MONNET ISPAT AND ENERGY LTD. vs. UNION OF INDIA .

REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 3285 OF 2009 Monnet Ispat and Energy Ltd. …… Appellant Vs. Union of India and Ors. …… Respondents WITH CIVIL APPEAL NO. 3286 OF 2009 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 3287 OF 2009 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 3288 OF 2009 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 3289 OF 2009 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 3290 OF 2009 JUDGMENT JUDGMENT R.M. LODHA, J . Introduction This group of six appeals occupied considerable judicial time. These matters were heard on ten days between November 2, 2011 and 1 Page 1 November 29, 2011. Although the facts differ from one another in some respects but since fundamental issues appeared to be common and all these matters arise from a common judgment dated April 4, 2007 passed

common judgment. Prayers 2. The prayers in the writ petitions filed by the appellants before the High Court also differ. However, principally the reliefs prayed for by the appellants in their writ petitions were for quashing (i) the decision of the Department of Mines and Geology, Government of Jharkhand contained in the letter dated September 13, 2005 whereby the State Government sought to withdraw the recommendation for grant of mining lease made in favour of the appellants in the subject iron ore bearing JUDGMENT areas in Mauza Ghatkuri, West Singhbhum District, Jharkhand (ii) the order of the Ministry of Mines, Government of India whereunder the said Ministry returned the recommendation made by Government of Jharkhand in favour of each of the appellants (iii) for declaring the Notifications dated December 21, 1962 and February 28, 1969 issued by the Government of Bihar and the Notification dated October 27, 2006 issued by the Government of Jharkhand null and void and (iv) directing the respondents to proceed under Rule 59(2) of the Mineral Concession 2 Page 2 Rules, 1960 (for short, ‘1960 Rules’) for grant of mining lease to each of the appellants in the iron ore bearing areas in Ghatkuri as applied. Bihar Land Reforms Act

to the State of the interest of proprietors and tenure holders in land of the mortgagees and lessees of such interest including interest in mines and minerals and other matters connected therewith. It came into force on September 25, 1950. Chapter II of the 1950 Bihar Act deals with vesting of an estate or tenure in the State and its consequences. The State Government has been empowered under Section 3 to declare that the estates or tenures of a proprietor or tenure holder, as may be specified in the notification/s from time to time, to become vested in the State. Section 4 provides for consequences of vesting of an estate or tenure in the State. JUDGMENT Section 4 has undergone amendments on few occasions. To the extent it is relevant, Section 4 of the 1950 Bihar Act reads as follows : “ 4. Consequences of the vesting of an estate or tenure in the State .—Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force or any contract and notwithstanding any non-compliance or irregular compliance of the provisions…………..on the publication of the notification under sub-section (1), of section 3 or sub-section (1) or sub- section (2) of section 3A, the following consequences shall ensue and shall be deemed always to have ensued, namely; (a) Such estate or tenure including the interests of the proprietor or tenure-holder in any building or part of a building comprised in such estate or tenure ……… as also 3 Page 3

4. The brief facts relating to each of these appeals may be noticed now. Factual features Civil Appeal No. 3285 of 2009, Monnet Ispat and Energy Ltd. Vs.Union India of and Ors. 5. The appellant company, referred to as Monnet, is registered under the Companies Act, 1956. Monnet is engaged in the business of mining, production of steel, ferro-alloys and power. Monnet decided to set JUDGMENT up an integrated steel plant in Hazaribagh District with a proposed investment of Rs. 1400 crores. A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was entered into between Monnet and the State Government on February 5, 2003. The main raw material for the integrated steel plant is iron ore. On January 29, 2004, Monnet made an application to State of Jharkhand, referred to as State Government, for mining lease of iron ore 4 Page 4 over an area of 3566.54 hectares in Mauza Ghatkuri for the purpose of the proposed steel plant. 5.1. It is the case of Monnet that after consideration of the

referred to as 'the 1957 Act’) and the 1960 Rules, the State Government in August, 2004 recommended Monnet’s application to the Government of India for grant of mining lease of iron ore over an area of 705 hectares in Mauza Ghatkuri under Section 5(1) and Section 11(5) of the 1957 Act. The recommendation was made after the State Government was satisfied that the said mining block was suitable for exploitation and met the requirement of Monnet. The recommendation was also made on priority basis as Monnet fulfilled the essential objectives of the industrial policy of the State with commitment for investment and growth of employment and JUDGMENT social sector under its aegis. 5.2. The Ministry of Mines, Government of India, on receipt of the recommendation of the State Government, sought for certain clarifications from the State Government vide their communication dated September 6, 2004. The State Government is said to have responded to the said communication and clarified the position in their reply of November 17, 5 Page 5 2004. The State Government reiterated the recommendation in favour of Monnet setting out the comparative merit of all such proposals. 5.3. On November 17, 2004, the District Mining Officer, Chaibasa

were reserved for public sector exploitation under the two Notifications issued by the Government of Bihar on December 21, 1962 and February 28, 1969. He further suggested that approval of the Central Government under Rule 59(2) of the 1960 Rules should be obtained by the State Government for grant of leases in this area to avoid complications. 5.4. The Central Government vide its letter dated June 15, 2005 informed that a joint meeting of officers of Ministry of Mines, Government of India and concerned officers of the State Government be held to clarify certain issues in connection with the Ghatkuri Reserve Forest. JUDGMENT 5.5. On June 29, 2005, a joint meeting of the officials of the Central Government and State Government on the issues relating to proposals for grant of mining leases in Ghatkuri was held wherein the Secretary of the State Government is stated to have requested the Central Government to hold on the processing of the pending applications. 6 Page 6 5.6. On September 13, 2005, the State Government requested the Central Government to return the proposals of mining lease of nine out of ten applicants, including Monnet.

also the officials of the State Government informed the Central Government that it has decided to withdraw nine pending mining lease proposals, including that of Monnet. 5.8. Monnet has averred that compartment no. 5 which was recommended for allocation to it was not at all affected by reservation. Block No. D (500 acres) which is overlapping with compartment no. 5 (recommended in favour of Monnet) was earlier lease area of M/s. Rungta Sons Pvt. Ltd. (for short, ‘Rungta’). The said lease was granted to Rungta for twenty years upto September 3, 1995. Monnet claims that JUDGMENT application for renewal was not submitted by Rungta one year prior to expiry of their lease and their lease automatically expired on September 3, 1995. Moreover, only 102.25 hectares area has been overlapping with compartment no. 5 (out of the 705 hectares recommended by the State Government for Monnet). Monnet has thus, set up the case that the area recommended by the State Government for grant of mining lease to it was not under any previous reservation for any public sector undertaking. 7 Page 7 5.9. On March 6, 2006, the Government of India passed an order accepting the request of the State Government dated September 13, 2005 for withdrawal of the mining proposals made in favour of applicants, including Monnet.

6. The appellant M/s. Adhunik Alloys & Power Limited, referred to as Adhunik, is a company registered under the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956. It carries on business of iron and steel. Adhunik intended to set up 2.2 MTPA integrated steel plant at Kandra in the State of Jharkhand. The first phase of this integrated steel plant is said to have been completed and commissioned in June, 2005. The work for completion of phase-II has been going on. On September 1, 2003, Adhunik made an application to the State Government for grant of mining lease over an area of 8809.37 acres (3566.54 hectares) in Mauza Ghatkuri JUDGMENT for iron ore for captive consumption of its proposed integrated steel plant at Kandra, Jharkhand. 6.1. On September 16, 2003, the Deputy Commissioner, Chaibasa forwarded Adhunik’s application along with few others to the Director of Mines, Jharkhand. 8 Page 8 6.2. As the applications were overlapping, the Director of Mines called Adhunik and other applicants for a meeting on December 26, 2003. The Director of Mines gave hearing to the applicants, including Adhunik.

State Government and Adhunik in connection with an integrated steel plant at Village Kandra in the District of Seraikela – Kharswan setting out the details of the project; capacity per annum, project cost and implementation period. 6.4. On August 4, 2004, the State Government recommended Adhunik’s case to the Central Government for grant of mining lease for iron ore for captive consumption over an area of 426.875 hectares. In its letter dated August 4, 2004 seeking prior approval of the Central Government for grant of mining lease for iron ore in favour of Adhunik, the JUDGMENT State Government gave various reasons justifying grant of mining lease to Adhunik. 6.5. Adhunik claims that substantial progress has been made in construction of its Rs. 790 crores integrated steel plant and the plant has been seriously affected due to shortage of iron ore. Civil Appeal No. 3287 of 2009, Abhijeet Infrastructure Ltd. Vs. Union India of and Ors. 9 Page 9 7. The appellant M/s. Abhijeet Infrastructure Limited, referred to as Abhijeet, was earlier known as Abhijeet Infrastructure Pvt. Limited. Abhijeet has been in the business of iron and steel for last many years.

Ghatkuri for iron ore and manganese for captive consumption of its proposed Sponge Iron Plant and Ferro-Alloys Plant in Village Rewali, Block Katkamsandi, District Hazaribagh. On February 26, 2004, an MOU was entered into between Abhijeet and the State Government for setting up a Sponge Iron Plant and Ferro-Alloys Plant at suitable location in the State of Jharkhand. 7.1. On August 5, 2004, the State Government took a decision to grant a mining lease to Abhijeet for iron ore for captive consumption over an area of 429 hectares not overlapping with the area of any other JUDGMENT applicant in Mauza Ghatkuri. The State Government sought prior approval of the Central Government vide its letter dated August 5, 2004 for grant of mining lease to Abhijeet. 7.2. Abhijeet has averred that based on firm and definite commitment of the State Government in the form of MOU dated February 26, 2004 it has taken all required steps including the steps for getting acquisition of land in village Kud, Rewali and Damodih. 10 Page 10 Civil Appeal No. 3288 of 2009, Ispat Industries Limited Vs. Union of India and Ors. 8. The appellant, Ispat Industries Limited, referred to as Ispat,

got vast resources and technical experience. Ispat intended to set up an integrated steel plant in the State of Jharkhand and accordingly made an application to the State Government for grant of mining lease over an area of 725.32 hectares in Village Rajabeda in West Singhbhum District for iron ore. 8.1. The State Government took a decision on August 5, 2004 to grant a mining lease over an area of 470.06 hectares for captive consumption of iron ore in respect of the area not overlapping with the area of any other major mineral. The State Government on August 5, 2004 JUDGMENT also wrote to the Central Government seeking their prior approval in the matter. Civil Appeal No. 3289 of 2009, Jharkhand Ispat Private Limited Vs. Union of India and Ors. 9. Jharkhand Ispat Private Limited, to be referred as Jharkhand Ispat, is a registered company having their registered office in Ramgarh, 11 Page 11 District Hazaribagh, State of Jharkhand. Jharkhand Ispat runs a Sponge Iron and Steel Plant in Ramgarh. 9.1. Jharkhand Ispat applied to the State Government for grant of

Government for establishment of sponge iron and steel plant in the Hazaribagh District. As per para 4 of the MOU, State Government would assist Jharkhand Ispat in selecting the area for iron and other minerals as per requirement depending upon quality and quantity. The State Government agreed to grant mineral concession as per existing law. 9.2. On August 4, 2004, the State Government prepared a report containing its decision and proposal in favour of Jharkhand Ispat for grant of mining lease over an area of 346.647 hectares at Mauza Ghatkuri and forwarded the same to the Ministry of Mines, Government of India. JUDGMENT Civil Appeal No. 3290 of 2009, Prakash Ispat Limited Vs. Union of India and Ors. 10. The appellant Prakash Ispat Limited, referred to as Prakash, is a company registered under the Companies Act, 1956. Prakash carries on business in steel and claims to have annual turnover of Rs.2200 crores. Prakash applied to the State Government for mining lease of iron ore over an area of 1000 hectares in Mauza Ghatkuri on January 20, 2004 for 12 Page 12 captive consumption of the proposed Steel Plant at Amadia Gaon in West Singhbhum District. 11. On March 26, 2004, the State Government entered into an

took a decision to grant mining lease for iron ore to Prakash for captive consumption over an area of 294.06 hectares and recommended to the Central Government for their prior approval. 12. It may be mentioned here that the facts concerning various meetings between the officials of the State Government and Central Government; the communications exchanged between the two, including the communication of the State Government dated September 13, 2005; the communication of the District Mining Officer, Chaibasa dated November 17, 2004 to the Department of Mines and Geology, State of JUDGMENT Jharkhand and the rejection of the proposal have not been repeated while narrating the facts of the appellants –Adhunik, Abhijeet, Ispat, Jharkhand Ispat and Prakash as these facts have already been noted while narrating the facts in the matter of Monnet. The main issue 13 Page 13 13. The foremost point that arises for consideration is whether the Notifications dated December 21, 1962 (to be referred as 1962 Notification) and February 28, 1969 (to be referred as 1969 Notification)

legal and valid. It is a little complex point, because it involves threading one’s way through statutory provisions contained in 1957 Act and 1960 Rules. I shall set them out to the extent these are relevant after noticing the arguments advanced on behalf of the parties. 14. Mr. Ranjit Kumar, learned senior counsel for Monnet , did initially raise the plea that 1962 and 1969 Notifications were never published in the official gazette but on production of gazette copies of these Notifications by learned senior counsel for the State of Jharkhand, the plea with regard to the non-publication of these Notifications was not JUDGMENT carried further. 1962 Notification 15. The 1962 Notification issued by the erstwhile State of Bihar reads as under: “ NOTIFICATION st The 21 December, 1962 No. A/MM-40510/62-6209/M - It is hereby notified for the information of public that the 14 Page 14 following iron ore bearing areas in this State are reserved for exploitation of the mineral in the public sector:- Name of the district - Shinghbhum Description of the areas reserved.

BOUNDARY South - The southern boundary is the same as the northern boundary. It starts from the Bihar, Orissa boundary opposite the gorge of the southern tributary of Megnahatu nala and runs west-north-west along the gorge till the foot of the hill. East - The boundary between the States of Bihar and Orissa. East & South - East Bihar-Orissa boundary from 2680 upto a point 2-3/4 miles north-east of it, meeting the southern boundary of Sasangda Main Block. JUDGMENT North - The northern boundary is the same as the southern boundary of Sasangda Main Block and follows the gorge at just over one mile northwards of .2935. 15 Page 15 5. Dirisumburu Block – BOUNDARY South and South-West Starting from the Churu Ikir Nala at about 5 furlongs east – north-east of Kiriburu Kolaiburu village (220 11’30” : 85 14’), in east- south-east direction for one mile. South-East - From the above end towards north-east for 2-1/2 miles to reach a point ½ miles north west of Bahada village (22 11’30”: 85 17’30”). North-East - From the above end north – westwards upto the gorge at coordinate location 20 13’ : 85 18”. North-West - From the above location south- westwards along the fact of the hill Dirishumburu and the foot of the adjoining Hakatlataburu to meet the starting point of the Churu Ikir Nala east-north- east of Kolaiburu village. JUDGMENT 6. Banalata Block – BOUNDARY 16 Page 16 South-East - A line running west- north-west-east- south-east passing through 2.20 feet contour at the south- western and of the Banlata ridge south- east – From 2 -1/2 furlongs east of 2187 north east wards upto ½ mile north- west of Pechahalu village (22 16’ : 85 20’) and from here north-north – east upto 3 furlongs east- south-east of 2567 Painsira Buru). North - From the above and in west-north-west direction across the hill for five furlongs to reach the north- west slope of the hill. West - From above end in general south-south- west directing along the flank of the hill to reach the south-west boundary at three furlongs north-west 2187. JUDGMENT By order of the Governor of Bihar Sd/- (B.N. Sinha) Secretary to Government” 1969 Notification 16. Then, on February 28, 1969 the following Notification was issued: 17 Page 17 “GOVERNMENT OF BIHAR DEPARTMENT OF MINES & GEOLOGY NOTIFICATION th Patna, the 28 February, 1969 Phalgun, 1890 – S

It is hereby notified for information of public that Iron Ore bearing areas of 416 acres (168.349 Hectares) situated in Ghatkuri Reserved Forest Block No. 10 in the district of Singhbhum are reserved for exploitation of mineral in the public sector. For full details in this regard District Mining Officer, Chaibasa should be contacted. By order of the Governor of Bihar Sd/- (C.P. Singh) Dy. Secretary to Government” 2006 Notification 17. The State of Jharkhand issued a Notification on October 27, 2006 which reads as follows: JUDGMENT “DEPARTMENT OF MINES & GEOLOGY, RANCHI NOTIFICATION th The 27 October, 2006 No. 3277 - It is hereby notified for the information of the general public that optimum utilization and exploitation of the mineral resources in the State and for establishment of mineral based industry with value addition thereon, it has been decided by the State Govt. that the iron ore deposits at Ghatkuri would not be thrown open for grant of prospective licence, mining lease or otherwise for the private parties. The deposit was at all material times kept reserved vide gazette notification No. A/MM- 18 Page 18 st 40510/62-6209/M dated the 21 December, 1962 and No. B/M-6-1019/68-1564/M dated the 28th February, 1969 of the State of Bihar. The mineral reserved in the said area has now been decided to be utilized for exploitation by Public Sector undertaking or Joint Venture project of the State Govt. which will usher in maximum benefits to the State and which generate substantial amount of employment in the State.

18. Learned senior counsel for the appellants highlighted different aspects while setting up challenge to the 1962, 1969 and 2006 Notifications. Mr. Ranjit Kumar, learned senior counsel for Monnet focussed more on factual aspects peculiar to Monnet. I shall refer to the 19 Page 19 factual aspects highlighted by Mr. Ranjit Kumar in the later part of the judgment. While assailing validity of 1962, 1969 and 2006 Notifications, he referred to the provisions of 1957 Act and submitted that reservation was

and that would include 'reservation’. He would submit that a proprietary right should not be mixed up with inherent right insofar as mining is concerned. 19. Mr. C.A. Sundaram, learned senior counsel for Ispat argued that the 2006 Notification was bad in law for (1) 1962 and 1969 Notifications were not valid and as such could not be relied upon to give sanctity to the 2006 Notification; (2) 2006 Notification attempted to reserve the area for exploitation by public sector undertaking or joint ventures when Section 17A of the 1957 Act only allows the State Government to reserve area for public sector undertakings and non-joint ventures; JUDGMENT Section 17A does not envisage a private participation and (3) under Section 17A of the 1957 Act, the prior approval of the Central Government was needed before the State could reserve any area for public sector undertakings and no such prior approval was taken. 20. Mr. C.A. Sundaram would submit that 1962 and 1969 Notifications were invalid since Section 18 of the 1957 Act vests power of 20 Page 20 conservation and systematic development of minerals with Central Government; there was statutory prohibition on the State Government to make law with regard to conservation and development of minerals in

emergency and it did not empower the State to reserve the area for public sector undertaking. Learned senior counsel submitted that power of reservation by the State Government for public sector undertakings was introduced for the first time by way of amendment to Rule 58 of the 1960 Rules in 1980 and as such no power existed prior to 1980 for the State Government to reserve areas for public sector undertakings. Alternatively, he submitted that even if 1962 and 1969 Notifications were held to be validly issued with proper authority of law at that point of time, the fact that Rule 58 was omitted in 1988 without any saving clause necessarily meant that 1962 and 1969 Notifications were no longer valid and could not be JUDGMENT relied upon. He argued that current power of reservation contained in Section 17A of the 1957 Act is consistent with the erstwhile Rules 58/59 since Section 17A expressly requires the prior approval of the Central Government before State Government issues any notification for reservation of mining area for public sector undertakings. 21 Page 21 21. The decisions of this Court in Hingir-Rampur Coal Co. Ltd. & a Ors. v. State of Orissa & Ors. ; State of Orissa & Anr. v. M/s M.A. Tulloch b c & Co. ; Baijnath Kadio v. State of Bihar and Others ; Amritlal Nathubhai

f g State of Orissa & Others and Maya Mathew v. State of Kerala and Ors. were cited. Mr. C.A. Sundaram sought to distinguish Amritlal Nathubhai d d Shah and submitted that in any case Amritlal Nathubhai Shah was not a good law. 22. Mr. L. Nageswara Rao and Dr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi, learned senior counsel, appeared for Adhunik and argued that 1962 and 1969 Notifications were issued in contravention of law without the statutory prior approval of the Central Government under the 1957 Act. The 2006 Notification was only a reiteration of what was contained in the 1962 and JUDGMENT 1969 Notifications. 2006 Notification is bad in law and ultra vires of Section 17A of the 1957 Act. It was submitted that the State Government never adopted the 1962 and 1969 Notifications and, therefore, these Notifications had lapsed even if passed with due authority of law. In this a AIR 1961 SC 459 b AIR 1964 SC 1284 c 1969 (3) SCC 838 d 1976 (4) SCC 108 e 1990 (1) SCC 12 f 1991 Suppl. (1)SCC 430 g 2010 (4) SCC 498 22 Page 22 regard, the judgment in Pratik Sarkar, M.B. Suresh and Jitendra Laxman h Thorve v. State of Jharkhand was relied upon. 23. Mr. G.C. Bharuka, learned senior counsel appeared for

power to reserve any mineral bearing land for grant of prospecting licence or mining lease to any given class of persons, including the public sector undertakings. It was submitted that on declaration under Section 2 of the 1957 Act, the State Legislature was completely denuded of its power to legislate in respect of mines and minerals and consequently, the State Government had ceased to have any Executive power in respect of mines and minerals though it remained to be owner of the land and the minerals. In this regard, learned senior counsel referred to decisions of this Court in b c M.A. Tulloch & Co. ; Baijnath Kadio and Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. v. State i of Bihar & Ors. . Mr. Bharuka also distinguished the decision of this Court JUDGMENT d in Amritlal Nathubhai Shah and submitted that though there was no specific statutory provision of vesting power with the State Government for reservation, but in that case the Court inferred such power from Rule 59 of the 1960 Rules. Rule 59, as originally framed in 1960, permitted reservation only for “any purpose other than prospecting or mining for minerals”. Vide Notification dated July 9, 1963, the words “other than h 2008 (56) 1 BLJR 660 i 1990 (4) SCC 557 23 Page 23 prospecting or mining for minerals” were deleted and, therefore, on December 21, 1962 when the Notification was issued by the State of Bihar reserving the lands in dispute for exploitation by public sector, it had no

amendment. 24. Learned senior counsel submitted that the “reservation of mineral bearing areas for exploitation by public sector” is covered under the declaration made by Parliament under Section 2 of the 1957 Act in view of List I, Entry 54 of Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India. The topic relating to “reservation” is covered within the field of “regulating the grant of mining lease” and that would include the power to grant or not to grant mining lease to a particular person. The “reservation” would come within the scope of “regulating the grant of mining lease” for which the JUDGMENT Central Government is given the power to make rules. The Central Government, as a delegate of the Parliament, can frame rules with respect to “regulating the grant of mining lease”. By placing reliance upon Baijnath c i Kadio and Bharat Coking Coal , it was submitted that whether the rules are made or not, the topic is covered by Parliamentary Legislation and to that extent the power of State Legislature ceased to exist. With reference to Rule 58, it was submitted that by amendment brought in 1960 Rules in 24 Page 24 1980, the State Governments became competent to reserve areas for exploitation by Government or a Corporation established by any Central, State or Provincial Act or a government company within the meaning of

because the topic of reservation was covered within the declaration under Section 2 of the 1957 Act and was well within the scope of “to the extent hereinafter provided”. 25. In respect of validity of Notification dated October 27, 2006 issued by the State Government, it was submitted that 2006 Notification seeks to reserve the area for “joint venture” but that is not permissible under Section 17A of the 1957 Act. Section 17A(2) mandates that the area should be reserved “with the approval of the Central Government” and there was no approval granted to the 2006 Notification. Moreover, 2006 JUDGMENT Notification by its own words, is nothing but merely an informatory Notification having no legal significance or consequence. 26. Dr. Rajiv Dhavan, learned senior counsel made his submissions on behalf of Jharkhand Ispat. He vehemently contended that the 1962 Notification was wholly illegal and invalid as it was totally contrary to Rule 59 of 1960 Rules as it then stood which specifically allowed reservation for any purpose other than prospecting or mining for minerals. 25 Page 25 In this connection, he relied upon a decision of this Court in Janak Lal v. j State of Maharashtra and Others . 27. Learned senior counsel referred to changes that occurred in

State Governments acquired power of reservation for specific areas with the approval of the Central Government. From April 13, 1988 under Rule 59(2) of the 1960 Rules, the Central Government could relax the provisions of sub-rule (1) in any special case. According to learned senior counsel, reservation under 1969 Notification was technically permissible because Rule 59 was amended in 1963 by removing ‘no mining restriction’ but reservations after 1980 and especially 1988 could be made only under a new statutory regime. 28. Dr. Rajeev Dhavan also based his argument on the doctrine of JUDGMENT federalism and submitted that the State of Bihar had no legal power to reserve the area de hors the 1957 Act. He submitted that 1957 Act was wholly occupied field on the subject of mines and minerals and that ousts the state legislative and congruent executive power wholly and squarely. In support of his submissions, he referred to the decisions of this Court in a c Hingir-Rampur Coal Co. , Baijnath Kadio , State of Assam and others v. j 1989 (4) SCC 121 26 Page 26 k Om Prakash Mehta and others , State of W.B. v. Kesoram Industries Ltd. l and others and Sandur Manganese and Iron Ores Limited v. State of m Karnataka and Others .

happens to be the owner of the land including mines, it does not give it power to mine or reserve outside the regime of 1957 Act and 1960 Rules. d He submitted that Amritlal Nathubhai Shah’s case must be confined to its d own facts. The decision in Amritlal Nathubhai Shah was founded on the specific finding that the State’s action was consistent with Rule 59; it does not test the proposition of a conflict between the State’s power over land and the Union’s take over of the field of mines and minerals. Moreover, d learned senior counsel would submit that Amritlal Nathubhai Shah failed to take note of earlier Constitution Bench decisions of this Court. Learned l senior counsel also submitted that the decision of this Court in Kesoram JUDGMENT has no application as the said decision deals with the State’s power to tax. 30. Mr. Dhruv Mehta, learned senior counsel for Prakash submitted that prior to November 16, 1980, there was no power with the State Governments to reserve any area for exploitation by the Government or a Corporation established by Central or State Act or a government k 1973 (1) SCC 584 l 2004 (10) SCC 201 m 2010 (13) SCC 1 27 Page 27 company. It was only by way of amendment to Rule 58 on November 16, 1980 that for the first time the State Governments were conferred power to reserve any area for exploitation by the Government or a Corporation

context should be whether prior to 1980, the State had power either to ‘prohibit mining’ or to ‘reserve mining for public sector undertaking’. In this c regard, he referred to decisions of this Court in Baijnath Kadio , D.K. n Trivedi and Sons and Others v. State of Gujarat and Others , State of o Tamil Nadu v. M/s. Hind Stone and Others and Indian Metals and Ferro p Alloys Ltd. v. Union of India & Ors . He submitted that in view of the above, 1962 Notification reserving iron ore area in the State of Bihar for exploitation of mineral in public sector was clearly beyond the power of the State. He submitted that the State did not have any inherent power to JUDGMENT reserve any area for mining in view of the declaration made by Parliament under Section 2 of the 1957 Act and in any case Rule 59 of the 1960 Rules, as it originally stood, specifically excluded reservation with regard to prospecting or mining of mineral prior to June 9, 1963. 31. As regards 2006 Notification, Mr. Mehta submitted that the said Notification firstly, was not a fresh exercise of reservation as it refers n 1986 (Suppl.) SCC 20 o 1981 (2) SCC 205 p 1992 Supp (1) SCC 91 28 Page 28 to reservation already made by 1962 and 1969 Notifications. Secondly, even if it is assumed that 2006 Notification is a fresh order for reservation in exercise of the power under Section 17A(2) of the 1957 Act, yet the

subordinate legislation, it cannot be given retrospective effect. Reliance was placed by the learned senior counsel on Hukam Chand etc. v. Union q of India & Ors . Central Government’s Stand 32. Mr. Ashok Bhan, learned senior counsel for the Union of India referred to Entry 54 of the Union List, Entry 23 of the State List, Article 246 of the Constitution, various Sections of 1957 Act and Rules of 1960 Rules and submitted that Central Government having taken power on to itself by enacting 1957 Act, the legislative field relating to ‘minerals — regulation JUDGMENT and development’ is occupied and the Central Government was the sole regulator. Mr. Ashok Bhan submitted that under the scheme of law, the State Government was denuded of its power other than what flows from the 1957 Act. In matters of regulation of mines and development of minerals, according to Mr. Ashok Bhan, public interest is paramount. Reply on behalf of the State Government q 1972 (2) SCC 601 29 Page 29 33. Mr. Ajit Kumar Sinha, learned senior counsel for the State of Jharkhand, in reply, strongly contested the contentions of learned senior counsel appearing for the appellants. He vehemently contended that the

submitted that the Bihar Legislature enacted 1950 Bihar Act which received the assent of the President and came into force on September 25, 1950. Section 4(a) thereof vested all pre-existing estates or tenures including rights in mines and minerals absolutely in the State free from all encumbrances. 1950 Bihar Act has been held to be constitutionally valid by a decision of this Court in The State of Bihar v. Maharajadhiraja Sir r Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga and Ors. . In any event, Mr. Ajit Kumar Sinha, learned senior counsel submitted that 1950 Bihar Act has been put in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution and was, therefore, beyond the pale of challenge. Moreover, the sovereign executive power of the State JUDGMENT Government under Article 298 of the Constitution to carry on any trade or business and to acquire, hold and dispose of property for any purpose comprehends and includes the power to reserve land for exploitation of its minerals in the public sector. He heavily relied upon the decisions of this d p Court in Amritlal Nathubhai Shah , Indian Metals and Ferro Alloys Ltd. s and Bhupatrai Maganlal Joshi and Others v. Union of India and another . r 1952 SCR 889 s 2001 (10) SCC 476 30 Page 30 34. Mr. Ajit Kumar Sinha, leaned senior counsel submitted that the source of power for issuance of 1962, 1969 and 2006 Notifications is clearly traceable to the relevant statutory provisions. Learned senior

then stood followed by amendment in that rule on July 9, 1963, while 2006 Notification is traceable to Section 17A(2) of 1957 Act read with Rule 59(1)(e) as inserted with effect from April 13, 1988. 35. Mr. Ajit Kumar Sinha, learned senior counsel submitted that even otherwise there was no conflict or encroachment by the State of any occupied field. The State has neither been divested nor barred nor prohibited by 1957 Act or 1960 Rules. Instead, the unfettered power of reservation vested with the State alone under Rule 59 of 1960 Rules from 1962 to 1987 and thereafter under Section 17A(2). According to him, after JUDGMENT 1987 there is a concurrent power of reservation both with State Governments as well as Central Government as provided in Section 17A of the 1957 Act and Rule 59(1)(e) of the 1960 Rules. He relied upon t decisions of this Court in Lord Krishna Textile Mills v. Its Workmen , Life u Insurance Corporation of India v. Escorts Limited and others , Municipal t AIR 1961 SC 860 u 1986 (1) SCC 264 31 Page 31 v Corporation for City of Pune & Ors. v. Bharat Forge Co. Ltd. & Ors. and w High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan v. P.P. Singh and Another . 36. Mr. Ajit Kumar Sinha, learned senior counsel referred to the

Parliament itself contemplated state legislation for vesting of lands containing mineral deposits in the State Government and Parliament did not intend to trench upon powers of State legislatures under Entry 18 of List II. He relied upon the decisions of this Court in State of Haryana and x Another v. Chanan Mal and Others , Ishwari Khetan Sugar Mills (P) y l Limited & Ors . v. State of Uttar Pradesh and Others and Kesoram . He heavily relied upon the expression employed in Entry 54, ‘to the extent to which such regulation and development under the control of Union is declared by Parliament by law’ and the expression ‘to the extent JUDGMENT hereinafter provided’ in Section 2 of 1957 Act and submitted that what follows from this is that only when there is a bar or a prohibition in the law declared by the Parliament in the 1957 Act and/or the Rules made thereunder and if the State encroaches on the field covered/occupied then to that extent, the act or action of the State would be ultra vires . Thus, Mr. v 1995 (3) SCC 434 w 2003 (4) SCC 239 x 1977 (1) SCC 340 y 1980 (4) SCC 136 32 Page 32 Ajit Kumar Sinha would submit that the power or competence of the state legislatures to enact laws or of the State Government to issue notification remains unaffected if the field is neither occupied nor disclosed nor

e i f India Cement Limited , Bharat Coking Coal , Orissa Cement Limited and l Kesoram . 37. Learned senior counsel would submit that the Central Government also upon examination of the applications made by the appellants rejected the proposals on the ground of reservation made by the then State of Bihar under 1962 and 1969 Notifications and, thus, it can be inferred that these Notifications received post facto approval from the Central Government. In this regard, learned senior counsel relied upon z M/s Motilal Padampat Sugar Mills Co. Ltd. V. State of U.P. & Ors. , Amrit JUDGMENT aa Banaspati Ltd. and Another v. State of Punjab and Another , State of bb Punjab v. Nestle India Ltd. and Another , M.P. Mathur and Others v. DTC cc m and Others and Sandur Manganese and Iron Ores Limited . 38. Mr. Ajit Kumar Sinha, learned senior counsel submitted that 1962 and 1969 Notifications issued by the then State of Bihar have been z 1979 (2) SCC 409 aa 1992 (2) SCC 411 bb 2004 (6) SCC 465 cc 2006 (13) SCC 706 33 Page 33 reiterated by the State Government on its formation by 2006 Notification. He referred to Section 85 of the Bihar Reorganization Act, 2000 that provides that the appropriate government may, before the expiration of two

repealed or amended by a competent legislature. He, thus, submitted that by virtue of Section 85 of Bihar Reorganization Act, 2000 read with Sections 84 and 86 thereof, it is clear that the existing law shall have effect till it is altered, repealed and/or amended. Interveners’ view 39. Mr. Vikas Singh, Mr. Krishnan Venugopal and Mr. P.S. Narasimha, learned senior counsel, appeared for interveners. While adopting the arguments advanced on behalf of State of Jharkhand, Mr. Vikas Singh submitted that reservation of minerals is inherent right vested JUDGMENT in the State. Mr. Krishnan Venugopal, learned senior counsel heavily relied d upon the decision of this Court in Amritlal Nathubhai Shah and submitted that the said decision was binding and not per incuriam as contended on behalf of the appellants. He submitted that many provisions in 1957 Act and 1960 Rules acknowledge that all minerals vest in the State and that power to reservation is contemplated by Rule 59 of 1960 Rules. 34 Page 34 40. After this group of appeals was fully argued before us and the appeals were reserved for judgment, a Special Leave Petition, Geo- Minerals and Marketing (P) Ltd. v. State of Orissa & Ors., arising out of the

by the Government of Orissa for exploitation in public sector was found to be involved. We thought fit that learned senior counsel and counsel appearing in that matter were also heard so that we can have benefit of their view-point as well. Accordingly, we heard M/s. Harish Salve, K.K. Venugopal and R.K. Dwivedi, learned senior counsel, on the common legal aspect. 41. I would have preferred not to burden this judgment with the text of Entry 54 of List I, Entry 23 of List II and the relevant provisions contained in 1957 Act and 1960 Rules but reproduction of some of the JUDGMENT provisions is necessary for having the point under consideration in proper perspective. Relevant Entries 42. Entry 54, List I, is as follows : “54. Regulation of mines and mineral development to the extent to which such regulation and development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest.” 35 Page 35 43. Entry 23, List II, is as under : “23. Regulation of mines and mineral development subject to the provisions of List I with respect to regulation and development under the control of the Union.” Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1948 44. The Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1948 (for short, ‘1948 Act’) was enacted to provide for the regulation of mines and oilfields and for the development of the minerals under Entry 36 of the Government of India Act, 1935. It received the assent of the Governor General on September 8, 1948 and came into effect from that date. Under 1948 Act, the Central Government framed Mineral Concession Rules, 1949. 45. 1948 Act was repealed by 1957 Act. The introduction of 1957 JUDGMENT Act reads as follows : “In the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution in Union List entry 54 provides for regulation of mines and minerals development to the extent to which such regulation and development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest. On account of this provision it became imperative to have a separate legislation. In order to provide for the regulation of mines and the development of minerals, the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Bill was introduced in the Parliament.” 36 Page 36 Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957 and the Amendments 46. 1957 Act came into effect on June 1, 1958. It has been amended from time to time. 47. Section 2 of the 1957 Act reads as follows : “S. 2. Declaration as to the expediency of Union control .–- It is hereby declared that it is expedient in the public interest that the Union should take under its control the regulation of mines and the development of minerals to the extent hereinafter provided.” 48. Section 3(a),(c),(d),(e),(f), (g) and (h) defines ‘minerals’, ‘mining lease’, ‘mining operations’, ‘minor minerals’, ‘prescribed’ ‘prospecting licence’ and ‘prospecting operations’ in the 1957 Act as under: “3(a) “minerals” includes all minerals except mineral oils; (c) “mining lease” means a lease granted for the purpose of undertaking mining operations, and includes a sub-lease granted for such purpose; JUDGMENT (d) “mining operations” means any operations undertaken for the purpose of winning any mineral; (e) “minor minerals” means building stones, gravel, ordinary clay, ordinary sand other than sand used for prescribed purposes, and any other mineral which the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare to be a minor mineral; (f) “prescribed” means prescribed by rules made under this Act; 37 Page 37 (g) “prospecting licence” means a licence granted for the purpose of undertaking prospecting operations; (h) “prospecting operations” means any operations undertaken for the purpose of exploring, locating or proving mineral deposits;” 49. The original Section 4 in 1957 Act read as follows : “S. 4. (1) No person shall undertake any prospecting or mining operations in any area, except under and in accordance with the terms and conditions of a prospecting licence or, as the case may be, a mining lease, granted under this Act and the rules made thereunder: Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall affect any prospecting or mining operations undertaken in any area in accordance with the terms and conditions of a prospecting licence or mining lease granted before the commencement of this Act which is in force at such commencement. (2) No prospecting licence or mining lease shall be granted otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder.” JUDGMENT 50. In 1986, 1987 and 1999, Section 4 of the 1957 Act came to be amended. After these amendments, Section 4 reads as under : “ S.4.- Prospecting or mining operations to be under dd licence or lease .—(1) [No person shall undertake any reconnaissance, prospecting or mining operations in any area, except under and in accordance with the terms and conditions of a reconnaissance permit or of a prospecting licence or, as the case may be, of a mining lease, granted under this Act and the rules made thereunder]: dd Subs. by Act 38 of 1999, sec. 5, for certain words (w.e.f.18-12-1999). 38 Page 38 Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall affect any prospecting or mining operations undertaken in any area in accordance with the terms and conditions of a prospecting licence or mining lease granted before the commencement of this Act which is in force at such commencement:

gg [Provided also that nothing in this sub-section shall apply to any mining lease (whether called mining lease, mining concession or by any other name) in force immediately before the commencement of this Act in the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu.] hh [(1A) No person shall transport or store or cause to be transported or stored any mineral otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder.] ii (2) [No reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or mining lease] shall be grated otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder. JUDGMENT jj [(3) Any State Government may, after prior consultation with the Central Government and in accordance with the rules made under section 18, ee Ins. by Act 37 of 1986, sec. 2 (w.e.f. 10-2-87) ff Subs. by Act 38 of 1999, sec. 5, for “the Atomic Minerals Division” (w.e.f. 18-12-1999) gg Ins. by Act 16 of 1987, sec. 14 (w.r.e.f. 1-10-1963). hh Ins. by Act 38 of 1999, sec. 5 (w.e.f. 18-12-1999) ii Subs. by Act 38 of 1999, sec. 5, for “No prospecting licence or mining lease” (w.e.f. 18-12- 1999) jj Ins. by Act 37 of 1986, sec. 2 (w.e.f. 10-2-1987) 39 Page 39 kk [undertake reconnaissance, prospecting or mining operations with respect to any mineral specified in the First Schedule in any area within that State which is not already held under any reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or mining lease].”

Government to any person unless the conditions prescribed therein were satisfied. It mandated previous approval of the Central Government before grant of prospecting licence or mining lease by the State Government. 52. The original Section 5 came to be amended in 1986, 1994 and 1999. After these amendments, Section 5 now provides that a State Government shall not grant a reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or mining lease to any person unless he satisfies the requisite conditions. The provision mandates that in respect of any mineral specified in the First Schedule, no reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or mining lease JUDGMENT shall be granted except with the previous approval of the Central Government. 53. Section 6 of 1957 Act provides for maximum area for which a prospecting licence or mining lease may be granted. Section 7 makes provision for the periods for which prospecting licence may be granted or renewed and Section 8 provides for periods for which mining lease may be granted or renewed. kk Subs. by Act 38 of 1999, sec. 5, for certain words (w.e.f. 18-12-1999) 40 Page 40 54. Section 10 of the 1957 Act provides that application for reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or mining lease in respect of any land in which the minerals vest in the Government shall be made to

having regard to the provisions of 1957 Act or 1960 Rules. 55. The original Section 11 of the 1957 Act read as follows : “S.11.(1) Where a prospecting licence has been granted in respect of any land, the licensee shall have a preferential right for obtaining a mining lease in respect of that land over any other person: Provided that the State Government is satisfied that the licensee has not committed any breach of the terms and conditions of the prospecting licence and is otherwise a fit person for being granted the mining lease. (2) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (1), where two or more persons have applied for a prospecting licence or a mining lease in respect of the same land, the applicant whose application was received earlier shall have a preferential right for the grant of the licence or lease, as the case may be, over an applicant whose application was received later: JUDGMENT Provided that where any such applications are received on the same day, the State Government, after taking into consideration the mattes specified in sub- section (3), may grant the prospecting licence or mining lease, as the case may be, to such one of the applicants as it may deem fit. (3) The matters referred to in sub-section (2) are the following :- 41 Page 41 (a) any special knowledge of, or experience in, prospecting operations or mining operations, as the case may be, possessed by the applicant; (b) the financial resources of the applicant;

(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub- section (2) but subject to the provisions of sub-section (1), the State Government may for any special reasons to be recorded and with the previous approval of the Central Government, grant a prospecting licence or a mining lease to an applicant whose application was received later in preference to an applicant whose application was received earlier.” 56. The above provision was substituted by Act 38 of 1999 with effect from December 18, 1999. After substitution, Section 11 now reads as under : “ S.11. Preferential right of certain persons .—(1) Where a reconnaissance permit or prospecting licence has been granted in respect of any land, the permit holder or the licensee shall have a preferential right for obtaining a prospecting licence or mining lease, as the case may be, in respect of that land over any other person: JUDGMENT Provided that the State Government is satisfied that the permit holder or the licensee, as the case may be,— (a) has undertaken reconnaissance operations or prospecting operations, as the case may be, to establish mineral resources in such land; 42 Page 42 (b) has not committed any breach of the terms and conditions of the reconnaissance permit or the prospecting licence; (c) has not become ineligible under the provisions of this Act; and

(2) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (1), where the State Government has not notified in the Official Gazette the area for grant of reconnaissance permit or prospecting licence or mining lease, as the case may be, and two or more persons have applied for a reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or a mining lease in respect of any land in such area, the applicant whose application was received earlier, shall have the preferential right to be considered for grant of reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or mining lease, as the case may be, over the applicant whose application was received later: Provided that where an area is available for grant of reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or mining lease, as the case may be, and the State Government has invited applications by notification in the Official Gazette for grant of such permit, licence or lease, all the applications received during the period specified in such notification and the applications which had been received prior to the publication of such notification in respect of the lands within such area and had not been disposed of, shall be deemed to have been received on the same day for the purposes of assigning priority under this sub-section: JUDGMENT Provided further that where any such applications are received on the same day, the State Government, after taking into consideration the matter specified in sub- section (3), may grant the reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or mining lease, as the case may be, to such one of the applicants as it may deem fit. 43 Page 43 (3) The matters referred to in sub-section (2) are the following :--

(c) the nature and quality of the technical staff employed or to be employed by the applicant; (d) the investment which the applicant proposes to make in the mines and in the industry based on the minerals; (e) such other matters as may be prescribed. (4) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (1), where the Sate Government notifies in the Official Gazette an area for grant of reconnaissance permit, prospecting license or mining lease, as the case may be, all the applications received during the period as specified in such notification, which shall not be less than thirty days, shall be considered simultaneously as if all such applications have been received on the same day and the State Government, after taking into consideration the matter specified in sub-section (3), may grant the reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or mining lease, as the case may be, to such one of the applicants as it may deem fit. JUDGMENT (5) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub- section (2), but subject to the provisions of sub-section (1), the State Government may, for any special reasons to be recorded, grant a reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or mining lease, as the case may be, to an applicant whose application was received later in preference to an applicant whose application was received earlier: Provided that in respect of minerals specified in the First Schedule, prior approval of the Central Government 44 Page 44 shall be obtained before passing any order under this sub- section.” 57. Section 13 of the 1957 Act empowers Central Government to

framed for regulating the grant of, inter alia, mining leases in respect of minerals and for purposes connected therewith. 58. Section 14 states that the provisions of Sections 5 to 13 (both inclusive) shall not apply to quarry leases, mining leases or other mineral concessions in respect of minor minerals. Section 15 empowers State Governments to make rules in respect of minor minerals. 59. Section 16 provides for power to modify mining leases granted th before 25 October, 1949. The original sub-section (1) of Section 16 mandated that all mining leases granted before October 25, 1949 shall be JUDGMENT brought into conformity with the provisions of 1957 Act and the Rules made under Sections 13 and 18 after the commencement of 1957 Act. Then it provided that if the Central Government was of the opinion that in the interest of mineral development it was expedient so to do, it might permit any person to hold one or more such mining leases covering in any one State a total area in excess of that specified in clause (b) of Section 6 or for a period exceeding that specified in sub-section (1) of Section 8. Sub-section (1) of Section 16 has been amended in 1972 and 1994. 45 Page 45 60 By virtue of Section 17, the Central Government has been given special powers to undertake prospecting or mining operations in certain cases. Section 17(1) was amended in 1972. After amendment, Section 17(1) reads as under : “ S. 17.- Special powers of Central Government to undertake prospecting or mining operations in certain lands .—(1) The provisions of this section shall apply in respect of land in which the minerals vest in the Government of a State or any other person.” 61. Section 17A was inserted in the 1957 Act by Act 37 of 1987. Thereafter, sub-section (1A) was added in Section 17A by Act 25 of 1994. Section 17A, after its amendment in 1994, reads as follows : “ S. 17A. Reservation of area for purposes of conservation .—(1) The Central Government, with a view to conserving any mineral and after consultation with the State Government, may reserve any area not already held under any prospecting licence or mining lease and, where it proposes to do so, it shall, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify the boundaries of such area and the mineral or minerals in respect of which such area will be reserved. JUDGMENT (1A) The Central Government may in consultation with the State Government, reserve any area not already held under any prospecting licence or mining lease, for undertaking prospecting or mining operations through a Government company or corporation owned or controlled by it, and where it proposes to do so, it shall, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify the boundaries of such area and the mineral or minerals in respect of which such area will be reserved. 46 Page 46

(3) Where in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1A) or sub-section (2) the Central Government or the State Government, as the case may be, undertakes prospecting or mining operations in any area in which the minerals vest in a private person, it shall be liable, to pay prospecting fee, royalty, surface rent or dead rent, as the case may be, from time to time at the same rate at which it would have been payable under this Act if such prospecting or mining operations had been undertaken by a private person under prospecting licence or mining lease.” 62. Section 18 states that it shall be the duty of the Central Government to take all such steps as may be necessary for the conservation and systematic development of minerals in India and for the JUDGMENT protection of environment by preventing or controlling any pollution which may be caused by prospecting or mining operations and for such purposes the Central Government may make rules. Sub-section (2) of Section 18 empowers the Central Government to make rules and provide for the matters stated in clause (a) to clause (q). 63 . Section 18A was inserted in 1957 Act to enable the Central Government to authorize Geological Survey of India to carry out necessary 47 Page 47 investigation for the purpose of obtaining information with regard to availability of any mineral in or under any land in relation to which any prospecting licence or mining lease has been granted by a State

leases granted by a State Government, no such authorization shall be made except after consultation with the State Government. To the extent Section 18A is relevant, it is reproduced as under : “ S. 18A. Power to authorize Geological Survey of India, etc., to make investigation .—(1) Where the Central Government is of opinion that for the conservation and development of minerals in India, it is necessary to collect as precise information as possible with regard to any mineral available in or under any land in relation to which any prospecting licence or mining lease has been granted, whether by the State Government or by any other person, the Central Government may authorize the Geological Survey of India, or such other authority or agency as it may specify in this behalf, to carry out such detailed investigation for the purpose of obtaining such information as may be necessary: JUDGMENT Provided that in the cases of prospecting licences or mining leases granted by a State Government, no such authorization shall be made except after consultation with the State Government. xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx (6) The costs of the investigation made under this section shall be borne by the Central Government. Provided that where the State Government or other person in whom the minerals are vested or the holder of 48 Page 48

64. Section 19 provides that any prospecting licence or mining lease granted, renewed or acquired in contravention of the provisions of 1957 Act or any rules or orders made thereunder shall be void and of no effect. Section 19 underwent amendments in 1994 and 1999 but these amendments are not of much relevance for the purposes of these matters. 65. By virtue of Section 29, the rules made or purporting to have been made under the 1948 Act insofar as consistent with the matters provided in 1957 Act were made to continue until superseded by the rules made under the 1957 Act. Thus, the rules framed under 1948 Act JUDGMENT continued to operate until 1960 Rules were framed. Mineral Concession Rules, 1960 and the Amendments 66. 1960 Rules were framed by the Central Government in exercise of the powers conferred by Section 13 of the 1957 Act. These Rules were published on November 11, 1960. As noticed above, until 49 Page 49 these Rules came into effect, the Rules framed under 1948 Act remained operative. 67. By virtue of Rule 8, the provisions of Chapters II, III and IV

of the land in which the minerals vest in the State Government. 68. Rule 9 provides that an application for a prospecting licence and its renewal in respect of land in which the minerals vest in Government shall be made to the State Government in Form B and Form D respectively. The State Government is empowered to relax the provisions of clause (d) of sub-rule (2) of Rule 9. 69. Chapter-IV deals with grant of mining leases in respect of land in which the minerals vest in the Government. Sub-rule (1) of Rule 22 provides that an application for the grant of a mining lease in respect of JUDGMENT land in which the minerals vest in the Government shall be made to the State Government in Form I. Sub-rule (4) of Rule 22 provides that on receipt of the application for the grant of a mining lease, the State Government shall take decision to grant precise area and communicate such decision to the applicant. The applicant, on receipt of communication from the State Government of the precise areas to be granted, is required to submit a mining plan within a period of six months or such other period as may be allowed by the State Government, to the Central Government 50 Page 50 for its approval. The applicant is required to submit the mining plan, duly approved by the Central Government or by an officer duly authorized by the Central Government, to the State Government to grant mining lease

mines (mines other than the underground mines) in respect of non-metallic or industrial minerals set out in clauses (i) to (xxix) in their respective territorial jurisdiction. Such power of approval of mining plan has to be exercised by the State Government through officer or officers having qualification, experience and post and pay-scale as set out therein. Under sub-rule (4B) of Rule 22, the Central Government or the State Government has to dispose of the application for approval of mining plan within a period of ninety days from the date of receiving such application. 70. Rule 22D substituted by Notification dated January 17, 2000 makes provision for a minimum size of the mining lease. JUDGMENT 71. Rule 26 that was substituted by Notification dated July 18, 1963 was amended in 1979, 1988, 1991 and 2002. Rule 26 now reads as under: “ 26. Refusal of application for grant and renewal of mining lease .— (1) The State Government may, after giving an opportunity of being heard and for reasons to be recorded in writing and communicated to the applicant, refuse to grant or renew a mining lease over the whole or part of the area applied for. 51 Page 51 (2) An application for the grant or renewal of a mining lease made under rule 22 or rule 24A, as the case may be, shall not be refused by the State Government only on the ground that Form I or Form J, as the case may be, is not complete in all material particulars, or is not accompanied by the documents referred to in sub-clauses (d),(e),(f),(g) and (h) of clause (i) of sub-rule 22.

executed. It also provides for the date of commencement of the period. 73. Rule 58, as it originally stood, read as under : “ 58. Availability of areas for regrant to be notified . (1) No area which was previously held or which is being held under a prospecting licence or a mining lease as the case may be, or in respect of which the order granting licence or lease has been revoked under sub-rule (1) of rule 15 or sub-rule (1) of rule 31, shall be available for grant unless- JUDGMENT (a) an entry to the effect made in the register referred to in sub-rule (2) of rule 21 or sub-rule (2) of rule 40, as the case may be in ink; and (b) the date from which the area shall be available for grant is notified in the Official Gazette at least thirty days in advance. (2) The Central Government may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, relax the provisions of sub-rule (1) in any special case.” 52 Page 52 Rule 58 was amended on November 16, 1980 and the amended Rule 58 read as under :

Later on, Rule 58 has been omitted. 74. Rule 59, as originally framed in 1960 Rules, read as under: “ 59. Availability of certain areas for grant to be notified .- In the case of any land which is otherwise available for the grant of a prospecting licence or a mining lease but in respect of which the State Government has refused to grant a prospecting licence or a mining lease on the ground that the land should be reserved for any purpose, other than prospecting or mining for minerals, the State Government shall, as soon as such land becomes again available for the grant of a prospecting or mining lease, grant the licence or lease after following the procedure laid down in rule 58.” The original Rule 59 was amended vide Notification dated July 9, 1963. JUDGMENT After the said amendment, the Rule read as under : “ 59. - Availability of certain areas for grant to be notified .- In the case of any land which is otherwise available for the grant of a prospecting licence or a mining lease but in respect of which the State Government has refused to grant a prospecting licence or a mining lease on the ground that the land should be reserved for any purpose, the State Government shall, as soon as such land becomes again available for the grant of a prospecting or mining lease, grant the licence or lease after following the procedure laid down in rule 58.” 53 Page 53 Rule 59 was again amended in 1980. After amendment, the said rule read as under :

(b) in respect of which an order had been made for the grant of a prospecting licence or mining lease, but the applicant has died before the grant of the licence or the execution of lease, as the case may be; or (c) in respect of which the order granting a licence or lease has been revoked under sub-rule (1) of rule 15 or sub-rule (1) of rule 31; or (d) in respect of which a notification has been issued under sub-section (2) or sub-section (4) of section 17; or (e) which has been reserved by Government under rule 58, shall be available for grant unless- (i) an entry to the effect that the area is available for grant is made in the register referred to in sub-rule (2) of rule 21 or sub-rule (2) of rule 40, as the case may be, in ink; and JUDGMENT (ii) the availability of the area for grant is notified in the Official Gazette and specifying a date (being a date not earlier than thirty days from the date of the publication of such notification in the Official Gazette) from which such area shall be available for grant: Provided that nothing in this rule shall apply to the renewal of a lease in favour of the original lessee or his legal heirs notwithstanding the fact that the lease has already expired: 54 Page 54 Provided further that where an area reserved under rule 58 is proposed to be granted to a Government Company, no notification under clause (ii) shall be required to be issued. (2) The Central Government may, for reasons to be recorded in writing relax the provisions of sub-rule (1) in any special case. Rule 59 was further amended on April 13, 1988. The amended Rule 59 reads as under : “59. Availability of area for regrant to be notified :- (1) No area- (a) which was previously held or which is being held under a prospecting licence or a mining lease; or (b) in respect of which an order had been made for the grant of a prospecting licence or mining lease, but the applicant has died before the grant of the licence or the execution of the lease, as the case may be; or (c) in respect of which the order granting a licence or lease has been revoked, under sub-rule (1) of rule 15 or sub-rule (1) of rule 31; or (d) in respect of which a notification has been issued under sub section (2) or sub-section (4) of section 17; or JUDGMENT (e) which has been reserved by State Government under Rule 58, or under section 17-A of the Act shall be available for grant unless- (i) an entry to the effect that the area is available for grant is made in the register referred to in sub-rule (2) of rule 21 or sub-rule (2) of rule 40, as – the case may be, in ink; and (ii) the availability of the area for grant is notified in the Official Gazette and specifying a date (being a date not earlier than thirty days from the date of the publication, of such notification in the Official Gazette) from which such area shall be available for grant: 55 Page 55 Provided that nothing in this rule shall apply to the renewal of a lease in favour of the original lessee or his legal heirs notwithstanding the fact that the lease has already expired:

75. Rule 60 of the 1960 Rules has been amended twice, first vide Notification dated January 16, 1980 and thereafter by the Notification dated January 17, 2000. After amendment, Rule 60 reads as under : “ 60.Premature applications .—Applications for the grant of a reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or mining lease in respect of areas whose availability for grant is required to be notified under rule 59 shall, if— (a) no notification has been issued, under that rule; or (b) where any such notification has been issued, the period specified in the notification has not expired, shall be deemed to be premature and shall not be entertained.” JUDGMENT 76. Rule 63 of the 1960 Rules provides that where previous approval of the Central Government is required under the 1957 Act or the 1960 Rules, the application for such approval shall be made to the Central Government through the State Government. 56 Page 56 77. The above provisions give us complete view of the statutory framework and legal regime with regard to regulation of mines and mineral development and the role and powers of the State Governments in that regard. Decisions Hingir-Rampur Coal Co. Ltd. 78. A Constitution Bench of this Court in Hingir-Rampur Coal Co. a Ltd. was concerned with the question of the validity of Orissa Mining Areas Development Fund Act, 1952. Inter-alia, the contention raised on behalf of the petitioners was that even if the cess imposed thereunder was a ‘fee’ relatable to Entries 23 and/or 66 of List II, the same would be ultra vires Entry 54 of List I in light of declaration made in Section 2 of the 1948 Act which read, ‘it is hereby declared that it is expedient in the public JUDGMENT interest that the Central Government should take under its control the regulation of mines and oilfields and the development of minerals to the extent hereinafter provided’ and other provisions. 79. The majority view considered the above contention as follows: “23. The next question which arises is, even if the cess is a fee and as such may be relatable to Entries 23 and 66 in List II its validity is still open to challenge because the legislative competence of the State Legislature under Entry 23 is subject 57 Page 57

24 . ………… If it is held that this Act contains the declaration referred to in Entry 23 there would be no difficulty in holding that the declaration covers the field of conservation and development of minerals, and the said field is indistinguishable from the field covered by the impugned Act. What Entry 23 provides is that the legislative competence of the State Legislature is subject to the provisions of List I with respect to regulation and development under the control of the Union, and Entry 54 in List I requires a declaration by Parliament by law that regulation and development of mines should be under the control of the Union in public interest. Therefore, if a Central Act has been passed for the purpose of providing for the conservation and development of minerals, and if it contains the requisite declaration, then it would not be competent to the State Legislature to pass an Act in respect of the subject-matter covered by the said declaration. In order that the declaration should be effective it is not necessary that rules should be made or enforced; all that this required is a declaration by Parliament that it is expedient in the public interest to take the regulation and development of mines under the control of the Union. In such a case the test must be whether the legislative declaration covers the field or not. Judged by this test there can be no doubt that the field JUDGMENT 58 Page 58 covered by the impugned Act is covered by the Central Act LIII of 1948.

The majority view found that the declaration by Parliament required under Entry 54, List I was absent as the declaration under Section 2 of the 1948 JUDGMENT Act by the Dominion Legislature was not held equivalent to declaration by the Parliament under Section 2 of the 1957 Act. M.A. Tulloch & Co. b 80. In M.A. Tulloch & Co. , a Constitution Bench of this Court was concerned with legality of certain demands of fee under the Orissa Mining Areas Development Fund Act, 1952 (Orissa Act). The Constitution 59 Page 59 Bench considered the question, ‘whether the extent of control and regulation provided by the 1957 Act takes within its fold the area or the subject covered by Act 27 of 1952 Act’. The High Court had held that fee

para 5 and para 6 of the Report noted as follows: “ 5. Before proceeding further it is necessary to specify briefly the legislative power on the relevant topic, for it is on the precise wording of the entries in the 7th Schedule to the Constitution and the scope, purpose and effect of the State and the Central legislations which we have referred to earlier that the decision of the point turns. Article 246(1) reads: “Notwithstanding anything in clauses (2) and (3), Parliament has exclusive power to make laws with respect to any of the matters enumerated in List I in the Seventh Schedule (in this Constitution referred to as the Union List)” and we are concerned in the present case with the State power in the State field. The relevant clause in that context is clause (3) of the Article which runs: JUDGMENT “Subject to clauses (1) and (2), the legislature of any State ... has exclusive power to make laws for such State or any part thereof with respect to any of the matters enumerated in List II in the seventh Schedule (in this Constitution referred to as the ‘State List').” Coming now to the Seventh Schedule, Entry 23 of the State List vests in the State legislature power to enact laws on the subject of ‘regulation of mines and mineral development subject to the provisions of List I with respect to regulation and development under the control of the Union'. It would be seen that “subject” to the provisions of List I the power of the State to enact Legislation, on the topic of “mines and mineral development” is plenary. The relevant provision in List I is, as already noticed, Entry 54 of the Union List. It may be 60 Page 60

“It is hereby declared that it is expedient in the public interest that the Union should take under its control the regulation of mines and the development of minerals to the extent hereinafter provided.” It does not need much argument to realise that to the extent to which the Union Government had taken under “its control” “the regulation and development of minerals” so much was withdrawn from the ambit of the power of the State legislature under Entry 23 and legislation of the State which had rested on the existence of power under that entry would to the extent of that “control” be superseded or be rendered ineffective, for here we have a case not of mere repugnancy between the provisions of the two enactments but of a denudation or deprivation of State legislative power by the declaration which Parliament is empowered to make and has made. JUDGMENT 6. It would, however, be apparent that the States would lose legislative competence only to the “ extent to which regulation and development under the control of the Union has been declared by Parliament to be expedient in the public interest”. The crucial enquiry has therefore to be directed to ascertain this “extent” for beyond it the legislative power of the State remains unimpaired. As the legislation by the State is in the case before us the earlier one in point of time, it would be logical first to examine and analyse the State Act and determine its purpose, width and scope and the area of its operation and then consider to what “extent” the Central Act cuts into it or trenches on it. 61 Page 61 In para 9, the question under consideration was whether ‘the extent of control and regulation’ provided by 1957 Act took within its fold the area or the subject covered by the Orissa Act. This Court in para 11 observed that

para 12 of the Report that sub-sections (1) and (2) of Section 18 of 1957 Act were wider in scope and amplitude and conferred larger powers on the Central Government than the corresponding provisions of the 1948 Act. Baijnath Kadio c 81. In Baijnath Kadio , the validity of proviso (2) to Section 10(2) added by Bihar Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1964 (Bihar Act 4 of 1965) and the operation of Rule 20(2) added on December 10, 1964 by a Notification of Governor in the Bihar Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 1964 were in issue. The Court referred to the Government of India Act, JUDGMENT 1935, 1948 Act and 1957 Act in light of Entry 54 of List I and Entry 23 of a List II and the earlier decisions in Hingir-Rampur Coal Co. Ltd. and M.A. b Tulloch & Co. and observed as under : “ 13 . ………….Entry 54 of the Union List speaks both of Regulation of mines and minerals development and Entry 23 is subject to Entry 54. It is open to Parliament to declare that it is expedient in the public interest that the control should rest in Central Government. To what extent such a declaration can go is for Parliament to determine and this must be commensurate with public interest. Once this declaration is made and the extent laid down, the subject of 62 Page 62

14 . The declaration is contained in Section 2 of Act 67 of 1957 and speaks of the taking under the control of the Central Government the regulation of mines and development of minerals to the extent provided in the Act itself. We have thus not to look outside Act 67 of 1957 to determine what is left within the competence of the State Legislature but have to work it out from the terms of that Act. In this connection we may notice what was decided in the two cases of this Court. In the Hingir Rampur case a question had arisen whether the Act of 1948 so completely covered the field of conservation and development of minerals as to leave no room for State legislation. It. was held that the declaration was effective even if the rules contemplated under the Act of 1948 had not been made. However, considering further whether a declaration made by a Dominion Law could be regarded as a declaration made by Parliament for the purpose of Entry 54, it was held that it could not and there was thus a lacuna which the Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950 could not remove. Therefore, it was held that there was room for legislation by the State Legislature. JUDGMENT 15 . In the M.A. Tulloch case the firm was working a mining lease granted under the Act of 1948. The State Legislature of Orissa then passed the Orissa Mining Areas Development Fund Act, 1952 and levied a fee for the development of mining areas within the State. After the provisions came into force a demand was made for payment of fees due from July 1957 to March 1958 and the demand was challenged. The High Court held that after the coming into force of Act 67 of 63 Page 63

Amritlal Nathubhai Shah d 82. In Amritlal Nathubhai Shah , a three-Judge Bench of this Court was concerned with an issue similar to the controversy presented before us. That was a case relating to grant of mining leases for bauxite in the reserved areas in the State of Gujarat. On December 31, 1963, the Government of Gujarat issued a Notification intimating that lands in all JUDGMENT talukas of Kutch district and in Kalyanpur taluka of Jamnagar district had been reserved for exploitation of bauxite in the public sector. By another Notification of February 26, 1964 in respect of all areas of Jamnagar and Junagarh districts, the exploitation of bauxite was reserved in the public sector. The appellants therein made applications to the Government of Gujarat for grant of mining leases for bauxite in the reserved areas. Though there were no other applications, the State Government rejected 64 Page 64 the applications of the appellants on the ground that areas had already been notified as reserved for the public sector. The appellants, aggrieved by the order of the State Government moved the Central Government

were unsuccessful there and from the common judgment of the High Court and the certificate granted by it, the matter reached this Court. The Court considered Entry 54 of List I, declaration made by Parliament in Section 2 of 1957 Act and State Legislature’s power under Entry 23 of List II, and observed that in pursuance of its exclusive power to make laws with respect to the matters enumerated in Entry 54 of List I, Parliament specifically declared in Section 2 of the 1957 Act that it was expedient in the public interest that the Union should take under its control the regulation of mines and the development of minerals to the extent provided in the Act. The State Legislature’s power under Entry 23 of List II was, JUDGMENT thus, taken away and the regulation of mines and development of minerals had to be in accordance with 1957 Act and 1960 Rules. While saying so, this Court held as follows: “ 3 . ………The mines and the minerals in question (bauxite) were, however, in the territory of the State of Gujarat and, as was stated in the orders which were passed by the Central Government on the revision applications of the appellants, the State Government is the “owner of minerals” within its territory, and the minerals “vest” in it. There is nothing in the Act or the Rules to detract from this basic fact. That was why the Central Government stated further in its revisional orders 65 Page 65

d 83. In Amritlal Nathubhai Shah , this Court referred to Section 4 of the 1957 Act and held that there was nothing in 1957 Act or 1960 Rules to require that the restrictions imposed by Chapters II,III and IV of the 1960 Rules would be applicable even if State Government itself wanted to exploit a mineral for, it was its own property. The Court held : “ 4 . ………There is therefore no reason why the State Government could not, if it so desired, “reserve” any land for itself, for any purpose, and such reserved land would then not be available for the grant of a prospecting licence or a mining lease to any person.” JUDGMENT 84. The Court then considered Section 10 of 1957 Act and held as follows : “ 5 ……The section is therefore indicative of the power of the State Government to take a decision, one way or the other, in such matters, and it does not require much argument to hold that that power included the power to refuse the grant of a licence or a lease on the ground that the land in question was not available for such grant by reason of its having been reserved by the State Government for any purpose.” 66 Page 66 85. With reference to Section 17, particularly, sub-sections (2) and (4) thereof, the Court held that the said provisions did not cover the entire

area for itself was not taken away. It was further held : “ 6 . ………As has been stated, the authority to order reservation flows from the fact that the State is the owner of the mines and the minerals within its territory, which vest in it. But quite apart from that, we find that Rule 59 of the Rules, which have been made under Section 13 of the Act, clearly contemplates such reservation by an order of the State Government………” d 86. In Amritlal Nathubhai Shah , the Court also considered Rules 58, 59 and 60 of the 1960 Rules and it was observed that it was not permissible for any person to apply for a licence or a lease in respect of a reserved area until after it becomes available for such grant. It was held on JUDGMENT the facts of the case that the areas under consideration had been reserved by the State Government for the purpose stated in its notifications and as those lands did not become available for the grant of prospecting licence or a mining lease, the State Government was well within its rights in rejecting the applications of the appellants under Rule 60 as premature and the Central Government was also justified in rejecting the revision applications which were filed against the orders of rejection passed by the State Government. 67 Page 67 x 87. In Chanan Mal , a four-Judge Bench of this Court was concerned with constitutional validity of Haryana Minerals (Vesting of Rights) Act, 1973 (for short, ‘Haryana Act;). One of the contentions in

Haryana Act operated was necessarily occupied by the provisions of 1957 Act under Entry 54 of the Union List (List I) of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. The Bench considered extensively the provisions contained in the 1957 Act and earlier decisions of this Court in Hingir-Rampur Coal a b c Co Ltd. , M.A. Tulloch & Company and Baijnath Kadio . The Court then referred to Section 16(1)(b) and Section 17 of the 1957 Act and held as under : “ 38 . We are particularly impressed by the provisions of Sections 16 and 17 as they now stand. A glance at Section 16(1)( b ) shows that the Central Act 67 of 1957 itself contemplates vesting of lands, which had belonged to any proprietor of an estate or tenure holder either on or after October 25, 1949, in a State Government under a State enactment providing for the acquisition of estates or tenures in land or for agrarian reforms. The provision lays down that mining leases granted in such land must be brought into conformity with the amended law introduced by Act 56 of 1972. It seems to us that this clearly means that Parliament itself contemplated State legislation for vesting of lands containing mineral deposits in the State Government. It only required that rights to mining granted in such land should be regulated by the provisions of Act 67 of 1957 as amended. This feature could only be explained on the assumption that Parliament did not intend to trench upon powers of State legislatures under Entry 18 of List II, read with Entry 42 of List III. Again, Section 17 of the Central Act 67 of 1957 JUDGMENT 68 Page 68 shows that there was no intention to interfere with vesting of lands in the States by the provisions of the Central Act.” Ishwari Khetan Sugar Mills y 88. In Ishwari Khetan Sugar Mills although question related to constitutional validity of U.P. Sugar Undertakings (Acquisition) Act, 1971 enacted by the State of U.P. and different entries in List I and List II were involved but with reference to the declaration made in Section 2 of the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 (for short, ‘IDR Act’) vis-à-vis the State Act under challenge, the majority judgment relying upon c x the earlier decisions of this Court in Baijnath Kadio and Chanan Mal , held that to the extent the Union acquired control by virtue of declaration in Section 2 of the IDR Act, as amended from time to time, the power of the State Legislature under Entry 24 of List II to enact any legislation in respect JUDGMENT of declared industry so as to encroach upon the field of control occupied by IDR Act would be taken away. It was held that 1957 Act only required that rights to mining granted in such land should be regulated by the provisions contained therein. M/s. Hind Stone 69 Page 69 o 89. In M/s. Hind Stone , the question under consideration was about the validity of Rule 8-C of the Tamil Nadu Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 1959 which provided for lease for quarries in respect of black

granted to private persons. The matter arose out of the application for renewal of lease. The Court considered Entry 23 of List II and Entry 54 of List I of Seventh Schedule and the earlier decisions of this Court in Hingir- a b c Rampur Coal Co. , M.A. Tulloch & Company and Baijnath Kadio . The Court made the following general observations with regard to minerals and natural resources and the scheme of 1957 Act: “ 6 . Rivers, Forests, Minerals and such other resources constitute a nation's natural wealth. These resources are not to be frittered away and exhausted by any one generation. Every generation owes a duty to all succeeding generations to develop and conserve the natural resources of the nation in the best possible way. It is in the interest of mankind. It is in the interest of the nation. It is recognised by Parliament. Parliament has declared that it is expedient in the public interest that the Union should take under its control the regulation of mines and the development of minerals. It has enacted the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957. We have already referred to its salient provisions. Section 18, we have noticed, casts a special duty on the Central Government to take necessary steps for the conservation and development of minerals in India. Section 17 authorises the Central Government itself to undertake prospecting or mining operations in any area not already held under any prospecting licence or mining lease. Section 4-A empowers the State Government on the request of the Central Government, in the case of minerals other than minor minerals, to prematurely terminate existing mining leases and grant fresh leases in favour of a Government company or corporation owned or controlled by JUDGMENT 70 Page 70

JUDGMENT 90. The Court then considered Rule 8-C in light of the statement made in the counter affidavit filed by the State of Tamil Nadu and it was held that Rule 8-C was made in bona fide exercise of the rule making power of the State Government. In paragraph 10 of the Report, the Court stated thus: “ 10 . One of the arguments pressed before us was that Section 15 of the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act authorised the making of rules for regulating the grant of mining leases and not for prohibiting 71 Page 71

JUDGMENT 72 Page 72 D.K. Trivedi and Sons

Governments to make rules under that Section to enable them to charge dead rent and royalty in respect of leases of minor minerals granted by them and enhance the rates of dead rent and royalty during the subsistence of such lease, the validity of Rule 21-B of the Gujarat Minor Mineral Rules, 1966 and certain notifications issued by the Government of Gujarat under Section 15 amending the said Rules so as to enhance the rates of royalty and dead rent in respect of leases of minor minerals. The Court traced the legislative history of the enactment; referred to Baijnath c Kadio and in paragraph 27 of the Report (Pgs. 46-47) observed as follows: JUDGMENT “ 27 . The 1957 Act is made in exercise of the powers conferred by Entry 54 in the Union List. The said Entry 54 and Entry 23 in the State List fell to be interpreted by a Constitution Bench of this Court in Baijnath Kedia v. State of Bihar . In that case this Court held that Entry 54 in the Union List speaks both of regulation of mines and mineral development and Entry 23 in the State List is subject to Entry 54. Under Entry 54 it is open to Parliament to declare that it is expedient in the public interest that the control in these matters should vest in the Central Government. To what extent such a declaration can go is for Parliament to determine and this must be commensurate with public interest but once such declaration is made and the extent of such regulation and development laid down the subject of the legislation to the extent so laid down becomes an 73 Page 73

JUDGMENT While dealing with the meaning of the word ‘regulation’, particularly the expression, ‘the act of regulating, or the state of being regulated’ and Entry 54 in the Union List, this Court stated in paragraph 31 of the Report (Pgs. 48-49) as follows : “ 31. Entry 54 in the Union List uses the word “regulation”. “Regulation” is defined in the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary , 3rd Edn., as meaning “the act of regulating, or the state of being regulated”. Entry 54 reproduces the language of Entry 36 in the Federal Legislative List in the 74 Page 74

JUDGMENT Then in paragraph 33 of the Report (Pgs. 50-51), the Court with reference to sub-section (2) of Section 13 of the 1957 Act further held: 75 Page 75

JUDGMENT 76 Page 76

Janak Lal j 92. In Janak Lal , this Court had an occasion to consider meaning and scope of Rule 59 of 1960 Rules. The Court considered Rule 59, as it stood prior to amendment in 1963, and the provision after amendment. In paragraph 6 of the Report (Pg. 123) the Court held as under : “ 6. Earlier the expression “reserved for any purpose” was followed by the words “other than prospecting or mining for minerals”, which were omitted by an amendment in 1963. Mr. Dholakia, learned counsel for the respondents, appearing in support of the impugned judgment, has contended that as a result of this amendment the expression must now be confined to cases of prospecting or mining for minerals and all other cases where the earlier reservation was for agricultural, industrial or any other purpose must be excluded from the scope of the rule. We are not persuaded to accept the suggested interpretation. Earlier the only category which was excluded from the application of Rule 59 was prospecting or mining leases and the effect of the amendment is that by omitting this exception, prospecting and mining leases are also placed in the same position as the other cases. We do not see any reason as to why by including in the rule prospecting and mining leases, the other cases to which it applied earlier would get excluded. The result of the amendment is to extend the rule and not to curtail its area of operation. The words “any purpose” is of wide connotation and there is no reason to restrict its meaning.” JUDGMENT 77 Page 77 The Court clarified that intention of amendment in 1963 was to extend the rule and not to curtail its area of operation. Bharat Coking Coal

State Legislature was competent to enact law for the regulation of mines and mineral development under Entry 23 of State List but such power was subject to the declaration which may be made by Parliament by law as envisaged by Entry 54 of the Union List. It was held that the legislative competence of the State Legislature to make law on the topic of mines and mineral was subject to parliamentary legislation. While dealing with Section 18(1) prior to its amendment by amending Act 37 of 1986 and after amendment, the Court held in paragraph 16 of the Report (Pg. 572) as under : JUDGMENT “ 16 . ……..The amended and unamended sections both lay down that it shall be the duty of the Central Government to take all such steps as may be necessary “for the conservation and development of minerals” in India and for that purpose it may make such rules as it thinks fit. The expression “for the conservation of minerals” occurring under Section 18(1) confers wide power on the Central Government to frame any rule which may be necessary for protecting the mineral from loss, and for its preservation. The expression ‘conservation’ means “the act of keeping or protecting from loss or injury”. With reference to the natural resources, the expression in the context means preservation of mineral; the wide scope of the expression “conservation of minerals” comprehends any rule reasonably connected with the purpose of protecting the loss of coal through the waste of coal mine, such a rule may also regulate the discharge of 78 Page 78 slurry or collection of coal particles after the water content of slurry is soaked by soil. In addition to the general power to frame rules for the conservation of mineral,………….” The Court further held in para 19 of the Report (Pgs. 575-576) as follows:

Orissa Cement Ltd. JUDGMENT f 94. A three-Judge Bench of this Court in Orissa Cement Limited was concerned with the validity of the levy of a cess based on the royalty derived from mining lands by States of Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. The case of the petitioners therein was that similar levy had been struck e down by a seven-Judge Bench of this Court in India Cement Limited . The contention of the States, on the other hand, was that issue was different e from the India Cement Limited as the nature and character of the levies 79 Page 79 imposed by these States was different from Tamil Nadu levy. The Bench considered Entries 52 and 54 of the Union List and Entries 18, 23, 45, 49, 50 and 66 of the State List and also considered earlier decisions of this

c mm o Kadio , M. Karunanidhi v. Union of India and Anr. , M/s. Hind Stone , nn I.T.C. & Ors. v. State of Karnataka & Ors. and Western Coalfields oo Limited v. Special Area Development Authority Korba & Anr. . I shall cite paragraphs 49, 50, 51 and 53 (Pgs. 480-486) of the Report which read as follows: “ 49 . It is clear from a perusal of the decisions referred to above that the answer to the question before us depends on a proper understanding of the scope of M.M.R.D. Act, 1957, and an assessment of the encroachment made by the impugned State legislation into the field covered by it. Each of the cases referred to above turned on such an appreciation of the respective spheres of the two legislations. As pointed out in Ishwari Khetan, the mere declaration of a law of Parliament that it is expedient for an industry or the regulation and development of mines and minerals to be under the control of the Union under Entry 52 or entry 54 does not denude the State legislatures of their legislative powers with respect to the fields covered by the several entries in List II or List III. Particularly, in the case of a declaration under Entry 54, this legislative power is eroded only to the extent control is assumed by the Union pursuant to such declaration as spelt out by the legislative enactment which makes the declaration. The measure of erosion turns upon the field of the enactment framed in pursuance of the declaration. While the legislation in Hingir-Rampur and JUDGMENT ll AIR (1965) SC 177 mm (1979) 3 SCC 431 nn 1985 (Supp) SCC 476 oo 1982 (1) SCC 125 80 Page 80 Tulloch was found to fall within the pale of the prohibition, those in Chanan Mal, Ishwari Khetan and Western Coalfields were general in nature and traceable to specific entries in the State List and did not encroach on the field of the Central enactment except by way of incidental impact. The Central Act, considered in Chanan Mal, seemed to envisage and indeed permit State legislation of the nature in question.”

“ 51 . If one looks at the above provisions and bears in mind that, in assessing the field covered by the Act of Parliament in question, one should be guided (as laid down in Hingir- Rampur and Tulloch) not merely by the actual provisions of the Central Act or the rules made thereunder but should also take into account matters and aspects which can legitimately be brought within the scope of the said statute, the conclusion seems irresistible, particularly in view of Hingir- Rampur and Tulloch, that the State Act has trespassed into the field covered by the Central Act. The nature of the incursion made into the fields of the Central Act in the other cases were different. The present legislation, traceable to the legislative power under Entry 23 or Entry 50 of the State List which stands impaired by the Parliamentary declaration under Entry 54, can hardly be equated to the law for land acquisition or municipal administration which were considered in the cases cited and which are traceable to different specific entries in List 11 or List III. JUDGMENT “ 53 . These observations establish on the one hand that the distinction sought to be made between mineral development and mineral area development is not a real one as the two types of development are inextricably and 81 Page 81

Indian Metals and Ferro Alloys Ltd. p 95. In Indian Metals and Ferro Alloys Ltd. , a two-Judge Bench of this Court was concerned with the principal question as to whether the petitioners therein were entitled to obtain leases for the mining of chrome. JUDGMENT While dealing with the principal question and other incidental questions, the Court considered Entry 54 of List I, Entry 23 of List II, the 1957 Act, particularly, Sections 2, 4, 10, 11, 17A and 19 thereof and the 1960 Rules including Rules 58, 59 and 60 thereof. While dealing with the reservation policy of the State Government in having the area reserved for exploitation in the public sectors, the Court observed in paragraphs 39 and 40 (Pg. 133) as follows : 82 Page 82

40 . The relevant provisions of the Act and the rules have been extracted by us earlier. Previously, Rule 58 did not enable the S.G. to reserve any area in the State for exploitation in the public sector. The existence and validity of such a power of reservation was upheld in A.Kotiah Naidu v. State of A.P. (AIR 1959 AP 485) and Amritlal Nathubhai Shah v. Union Government of India (AIR 1973 Guj. 117), the latter of which was approved by this Court in Amritlal Nathubhai Shah v. Union of India ([1977] 1 SCR 372). (As pointed out earlier, Rule 58 has been amended in 1980 to confer such a power on the S.G.). It is also not in dispute that a notification of reservation was made on August 3, 1977. The S.G., OMC and IDCOL are, therefore, right in contending that, ex facie, the areas in question are not available for grant to any person other than the S.G. or a public sector corporation [rule 59(1), proviso] unless the availability for grant is renotified in accordance with law [rule 59(1)(e) ] or the C.G. decides to relax the provisions of Rule 59(1) [rule 59(2) ]. None of those contingencies have occurred since except as is indicated later in this judgment. There is, therefore, no answer to the plea of reservation put forward by the S.G., OMC and IDCOL.” JUDGMENT Then in paragraph 45 (Pgs. 136-138), while considering Section 17A (1) that was inserted in 1957 Act by amendment in 1987, the Court held : 83 Page 83

JUDGMENT 84 Page 84

JUDGMENT The legal position post amendment in 1957 Act by Central Act 37 of 1987 was explained (para 46; Pgs. 138-139) in the following manner: “ 46 . Before leaving this point, we may only refer to the position after 1986. Central Act 37 of 1986 inserted Sub- 85 Page 85 section (2) which empowers the State Government to reserve areas for exploitation in the public sector. This provision differs from that in Rule 58 in some important respects- (i) the reservation requires the approval of the C.G.;

(iii) the reservation can only be for exploitation by a Government company or a public sector corporation (owned or controlled by the S.G. or C.G.) but not for exploitation by the Government as such. Obviously, Section 17A(2) and rule 58 could not stand together as Section 17A empowers the S.G, to reserve only with the approval of the C.G. while Rule 58 contained no such restriction. There was also a slight difference in their wording. Perhaps because of this Rule 58 has been omitted by an amendment of 1988 (G.S.R. 449E of 1988) made effective from April 13, 1988. Rule 59, however, contemplates a relaxation of the reservation only by the C.G. By an amendment of 1987 effective on February 10, 1987, (G.S.R. 86-E of 87) the words "reserved by the State Government" were substituted for the words "reserved by the Government" in Rule 59(1)(e). Later, Rule 59(1) has been amended by the insertion of the words "or Under Section 17-A of the Act" after the words "under Rule 58" in Clause (e) as well as in the second proviso. The result appears to be this: JUDGMENT (i) After March 13, 1988, certainly, the S.G. cannot notify any reservations without the approval of the C.G., as Rule 58 has been deleted. Presumably, the position is the same even before this date and as soon as Act 37 of 1986 came into force. (ii) However, it is open to the S.G. to denotify a reservation made by it under Rule 58 or Section 17A. Presumably, dereservation of an area reserved by the S.G. after the 1986 amendment can be done only with the approval of the C.G. for it would be anomalous to hold that a reservation by the S.G. needs the C.G.'s approval but not the dereservation. Anyhow, it is clear that relaxation in respect of reserved areas can be permitted only by the C.G. 86 Page 86 (iii) It is only the C.G. that can make a reservation with a view to conserve minerals generally but this has to be done with the concurrence of the S.G.” Dharambir Singh

Act, observed that in grant of mining lease of a property of the State, the State Government has a discretion to grant or refuse to grant any prospective licence or licence to any applicant. No applicant has a right, much less vested right, to the grant of mining lease for mining operations in any place within the State. But, the State Government is required to exercise its discretion subject to the requirement of the law. Bhupatrai Maganlal Joshi s 97. In Bhupatrai Maganlal Joshi , a Constitution Bench of this Court was concerned with the correctness of the High Court’s decision on JUDGMENT the question whether the reservation of land for exploitation of mineral resources in the public sector was permissible under the 1957 Act read with 1960 Rules. The High Court had answered the question in the affirmative from which the matter reached this Court. In a very brief order this Court agreed with the reasoning and conclusion of the High Court. pp 1996 (6) SCC 702 87 Page 87 M.P. Ram Mohan Raja qq 98. In the case of M.P. Ram Mohan Raja vs.State of T.N.& Ors. , o this Court relied upon the decision of this Court in M/s. Hind Stone and

person has a vested right in it. Sandur Manganese and Iron Ores Limited 99 . In a comparatively recent decision in Sandur Manganese and m Iron Ores Limited ., the diverse issues which were under consideration are noted in paragraph 6 of the Report. The Court considered statutory provisions contained in the 1957 Act, 1960 Rules and decisions of this a b c Court in Hingir-Rampur Coal Co. , M.A. Tulloch & Co. , Baijnath Kadio , i Bharat Coking Coal and few other decisions, and it was observed with reference to Section 2 of the 1957 Act that State Legislature was denuded JUDGMENT of its legislative power to make any law with respect to the regulation of mines and minerals development to the extent provided in the 1957 Act. In paragraphs 61, 62 and 63 (Pgs. 30-31) of the Report, the Court held as follows : “ 61 .- In addition to what we have stated, it is relevant to note that Section 11(5) again carves out an exception to the preference in favour of prior applicants in the main provision of Section 11(2). It permits the State Government, with the qq 2007 (9) SCC 78 88 Page 88

62 . We have already extracted Rules 59 and 60 and analysis of those rules confirms the interpretation of Section 11 above and the conclusion that it is Section 11(4) which would apply to a Notification issued under Rule 59(1). Rule 59(1) provides that the categories of areas listed in it including, inter alia, areas that were previously held or being under a mining lease or which have been reserved for exploitation by the State Government or under Section 17A of the Act, shall not be available for grant unless (i) an entry is made in the register and (ii) its availability for grant is notified in the Official Gazette specifying a date not earlier than 30 days from the date of notification. Sub-rule (2) of Rule 59 empowers the Central Government to relax the conditions set out in Rule 59(1) in respect of an area whose availability is required to be notified under Rule 59 if no application is issued or where notification is issued, the 30- days black-out period specified in the notification pursuant to Rules 59(1)(i) and (ii) has not expired, shall be deemed to be premature and shall not be entertained. JUDGMENT 63 . As discussed earlier, Section 11(4) is consistent with Rules 59 and 60 when it provides for consideration only of applications made pursuant to a Notification. On the other hand, the consideration of applications made prior to the Notification, as required by the first proviso to Section 11(2), is clearly inconsistent with Rules 59 and 60. In such circumstances, a harmonious reading of Section 11 with Rules 59 and 60, therefore, mandates an interpretation under which Notifications would be issued under Section 11(4) in the case of categories of areas covered by Rule 89 Page 89 59(1). In these circumstances, we are unable to accept the argument of the learned senior counsel for Jindal and Kalyani with reference to those provisions.”

as follows : “ 66 .- Even thereafter, this Court has consistently taken the position that applications made prior to a Notification cannot be entertained. In our view, the purpose of Rule 59(1), which is to ensure that mining lease areas are not given by the State Governments to favour persons of their choice without notice to the general public would be defeated. In fact, the learned single Judge correctly interpreted Section 11 read with Rules 59 and 60. The said conclusion also finds support in the decision of this Court in State of Tamil Nadu v. Hindstone, (1981) 2 SCC 205 at page 218, where it has been held in the context of the rules framed under the MMDR Act itself that a statutory rule, while subordinate to the parent statute, is otherwise to be treated as part of the statute and is effective. The same position has been reiterated in State of U.P. v. Babu Ram Upadhya (1961) 2 SCR 679 at 701 and Gujarat Pradesh Panchayat Parishad v. State of Gujarat (2007 ) 7 SCC 718.” JUDGMENT As regards the legislative and executive power of the State under Entry 23 List II read with Article 162 of the Constitution, the Court in Sandur m Manganese and I ron Ores Limited in paragraph 80 (Pg. 36) stated as under : “ 80 . It is clear that the State Government is purely a delegate of Parliament and a statutory functionary, for the purposes of Section 11(3) of the Act, hence it cannot act in a manner that is inconsistent with the provisions of Section 11(1) of the MMDR Act in the grant of mining leases. Furthermore, 90 Page 90

Whether 1962 and 1969 Notifications are ultra vires? 100. Now, in light of the above, I have to consider whether 1962 and 1969 Notifications issued by the Government of erstwhile State of Bihar notifying for the information of public that iron ore in the subject area was reserved for exploitation in the public sector are ultra vires and de JUDGMENT hors 1957 Act and 1960 Rules. Constitutional philosophy about law making in relation to mines and minerals 101. Entry 36 in List I (Federal List) and Entry 23 in List II (Provincial List) in the Seventh Schedule of Government of India Act, 1935 correspond to Entry 54 in List I (Union List) and Entry 23 in List II (State List) in our Constitution. It is interesting to note that in the course of debate 91 Page 91 in respect of the above entries in the Government of India Bill, the Solicitor General in the House of Commons stated that the rationale of including only the ‘regulation of mines’ and ‘development of minerals’ and that too

from the law relating to mines and minerals and if there was inaction at the Centre, then the Provinces could make their own laws. Thus, powers in relation to mines and minerals were accorded to both the Centre and States. The same philosophy is reflected in our Constitution. The management of the mineral resources has been left with both the Central Government and State Governments in terms of Entry 54 in List I and Entry 23 in List II. In the scheme of our Constitution, the State Legislatures enjoy power to enact legislation on the topics of ‘mines and mineral development’. The only fetter imposed on the State Legislatures under Entry 23 is by the latter part of the said entry which says ‘subject to the JUDGMENT provisions of List I with respect to regulation and development under the control of the Union’. In other words, State Legislature loses its jurisdiction to the extent to which Union Government had taken over control, the regulation of mines and development of minerals as manifested by legislation incorporating the declaration and no more. If Parliament by its law has declared that regulation of mines and development of minerals should in the public interest be under the control of Union, which it did by 92 Page 92 making declaration in Section 2 of the 1957 Act, to the extent of such legislation incorporating the declaration, the power of the State Legislature is excluded. The requisite declaration has the effect of taking out

Government had taken under ‘its control’ ‘the regulation of mines and development of minerals’ under 1957 Act, the States had lost their legislative competence. By the presence of expression ‘to the extent hereinafter provided’ in Section 2, the Union has assumed control to the extent provided in 1957 Act. 1957 Act prescribes the extent of control and specifies it. We must bear in mind that as the declaration made in Section 2 trenches upon the State Legislative power, it has to be construed strictly. Any legislation by the State after such declaration, trespassing the field occupied in the declaration cannot constitutionally stand. To find out what is left within the competence of the State Legislature on the declaration JUDGMENT having been made in Section 2 of the 1957 Act, one does not have to look c outside the provisions of 1957 Act but as observed in Baijnath Kadio , ‘have to work it out from the terms of that Act’. In order that the declaration made by the Parliament should be effective, the making of rules or enforcement of rules so made is not decisive. 102. The declaration made by Parliament in Section 2 of 1957 Act states that it is expedient in the public interest that the Union should take 93 Page 93 under its control the regulation of mines and the development of minerals to the extent provided in the Act itself. Legal regime relating to regulation of mines and development of minerals is thus guided by the 1957 Act and

Whether the impugned Notifications impinge upon the legislative power of the Central Government? My answer is in negative. Whether the Government of erstwhile State of Bihar did not have the power to make reservation which it did by 1962 and 1969 Notifications? I think there was no lack of power in the State in making such reservation. I indicate the reasons therefor. Management of minerals : general observations 103. First, few general observations. Minerals – like rivers and forests – are a valuable natural resource. Minerals constitute our national JUDGMENT wealth and are vital raw-material for infrastructure, capital goods and basic industries. The conservation, preservation and intelligent utilization of minerals are not only need of the day but are also very important in the interest of mankind and succeeding generations. Management of minerals should be in a way that helps in country’s economic development and which also leaves for future generations to conserve and develop the natural resources of the nation in the best possible way. For proper 94 Page 94 development of economy and industry, the exploitation of natural resources cannot be permitted indiscriminately; rather nation’s natural wealth has to be used judiciously so that it may not be exhausted within a few years. No fundamental right in mining 104. The appellants have applied for mining leases in a land belonging to Government of Jharkhand (erstwhile Bihar) and it is for iron- ore which is a mineral included in the First Schedule to the 1957 Act in respect of which no mining lease can be granted without the prior approval of the Central Government. It goes without saying that no person can claim any right in any land belonging to Government or in any mines in any land belonging to Government except under 1957 Act and 1960 Rules. No person has any fundamental right to claim that he should be granted mining lease or prospecting licence or permitted reconnaissance operation JUDGMENT in any land belonging to the Government. It is apt to quote the following o statement of O. Chinnappa Reddy, J. in M/s. Hind Stone , albeit in the context of minor mineral, ‘The public interest which induced Parliament to make the declaration contained in Section 2……. has naturally to be the paramount consideration in all matters concerning the regulation of mines and the development of minerals’. He went on to say, ‘The statute with which we are concerned, the Mines and Minerals (Development and 95 Page 95 Regulation) Act, is aimed ………..at the conservation and the prudent and discriminating exploitation of minerals. Surely, in the case of a scarce mineral, to permit exploitation by the State or its agency and to prohibit

future, you must prohibit in the present.’ State Government’s ownership in mines and minerals within its territory and the power of reservation 105. It is not in dispute that all rights and interests, including rights in mines and minerals in the subject area, had vested absolutely in the erstwhile State of Bihar free from all encumbrances. At the commencement of Constitution, the erstwhile State of Bihar was a Part-A State specified in the First Schedule of the Constitution and prior thereto the Province of Bihar. By virtue of Article 294, all properties and assets JUDGMENT which were vested in His Majesty for the purposes of the Government of Province of Bihar stood vested in the corresponding State of Bihar. By 1950 Bihar Act, all other lands i.e., estates and tenures of whatever kind, including the mines and minerals therein, stood vested in the State of Bihar. Thus, all lands and minerals on or under land situate in the erstwhile State of Bihar came to vest in it. Thereafter with effect from November 15, 2000, the State of Jharkhand was carved out of the State of Bihar pursuant to the Bihar Re-Organisation Act, 2000. Accordingly, all 96 Page 96 lands, inter alia, belonging to the then State of Bihar and situated in the transferred territories of Singhbhum (East) and Singhbhum (West) Districts, passed to the newly created State of Jharkhand. The admitted

in it absolutely. As a matter of fact it is because of this position that the appellants made their application for grant of mining lease to the State Government. The question now is, the regulation of mines and development of minerals having been taken under its control by the Central Government, whether the provisions contained in 1957 Act or 1960 Rules come in the way of the State Government to reserve any particular area for exploitation in the public sector. 106. The legislation on the subject of mines and minerals as contained in 1957 Act and 1960 Rules has been extensively quoted in the earlier part of the judgment. Suffice it to say that Section 4 is a pivotal JUDGMENT provision around which the legal framework for the regulation of mines and development of minerals as laid down in 1957 Act revolves. 107. The character of the impugned Notifications making reservation of the area set out therein for exploitation of iron ore in public sector has to be judged in light of the provisions in 1957 Act and 1960 Rules. The object and effect of declaration made by Parliament in Section 2 and the provisions that follow Section 2 in 1957 Act, which have been 97 Page 97 extensively referred to above, even remotely do not suggest that the Government of the erstwhile State of Bihar lacked authority or competence to make reservation of subject mining areas within its territory relating to

covered by 1957 Act when 1962 and 1969 Notifications were issued and published by the State Government or whether the provisions of 1957 Act, as were then existing, enabled the State Government to reserve the subject area for its own use through the agency in public sector, I am of the opinion that since the State Government’s paramount right over the iron ore being the owner of the mines did not get affected by 1957 Act, the power existed with the State Government to reserve subject areas of mining for exploitation in public sector undertaking. It was, however, argued that by 1957 Act the State’s ownership rights insofar as ‘development of minerals’ was concerned stood frozen. ‘Development’ JUDGMENT includes exploitation of mineral resources and to allow to exploit or not to allow to exploit is all covered by 1957 Act and by Section 4 the right of the State Government with regard to development of minerals was taken away and the State Government ceased to have any inherent right of reservation. 108. I do not agree. In the first place, the declaration made by Parliament in Section 2 and the provisions that follow Section 2 in 1957 98 Page 98 Act have left untouched the State’s ownership of mines and minerals within its territory although the regulation of mines and the development of minerals have been taken under the control of the Union. Section 4 deals

transfer but does not divest ownership of minerals in a State and does not preclude the State Government from exploiting its minerals. Section 4(1) can have no application where the State Government wants to undertake itself mining operations in the area owned by it. On consideration of Section 5, I am of the view that the same conclusion must follow. Section 5 or for that matter Sections 6, 9, 10, 11 and 13(2)(a) also do not take away the State’s ownership rights in the mines and minerals within its territory. The power to legislate for regulation of mines and development of minerals under the control of the Union may definitely imply power to acquire mines and minerals in the larger public interest by appropriate JUDGMENT legislation, but by 1957 Act that has not been done. There is nothing in 1957 Act to suggest even remotely – and there is no express provision at all – that the mines and minerals that vested in the States have been acquired. Rather, the scheme and provisions of 1957 Act themselves show that Parliament itself contemplated State legislation for vesting of lands containing mineral deposits in the State Government and that Parliament did not intend to trench upon powers of State Legislatures 99 Page 99 under Entry 18, List II. As noted above, the declaration made by Parliament in Section 2 of 1957 Act states that it is expedient in the public interest that the Union should take under its control the regulation of mines

109. The regulation of mines and development of minerals has been taken over under its control by the Central Government to the extent it is manifested in 1957 Act which does not contemplate acquisition of mines and minerals. By the presence of keynote expression ‘to the extent hereinafter provided’ in Section 2, the Union has assumed control to the extent specified in the provisions following Section 2. In my view, although the word `regulation’ must in the context receive wide interpretation, but the extent of control by Union as specified in 1957 Act has to be construed b c strictly. The decisions of this Court in M.A. Tulloch & Co. , Baijnath Kadio , i Bharat Coking Coal and few other decisions where this Court has held JUDGMENT with reference to declaration made by Parliament in Section 2 of 1957 Act and the provisions of that Act that the whole of the legislative field was covered were in the context of specific State legislations under consideration. In the context of subject State legislation, the whole legislative field was found to be occupied by the Central law. The same is a the position in the case of Hingir-Rampur Coal Co. where whole of the legislative field relating to ‘minerals’ was found to be covered by the 100 Page 100 declaration made in Section 2 of the 1948 Act in the context of the State a legislation under consideration. In Hingir-Rampur Coal Co. while examining the constitutional validity of the Orissa Mining Areas

concerned with the same Orissa Act which was under consideration in a Hingir-Rampur Coal Co. and in light of Section 18(1) of the 1957 Act which was under consideration it was held that the intention of Parliament c was to cover the entire field. In Baijnath Kadio , this Court was concerned with the constitutional validity of proviso (2) to Section 10(2) added by Bihar Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1964. While examining the constitutional validity of the above provision, the Constitution Bench of this Court analysed 1957 Act. In light of Entry 54 in List I and Entry 23 in List II the observation that whole of the legislative field was covered by the JUDGMENT Parliamentary declaration read with 1957 Act was with reference to the State legislations under consideration and the whole of the legislative field was found to be occupied by 1957 Act. Similar observations in various other decisions by this Court were made in the context of the topic under consideration. 110. I am supported in my view by a three-Judge Bench decision of f this Court in Orissa Cement Limited wherein it was emphatically asserted that in the case of a declaration under Entry 54, the legislative power of the 101 Page 101 State Legislatures is eroded only to the extent control is assumed by the Union pursuant to such declaration as spelt out by the legislative enactment which makes the declaration. The three-Judge Bench on

a b legislation in Hingir-Rampur Coal Co. and M.A . Tulloch & Co. was found x to fall within the pale of the prohibition, those in Chanan Mal , Ishwari y oo Khetan Sugar Mills and Western Coalfields Limited were general in nature and traceable to specific entries in the State List and did not encroach on the field of the Central enactment except by way of incidental impact’. 111. Secondly, after enactment of 1957 Act and 1960 Rules made thereunder, the Central Government has all throughout understood that the State Governments as owner of mines and minerals within their JUDGMENT territory have inherent right to reserve any particular area for exploitation in the public sector. This position is reflected from the order of the Central Government that was passed by it and which was under challenge in d Amritlal Nathubhai Shah . In its order the Central Government had stated, ‘….The State Government had the inherent right to reserve any particular area for exploitation in the public sector. Mineral vest in them and they are owners of minerals…….and Central Government are in agreement with the State Government in so far as the reservation of areas is concerned…..” 102 Page 102 112. The above position held by the Central Government has been d approved by this Court in Amritlal Nathubhai Shah . I have already d referred to the facts in the case of Amritlal Nathubhai Shah and the issue

referred to Section 4 of 1957 Act and it was held that there was nothing in 1957 Act or 1960 Rules to conclude as to why the State Government could not , if it so desired, ‘reserve’ any land for itself, for any purpose, and such reserved land would then not be available for the grant of a prospecting licence or a mining lease to any person. The Court then pointed out, ‘the authority to order reservation flows from the fact that the State is the owner of the mines and the minerals within its territory’. It was also held that quite apart from that, Rule 59 of 1960 Rules clearly contemplated reservation by an order of the State Government. The above legal position has been JUDGMENT p reiterated by this Court in Indian Metals and Ferro Alloys Ltd. . Whether Amritlal Nathubhai Shah is not a binding precedent 113. Learned senior counsel for the appellants, however, d vehemently contended that Amritlal Nathubhai Shah is not a binding precedent being per incuriam inasmuch as earlier judgments of this Court have not been considered and applied. It was argued that decision in 103 Page 103 d Amritlal Nathubhai Shah was limited to its own facts and that decision did not deal with reservation prior to amendment in Rule 59. In that case Notification was of December 31, 1963 whereunder lands in particular

was a case of exploitation of mineral by the State itself and in case of exploitation other than by State it could only be done in accord with the 1957 Act and 1960 Rules. 114. I am afraid that the distinguishing features highlighted by learned senior counsel for the appellants are not substantial and do not d persuade me not to follow Amritlal Nathubhai Shah . The judgment of this d Court in Amritlal Nathubhai Shah establishes the distinction between the power of reservation to exploit a mineral as its own property on the one hand and the regulation of mines and mineral development under the 1957 Act and the 1960 Rules on the other. The authority of the State JUDGMENT Government to make reservation of a particular mining area within its territory for its own use is the offspring of ownership; and it is inseparable therefrom unless denied to it expressly by an appropriate law. By 1957 Act that has not been done by Parliament. Setting aside by a State of land owned by it for its exclusive use and under its dominance and control, in my view, is an incident of sovereignty and ownership. There is no incongruity or inconsistency in the decisions of this Court in Hingir- 104 Page 104 a b c Rampur Coal Co. , M.A. Tulloch & Co . , