Full Judgment Text
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KPPN 1 NMSL 160 OF 2014
IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY
ORDINARY ORIGINAL CIVIL JURISDICTION
NOTICE OF MOTION (L) NO. 160 OF 2014
IN
SUIT (L) NO. 57 OF 2014
ITD Cementation India Ltd. ...Plaintiff
vs.
Reliance Infrastructure Limited and others ..Defendants
Mr. D.D. Madon, Senior Advocate, instructed by Mr. Kunal Damle, for the Plaintiff.
Mr. Janak Dwarkadas, Senior Advocate, along with Dr. B.B. Saraf, Mr. D.J. Kakalia
and Mr. Paresh Parkar, instructed by M/s. Mulla & Mulla & Cragie Blunt and Caroe,
for Defendant No.1.
CORAM : S.J. KATHAWALLA, J.
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Order reserved on : 27 January, 2014.
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Order pronounced on: 4 February,2014
ORDER:
1. The Plaintiff in the present Suit is seeking a restraint order against
Defendant No.1 from in any manner demanding and/or receiving the amounts
under Bank Guarantees (ExhibitsA to A10 of the Plaint) bearing Nos.
1100041BGP00335, 1201261BGA00008, 1201261BGA00010, 1201261BGA00011,
032821GPER002011, 03821GPER002111, 03821GPER002211, 03821GPER002311,
13940100000510, 13940100000511 and 0156111IPG000052 (“the said Bank
Guarantees”).
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2. The Plaintiff has also taken out the present Notice of Motion seeking ad
interim and interim injunction against the Defendant No.1 from receiving and
against Defendant Nos. 2 to 5 from making any payments to the Defendant No.1
under the said Bank Guarantees.
3. The Defendant No. 1 had entered into a concession agreement with the
National Highways Authority of India for designing, engineering, construction,
development, finance, operation and maintenance of the PuneSatara Section of
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National Highway4. The Defendant No. 1 entered into an Agreement dated 12
April, 2011 under which the Plaintiff was appointed as a subcontractor of
Defendant No.1 (“the said Agreement”).
4. Clauses 5 (a) and 13.4 (a) of the said Agreement provided as under:
“5. Mobilization Advance
The EPC Contractor, at its own discretion, may provide to the
Contractor an interest free advance upto 10% of Contract Value
and an interest bearing advance upto 5% of Contract Value as
“mobilization advance” in the following manner:
(a) 5% (Five percent) of the total Contract value shall be paid as
first advance upon submission of Advance Bank Guarantee (ABG)
from a nationalized/scheduled bank approved by EPC contractor
for equal amount and upon signing of this Agreement and
submission of Contract Performance Bank Guarantee (CPBG).”
“13.4 ADVANCE BANK GUARANTEE (ABG)
(a) The Contractor shall, within thirty (30) days from date of
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Letter of Award provide an advance bank guarantee in an amount
equal to five percent (5%) of total Contract value being referred as
First Advance calculated in accordance with terms and procedures
of payment of the contract agreement, and in the currency or
currencies of the Contract, with an initial validity of up to ninety
(90) days beyond the schedule date of completion of the contract.”
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Pursuant to the above terms of the said Agreement dated 12 April, 2011, the
Plaintiff got issued various Bank Guarantees of which Defendant No. 1 was the
beneficiary. The format of the Advance Bank Guarantee and Performance Bank
Guarantees are set out in Schedule F of the Contract at pages 179 and 183
respectively of the Construction Agreement. The Bank Guarantees furnished by the
Plaintiff were therefore in the format provided by the Defendant No. 1 in the
Construction Agreement. In the said Bank Guarantees the Plaintiff is referred to as
“the Construction Contractor” and the Defendant No. 1 is referred as the “EPC
Contractor”.
5. The essential terms of the Mobilization Advance Guarantees are set out
hereunder.
“3. AND WHEREAS in conformity with the provisions of clause 5
(a) and 13.4 (a) of Special conditions of Contract, the
Construction Contractor has agreed to furnish a Bank Guarantee
for an amount equivalent to the Advance Payment of Rs.
4,60,00,000/ (Rupees Four Crore Sixty Lakh only) extended by
the EPC Contractor to the Construction Contractor for the faithful
execution of the Contract.
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4. And whereas the Construction Contractor has agreed to provide
the EPC Contractor and the EPC Contractor has agreed to accept
the Advance Bank Guarantee for five per cent (5%) of the total
Contract Value from BANK OF BARODA having its
head/registered office at Mandvi, Baroda, through its Backbay
Reclamation Branch, Ram Mahal, Dinshaw Vachha Road,
Churchgate, Mumbai 400 020, hereinafter referred to as “the
bank”, (which expression shall unless it be repugnant to the
context or meaning thereof be deemed to include its successors and
permitted assigns).
5. NOW THEREFORE, in consideration inter alia of the EPC
Contractor granting the Construction Contractor the contract, the
Bank hereby unconditionally and irrevocably guarantees and
undertakes, on written demand, to immediately pay to the EPC
Contractor any amount so demanded (by way of one or more
claims) not exceeding in the aggregate Rs. 4,60,00,000/ (Rupees
Four Crores Sixty Lakhs only) without any demur, reservation,
contest or protest and/or without reference to the Construction
Contractor and without the EPC Contractor needing to provide or
show to the Bank, grounds or reasons or give any justification for
such demand for sum/s demanded.
6.
The decision of the EPC Contractor as to whether the
Construction Contractor has fulfilled its obligations or not towards
setoff of Advance Payment extended by the EPC Contractor to the
Construction Contractor shall be final and binding on the Bank
and the Construction Contractor. The Bank acknowledges that any
such demand by the EPC Contractor of the amounts payable by the
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Bank to the EPC Contractor shall be final, binding and conclusive
evidence in respect of the amounts payable by the Construction
Contractor to the EPC Contractor. Any such demand made by the
EPC Contractor on the Bank shall be conclusive and binding,
notwithstanding any difference between the EPC Contractor and
the Construction Contractor or any dispute raised, invoked,
threatened or pending before any Court, tribunal, arbitrator or
any other authority.
9. The Bank's obligations under this guarantee shall not be
reduced by reason of any partial performance of the contract. The
Bank's obligations shall not be reduced by any failure by the EPC
Contractor to timely pay or perform any of its obligations under
the contract.
10. The Bank further unconditionally and unequivocally agrees
with the EPC Contractor that the EPC Contractor shall be at
liberty, without the Bank's consent and without affecting in any
manner its rights and the Bank's obligations under this Guarantee,
from time to time, to;
(i) vary and/or modify any of the terms and conditions of the
contract;
(ii) forebear or enforce any of the rights exercisable by the EPC
Contractor against the Construction Contractor under the terms
and conditions of the contract; or
and the Bank shall not be relieved from its liability by reason of
any such act or omission on the part of EPC Contractor or any
indulgence shown by the EPC Contractor to the Construction
Contractor or any other reason whatsoever which under the law
relating to sureties would, but for this provision have the effect of
relieving the Bank of its obligation under this Guarantee”.
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6. The essential terms of the Performance Bank Guarantee are set out hereunder.
“ 3. AND WHEREAS in conformity with the provisions of the
Contract, the Construction Contractor has agreed to furnish an
unconditional and irrevocable bank guarantee for an amount
which is ten per cent (10%) of the Contract Price (the “contract
Price”) for the timely completion and faithful and successful
execution of the Contract.
5. NOW THEREFORE, the Bank undertakes the pecuniary
responsibility of the Construction Contractor to the EPC
Contractor for the due performance of the Contract and for the
payment of any money by the Construction Contractor to the EPC
Contractor and hereby issues in favour of the EPC Contractor this
Guarantee in the amount of Rs. 46,00,00,000/ (Rupees Forty
Six Crore only).
