in the impugned judgment (Supra) . In Around the
19
the
World Travel and Tours P. Ltd. v. Union of India
Assessee was a travel agent that had filed a Writ Petition before
the High Court seeking a declaration that TDS under Section
19 2003 SCC OnLine Mad 1027
Page 33 of 53
194H would be deducted only for the Standard Commission
amount actually paid to it by the airlines it was operating for. The
stay had initially been granted by the High Court but then
subsequently vacated, against which the Assessee had filed an
appeal. The Madras High Court held:
8. The injunction sought by the appellants to restrain
the airlines from deducting tax is not an injunction
that can be granted. The liability for payment of tax
arises, in terms of the statute and the perception of
the appellants cannot determine the true content of
the statutory provision and cannot afford a sound
basis for the court injuncting the person, who may
otherwise be liable to deduct tax, from deducting tax
on payment made to the agents.
9. We must also notice that the appellants have not
placed before the court the scheme under which the
payments are made or accounted. It is the definite
stand of the caveator airline that what is made
available to the agents is supplementary commission,
which amount the agents are free to deal with in any
manner they like. The agents, according to the
airlines, can pass on the entire amount of
supplementary commission to the passengers or may
retain a part of it and pass on only a portion of that
commission.
40. The striking aspect of the dispute in
Around the World
Travels (Supra) was the insistence by the airline that the
amount retained by the Assessee agent was Supplementary
Commission. This contributed to the conclusion reached by the
High Court that the amount earned by the agent appeared to be
Page 34 of 53
susceptible to TDS deduction under Section 194H. In this
background, the landscape in regard to Section 194H and its
applicability to the auxiliary amounts earned by a travel agent on
top of the Net Fare demonstrates a lack of uniformity among High
Courts.
41. The contrary opinions by the High Courts necessitates a
definitive ruling from us to bring clarity on this point. We may
now return to the specific argument by learned Senior Counsel
for the Assessees on the issue of the airline’s lack of knowledge
regarding the Actual Fare and resultant impracticality of
expecting it to deduct TDS on amounts that it isn’t even aware of.
42. Learned Counsel for the Revenue has rebutted this by
highlighting the manner of operation of the BSP where financial
data regarding the sale of tickets is stored. According to him, the
BSP agglomerates the data from multiple transactions and
transmits it twice a month, or bimonthly. The expectation from
the Revenue is not that the Assessees make TDS deductions in
real time as the sale of tickets by the agents is recorded on the
BSP. Rather, a more reasonable approach is taken whereby the
air carriers must simply calculate the accumulated amount of
Page 35 of 53
TDS, at the end of each month after having received the requisite
date from the IATA and the BSP and make a single
comprehensive deduction. It was submitted that the Assessee
cannot be absolved from its statutory duties under Section 194H,
irrespective of the viability of operating in this manner.
43. Having analysed the rival contentions and keeping in mind
the principalagent relationship between the parties, we find
significant merit in the arguments by the Revenue. The
mechanics of how the airlines may utilize the BSP to discern the
amounts earned as Supplementary Commission and deduct TDS
accordingly is an internal mechanism that facilitates the
implementation of Section 194H of the IT Act. The specifics of
this system were seemingly not placed before the Bombay High
Court in .
Qatar Airways (Supra)
44. Further, the lack of control that the airlines have over the
Actual Fare charged by the travel agents over and above the Net
Fare, cannot form the legal basis for the Assessees to avoid their
liability. As averted to in
Lakshminarayan Ram Gopal & Son
Ltd. (Supra) a contract of agency does not entail control over the
minutiae of the agent’s actions. Such a level of oversight would
Page 36 of 53
more closely resemble a masterservant relationship. In a
principalagent relationship, it is sufficient for the latter to be
informed of the responsibilities and duties under the contract
and certain guidelines on how to satisfy them. An agent
undoubtedly retains a sizeable level of discretion on how to
achieve the desired results. This characteristic of a contract of
agency was cemented by this Court in Qamar Shaffi Tyabji v.
20
in the
The Commissioner, Excess Profits Tax, Hyderabad
following manner:
“7…An agent has to be distinguished on the one hand
from a servant and on the other from an independent
contractor. A servant acts under the direct control and
supervision of his master, and is bound to conform to
all reasonable orders given in the course of his work.
