TOTTEMPUDI SALALITH vs. STATE BANK OF INDIA

Case Type: Civil Appeal

Date of Judgment: 18-10-2023

Preview image for TOTTEMPUDI SALALITH vs. STATE BANK OF INDIA

Full Judgment Text

REPORTABLE 2023 INSC 923 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO.2348 OF 2021 TOTTEMPUDI SALALITH         …APPELLANT VERSUS STATE BANK OF INDIA & ORS.        …RESPONDENTS JUDGMENT ANIRUDDHA BOSE, J.  The   appellant   before   us   has   described   himself   as   the managing director of the Respondent No.2, Totem Infrastructures Limited (corporate debtor) against whom proceedings have been initiated   on   account   of   default   in   repaying   financial   facilities extended to them by several banks in the form of loans and bank guarantees. The total claim on account of default as made before Signature Not Verified the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) was for a sum of Digitally signed by NIRMALA NEGI Date: 2023.10.18 17:00:33 IST Reason: Rs.613,27,01,598.23/­.   Several   banks   had   extended   these 1 facilities, being (i) Union Bank of India, (ii) IDBI, (iii) Oriental Bank of Commerce, (iv) Bank of Baroda, (v) Karnataka Bank, (vi) Syndicate Bank and (vii) Punjab National Bank as also the State Bank of India, who is the first respondent in this appeal. The State Bank of Hyderabad, State Bank of Mysore, State Bank of Travancore, State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur and State Bank of Patiala, had also extended such facilities, but they had merged with the State Bank of India on 01.04.2017.   Hence, the State Bank of India is now prosecuting the composite claims of these banks.   In the proceeding before the NCLT, out of which this appeal arises, it was the State Bank of India who had filed the application as financial creditor under Section 7 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC).  2. Prior to bringing the action under the IBC, notice under Section   13(2)   of   the   Securitisation   and   Reconstruction   of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI)   was   issued   to   the   corporate   debtor   and   recovery proceedings   were   instituted   against   them   before   the   Debt Recovery Tribunal  (DRT).  Three applications were filed by  the exposed lending banks, two before the DRT, Hyderabad being OA No.154 of 2014 and OA No.221 of 2014, the former having been 2 renumbered as OA No.1653 of 2017.  The third application was filed   before   the   DRT,   Bengaluru   which   was   registered   as   OA No.1930 of 2014.  Three recovery certificates were issued by the respective Tribunals covering the claims of the lending banks. Two recovery certificates by the Hyderabad Tribunal were issued on   08.09.2015   and   17.10.2017   for   a   sum   of Rs.14,50,06,349.23/­ and Rs.1408,03,14,857.40/­ respectively. In the case registered as OA No.221 of 2014, the State Bank of Hyderabad was the applicant bank. In OA No. 154 of 2014, all these   banks   filed   a   composite   application.   In   OA   No.1930   of 2014,   the   proceeding   brought   by   State   Bank   of   Bikaner   and Jaipur, recovery certificate was issued on 04.08.2017 for a sum of Rs.5,22,21,750/­.  In respect of the recovery certificate issued on 17.10.2017, the State Bank of India claimed to be entitled to Rs.368,22,13,348.59/­. 3. The State Bank of India’s application under Section 7 of the IBC was filed on 06.09.2019 before the NCLT, founded on all the three   recovery   certificates   in   which   the   first   respondent   had substantial   stake.     In   its   order   passed   on   12.01.2021,   the adjudicating   authority   admitted   the   application   and   declared moratorium in terms of Section 14 of the IBC. By this order, one 3 G. Satyanarayana Murty was appointed as Interim Resolution Professional (IRP). The appellant, who was the managing director of the corporate debtor, appealed against the said decision of the NCLT   admitting   the   application   and   declaring   moratorium primarily   on   the   ground   of   limitation.     Before   the   National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (the Appellate Tribunal), a point was urged, apart from the issue of limitation, that the application had been initiated as per the Reserve Bank of India circular dated 12.02.2018 which was held to be ultra vires the provision of Section 35AA of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 by this Court in the case of  Dharani Sugars and Chemicals Ltd. ­vs­ Union of     [(2019) 5 SCC 480]. This circular essentially India and Others laid   down   norms   for,   inter­alia,   invoking   IBC   in   relation   to stressed assets. The NCLT had taken into consideration a letter issued by the corporate debtor on 29.01.2020 addressed to the Union Bank and the State Bank of India, agreeing in principle to repay the amount due to the financial creditors. The same letter requested the banks to support the corporate debtor during the financial crises being faced by them and sought waiver of penal interest levied. A request for one time settlement was also made in this communication. The NCLT treated this letter to be an 4 acknowledgement of debt. In its decision taken on 12.01.2021 while admitting the application, it was, inter­alia, observed:­ “….We, are therefore, of the view that by accepting liability vide their letter dated 29.01.2020, agreeing to repay the debt, the Corporate Debtor now cannot take a stand that the debt is barred by limitation. Acknowledgement of debt and agreeing to repay the same amounts to liability and it automatically extends the limitation period.” The Appellate Tribunal broadly agreed with the reasoning of the NCLT and sustained the decision delivered on 12.01.2021. 4. The   pleas   of   the   appellant   before   the   Appellate   Tribunal were mainly on procedural grounds. Apart from the question of limitation, arguments were advanced that the application before the NCLT was barred under the doctrine of election, the borrower having chosen the SARFAESI mechanism first and having applied before the DRT.   Point of limitation was also reiterated. On the issue involving the RBI Circular dated 12.02.2018 the case of the appellant was that the banks had approached the forum under the IBC, on the basis of the aforesaid circular. The said circular was,   however,   quashed   in   the   case   of   Dharani   Sugars   and Chemicals Ltd.   (supra). On this ground, the appellant argued that   the   application   was   not   maintainable.   The   Appellate Tribunal held, inter­alia:­ 5 “56.   In   regard   to   the   plea   of   the   Appellant   that   the Adjudicating Authority in the impugned order even though at paragraph 12 had mentioned that the Corporate Debtor had   raised   two   fold   contention   (1)   that   the   petition   is barred by limitation (2) the petition has been initiated as by the RBI Circular 12.02.2018 which was held ultra virus of section 35 AA of the Banking Regulation Act by the Hon’ble Supreme Court, this Tribunal ongoing through the impugned   order   is   of   the   considered   view   that   the Adjudicating Authority had not adverted to the same and the said order in this regard has not spelt out reasons. Therefore, this Tribunal is of the earnest opinion that it is desirable that an ‘Adjudicating Authority’ is to disclose its mind   in   future   so   that   the   compulsion   of   disclosure, guarantees consideration apart from the fact, that the duty to   assign   reasons   introduces   clarity   and   minimizes arbitrariness. Also, it will enable the superior authority to evaluate the order so passed on legal plane. However, this Tribunal   being   an   ‘Appellate   Authority’   over   the Adjudicating  Authority in the  present  Appeal  has  dealt with   the   aspect   of   limitation   concerning   the   section   7 application   and   the   aspect   of   RBI   circular   dated 12.02.2018 and answered the same at the relevant of this Judgment. As such, the Appellant cannot be an aggrieved person in this regard, in the considered opinion of this Tribunal.  57. It is to be pointed out that in our ‘Justice Delivery System’,   ‘Law’   is   to   be   decided   with reasons   which   carry   convictions   within   the Codes/Tribunals/Lawyers/Stakeholders and Litigants to make it, stable, predictable and consistent with a view to have certainty and clarity to the benefit of one and all. It cannot be gainsaid that the judgment/order of a Tribunal is to be written only after deep travail and positive vein. Also that, the procedure for developing the law has to be one of evolution. In this connection it is significant to point out that the exception to rule of ‘Stare decisis’ is that a Court/Tribunal   is   not   bound   to   follow   the   decision(s) reached ‘per incuriam’.  