6. The Bank for the purposes hereof unconditionally and
irrevocably guarantees and undertakes as a direct responsibility,
to immediately pay to the EPC Contractor on demand any
amount or amounts (by way of one or more claims) not exceeding
in the aggregate of Rs. 46,00,00,000/ (Rupees Forty Six crore
only) without any demur, reservation, recourse, contest or protest
and/or without reference to the Construction Contractor and
without the EPC Contractor needing to provide or show the Bank
grounds or reasons for such demand for the sum specified.
7. Any such demand made by the EPC Contractor on the Bank
shall be conclusive and binding, notwithstanding any difference
between the EPC Contractor and the Construction Contractor or
any dispute pending before any Court, tribunal, arbitrator or any
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other authority. The Bank undertakes not to revoke this
guarantee herein contained and this Guarantee shall continue to
be enforceable until its expiration.
8. The decision of the EPC Contractor as to whether the
construction Contractor has fulfilled its obligation or not shall be
binding on the Bank. The Bank acknowledges that any such
demand by the EPC Contractor of the amounts payable by the
Bank to the EPC Contractor shall be final, binding and conclusive
evidence in respect of the amounts payable by the Construction
Contractor to the EPC Contractor.
11. Except as provided herein, the Bank's obligations under this
Guarantee shall not be reduced by reason of any partial
performance of the contract. The Bank's obligations shall not be
reduced by any failure by the EPC Contractor to timely pay or
perform any of its obligations under the Contract.
12.The Bank further unconditionally agrees with the EPC
Contractor that the EPC Contractor shall be at liberty, without the
Bank's consent and without affecting in any manner the Bank's
obligations under this Guarantee, from time to time, to:
(i) extend and/or postpone the time for performance of the
obligations of the Construction Contractor under the Contract;
and the Bank shall not be relieved from its liability by reason of
any such act or omission on the part of the EPC Contractor or
any indulgence by the EPC Contractor to the Construction
Contractor or any other reason whatsoever which under the law
relating to sureties would but for this provision, have the effect of
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relieving the Bank of its obligations under this Guarantee
provided nothing contained herein shall enlarge the Bank's
obligation hereunder”.
7. Certain disputes arose between the Plaintiff and Defendant No.1 under the
said Agreement. The Defendant No.1 invoked the aforesaid Bank Guarantees
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aggregating to Rs. 92,00,00,000/ (Rupees Ninety two crores only) on 23 January,
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2014. The Plaintiff has filed the present Suit on 24 January, 2014 for the
aforestated reliefs and also taken out the above Notice of Motion seeking urgent ad
interim reliefs. By consent of the Parties, the Notice of Motion is taken up for final
hearing at the adinterim stage.
8. Mr. Madon, the Learned Senior Advocate appearing for the Plaintiff, has
submitted that the Bank Guarantees submitted by the Plaintiff are not
unconditional Bank Guarantees as alleged by Defendant No.1, but are in fact
conditional, inasmuch as the Clauses 3 and 5 of the Performance Bank Guarantee
as well as Clause 3 of the Advance Bank Guarantees clearly qualify the Bank
Guarantee. He has submitted that the terms of the Bank Guarantees read with the
terms of the said Agreement make it clear that Defendant No. 1 would be entitled to
invoke the Bank Guarantees only if the conditions mentioned in the Agreement
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dated 12 April, 2011 are satisfied.
9. The Learned Senior Advocate appearing for the Plaintiff has relied on certain
letters written by the Plaintiff to the Defendant No. 1 and has submitted that from
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the said letters it is clear that the delay in execution of the project was solely on
account of the failure of Defendant No.1, inter alia, to provide possession of the
project site and to make necessary payments in accordance with the payment
obligations of Defendant No.1 under the said Agreement. Even in respect of the sites
that were handed over, it was not possible to carry out work on large portions
thereof on account of several defaults on part of the Defendants. The Plaintiff has in
its correspondence with the Defendant No.1 called upon Defendant No.1 to take
steps for resolving the issues. The Plaintiff also gave detailed reasons for the delay
in execution and also requested for extension of time provided under the Agreement
for completion of the project. In fact, though the time under the Agreement expired
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on 24 July, 2013, the Parties by conduct continued to act in furtherance of the
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Agreement dated 12 April, 2011. On account of the default by Defendant No.1,
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the Plaintiff vide its letter dated 16 October, 2013, intimated Defendant No. 1 that
the Plaintiff was incurring continuous losses and called upon Defendant No. 1 to
foreclose the Agreement, which letter was not replied to by Defendant No.1. The
Plaintiff also requested the Defendant No.1 to refer the matter to Dispute
Resolution in case the defaults are not remedied. This request was also rejected by
Defendant No.1. Soon thereafter, Defendant No.1 issued the termination notice
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dated 23 January, 2014 which termination itself was contrary to clause 41.1 of the
Agreement, which required Defendant No.1 to give 15 days notice prior to
termination.
10. The Learned Senior Advocate appearing for the Plaintiff relying upon the
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judgment of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of Hindustan Construction Co.
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Ltd. vs. State of Bihar submitted that the facts of the present case are similar to the
facts in the said judgment. He submitted that in that case though the Bank
Guarantees issued had used the expression “unconditional and irrevocable”, the
same were qualified by making a reference to the terms of the Agreement. Similarly,
in the present case though the Bank Guarantees used the expression “unconditional
and irrevocable”, the same are not only qualified by the terms of the said Agreement
but the default by Defendant No.1 would not entitle Defendant No.1 to invoke such
Bank Guarantees against the Plaintiff and special equities would arise in favour of
the Plaintiff. It was therefore submitted on behalf of the Plaintiff that the
Defendant No.1 was not entitled to invoke the Bank Guarantees, the same have
been invoked fraudulently, and invocation of the same will cause irretrievable injury
to the Plaintiff. The Plaintiff is therefore entitled to the reliefs as prayed for in the
Notice of Motion.
11. Mr. Dwarkadas, the Learned Senior Advocate appearing for the Defendant No.
1, submitted that the Bank Guarantees issued in favour of Defendant No.1 were
unconditional and the invocation thereof is not subject to the terms of the
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Agreement dated 12 April, 2011 and/or the dispute between the Parties. He
submitted that it is well settled that an unconditional and irrevocable Bank
Guarantee is an independent contract and whether encashment of the same ought to
be permitted or not has to be considered without any reference to the underlying or
1 AIR 1999 SC 3710
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main contract or to the disputes/claims thereunder. He submitted that in any event
the compilation of documents submitted by the Defendant No. 1 belies the
submissions of the Plaintiff that the Plaintiff has not committed any default and it is
the Defendant No. 1 who has breached its obligations under the said Agreement,
and that the termination of the said Agreement is bad in law. He submitted that the
judgment in the case of Hindustan Construction Company (supra) has no application
to the facts of the present case and the Bank is obliged to make payments to the
Defendant No.1 in accordance with the terms of the Guarantee subject to two
exceptions viz. fraud of an egregious nature of which the Bank has notice and
irretrievable injury of the nature set out in the case of Ite Corporation vs. First
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National Bank of Boston . In support of this submission, the Learned Senior
Advocate appearing for Defendant No. 1 inter alia relied upon the judgments of the
Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of U.P. State Sugar Corporation vs. Sumac
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International Ltd. , and Dwarikesh Sugar Industries Ltd. vs. Prem Heavy Engineering
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Works (P) Ltd. & another .
12.
The Learned Senior Advocate appearing for Defendant No.1 also relied upon
the judgment of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of Vinitec Electronics Pvt. Ltd.
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vs. HCL Infosystems Ltd. and the judgment of this Court in the case of ABG Ports
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Ltd. vs. PSA International Pte Ltd. , to contend that the judgment in Hindustan
2 [566 Fed Supp. 1210]
3 (1997) 1 SCC 568
4 (1997) 6 SCC 450
5 (2008) 1 SCC 544
6 2013 (1) Mh.L.J. 755
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Construction has been interpreted in the abovementioned judgments and it is clear
that the observations at para 21 therein were in the context of a conditional
guarantee. The Court in that case considering clauses of the Bank Guarantee in
paragraphs 12 and 13 held that the Bank Guarantee was not an unconditional
Bank Guarantee. Referring to the averments made in the Plaint, the Learned Senior
Advocate for Defendant No.1 submitted that the Plaintiff has failed to make out
any case of fraud or irretrievable injury or special equities in their favour and
therefore the question of restraining Defendant No.1 from invoking the said Bank
Guarantees or from receiving any payments thereunder from the Banks does not
arise.
13. In rejoinder, the Learned Senior Advocate appearing for the Plaintiff has
submitted that none of the judgments relied upon by Defendant No.1 support the
case of Defendant No.1, inasmuch as the said judgments relied upon by Defendant
No.1 do not deal with the aspect of special equities as set out inter alia in
paragraph 21 of the judgment of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of
Hindustan Construction (supra). It is submitted that it is pertinent to note that
whilst Defendant No.1 sought to contend that the Plaintiff has been unable to
complete the construction work in respect of the sites which were delivered to the
Plaintiff, the submission of Defendant No. 1 was not supported by the documents on
record. It is further submitted that the fact that there was substantial delay in
making payments was admitted by Defendant No.1. It was therefore submitted that
the present case is governed by special equities as held by the Hon'ble Supreme
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Court in the case of Hindustan Construction (supra) and it is clear from the
documents on record that the Defendant No.1 itself was in default. It was therefore
reiterated on behalf of the Plaintiff that the Defendant No.1 was not entitled to
invoke the Bank Guarantee and the Plaintiff is entitled to interim and adinterim
injunctions in terms of the Notice of Motion.
14. I have considered the submissions advanced by the learned Senior Advocates
appearing for the Parties and the case law relied upon by them in support of their
submissions.
15. The Plaintiff has contended that the Guarantees are conditional and the said
contention is refuted by Defendant No.1. The Plaintiff has inter alia relied on recital
(3) as well as clause 5 of the Performance Bank Guarantee as well as recital 13 of
the Advance Bank Guarantees to contend that they clearly qualify the Bank
Guarantee and require the Bank Guarantee to be read with the terms of the
Agreement. Recital (3) of the Bank Guarantees only records that the Plaintiff has
agreed to furnish Bank Guarantee/s under the provisions of the Contract for the
timely completion and the faithful and successful execution of the contract. The
Hon'ble Supreme Court has in the case of Vinitec Electronics Pvt. Ltd. (supra) inter
alia held that, “ mere fact that the Bank Guarantee refers to the principal agreement in
the preamble of the deed of guarantee does not make the guarantee furnished by the
Bank to be a conditional one unless any particular clause of the agreement has been
made part of the deed of guarantee” . No clause of the Agreement has been made
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part of the Deed of Guarantee. In fact, Clauses 5 (a) and 13.4 (a) of the Contract
referred to in recital 3 of the Advance Guarantee (which are reproduced
hereinabove) only mention that the Construction Contractor is required to furnish
the Advance and Performance Guarantees to the EPC Contractor as set out therein
and nothing further. Clause 5 of the Performance Bank Guarantee records that,
“ NOW THEREFORE, the Bank undertakes the pecuniary responsibility of the
Construction Contractor to the EPC Contractor for the due performance of the Contract
and for the payment of any money by the Construction Contractor to the EPC
Contractor and hereby issues in favour of the EPC Contractor this Guarantee....” Such
general reference to the principal agreement also does not make the guarantee
furnished by the Bank to be a conditional one.
16. In fact, the said Bank Guarantees clearly and unequivocally provide that the
Bank unconditionally and irrevocably guarantees and undertakes as a direct
responsibility, to immediately pay to the EPC Contractor on demand the amount or
amounts set out therein without any demur, reservation, recourse, contest or protest
and/or without reference to the Construction Contractor and without the EPC
Contractor needing to provide or show to the Bank, grounds or reasons for such
demand for the sum specified. The said Bank Guarantees further provide that any
demand made by the EPC Contractor on the Bank shall be conclusive and binding,
notwithstanding any difference between the EPC Contractor and the Construction
Contractor or any dispute pending before any Court, Tribunal, Arbitrator or any
other authority. It is also provided in the said Bank Guarantees that the decision of
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the EPC Contractor as to whether the Construction Contractor has fulfilled its
obligation or not, shall be binding on the Bank and the Bank has acknowledged that
any such demand by the EPC Contractor of the amounts payable by the Bank to the
EPC Contractor shall be final, binding and conclusive evidence in respect of the
amounts payable by the Construction Contractor to the EPC Contractor. It is
specifically provided in Clause 11 of the Performance Guarantee and Clause 9 of the
Advance Guarantees that the Bank's obligation shall not be reduced by any
failure by the EPC Contractor to timely pay or perform any of its obligations
under the contract (emphasis supplied). The language of the said Bank Guarantees
therefore leaves no room for doubt that the said Bank Guarantees furnished by the
Plaintiff to Defendant No.1 are unconditional and irrevocable.
17. The Plaintiff has relied on the decision of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the
case of Hindustan Construction Co. Ltd. vs. State of Bihar and others (supra). In that
case, Clause 9 of the Principal Agreement reads thus:
“ 9. ADVANCE MOBILIZATION LOAN:
The Employer, will make an advance loan to the Contractor at 13
per cent simple interest per annum for the costs of mobilization in
respect of the works in a lump sum amount equivalent upto 15 per
cent of the Contract Price named in the Letter of Acceptance, payable
in the proportionate amounts of foreign and local currencies as
provided for in the Contract. Payment of the loan will be due under
separate certification by the Engineer after (i) execution of the Form
of Agreement by the parties thereto, (ii) Provision by the Contract of
the Performance security in accordance with Clause 5, and (iii)
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provision by the Contractor of a Bank Guarantee by a Bank
acceptable to the Employer in an amount equal to the advance loan,
such Bank Guarantee to remain effective until the advance loan has
been completely repaid by the Contractor out of current earnings
under the Contract and certified accordingly by the Engineer. A form
of bank guarantee acceptable to the Employer is indicated in Section
9. Annex. B. The advance loan shall be used by the contractor
exclusively for mobilization expenditures, including the acquisition of
Constructional Plant, in connection with the works. Should the
Contractor misappropriate any portion of the advance loan, it shall
become due and payable immediately, and no further loan will be
made to the Contractor thereafter. The advance mobilization loan,
shall be paid within 15 days of the date of certification.”
The Bank Guarantee furnished by the Hindustan Construction Company provided as
under:
“ ........ In accordance with the provisions of the Conditions of
Contract, Clause 9 (Advance Mobilisation Loan) of the above
mentioned contract, the Hindustan Construction Co. Ltd., incorpo
rated in Bombay under the Companies Act, 1956, and having their
registered officer at Construction House, Walchand Hirachand Marg,
Ballard Estate, Bombay 400 038 (hereinafter called 'the Contractor')
shall deposit with the Executive Engineer, Kharkai Dam Division II,
Icha, Chaliama, Post Kesargarhia, Dist. Singhbhum, Bihar, a bank
guarantee to guarantee their proper and faithful performance under
the said clause of the contract in an amount of Rs. 10,00,000 (Rupees
Ten lakhs only).
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We, the State Bank of India, incorporated under State Bank of
India Act, 1955, and having one of our branches at Nyayamurti C.N.
Vaidya Marg, Fort, Bombay 400 023 (hereinafter referred to as 'the
said Bank'), as instructed by the Contractor, agree unconditionally and
irrevocably to guarantee as primary obligator and not as Surety mere
ly, the payment of the Executive Engineer, Kharkai Dam Division II,
Icha, Chaliama, Post Kesargarhia, Dist. Singhbum, Bihar, on his first
demand without whatsoever right of objection on our part and with
out his first claim to the contractor, in the amount not exceeding Rs.
10,00,000 (Rupees Ten lakhs only) in the event that the obligations
expressed in the said clause of the abovementioned contract have
not been fulfilled by the contractor giving the right of claim to
the employer for recovery of the whole or part of the Advance
Mobilisation Loan from the contractor under the contract . (em
phasis supplied)
We further agree that no change or addition to or other modifi
cation of the terms of the contract or of works to be performed there
under or of any of the contract documents which may be made
between the Executive Engineer, Kharkai Dam Division II, Icha, Chalia
ma, Post Kesargarhia, Dist. Singhbhum, Bihar, and the contractor,
shall in any way release us from any liability under this guarantee,
and we hereby waive notice of any such change, addition or modifica
tion. .... ..... .... ....”
The Hon'ble Supreme Court, whilst interpreting the said Guarantee held that the
Bank Guarantee was conditional by observing in paragraphs 12 and 13 of its order
as follows:
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IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY
ORDINARY ORIGINAL CIVIL JURISDICTION
NOTICE OF MOTION (L) NO. 160 OF 2014
IN
SUIT (L) NO. 57 OF 2014
ITD Cementation India Ltd. ...Plaintiff
vs.
Reliance Infrastructure Limited and others ..Defendants
Mr. D.D. Madon, Senior Advocate, instructed by Mr. Kunal Damle, for the Plaintiff.
Mr. Janak Dwarkadas, Senior Advocate, along with Dr. B.B. Saraf, Mr. D.J. Kakalia
and Mr. Paresh Parkar, instructed by M/s. Mulla & Mulla & Cragie Blunt and Caroe,
for Defendant No.1.
CORAM : S.J. KATHAWALLA, J.
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Order reserved on : 27 January, 2014.
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Order pronounced on: 4 February,2014
ORDER:
1. The Plaintiff in the present Suit is seeking a restraint order against
Defendant No.1 from in any manner demanding and/or receiving the amounts
under Bank Guarantees (ExhibitsA to A10 of the Plaint) bearing Nos.
1100041BGP00335, 1201261BGA00008, 1201261BGA00010, 1201261BGA00011,
032821GPER002011, 03821GPER002111, 03821GPER002211, 03821GPER002311,
13940100000510, 13940100000511 and 0156111IPG000052 (“the said Bank
Guarantees”).
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2. The Plaintiff has also taken out the present Notice of Motion seeking ad
interim and interim injunction against the Defendant No.1 from receiving and
against Defendant Nos. 2 to 5 from making any payments to the Defendant No.1
under the said Bank Guarantees.
3. The Defendant No. 1 had entered into a concession agreement with the
National Highways Authority of India for designing, engineering, construction,
development, finance, operation and maintenance of the PuneSatara Section of
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National Highway4. The Defendant No. 1 entered into an Agreement dated 12
April, 2011 under which the Plaintiff was appointed as a subcontractor of
Defendant No.1 (“the said Agreement”).
4. Clauses 5 (a) and 13.4 (a) of the said Agreement provided as under:
“5. Mobilization Advance
The EPC Contractor, at its own discretion, may provide to the
Contractor an interest free advance upto 10% of Contract Value
and an interest bearing advance upto 5% of Contract Value as
“mobilization advance” in the following manner:
(a) 5% (Five percent) of the total Contract value shall be paid as
first advance upon submission of Advance Bank Guarantee (ABG)
from a nationalized/scheduled bank approved by EPC contractor
for equal amount and upon signing of this Agreement and
submission of Contract Performance Bank Guarantee (CPBG).”
“13.4 ADVANCE BANK GUARANTEE (ABG)
(a) The Contractor shall, within thirty (30) days from date of
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Letter of Award provide an advance bank guarantee in an amount
equal to five percent (5%) of total Contract value being referred as
First Advance calculated in accordance with terms and procedures
of payment of the contract agreement, and in the currency or
currencies of the Contract, with an initial validity of up to ninety
(90) days beyond the schedule date of completion of the contract.”
th
Pursuant to the above terms of the said Agreement dated 12 April, 2011, the
Plaintiff got issued various Bank Guarantees of which Defendant No. 1 was the
beneficiary. The format of the Advance Bank Guarantee and Performance Bank
Guarantees are set out in Schedule F of the Contract at pages 179 and 183
respectively of the Construction Agreement. The Bank Guarantees furnished by the
Plaintiff were therefore in the format provided by the Defendant No. 1 in the
Construction Agreement. In the said Bank Guarantees the Plaintiff is referred to as
“the Construction Contractor” and the Defendant No. 1 is referred as the “EPC
Contractor”.
5. The essential terms of the Mobilization Advance Guarantees are set out
hereunder.
“3. AND WHEREAS in conformity with the provisions of clause 5
(a) and 13.4 (a) of Special conditions of Contract, the
Construction Contractor has agreed to furnish a Bank Guarantee
for an amount equivalent to the Advance Payment of Rs.
4,60,00,000/ (Rupees Four Crore Sixty Lakh only) extended by
the EPC Contractor to the Construction Contractor for the faithful
execution of the Contract.
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KPPN 4 NMSL 160 OF 2014
4. And whereas the Construction Contractor has agreed to provide
the EPC Contractor and the EPC Contractor has agreed to accept
the Advance Bank Guarantee for five per cent (5%) of the total
Contract Value from BANK OF BARODA having its
head/registered office at Mandvi, Baroda, through its Backbay
Reclamation Branch, Ram Mahal, Dinshaw Vachha Road,
Churchgate, Mumbai 400 020, hereinafter referred to as “the
bank”, (which expression shall unless it be repugnant to the
context or meaning thereof be deemed to include its successors and
permitted assigns).
5. NOW THEREFORE, in consideration inter alia of the EPC
Contractor granting the Construction Contractor the contract, the
Bank hereby unconditionally and irrevocably guarantees and
undertakes, on written demand, to immediately pay to the EPC
Contractor any amount so demanded (by way of one or more
claims) not exceeding in the aggregate Rs. 4,60,00,000/ (Rupees
Four Crores Sixty Lakhs only) without any demur, reservation,
contest or protest and/or without reference to the Construction
Contractor and without the EPC Contractor needing to provide or
show to the Bank, grounds or reasons or give any justification for
such demand for sum/s demanded.
6.
The decision of the EPC Contractor as to whether the
Construction Contractor has fulfilled its obligations or not towards
setoff of Advance Payment extended by the EPC Contractor to the
Construction Contractor shall be final and binding on the Bank
and the Construction Contractor. The Bank acknowledges that any
such demand by the EPC Contractor of the amounts payable by the
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KPPN 5 NMSL 160 OF 2014
Bank to the EPC Contractor shall be final, binding and conclusive
evidence in respect of the amounts payable by the Construction
Contractor to the EPC Contractor. Any such demand made by the
EPC Contractor on the Bank shall be conclusive and binding,
notwithstanding any difference between the EPC Contractor and
the Construction Contractor or any dispute raised, invoked,
threatened or pending before any Court, tribunal, arbitrator or
any other authority.
9. The Bank's obligations under this guarantee shall not be
reduced by reason of any partial performance of the contract. The
Bank's obligations shall not be reduced by any failure by the EPC
Contractor to timely pay or perform any of its obligations under
the contract.
10. The Bank further unconditionally and unequivocally agrees
with the EPC Contractor that the EPC Contractor shall be at
liberty, without the Bank's consent and without affecting in any
manner its rights and the Bank's obligations under this Guarantee,
from time to time, to;
(i) vary and/or modify any of the terms and conditions of the
contract;
(ii) forebear or enforce any of the rights exercisable by the EPC
Contractor against the Construction Contractor under the terms
and conditions of the contract; or
and the Bank shall not be relieved from its liability by reason of
any such act or omission on the part of EPC Contractor or any
indulgence shown by the EPC Contractor to the Construction
Contractor or any other reason whatsoever which under the law
relating to sureties would, but for this provision have the effect of
relieving the Bank of its obligation under this Guarantee”.
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KPPN 6 NMSL 160 OF 2014
6. The essential terms of the Performance Bank Guarantee are set out hereunder.
“ 3. AND WHEREAS in conformity with the provisions of the
Contract, the Construction Contractor has agreed to furnish an
unconditional and irrevocable bank guarantee for an amount
which is ten per cent (10%) of the Contract Price (the “contract
Price”) for the timely completion and faithful and successful
execution of the Contract.
5. NOW THEREFORE, the Bank undertakes the pecuniary
responsibility of the Construction Contractor to the EPC
Contractor for the due performance of the Contract and for the
payment of any money by the Construction Contractor to the EPC
Contractor and hereby issues in favour of the EPC Contractor this
Guarantee in the amount of Rs. 46,00,00,000/ (Rupees Forty
Six Crore only).
6. The Bank for the purposes hereof unconditionally and
irrevocably guarantees and undertakes as a direct responsibility,
to immediately pay to the EPC Contractor on demand any
amount or amounts (by way of one or more claims) not exceeding
in the aggregate of Rs. 46,00,00,000/ (Rupees Forty Six crore
only) without any demur, reservation, recourse, contest or protest
and/or without reference to the Construction Contractor and
without the EPC Contractor needing to provide or show the Bank
grounds or reasons for such demand for the sum specified.
7. Any such demand made by the EPC Contractor on the Bank
shall be conclusive and binding, notwithstanding any difference
between the EPC Contractor and the Construction Contractor or
any dispute pending before any Court, tribunal, arbitrator or any
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KPPN 7 NMSL 160 OF 2014
other authority. The Bank undertakes not to revoke this
guarantee herein contained and this Guarantee shall continue to
be enforceable until its expiration.
8. The decision of the EPC Contractor as to whether the
construction Contractor has fulfilled its obligation or not shall be
binding on the Bank. The Bank acknowledges that any such
demand by the EPC Contractor of the amounts payable by the
Bank to the EPC Contractor shall be final, binding and conclusive
evidence in respect of the amounts payable by the Construction
Contractor to the EPC Contractor.
11. Except as provided herein, the Bank's obligations under this
Guarantee shall not be reduced by reason of any partial
performance of the contract. The Bank's obligations shall not be
reduced by any failure by the EPC Contractor to timely pay or
perform any of its obligations under the Contract.
12.The Bank further unconditionally agrees with the EPC
Contractor that the EPC Contractor shall be at liberty, without the
Bank's consent and without affecting in any manner the Bank's
obligations under this Guarantee, from time to time, to:
(i) extend and/or postpone the time for performance of the
obligations of the Construction Contractor under the Contract;
and the Bank shall not be relieved from its liability by reason of
any such act or omission on the part of the EPC Contractor or
any indulgence by the EPC Contractor to the Construction
Contractor or any other reason whatsoever which under the law
relating to sureties would but for this provision, have the effect of
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KPPN 8 NMSL 160 OF 2014
relieving the Bank of its obligations under this Guarantee
provided nothing contained herein shall enlarge the Bank's
obligation hereunder”.
7. Certain disputes arose between the Plaintiff and Defendant No.1 under the
said Agreement. The Defendant No.1 invoked the aforesaid Bank Guarantees
rd
aggregating to Rs. 92,00,00,000/ (Rupees Ninety two crores only) on 23 January,
th
2014. The Plaintiff has filed the present Suit on 24 January, 2014 for the
aforestated reliefs and also taken out the above Notice of Motion seeking urgent ad
interim reliefs. By consent of the Parties, the Notice of Motion is taken up for final
hearing at the adinterim stage.
8. Mr. Madon, the Learned Senior Advocate appearing for the Plaintiff, has
submitted that the Bank Guarantees submitted by the Plaintiff are not
unconditional Bank Guarantees as alleged by Defendant No.1, but are in fact
conditional, inasmuch as the Clauses 3 and 5 of the Performance Bank Guarantee
as well as Clause 3 of the Advance Bank Guarantees clearly qualify the Bank
Guarantee. He has submitted that the terms of the Bank Guarantees read with the
terms of the said Agreement make it clear that Defendant No. 1 would be entitled to
invoke the Bank Guarantees only if the conditions mentioned in the Agreement
th
dated 12 April, 2011 are satisfied.
9. The Learned Senior Advocate appearing for the Plaintiff has relied on certain
letters written by the Plaintiff to the Defendant No. 1 and has submitted that from
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KPPN 9 NMSL 160 OF 2014
the said letters it is clear that the delay in execution of the project was solely on
account of the failure of Defendant No.1, inter alia, to provide possession of the
project site and to make necessary payments in accordance with the payment
obligations of Defendant No.1 under the said Agreement. Even in respect of the sites
that were handed over, it was not possible to carry out work on large portions
thereof on account of several defaults on part of the Defendants. The Plaintiff has in
its correspondence with the Defendant No.1 called upon Defendant No.1 to take
steps for resolving the issues. The Plaintiff also gave detailed reasons for the delay
in execution and also requested for extension of time provided under the Agreement
for completion of the project. In fact, though the time under the Agreement expired
th
on 24 July, 2013, the Parties by conduct continued to act in furtherance of the
th
Agreement dated 12 April, 2011. On account of the default by Defendant No.1,
th
the Plaintiff vide its letter dated 16 October, 2013, intimated Defendant No. 1 that
the Plaintiff was incurring continuous losses and called upon Defendant No. 1 to
foreclose the Agreement, which letter was not replied to by Defendant No.1. The
Plaintiff also requested the Defendant No.1 to refer the matter to Dispute
Resolution in case the defaults are not remedied. This request was also rejected by
Defendant No.1. Soon thereafter, Defendant No.1 issued the termination notice
rd
dated 23 January, 2014 which termination itself was contrary to clause 41.1 of the
Agreement, which required Defendant No.1 to give 15 days notice prior to
termination.
10. The Learned Senior Advocate appearing for the Plaintiff relying upon the
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KPPN 10 NMSL 160 OF 2014
judgment of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of Hindustan Construction Co.
1
Ltd. vs. State of Bihar submitted that the facts of the present case are similar to the
facts in the said judgment. He submitted that in that case though the Bank
Guarantees issued had used the expression “unconditional and irrevocable”, the
same were qualified by making a reference to the terms of the Agreement. Similarly,
in the present case though the Bank Guarantees used the expression “unconditional
and irrevocable”, the same are not only qualified by the terms of the said Agreement
but the default by Defendant No.1 would not entitle Defendant No.1 to invoke such
Bank Guarantees against the Plaintiff and special equities would arise in favour of
the Plaintiff. It was therefore submitted on behalf of the Plaintiff that the
Defendant No.1 was not entitled to invoke the Bank Guarantees, the same have
been invoked fraudulently, and invocation of the same will cause irretrievable injury
to the Plaintiff. The Plaintiff is therefore entitled to the reliefs as prayed for in the
Notice of Motion.
11. Mr. Dwarkadas, the Learned Senior Advocate appearing for the Defendant No.
1, submitted that the Bank Guarantees issued in favour of Defendant No.1 were
unconditional and the invocation thereof is not subject to the terms of the
th
Agreement dated 12 April, 2011 and/or the dispute between the Parties. He
submitted that it is well settled that an unconditional and irrevocable Bank
Guarantee is an independent contract and whether encashment of the same ought to
be permitted or not has to be considered without any reference to the underlying or
1 AIR 1999 SC 3710
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KPPN 11 NMSL 160 OF 2014
main contract or to the disputes/claims thereunder. He submitted that in any event
the compilation of documents submitted by the Defendant No. 1 belies the
submissions of the Plaintiff that the Plaintiff has not committed any default and it is
the Defendant No. 1 who has breached its obligations under the said Agreement,
and that the termination of the said Agreement is bad in law. He submitted that the
judgment in the case of Hindustan Construction Company (supra) has no application
to the facts of the present case and the Bank is obliged to make payments to the
Defendant No.1 in accordance with the terms of the Guarantee subject to two
exceptions viz. fraud of an egregious nature of which the Bank has notice and
irretrievable injury of the nature set out in the case of Ite Corporation vs. First
2
National Bank of Boston . In support of this submission, the Learned Senior
Advocate appearing for Defendant No. 1 inter alia relied upon the judgments of the
Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of U.P. State Sugar Corporation vs. Sumac
3
International Ltd. , and Dwarikesh Sugar Industries Ltd. vs. Prem Heavy Engineering
4
Works (P) Ltd. & another .
12.
The Learned Senior Advocate appearing for Defendant No.1 also relied upon
the judgment of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of Vinitec Electronics Pvt. Ltd.
5
vs. HCL Infosystems Ltd. and the judgment of this Court in the case of ABG Ports
6
Ltd. vs. PSA International Pte Ltd. , to contend that the judgment in Hindustan
2 [566 Fed Supp. 1210]
3 (1997) 1 SCC 568
4 (1997) 6 SCC 450
5 (2008) 1 SCC 544
6 2013 (1) Mh.L.J. 755
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KPPN 12 NMSL 160 OF 2014
Construction has been interpreted in the abovementioned judgments and it is clear
that the observations at para 21 therein were in the context of a conditional
guarantee. The Court in that case considering clauses of the Bank Guarantee in
paragraphs 12 and 13 held that the Bank Guarantee was not an unconditional
Bank Guarantee. Referring to the averments made in the Plaint, the Learned Senior
Advocate for Defendant No.1 submitted that the Plaintiff has failed to make out
any case of fraud or irretrievable injury or special equities in their favour and
therefore the question of restraining Defendant No.1 from invoking the said Bank
Guarantees or from receiving any payments thereunder from the Banks does not
arise.
13. In rejoinder, the Learned Senior Advocate appearing for the Plaintiff has
submitted that none of the judgments relied upon by Defendant No.1 support the
case of Defendant No.1, inasmuch as the said judgments relied upon by Defendant
No.1 do not deal with the aspect of special equities as set out inter alia in
paragraph 21 of the judgment of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of
Hindustan Construction (supra). It is submitted that it is pertinent to note that
whilst Defendant No.1 sought to contend that the Plaintiff has been unable to
complete the construction work in respect of the sites which were delivered to the
Plaintiff, the submission of Defendant No. 1 was not supported by the documents on
record. It is further submitted that the fact that there was substantial delay in
making payments was admitted by Defendant No.1. It was therefore submitted that
the present case is governed by special equities as held by the Hon'ble Supreme
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KPPN 13 NMSL 160 OF 2014
Court in the case of Hindustan Construction (supra) and it is clear from the
documents on record that the Defendant No.1 itself was in default. It was therefore
reiterated on behalf of the Plaintiff that the Defendant No.1 was not entitled to
invoke the Bank Guarantee and the Plaintiff is entitled to interim and adinterim
injunctions in terms of the Notice of Motion.
14. I have considered the submissions advanced by the learned Senior Advocates
appearing for the Parties and the case law relied upon by them in support of their
submissions.
15. The Plaintiff has contended that the Guarantees are conditional and the said
contention is refuted by Defendant No.1. The Plaintiff has inter alia relied on recital
(3) as well as clause 5 of the Performance Bank Guarantee as well as recital 13 of
the Advance Bank Guarantees to contend that they clearly qualify the Bank
Guarantee and require the Bank Guarantee to be read with the terms of the
Agreement. Recital (3) of the Bank Guarantees only records that the Plaintiff has
agreed to furnish Bank Guarantee/s under the provisions of the Contract for the
timely completion and the faithful and successful execution of the contract. The
Hon'ble Supreme Court has in the case of Vinitec Electronics Pvt. Ltd. (supra) inter
alia held that, “ mere fact that the Bank Guarantee refers to the principal agreement in
the preamble of the deed of guarantee does not make the guarantee furnished by the
Bank to be a conditional one unless any particular clause of the agreement has been
made part of the deed of guarantee” . No clause of the Agreement has been made
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KPPN 14 NMSL 160 OF 2014
part of the Deed of Guarantee. In fact, Clauses 5 (a) and 13.4 (a) of the Contract
referred to in recital 3 of the Advance Guarantee (which are reproduced
hereinabove) only mention that the Construction Contractor is required to furnish
the Advance and Performance Guarantees to the EPC Contractor as set out therein
and nothing further. Clause 5 of the Performance Bank Guarantee records that,
“ NOW THEREFORE, the Bank undertakes the pecuniary responsibility of the
Construction Contractor to the EPC Contractor for the due performance of the Contract
and for the payment of any money by the Construction Contractor to the EPC
Contractor and hereby issues in favour of the EPC Contractor this Guarantee....” Such
general reference to the principal agreement also does not make the guarantee
furnished by the Bank to be a conditional one.
16. In fact, the said Bank Guarantees clearly and unequivocally provide that the
Bank unconditionally and irrevocably guarantees and undertakes as a direct
responsibility, to immediately pay to the EPC Contractor on demand the amount or
amounts set out therein without any demur, reservation, recourse, contest or protest
and/or without reference to the Construction Contractor and without the EPC
Contractor needing to provide or show to the Bank, grounds or reasons for such
demand for the sum specified. The said Bank Guarantees further provide that any
demand made by the EPC Contractor on the Bank shall be conclusive and binding,
notwithstanding any difference between the EPC Contractor and the Construction
Contractor or any dispute pending before any Court, Tribunal, Arbitrator or any
other authority. It is also provided in the said Bank Guarantees that the decision of
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KPPN 15 NMSL 160 OF 2014
the EPC Contractor as to whether the Construction Contractor has fulfilled its
obligation or not, shall be binding on the Bank and the Bank has acknowledged that
any such demand by the EPC Contractor of the amounts payable by the Bank to the
EPC Contractor shall be final, binding and conclusive evidence in respect of the
amounts payable by the Construction Contractor to the EPC Contractor. It is
specifically provided in Clause 11 of the Performance Guarantee and Clause 9 of the
Advance Guarantees that the Bank's obligation shall not be reduced by any
failure by the EPC Contractor to timely pay or perform any of its obligations
under the contract (emphasis supplied). The language of the said Bank Guarantees
therefore leaves no room for doubt that the said Bank Guarantees furnished by the
Plaintiff to Defendant No.1 are unconditional and irrevocable.
17. The Plaintiff has relied on the decision of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the
case of Hindustan Construction Co. Ltd. vs. State of Bihar and others (supra). In that
case, Clause 9 of the Principal Agreement reads thus:
“ 9. ADVANCE MOBILIZATION LOAN:
The Employer, will make an advance loan to the Contractor at 13
per cent simple interest per annum for the costs of mobilization in
respect of the works in a lump sum amount equivalent upto 15 per
cent of the Contract Price named in the Letter of Acceptance, payable
in the proportionate amounts of foreign and local currencies as
provided for in the Contract. Payment of the loan will be due under
separate certification by the Engineer after (i) execution of the Form
of Agreement by the parties thereto, (ii) Provision by the Contract of
the Performance security in accordance with Clause 5, and (iii)
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KPPN 16 NMSL 160 OF 2014
provision by the Contractor of a Bank Guarantee by a Bank
acceptable to the Employer in an amount equal to the advance loan,
such Bank Guarantee to remain effective until the advance loan has
been completely repaid by the Contractor out of current earnings
under the Contract and certified accordingly by the Engineer. A form
of bank guarantee acceptable to the Employer is indicated in Section
9. Annex. B. The advance loan shall be used by the contractor
exclusively for mobilization expenditures, including the acquisition of
Constructional Plant, in connection with the works. Should the
Contractor misappropriate any portion of the advance loan, it shall
become due and payable immediately, and no further loan will be
made to the Contractor thereafter. The advance mobilization loan,
shall be paid within 15 days of the date of certification.”
The Bank Guarantee furnished by the Hindustan Construction Company provided as
under:
“ ........ In accordance with the provisions of the Conditions of
Contract, Clause 9 (Advance Mobilisation Loan) of the above
mentioned contract, the Hindustan Construction Co. Ltd., incorpo
rated in Bombay under the Companies Act, 1956, and having their
registered officer at Construction House, Walchand Hirachand Marg,
Ballard Estate, Bombay 400 038 (hereinafter called 'the Contractor')
shall deposit with the Executive Engineer, Kharkai Dam Division II,
Icha, Chaliama, Post Kesargarhia, Dist. Singhbhum, Bihar, a bank
guarantee to guarantee their proper and faithful performance under
the said clause of the contract in an amount of Rs. 10,00,000 (Rupees
Ten lakhs only).
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KPPN 17 NMSL 160 OF 2014
We, the State Bank of India, incorporated under State Bank of
India Act, 1955, and having one of our branches at Nyayamurti C.N.
Vaidya Marg, Fort, Bombay 400 023 (hereinafter referred to as 'the
said Bank'), as instructed by the Contractor, agree unconditionally and
irrevocably to guarantee as primary obligator and not as Surety mere
ly, the payment of the Executive Engineer, Kharkai Dam Division II,
Icha, Chaliama, Post Kesargarhia, Dist. Singhbum, Bihar, on his first
demand without whatsoever right of objection on our part and with
out his first claim to the contractor, in the amount not exceeding Rs.
10,00,000 (Rupees Ten lakhs only) in the event that the obligations
expressed in the said clause of the abovementioned contract have
not been fulfilled by the contractor giving the right of claim to
the employer for recovery of the whole or part of the Advance
Mobilisation Loan from the contractor under the contract . (em
phasis supplied)
We further agree that no change or addition to or other modifi
cation of the terms of the contract or of works to be performed there
under or of any of the contract documents which may be made
between the Executive Engineer, Kharkai Dam Division II, Icha, Chalia
ma, Post Kesargarhia, Dist. Singhbhum, Bihar, and the contractor,
shall in any way release us from any liability under this guarantee,
and we hereby waive notice of any such change, addition or modifica
tion. .... ..... .... ....”
The Hon'ble Supreme Court, whilst interpreting the said Guarantee held that the
Bank Guarantee was conditional by observing in paragraphs 12 and 13 of its order
as follows:
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KPPN 18 NMSL 160 OF 2014
| “12. Where the Bank, in the above Guarantee, no doubt, has used the<br>expression "agree unconditionally and irrevocably" to guarantee pay<br>ment to the Executive Engineer on his first demand without any right<br>of objection, but these expressions are immediately qualified by follow<br>ing: | ||
|---|---|---|
| “… …. ...in the event that the obligations expressed<br>in the said clause of the abovementioned contract have not<br>been fulfilled by the contractor giving the right of claim to<br>the employer for recovery of the whole or part of the Ad<br>vance Mobilisation Loan from the contractor under the con<br>tract”. | ||
| 13. This condition clearly refers to the original contract between the<br>HCCL and the defendants and postulates that if the obligations, ex<br>pressed in the contract, are not fulfilled by HCCL giving to the defen<br>dants the right to claim recovery of the whole or part of the "Advance<br>Mobilisation Loan", then the Bank would pay the amount due under<br>the Guarantee to the Executive Engineer. By referring specifically to<br>Clause 9, the Bank has qualified its liability to pay the amount cov<br>ered by the Guarantee relating to "Advance Mobilisation Loan" to the<br>Executive Engineer only if the obligations under the contract were not<br>fulfilled by HCCL or the HCCL has misappropriated any portion of the<br>"Advance Mobilisation Loan". It is in these circumstances that the<br>aforesaid clause would operate and the whole of the amount covered<br>by the "Mobilisation Advance" would become payable on demand. The<br>Bank Guarantee thus could be invoked only in the circumstances re<br>ferred to in Clause 9 whereunder the amount would become payable<br>only if the obligations are not fulfilled or there is misappropriation.<br>That being so, the Bank Guarantee could not be said to be uncondi<br>tional or unequivocal in terms so that the defendants could be said to |
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KPPN 19 NMSL 160 OF 2014
have had an unfettered right to invoke that Guarantee and demand
immediate payment thereof from the Bank. This aspect of the matter
was wholly ignored by the High Court and it unnecessarily interfered
with the order of injunction, granted by the Single Judge, by which the
defendants were restrained from invoking the Bank Guarantee”.
In the circumstances, the submission of the Plaintiff that the said Bank Guarantees
are conditional Bank Guarantees cannot be accepted.
18. It is settled law that the Bank Guarantee is an independent contract and a
challenge to the invocation/encashment of an irrevocable and unconditional Bank
Guarantee has to be considered without any reference to the underlying or main
contract or to the disputes/claims thereunder. However, the two exceptions which
have been carved out by several decisions of the Hon'ble Supreme Court under
which the invocation/encashment of such Bank Guarantee/s could be restrained are
fraud and irretrievable injury. . The Plaintiff has alleged that the invocation of the
Bank Guarantees by the Defendant No.1 is fraudulent. It is trite law that a Court can
restrain encashment of Bank Guarantee in cases of established fraud in issuance of
the Bank Guarantee. The fraud has to be absolute and egregious vitiating the very
foundation of the Bank Guarantee. The Hon'ble Supreme Court has in its decision
in U.P. State Sugar Corporation vs. Sumac International Ltd. (supra) held as follows:
“12. ....... When in the course of commercial dealings an
unconditional bank guarantee is given or accepted, the beneficiary is
entitled to realize such a bank guarantee in terms thereof irrespective
of any pending disputes. The bank giving such a guarantee is bound to
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KPPN 20 NMSL 160 OF 2014
honour it as per its terms irrespective of any dispute raised by its
customer. The very purpose of giving such a bank guarantee would
otherwise be defeated. The courts should, therefore, be slow in
granting an injunction to restrain the realization of such a bank
guarantee. The courts have carved out only two exceptions. A fraud in
connection with such a bank guarantee would vitiate the very
foundation of such a bank guarantee. Hence if there is such a fraud of
which the beneficiary seeks to take advantage, he can be restrained
from doing so. .... ...... ..... ...... In the case of U.P. Cooperative
Federation Ltd. v. Singh Consultants and Engineers (P) Ltd. (1988
[1] SCC 174), which was the case of works contract where the
performance guarantee given under the contract was sought to be
invoked, this Court, after referring extensively to English and Indian
cases on the subject, said that the guarantee must be honoured in
accordance with its terms. The bank which gives the guarantee is not
concerned in the least with the relations between the supplier and the
customer; nor with the question whether the supplier has performed
his contractual obligation or not, nor with the question whether the
supplier is in default or not. The bank must pay according to the tenor
of its guarantee on demand without proof or condition. There are only
two exceptions to this rule. The first exception is a case when there is a
clear fraud of which the bank has notice. The fraud must be of an
egregious nature such as to vitiate the entire underlying transaction.
Explaining the kind of fraud that may absolve a bank from honouring
its guarantee, this Court in the above case quoted with approval the
observations of Sir John Donaldson, M.R. in Bolivinter Oil SA v. Chase
Manhattan Bank NA (1984 [1] AER 351 (All ER at p. 352) : (at SCC
p.197)
"The wholly exceptional case where an injunction may be granted is
where it is proved that the bank knows that any demand for payment
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KPPN 21 NMSL 160 OF 2014
already made or which may thereafter be made will clearly be
fraudulent. But the evidence must be clear both as to the fact of fraud
and as to the bank's knowledge. It would certainly not normally be
sufficient that this rests on the uncorroborated statement of the
customer, for irreparable damage can be done to a bank's credit in the
relatively brief time which must elapse between the granting of such an
injunction and an application by the bank to have it charged".
This Court set aside an injunction granted by the High Court to
restrain the realisation of the bank guarantee.”
19. On the issue of the first exception viz. fraud, the Hon'ble Supreme Court in
the case of Vinitec Electronics Pvt. Ltd. vs. HCL Infosystems Ltd. (supra) held thus :
“25. This Court in more than one decision took the view that fraud,
if any, must be of an egregious nature as to vitiate the underlying
transaction. We have meticulously examined the pleadings in the
present case in which no factual foundation is laid in support of the
allegations of fraud. There is not even a proper allegation of any
fraud as such and in fact the whole case of the appellant centres
around the allegation with regard to the alleged breach of contract
by the respondent. The plea of fraud in the appellant's own words is
to the following effect:
“ That despite the respondent HCL being in default of not making
payment as stipulated in the bank guarantee, in perpetration of
abject dishonesty and fraud, the respondent HCL fraudulently
invoked the bank guarantee furnished by the applicant and sought
remittance of the sums under the conditional bank guarantee from
Oriental Bank of Commerce vide letter of invocation dated 1612
2003.”
26. In our considered opinion such vague and indefinite allegations
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made do not satisfy the requirement in law constituting any fraud
much less the fraud of an egregious nature as to vitiate the entire
transaction. The case, therefore does not fall within the first
exception.”
20. The Plaintiff has pleaded fraud in the Plaint primarily on the basis that
Defendant No.1 committed breaches of the underlying contract and as such the
invocation of Bank Guarantees is illegal and fraudulent. The Plaintiff has lost sight
of the fact that the Bank Guarantees furnished by the Plaintiff to the Defendant No.
1 categorically provides that, “ The Bank's obligations shall not be reduced by any
failure by the EPC Contractor to timely pay or perform any of its obligations under the
contract ”. The Plaintiff has not made out any case of fraud much less a case of an
absolute and egregious fraud to the knowledge of the Bank, which would affect the
very foundation of the Bank Guarantee as is required in law. In view thereof it
cannot be held that the invocation of the Bank Guarantee by Defendant No.1 is
fraudulent as alleged by the Plaintiff.
21. As regards the second exception viz. irretrievable injury, it has been
repeatedly held by the Hon'ble Apex Court that to avail of the said ground it must be
decisively established and proved to the satisfaction of the court that there would be
no possibility whatsoever of the recovery of the amount by the beneficiary. In this
Context, paragraph 14 of the decision of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in U.P. State
Sugar Corporation (supra) is relevant and reproduced hereunder:
“14. On the question of irretrievable injury which is the second
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exception to the rule against granting of injunctions when
unconditional bank guarantees are sought to be realised the court
said in the above case that the irretrievable injury must be of the kind
which was the subjectmatter of the decision in the Itek Corporation
case (supra). In that case an exporter in the U.S.A. entered into an
agreement with the Imperial Government of Iran and sought an order
terminating its liability on stand by letters of credit issued by an
American bank in favour of an Iranian Bank as part of the contract.
The relief was sought on account of the situation created after the
Iranian revolution when the American Government cancelled the
export licences in relation to Iran and the Iranian Government had
forcibly taken 52 American citizens as hostages. The U.S. Government
had blocked all Iranian assets under the jurisdiction of United States
and had cancelled the export contract. The Court upheld the
contention of the exporter that any claim for damages against the
purchaser if decreed by the American Courts would not be executable
in Iran under these circumstances and realization of the bank
guarantee/Letters of credit would cause irreparable harm to the
plaintiff. This contention was upheld. To avail of this exception,
therefore, exceptional circumstances which make it impossible for the
guarantor to reimburse himself if the ultimately succeeds, will have to
be decisively established. Clearly, a mere apprehension that the other
party will not be able to pay, is not enough. In the Itek case (supra)
there was a certainty on this issue. Secondly, there was good reason,
in that case for the Court to be prima facie satisfied that the
guarantors i.e. the bank and its customer would be found entitled to
receive the amount paid under the guarantee .
The above view is also reiterated by the Hon'ble Apex Court in paragraph 22 of its
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decision in the case of Dwarikesh Sugar Industries Ltd. vs. Prem Heavy Engineerings
Works (P) Ltd. (supra).
22. The Plaintiff has primarily pleaded in paragraph 10 of the Plaint that if
Defendant Nos. 2 to 5 make any payment to Defendant No.1 under the Bank
Guarantee, it will be difficult for the Plaintiff to recover the amounts paid under the
Bank Guarantee. It is pleaded in paragraph 12 that the encashment of the Bank
Guarantee will damage the Plaintiff's credential with the Bank. The Plaintiff has
further merely stated without any substantiation that this is a case of special
equities. None of these pleadings satisfy the requirement of establishing
irretrievable injury as required in law. Special equities and irretrievable injury are
aspects of the same contention. In any case, save and except stating that this is also
a case of special equities, nothing further has been pleaded. The mere plea and that
too without any basis that it will be difficult to recover the amount from Defendant
No.1 does not fulfil the requirement of establishing irretrievable injury or special
equities as laid down in the various cases discussed hereinabove. As held by the
Hon'ble Courts, to avail of these exceptions, exceptional circumstances which make
it impossible for the party to reimburse itself if it ultimately succeeds, has to be
decisively established. A mere apprehension that the other party will not be able to
pay is not enough. As regards the contention that it will cause damage to the
Plaintiff's credential with the Banks, the same is a vague statement and would lend
no assistance to the Plaintiff.
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23. The Plaintiff has in support of its contention that special equities have arisen
in its favour, has placed reliance on the judgment of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in
the case of Hindustan Construction Company (supra) and in particular paragraph 21
thereof which reads thus:
“21. We have scrutinized the facts pleaded by the parties in respect of
both the Bank Guarantees as also the document filed before us and we
are, prima facie, of the opinion that the lapse was on the part of the
defendants who were not possessed of sufficient funds for completion of
the work. The allegation of the defendants that HCCL itself had
abandoned the work does not, prima facie, appear to be correct and it
is for this reason that we are of the positive view that the “special
equities” are wholly in favour of HCCL”.
The judgment of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of Hindustan Construction
Company (supra) as can be seen from the Paragraph 9 of the Judgment is purely on
the basis of the terms of the Bank Guarantee. The observations at para 21 therein
was in the context of a conditional Bank Guarantee. The Court has in the said case
considered the clauses of the Bank Guarantee and in paragraphs 12 and 13 held that
the Bank Guarantee was not an unconditional Bank Guarantee. The Hon'ble
Supreme Court has held that by referring specifically to Clause 9, the Bank has
qualified its liability to pay the amount covered by the Guarantee relating to
“Advance Mobilisation Loan” to the Executive Engineer only if the obligations under
the contract were not fulfilled by HCCL or if HCCL has misappropriated any portion
of the “Advance Mobilisation Loan”. The Supreme Court further held that it is in
these circumstances that clause 12 of the Bank Guarantee would operate and the
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whole of the amount covered by the “Mobilisation Advance” would become payable
on demand and the Bank Guarantee thus could be invoked only in the circumstances
referred to in Clause 9. The Supreme Court has held that, that being so the Bank
Guarantee could not be said to be unconditional and unequivocal in terms so that
the Defendants could be said to have an unfettered right to invoke that Guarantee
and demand immediate payment thereof from the Bank. Further, the Court has also
held at paras 19 and 20 that the invocation was done wrongfully. It was in the
context of such Bank Guarantee that the Hon'ble Supreme Court made
observations in para 21 in the case of Hindustan Construction Company (supra). The
judgment and observations of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in para 21 of the
judgment in Hindustan Construction Company (supra) cannot by any stretch of
reasoning be said to have diluted the laws on Bank Guarantees which has been
reiterated repeatedly by the Hon'ble Supreme Court even after the judgement in the
case of Hindustan Construction Company . In the case of Vinitec Construction (supra),
the Hon'ble Supreme Court expressly dealt with and distinguished the judgment in
the case of Hindustan Construction Company at paragraphs 20 and 21 thereof. In
fact, in the said Bank Guarantees furnished by the Bank at the instance of the
Plaintiff to the Defendant No.1, it is categorically provided that the Bank's
obligations shall not be reduced by any failure by the EPC Contractor to timely
pay or perform any of its obligations under the contract. This being the bargain,
the Plaintiff now cannot be heard to say that the Defendant No. 1 is not entitled to
invoke the Bank Guarantee on the ground that the Defendant No.1 has not made
certain payments on the due dates and/or have not performed their obligations
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under the principal Agreement and that in view thereof, the special equities are in
their favour.
24. In the light of the above circumstances, in my view, the Plaintiff has failed to
make out any case to restrain Defendant Nos. 2 to 5 from invoking the said Bank
Guarantees. The above Notice of Motion is therefore dismissed with costs.
( S.J. KATHAWALLA, J.)
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