An agent though bound to exercise his authority in
accordance with all lawful instructions which may be
given to him from time to time by his principal, is not
subject in its exercise to the direct control or
supervision of the principal. Indeed, learned counsel
for the appellant accepts as correct the distinction
made above and also accepts that the true relation
between the Mills and the Trustees was that of
principal and agent; but he contends that as between
the Trustees and the appellant the relation was one of
master and servant. We consider that this contention
is wholly unsound. We have examined the original
agreement between the Mills and the Trustees dated
April 12, 1934. Clause 9 of that agreement said that
"the agents may regulate and conduct their
proceedings in such manner as they may from time to
time determine and may delegate all or any of their
powers, authorities and discretions as secretaries,
20 (1960) 3 SCR 546
Page 37 of 53
treasurers and agents of the company to such person
or persons and on such terms and conditions as they
may think fit, subject to the approval of the Board of
Directors of the company." The delegation in favour of
the appellant was made under this clause. The
position was therefore this: the Trustees as agents had
express authority to name another person to act for
the principal in the business of the agency, and they
named the appellant with the approval of the Board of
Directors. Therefore, the appellant, was neither a
servant nor a mere subagent. He was an agent of the
principal for such part of the business of the agency
as was entrusted to him.”
45. The fact that the travel agent has discretion to set an Actual
Fare which is above the Net Fare has no effect on the nature of
the relationship between the parties. A contract of agency permits
an agent to carry out acts on its own volition provided it does not
contravene the purpose of the agency contract and the interests
of the principal. The accretion of the Supplementary Commission
to the travel agents is an accessory to the actual principalagent
relationship under the PSA. In such a commercial arrangement,
the benefit gained by an agent is incidental to and has a
reasonably close nexus with the responsibilities that were
entrusted to it by the principal air carrier. Such incidental
benefits or actions must come under the ambit of the
relationship, subject to any express limitations articulated in the
contract itself or under the Contract Act.
Page 38 of 53
46. Apart from this, Clause 7.2 of the PSA sets out that any
payments collected by an agent pursuant to sale of air
transportation and ancillary services are held in a fiduciary
capacity for the Carrier until a proper accounting is made. The
Clause in question is reproduced below:
7.2 All monies collected by the Agent for transportation and
ancillary services sold under this Agreement, including
applicable remuneration which the Agent is entitled to claim
hereunder, are the property of the Carrier and must be held
by the Agent in trust for the Carrier or on behalf of the
Carrier until satisfactorily accounted for to the Carrier and
settlement made.
47. Notwithstanding the lack of control over the Actual Fare, the
contract definitively states that “all monies” received by the agent
are held as the property of the air carrier until they have been
recorded on the BSP and properly gauged. As already mentioned
by learned Counsel for the Revenue, and accepted by learned
Senior Counsel for the airlines, the BSP demarcates
“Supplementary Commission” under a separate heading. Hence,
once the IATA makes the payment of the accumulated amounts
shown on the BSP, it would be feasible for the Assessees to
deduct TDS on this additional income earned by the agent, and
whatever remains after the subtraction under Section 194H
would count as income for the agents themselves. It is at this
Page 39 of 53
point that settlement is made fully and finally, in line with Clause
7.2 of the PSA.
48. The only remaining objection from the Assessees concerns
Section 216 of the Contract Act. To appropriately appreciate the
scope of the provision, a combined reading of both Sections 215
& 216 is necessary. Both these provisions are reproduced below
for ease of reference:
215. Right of principal when agent deals, on his own
account, in business of agency without principal’s
consent.—
If an agent deals on his own account in the business of
the agency, without first obtaining the consent of his
principal and acquainting him with all material
circumstances which have come to his own knowledge
on the subject, the principal may repudiate the
transaction, if the case shows, either that any
material fact has been dishonestly concealed from him
by the agent, or that the dealings of the agent have
been disadvantageous to him.
xxx
216. Principal’s right to benefit gained by agent
dealing on his own account in business of agency.—
If an agent, without the knowledge of his principal,
deals in the business of the agency on his own account
instead of on account of his principal, the principal is
entitled to claim from the agent any benefit which may
have resulted to him from the transaction.
49. In the facts before us, we find that Sections 215 and 216 of
the Contract Act are of no assistance. We have already
ascertained that the PSA does not explicitly address the issue of
Page 40 of 53
Supplementary Commission at all. Further, an agent acting of its
own account does not, in principle, alter the nature of a contract
of agency and only gives rise to the consequences mentioned
under Sections 215 and 216 of the Contract Act if the conditions
contained within them exist. We do not consider it helpful to
dwell on this point.
50. In any case, given that information regarding the
Supplementary Commission was available to the airlines, we
have no doubt that the airlines could not have absolved
themselves of liabilities under the IT Act attached to the accrual
of that additional portion of income by the agent. These amounts
were incidental to the transaction by which the flight tickets were
sold on behalf of the air carriers and was for their benefit. The old
adage that a party to a contract cannot “both approbate and
21
reprobate” is apt for this factual scenario.
From the exposition of law on the ambit of a contract of
51.
agency and its resultant effect on the classification of the
difference between the Actual Fare and Net Fare as being a
“Commission” liable to deduction of TDS, we are left unmoved by
the submissions of the Assessees. The interpretation of the PSA,
21
Nagubai Ammal & Ors. v. B. Shama Rao & Ors. , [1956] 1 SCR 451.
Page 41 of 53
through the prism of Section 182 of the Contract Act and Section
194H of the IT Act, provided by the Revenue appears to be the
correct position. Thus, we affirm the conclusion reached by the
Delhi High Court in the impugned judgment on the nature of the
relationship between the airlines and the travel agents, and the
liability that is attached to deduction of TDS on the
Supplementary Commission. As a consequence of our analysis,
the view taken by the Bombay High Court in Qatar Airways
stands overruled.
(Supra)
D.2 REVENUE NEUTRAL
52. Having held in favour of the Revenue in connection with the
applicability of Section 194H of the IT Act, the remaining issue
for us to address is whether the matter has been rendered
revenue neutral. Learned Counsels on both sides have agreed
that the travel agents who received the Supplementary
Commission for AY 200102, have already shown these amounts
as their income. Subsequently, they have paid income tax on
these sums.
53. Learned Senior Counsel for the Assessees, Mr. Agarwal, has
contended that there has been no loss to the Revenue on this
Page 42 of 53
count. Learned Counsel for the Revenue, Mr. Kumar, admitted
the payment of income tax by the travel agents but has argued
that this does not absolve the airlines of their infraction in terms
of the mandate under Section 194H of the IT Act.
This Court in
54. Hindustan Coca Cola Beverage Pvt. Ltd. v.
Commissioner of Income Tax (Supra) was confronted with a
similar situation where the recipient of income on which the
Assessee had failed to deduct TDS under Section 194C of the IT
Act, had already paid income taxes on that amount. The Court
held:
“6. The Tribunal upon rehearing the appeal held that
though the appellantassessee was rightly held to be
an 'assessee in default', there could be no recovery of
the tax alleged to be in default once again from the
appellant considering that Pradeep Oil Corporation
had already paid taxes on the amount received from
the appellant. It is required to note that the
department conceded before the Tribunal that the
recovery could not once again be made from the tax
deductor where the payee included the income on
which tax was alleged to have been short deducted in
its taxable income and paid taxes thereon. There is no
dispute whatsoever that Pradeep Oil Corporation had
already paid the taxes due on its income received from
the appellant and had received refund from the tax
department. The Tribunal came to the right conclusion
that the tax once again could not be recovered from
the appellant (dedicator assessee) since the tax has
already been paid by the recipient of income.
….
Page 43 of 53
9. Be that as it may, the circular No. 275/201/95 IT(B)
dated 29.1.1997 issued by the Central Board of Direct
Taxes, in our considered opinion, should put an end to
the controversy. The circular declares "no demand
visualized under Section 201(1) of the Income tax Act
should be enforced after the tax deductor has satisfied
the officerincharge of TDS, that taxes due have been
paid by the deductedassessee. However, this will not
alter the liability to charge interest under Section
201(1A) of the Act till the date of payment of taxes by
the deductedassessee or the liability for penalty under
Section 271C of the Incometax Act."
A similar principle was also advanced in the context of
55.
Section 192 of the IT Act in Commissioner of Income Tax v. Eli
22
:
Lilly & Co. (India)
“98…In our view, therefore, the taxdeductor assessee
(respondent(s)) were duty bound to deduct tax at source
special
under Section 192(1) from the Home Salary/
allowance(s) paid abroad by the foreign company,
particularly when no work stood performed for the
foreign company and the total remuneration stood
paid only on account of services rendered in India
during the period in question.
99. As stated above, in this matter, we have before us
104 civil appeals. We are directing the AO to examine
each case to ascertain whether the employeeassessee
(recipient) has paid the tax due on the Home
Salary /special allowance(s) received from the foreign
company. In case taxes due on Home Salary/special
allowance(s) stands paid off then the AO shall not
proceed under Section 201(1). In cases where the tax
has not been paid, the AO shall proceed under Section
201(1) to recover the shortfall in the payment of tax.
100. Similarly, in each of the 104 appeals, the AO
shall examine and find out whether interest has been
paid/recovered for the period between the date on
22 (2009) 15 SCC 1
Page 44 of 53
which tax was deductible till the date on which the
tax was actually paid. If, in any case, interest accrues
for the aforestated period and if it is not paid then the
Adjudicating Authority shall take steps to recover
interest for the aforestated period under Section
201(1A).”
56. It appears to us that if the recipient of income on which TDS
has not been deducted, even though it was liable to such
deduction under the IT Act, has already included that amount in
its income and paid taxes on the same, the Assessee can no
longer be proceeded against for recovery of the short fall in TDS.
However, it would be open to the Revenue to seek payment of
interest under Section 201(1A) for the period between the date of
default in deduction of TDS and the date on which the recipient
actually paid income tax on the amount for which there had been
a shortfall in such deduction.
57. As noted earlier, learned Counsels for the parties were ad
on the fact that the travel agents had already paid taxes on
idem
the amounts earned by them. The Revenue had contended that
the default in payment of TDS could not be excused purely on
this ground. However, the decisions in
Hindustan Coca Cola
(Supra) and Eli Lilly & Co. (Supra) clearly bar their ability to
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pursue the Assessee airlines for recovery of the shortfall in TDS
and restricts them to imposing interest for the default.
58. In this context, the Assessees have not provided us with the
specifics of when the travel agents paid their taxes on the
Supplementary Commission. Furthermore, the CBDT Circular of
23
29.01.1997 , invoked in Hindustan Coca Cola (Supra) has not
been placed before us either. It will be necessary to fill in these
missing details and determine the amount of interest that the
Assessees are liable to pay before this matter can be closed.
Thus, we deem it appropriate to remand the matter back to the
Assessing Officer to flesh out these points in terms of the interest
payments due for the period from the date of default to the date
of payment of taxes by the agents.
The denouement of our examination of these issues
59.
concerns the levy of penalties under Section 271C of the IT Act.
The Assessing Officer had initially directed that penalty
proceedings be commenced against the Assessees for the default
in subtraction of TDS but we are informed that this process was
put in cold storage while the airlines and the revenue were
contesting the primary issue of the applicability of Section 194H
23 Circular No. 275/201/95 IT(B)
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before various appellate forums. Section 271C provides for
imposition of penalties for failure to adhere to any of the
provisions in Chapter XVIIB, which includes Section 194H. This
provision must be read with Section 273B which excuses an
otherwise defaulting Assessee from levy of penalties under certain
circumstances. The twin provisions read as follows:
Section 271C: Penalty for Failure to Deduct Tax at
Source:
(1) If any person fails to
(a) Deduct the whole or any part of the tax as required
by or under the provisions of Chapter XVIIB; or
(b) Pay the whole or any part of the tax as required by
or under,
(i) Subsection (2) of Section 115O; or
(ii) Second proviso to Section 194B,
then, such person shall be liable to pay, by way of
penalty, a sum equal to the amount of tax which such
person failed to deduct or pay as aforesaid.
(2) Any penalty imposable under Subsection (1) shall
be imposed by the Joint Commissioner.
x xx
Section 273B: Penalty not to be imposed in Certain
Cases:
Notwithstanding anything contained in the provisions
of clause (b) of Subsection (1) of Section 271, Section
271A, Section 271AA, Section 271B, Section 271BA,
Section 271BB, Section 271C, Section 271CA, Section
271D, Section 271E, Section 271F, Section 271FA,
Section 271FB, Section 271G, clause (c) or clause (d) of
Subsection (1) or Subsection (2) of Section 272A, Sub
section (1) of Section 272AA, or Subsection (1) of
Section 272BB or Subsection (1A) of Section 272BB or
Subsection (1) of Section 272BBB or clause (b) of Sub
Page 47 of 53
| section (1) or clause (b) or clause (c) of Subsection (2) of<br>Section 273, no penalty shall be imposable on the<br>person or the assessee, as the case may be, for any<br>failure referred to in the said provisions if he proves<br>that there was reasonable cause for the said failure. | ||
|---|---|---|
60. The ambit of “reasonable cause” under Section 273B
requires our scrutiny before we reach the conclusion that the
Assessing Officer is required to also calculate potential penalties
to be levied against the Assessees. This Court in Eli Lilly & Co.
(Supra) had elaborated, in the passage extracted below, on the
context in which Section 273B may be utilized:
94…Section 273B states that notwithstanding
anything contained in Section 271C, no penalty shall
be imposed on the person or the assessee for failure to
deduct tax at source if such person or the assessee
proves that there was a reasonable cause for the said
failure. Therefore, the liability to levy of penalty can
be fastened only on the person who do not have good
and sufficient reason for not deducting tax at source.
Only those persons will be liable to penalty who do not
have good and sufficient reason for not deducting the
tax. The burden, of course, is on the person to prove
such good and sufficient reason.
95. In each of the 104 cases before us, we find that
nondeduction of tax at source took place on account
of controversial addition. The concept of aggregation
or consolidation of the entire income chargeable under
the head "Salaries" being exigible to deduction of tax
at source under Section 192 was a nascent issue… The
taxdeductorassessee was under a genuine and bona
fide belief that it was not under any obligation to
deduct tax at source from the home salary paid by the
foreign company/HO and, consequently, we are of the
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view that in none of the 104 cases penalty was leviable
under Section 271C as the respondent in each case
has discharged its burden of showing reasonable
cause for failure to deduct tax at source.
61. We find some parallels between the facts of the present case
and the situation in . The liability of an
Eli Lilly & Co. (Supra)
airline to deduct TDS on Supplementary Commission had
admittedly not been adjudicated upon by this Court when the
controversy first arose in AY 200102. While learned Counsel for
the Revenue, Mr. Kumar, has notified us that various airlines
were deducting TDS under Section 194H at that time, this does
not necessarily mean that the position of law was settled. Rather,
it appears to us that while one set of air carriers acted under the
assumption that the Supplementary Commission would come
within the ambit of the provisions of the IT Act, another set held
the opposite view. The Assessees before us belong to the latter
category. Furthermore, as we have highlighted earlier, there were
contradictory pronouncements by different High Courts in the
ensuing years which clearly highlights the genuine and bona fide
legal conundrum that was raised by the prospect of Section 194H
being applied to the Supplementary Commission.
Page 49 of 53
62. Hence, there is nothing on record to show that the
Assessees have not fulfilled the criteria under Section 273B of the
IT Act. Though we are not inclined to accept their contentions,
there was clearly an arguable and “nascent” legal issue that
required resolution by this Court and, hence, there was
“reasonable cause” for the air carriers to have not deducted TDS
at the relevant period. The logical deduction from this reasoning
is that penalty proceedings against the airlines under Section
271C of the IT Act stand quashed.
E. CONCLUSION
63. Our conclusion in terms of the application of Section 194H
of the IT Act to the Supplementary Commission amounts earned
by the travel agent is unequivocally in favour of the Revenue.
Section 194H is to be read with Section 182 of the Contract Act.
If a relationship between two parties as culled out from their
intentions as manifested in the terms of the contract between
them indicate the existence of a principalagent relationship as
defined under Section 182 of the Contract Act, then the definition
of “Commission” under Section 194H of the IT Act stands
attracted and the requirement to deduct TDS arises. The realities
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of how the airline industry functioned during the period in
question bolsters our conclusion that it was practical and
feasible for the Assessees to utilize the information provided by
the BSP and the payment machinery employed by the IATA to
make a consolidated deduction of TDS from the Supplementary
Commission to satisfy their mandatory duties under Chapter
XVIIB of the IT Act.
64. Having said this, in light of the consensus between the
parties that the travel agents have already paid income tax on the
Supplementary Commission, there can be no further recovery of
the shortfall in TDS owed by the Assessees. However, interest
may be levied under Section 201(1A) of the IT Act. As an epilogue
to this aspect of the matter, the Assessing Officer is directed to
compute the interest payable by the Assessees for the period from
the date of default by them in terms of failure to deduct TDS, till
the date of payment of income tax by the travel agents. It will be
open to the Assessing Officer to look into any details that are
necessary for completion of this exercise, including verification of
whether tax was actually paid at all by the agents on the
amounts from which TDS was supposed to be subtracted. Given
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that no documentary evidence was placed before us, we are
conscious that there may be certain anomalies which the
Assessing Officer is best positioned to iron out.
In the eventuality that any of the agents have not yet paid
65.
taxes on the Supplementary Commission, the Revenue will be at
liberty to proceed in accordance with law under the IT Act for
recover of shortfall in TDS from the airlines. However, we limit
the ability to levy penalties against the Assessees in light of
Section 273B of the IT Act.
Having concluded so, we hope that closure has been
66.
brought to a legal controversy that has persisted for two decades.
While we reject the arguments of the Assessees on merits in
terms of their liability under Section 194H of the IT Act, we hold
in their favour on the count of the matter having been rendered
revenue neutral due to the apparent payment of income taxes on
the amounts in question by the travel agents. The Assessing
Officer is directed to expeditiously complete the assignment of
determining the interest payable in accordance with the
guidelines laid down above, so as to bring a quietus to the
litigation.
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67. In summation, we allow the appeals in part.
68. Pending applications, if any, consequently stand disposed
of.
…..…………………..J.
(SURYA KANT)
…..…………………..J.
(M.M. SUNDRESH)
New Delhi:
November 14, 2022
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