58. As matter of fact, in the instant case when once the Company has/had  defaulted and  after the  initiation of legal proceedings as available to the Lender on that date (Before   the   Debt   Recovery   Tribunal)   and   when   the Financial Creditor/Lender had obtained the order(s) in the ‘Original Applications’ and later recovery certificates were issued, and when the Original Applications filed before the 6 Debt Recovery Tribunal(s) had attained finality, thereafter it is for the Lender/Financial Creditor/Decree Holder as matter of ‘Election’ to pursue the recovery mechanism for his/its personal benefits before a ‘competent forum’ or to initiate   Insolvency   Proceedings   for   the   benefit   of ‘stakeholders’ and ‘one and all’. In the event of the Decree Holder/Lender/Financial Creditor has/had resorted to the initiation of Insolvency Proceedings under relevant section of the I & B Code (after coming into force of the Code) he/it cannot   be   found   fault   with,   since   there   is   no   fetter   in ‘Law’, in this regard.  59. It is pointed out that the decisions cited on behalf of the Appellant before this Tribunal, in the instant case are not applicable to the facts and the circumstances of the present   case,   hence   they   are   neither   considered,   nor discussed.  60. Be that as it may, in view of the detailed upshot, this Tribunal taking note of the respective contentions projected by   the   Learned   Counsels   appearing   for   the   parties, considering  the  facts   and   circumstances  of   the   present case   in   a   proper   perspective,   comes   to   a   resultant conclusion that the instant case there is a ‘Financial Debt’ which   is   due   and   payable   by   the   ‘Corporate   Debtor’. Moreover,   as   against   the   Corporate   Debtor/Totem Infrastructure Limited, orders were passed by the Debt Recovery Tribunal(s) and the three ‘Recovery Certificates’ dated   17.10.2017,   04.08.2017   and   08.09.2015   clearly establish the factum of Financial Debt, due and payable, and   that   default   being   committed   by   the   ‘Corporate Debtor’. To put precisely, the onus of proving the ‘debt’ and ‘default’ on the part of the First Respondent/Bank in the instant case, has been duly discharged. Looking at from  any  angle, the   ‘admission  order’  of   the  section  7 application   as   against   the   ‘Corporate   Debtor’   by   the Adjudicating Authority, (‘National Company Law Tribunal’, Hyderabad   Bench   in   an   application   filed   by   the   First Respondent/Bank)   as   Financial   creditor   on 12.01.2021   in   CP   (IB)   No.   625/7/HDB/2019   does   not suffer   from   any   material   irregularities   and   patent illegalities in the eye of Law. Resultantly, the Appeal fails.  CONCLUSION:   In   fine,   the   Comp   App   (AT)(CH)(Ins) No. 04/2021 is dismissed. No costs. The I A No. 09/2021 and 10/2021 are closed.” 7 5. In   the   case   of   Kotak   Mahindra   Bank   Limited   ­vs­   A. Balakrishnan and Another   [(2022) 9 SCC 186], a three Judge Bench of this Court had examined the question of limitation from the   perspective   of   issue   of   recovery   certificates   in   terms   of provision of the Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act, 1993 (1993 Act). We shall refer to this judgment henceforth as  Kotak . It was opined by this Court in this judgment:­ Mahindra I
28.It could thus be seen that this Court inDena
Bank[Dena Bankv.C. Shivakumar Reddy, (2021) 10 SCC
330] in SCC paras 136 and 141, has in unequivocal terms
held that once a claim fructifies into a final judgment and
order/decree, upon adjudication, and a certificate of
recovery is also issued authorising the creditor to realise
its decretal dues, a fresh right accrues to the creditor to
recover the amount of the final judgment and/or
order/decree and/or the amount specified in the recovery
certificate. It has further been held that issuance of a
certificate of recovery in favour of the financial creditor
would give rise to a fresh cause of action to the financial
creditor, to initiate proceedings under Section 7 IBC for
initiation of the CIRP, within three years from the date of
the judgment and/or decree or within three years from the
date of issuance of the certificate of recovery, if the dues of
the corporate debtor to the financial debtor, under the
judgment and/or decree and/or in terms of the certificate
of recovery, or any part thereof remained unpaid.
xxx xxx xxx
56.Insofar as the contention of the respondents with
regard to clause (a) of sub­section (1) of Section 14 IBC is
concerned, we do not find that the words used in clause
(a) of sub­section (1) of Section 14 IBC could be read to
mean that the decree­holder is not entitled to invoke the
provisions of the IBC for initiation of CIRP. A plain reading
of the said Section would clearly provide that once CIRP is
initiated, there shall be prohibition for institution of suits or
continuation of pending suits or proceedings against the
8
corporate debtor including execution of any judgment,
decree or order in any court of law, tribunal, arbitration
panel or other authority. The prohibition to institution of
suit or continuation of pending suits or proceedings
including execution of decree would not mean that a
decree­holder is also prohibited from initiating CIRP, if he
is otherwise entitled to in law. The effect would be that the
applicant, who is a decree­holder, would himself be
prohibited from executing the decree in his favour.
xxx xxx xxx
71.We have already hereinabove, done the exercise of
considering the relevant provisions of the IBC afresh and
come to a conclusion that a liability in respect of a claim
arising out of a recovery certificate would be a “financial
debt” within the meaning of clause (8) of Section 5 IBC and
a holder of the recovery certificate would be a “financial
creditor” within the meaning of clause (7) of Section 5 IBC.
We have also held that a person would be entitled to
initiate CIRP within a period of three years from the date
on which the recovery certificate is issued. We are of the
considered view that the view taken by the two­Judge
Bench of this Court inDena Bank[Dena Bankv.C.
Shivakumar Reddy, (2021) 10 SCC 330] is correct in law
and we affirm the same.
xxx xxx xxx
86.To conclude, we hold that a liability in respect of a
claim arising out of a recovery certificate would be a
“financial debt” within the meaning of clause (8) of Section
5 IBC. Consequently, the holder of the recovery certificate
would be a financial creditor within the meaning of clause
(7) of Section 5 IBC. As such, the holder of such certificate
would be entitled to initiate CIRP, if initiated within a
period of three years from the date of issuance of the
recovery certificate.
  6. The   Appellate   Tribunal,   in   the   impugned   order   had   also treated the letter of the corporate debtor which was issued on 29.01.2020 to be acknowledgement of debt and on that basis proceeded to compute the limitation period. In our opinion, this 9 reasoning was procedurally wrong.  The appellant’s stand on this position is founded on Section 18 of the Limitation Act, 1963 and he   contends   that   any   acknowledgment   beyond   the   period   of limitation would not revive the right to sue. Learned counsel for the appellant has relied upon a judgment of this Court in the case of  Jignesh Shah and Another ­vs­ Union of India and Another [(2019) 10 SCC 750] in which it has been held that the limitation period   provided   in   the   Limitation   Act   would   apply   to   the applications under the IBC as well.  Section 238A of the IBC itself (introduced by way of an amendment to the Code made with effect from 06.06.2018) stipulates application of the statute of Limitation on IBC. Section 18 of the Limitation Act stipulates: ­ (1) Where, 18. Effect of acknowledgment in writing.— before the expiration of the prescribed period for a suit or application   in   respect   of   any   property   or   right,   an acknowledgment of liability in respect of such property or right has been made in writing signed by the party against whom such property or right is claimed, or by any person through   whom   he   derives   his   title   or   liability,   a   fresh period of limitation shall be computed from the time when the acknowledgment was so signed.  (2) Where the writing containing the acknowledgment is undated, oral evidence may be given of the time when it was signed; but subject to the provisions of the Indian Evidence   Act,   1872   (1   of   1872),   oral   evidence   of   its contents shall not be received.  Explanation.—For the purposes of this section,—  (a) an acknowledgment may be sufficient though it omits to specify the exact nature of the property or right, or avers that   the   time   for   payment,   delivery,   performance   or 10 enjoyment   has   not   yet   come   or   is   accompanied   by   a refusal to pay, deliver, perform or permit to enjoy, or is coupled with a claim to set­off, or is addressed to a person other than a person entitled to the property or right,  (b) the word “signed” means signed either personally or by an agent duly authorised in this behalf, and  (c) an application for the execution of a decree or order shall not be deemed to be an application in respect of any property or right.” Section 238­A of the IBC stipulates: ­
“Limitation.­­The provisions of the Limitation Act, 1963
(36 of 1963) shall, as far as may be, apply to the
proceedings or appeals before the Adjudicating Authority,
the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal, the Debt
Recovery Tribunal or the Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal,
as the case may be.”
7. So far as the present proceeding is concerned, if we proceed on the basis that the date of initial default is the starting point of limitation, then lapse of three years from that date would have extinguished  the   bank’s  right  to  initiate  action  under   the  IBC. Secondly, even if the said letter dated 29.01.2020 is treated to be acknowledgement of debt, the same was made after institution of the proceeding under Section 7 of the IBC. In the application thus, there could be no reference to such acknowledgement. In absence of amendment of pleadings, the Appellate Tribunal could not have taken such purported acknowledgement of debt for the purpose of extending the limitation period.  Requirement of specific pleading 11 on facts constituting acknowledgement or admission of claim has been   recognised   in   the   judgment   of   this   Court   in   the   case   of Reliance   Asset   Reconstruction   Company   Limited   ­vs­   Hotel Poonja   International   Private   Limited   [(2021)   7   SCC   352]. Broadly a similar view has been taken by this Court in the case of Babulal Vardharji Gurjar ­vs­ Veer Gurjar Aluminium Industries Private Limited and Another  [(2020) 15 SCC 1]. In this judgment also,   the   necessity   of   averments   to   overcome   the   limitation question has been emphasised by this Court. The argument of the appellant on the basis of Section 25 (3) of the Contract Act, 1872 is anchored on the letter dated 29.01.2020. This letter reads:­  ToThe Assistant General Manager Union Bank of India, Industrial Finance Branch, 6­3­1090/B/4/101, 1st Floor, “The Grand" Raj Bhavan Road, Somajiguda, Hyderabad­500 082. Mail­ifbhyderabad@unionbankofindla.com (Through to the Lead Bank) Dear Sir, Sub:­ Request for OTS with Consortium Banks Ref:­ Totem Infrastructure Limited We thank you very much for the support that has been extended by your bank throughout my business operations with your branch. With reference to your letter/Notice from your branch, we have taken note of 12 it and we have discussed about this elaborately with our business partners.  In   principle,   we   have   agreed   among   ourselves   to repay   the   amount   due   to   your   bank.   As   you   are aware, we are undergoing through rough phase in our business activities along with financial crisis. At this juncture we require your bank support to come out of these problems and to repay the amounts due to your bank.  In this regard, we request you to inform us to the exact outstanding amount payable to your bank as on the date of our account became Non Performing Asset (NPA) in your bank. We also request you to waive off all the penal interests levied by your bank on  the   Loan  outstanding  amount  from  the   date  of account   became   irregular   to   till   date   of   your notification to us It would be of great relief to us, if you can waive off all   the   penal   interests   and   penalties   and   other charges levied on our account and inform us to enable us to plan for repayments. So in this regard we further request you to consider this as One Time Settlement (OTS) option extended to us. We also request you to allow us to repay the said amount in at least 4 to 6 Instalments spread over a period of one year. We are highly indebted to your bank in supporting us in all our tough times and believing us. We   are   always   committed   for   repayment   of   your outstanding dues. Finally we request you not to issue any public  notifications or such actions  which will spoil our reputation as well as closes all options for us to raise funds or to make alternative arrangements to repay the loan outstanding amounts. Kindly organise Consortium meeting or joint Lenders th Meeting   at   the   earliest,   preferably   before   07 February   2020   to   discuss   and   to   come   to   an understanding.  We hope that you will consider our humble request. Kindly do the needful and oblige. Looking forward to your favourable response. Thanking you,  13 Yours Faithfully (Salalith Tottempudi) Managing Director” 8. An  argument based on Section 25(3) of  the   Contract  Act, 1872 was examined by this court in  Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd. [(2022) 9 ­vs­ Kew Precision Parts Private Limited and Others  SCC 364]. We shall refer to this judgment henceforth as   Kotak Mahindra   II.   Analysing   the   provision   of   Section   25   (3)   of   the Contract Act, 1872 this Court has held in this judgment:­ “33. There is a distinction between acknowledgment under Section 18 of the Limitation Act, 1963 and a promise   within   the   meaning   of   Section   25   of   the Contract Act. Both promise and acknowledgment in writing, signed by a party or its agent authorised in that behalf, have the effect of creating a fresh starting of   limitation.   The   difference   is   that   an acknowledgment under Section 18 of the Limitation Act has to be made within the period of limitation and need not be accompanied by any promise to pay. If an   acknowledgment   shows   existence   of   jural relationship,   it   may   extend   limitation   even   though there may be a denial to pay. On the other hand, Section   25(3)   is   only   attracted   when   there   is   an express promise to pay a debt that is time­barred or any part thereof. Promise to pay can be inferred on scrutinising the document. Only the promise should be clear and unconditional.” 9. We accept the submission of the appellant that this letter was a request to consider a one­time settlement.  But again, in absence of averments or pleading, after initiation of insolvency proceeding, 14 any promise made to pay the debt cannot be treated to have cured the fault of limitation in a pre­existing action. A promise of this nature would constitute an independent cause of action. We shall now return to the point argued by the appellant that 10. the date of default should go back to the date on which the loan account of the corporate debtor was declared as non­performing asset. In the cases of  B.K. Educational Services Private Limited ­vs­ Parag Gupta & Associates  [(2019) 11 SCC 633] and  Babulal (supra), date of default has been treated to be the date on which the limitation period  starts  ticking.    In   Gaurav   Hargovindbhai Dave ­vs­ Asset Reconstruction Company (India) Limited and Another  [(2019) 10 SCC 572], the provision of Article 137 to the Limitation Act was applied for computing the period of limitation. But these authorities do not lay down a proposition of law which is contrary to that laid down by the three­Judge Bench judgment of this Court in the case of  (supra). This Court, in Kotak Mahindra I  the case of   Vashdeo R. Bhojwani ­vs­ Abhyudaya Co­operative Bank Limited and Another   [(2019) 9 SCC 158], on considering the facts involved in that case, came to the finding that when the recovery   certificate   was   issued,   the   said   certificate   injured 15 effectively   and   completely   the   appellant's   rights,   as   a   result   of which limitation would have begun ticking. The recovery certificate there was issued on 24.12.2001 and the financial creditor filed an application   under   Section   7   of   the   IBC   before   the   NCLT   on 21.07.2017. But in the said judgment also the date of recovery certificate   was   treated   to   be   the   date   on   which   the   time   of limitation began to tick.  11. On behalf of the appellant, submissions have been made that the banks having approached the DRT, were barred under the doctrine of election from approaching the NCLT for recovery of same set of debts.   This is a doctrine embodied in the law of evidence, which bars prosecution of the same right in two different fora based on the same cause of action. But so far as the present appeal is concerned, the recovery proceedings before the DRT had commenced in the year 2014. At that point of time, the IBC had not come into existence.  Moreover, it has been held by this Court in   Kotak Mahindra   I   (supra) that the recovery certificate itself would give   rise  to  a  fresh  cause   of  action  entitling   a  financial creditor to initiate Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP). By this judgment, the right of the financial creditor to invoke the mechanism under the IBC after issue of recovery certificate stood 16 acknowledged as a valid legal course. This Court, in that case also dealt with the question of instituting a CIRP on the strength of recovery certificate. Needless to add, such recovery certificate arose out of a proceeding from the DRT. The enforcement mechanism for a recovery certificate is an independent course, which a financial creditor may opt for realisation of its dues crystalised under the 1993 Act, instead of chasing the mechanism under the 1993 Act. The   IBC   itself   is   not   really   a   debt   recovery   mechanism   but   a mechanism   for   revival   of   a   company   fallen   in   debt,   but   the procedure envisaged in the IBC substantially relates to ensuring recovery of debts in the process of applying such mechanism. The question of election between the fora for enforcement of debt under the 1993 Act and initiation of CIRP under the IBC arises only after a recovery certificate is issued. The reliefs under the two statutes are different and once CIRP results in declaration of moratorium, the enforcement mechanism under the 1993 Act or the SARFAESI Act gets suspended. In such circumstances, after issue of recovery certificate, the financial creditor ought to have option for enforcing recovery   through   a   new   forum   instead   of   sticking   on   to   the mechanism through which recovery certificate was issued. In the case of  Transcore ­vs­ Union of India and Another  [(2008) 1 SCC 17 125], application of SARFAESI mechanism was held permissible even though the subject­proceeding was instituted under the 1993 Act.   Thus, the doctrine of election cannot be applied to prevent the financial creditors from approaching the NCLT for initiation of CIRP. 12.   One factor which has come to our notice in course of hearing is that one of the recovery certificates was issued on 08.09.2015. We have already held that the letter dated 29.01.2020 cannot by itself revive the debt though it could create an independent cause of action. A question that arises now is as to whether the debts in connection with the recovery certificate issued in the year 2015 could form subject matter of an application under Section 7 of the IBC filed on 06.09.2019. In the case of  Kotak Mahindra I  (supra), it was held that CIRP could be brought within three years from the date of issue of recovery certificate. 13.     What   has   been   filed   before   the   NCLT   is   a   composite application based on three recovery certificates, two of which have been   instituted   within   the   three­year   period   as   postulated   in Article 137 of the Limitation Act. The third recovery certificate was issued in the year 2015. Thus, there is more than three years gap between the date of issue thereof and the date of filing of the 18 application before the NCLT. But a recovery certificate under the 1993 Act is also clothed with the character of a deemed decree. The provisions of Section 19 (22A) of the 1993 Act specifies :­ Section 19 Application to the Tribunal: ­  ……….. (22A) Any recovery certificate issued by the Presiding Officer under sub­section (22) shall be deemed to be decree   or   order   of   the   Court   for   the   purposes   of initiation   of   winding   up   proceedings   against   a company registered under the Companies Act, 2013 (18   of   2013)   or   Limited   Liability   Partnership registered under the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 (6 of 2009) or insolvency proceedings against any individual or partnership firm under any law for the time being in force, as the case may be.]” Life of a decree is twelve years for enforcement as per Article 136 of the schedule of Limitation Act. The said provision stipulates:­ 
“Description of<br>applicationPeriod of<br>limitationTime from which period<br>begins to run
136. For the execution<br>of any decree<br>(other than a<br>decree granting a<br>mandatory<br>injunction) or<br>order of any civil<br>court.Twelve years.[When] the decree or<br>order becomes<br>enforceable or where<br>the decree or any<br>subsequent order<br>directs any payment of<br>money or the delivery<br>of any property to be<br>made at a certain date<br>or at recurring periods,<br>when default in<br>making the payment or<br>delivery in respect of<br>which execution is<br>sought, takes place:<br>Provided that an
19
application for the<br>enforcement or<br>execution of a decree<br>granting a perpetual<br>injunction shall not be<br>subject to any period of<br>limitation.”
14.   There   is   authority   for   the   proposition   that   the   time   for computing limitation period for filing an application under Section 7 of the IBC would be guided by Article 137 of the Limitation Act. That is the ratio of this Court in the case of   Kotak Mahindra I (supra). The same authority has also analysed the position of a recovery certificate as a deemed decree. It has been, inter­alia, held in this judgment:­
79.From the plain and simple interpretation of the words
used in sub­section (22­A) of Section 19 of the Debts
Recovery Act, it would be amply clear that the legislature
provided that for the purposes of winding­up proceedings
against a company, etc. a recovery certificate issued by
the Presiding Officer under sub­section (22) of Section 19
of the Debts Recovery Act shall be deemed to be a decree
or order of the Court. It is thus clear that once a recovery
certificate is issued by the Presiding Officer under sub­
section (22) of Section 19 of the Debts Recovery Act, in
view of sub­section (22­A) of Section 19 of the Debts
Recovery Act it will be deemed to be a decree or order of
the Court for the purposes of initiation of winding­up
proceedings of a company, etc. However, there is nothing
in sub­section (22­A) of Section 19 of the Debts Recovery
Act to imply that the legislature intended to restrict the use
of the recovery certificate limited for the purpose of
winding­up proceedings. The contention of the
respondents, if accepted, would be to provide something
20
which is not there in sub­section (22­A) of Section 19 of the
Debts Recovery Act.
80.In any case, when the legislature itself has provided
that any recovery certificate issued under sub­section (22)
of Section 19 of the Debts Recovery Act will be deemed to
be a decree or order of the court for initiation of winding­up
proceedings, which proceedings are much severe in
nature, it will be difficult to accept that the legislature
intended that such a recovery certificate could not be used
for initiation of CIRP, which would enable the corporate
debtor to continue as an on­going concern and, at the
same time, pay the dues of the creditors to the maximum.
We, therefore, find no substance in the said submission.
15.  We have already referred to the provision of Section 19(22A) of the 1993 Act. This Court has construed the purpose of the said provision   to   include   bringing   an   action   under   the   IBC   on   the strength of Section 19(22) and (22A) of the 1993 Act. In the said provision,   however,   so   far   as   bringing   a   winding­up   action   is concerned,   the   right   of   a   recovery   certificate­holder   as   a deemed­decree holder has been confined to companies registered under the Companies Act, 2013 and certain other entities with which we   are   not  concerned   here.   But  in  relation   to  initiating proceeding under the IBC or making a claim under the said Code, the restriction does not remain confined to the Companies Act, 2013. The corporate debtor in this proceeding was incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956. In the case of  Kotak Mahindra I (supra), credit facilities were extended to the borrower entities in 21 the years 1993­94. It is obvious that the three corporate entities involved in that case were incorporated under the Companies Act that prevailed prior to coming into operation of 2013 Act. The position of law to guide the subject proceeding should be the same. In   the   event   a   financial   creditor   wants   to   pursue   a   recovery certificate as a deemed decree, he would get twelve years’ time. We are of this view as the extent of operation of a recovery certificate has been construed by this Court in  Kotak Mahindra I  (supra) to go beyond filing of winding­up petition alone. It would retain the character of a decree to lodge a claim in an IBC proceeding.  But this point has not been examined by the Appellate Tribunal. We have already expressed our opinion on the reasons that weighed with the Appellate Tribunal as also the NCLT in entertaining the application. But since the first two fora did not test the legality of the 2015 certificate as a deemed decree, we are of the opinion that this question also ought to be addressed by the Appellate Tribunal. We are otherwise not satisfied with the argument of the appellant about maintainability of the application out of which this appeal arises   on   the   ground   of   the   application   being   barred   under limitation.   The   application   with   respect   to   the   two   recovery certificates issued in the year 2017 is maintainable. In the event 22 the Appellate Tribunal is of opinion that the CIRP could not lie so far as the recovery certificate of 2015 is concerned, as the decree would be still alive, the claim based on the said recovery certificate could be segregated from the composite claim and the Committee of Creditors shall, in that event, treat the sum reflected in the said recovery certificate as part of the claims made in pursuance of the public announcement. This direction we are issuing in exercise of our jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of India. 16. With   these   observations   and   directions,   the   appeal   is dismissed. Interim orders, if any, shall stand dissolved. 17. Pending application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of. There shall be no order as to costs.  18. .................................J.   (ANIRUDDHA BOSE) ...............................J.                                                            (VIKRAM NATH)   NEW DELHI; OCTOBER 18, 2023 23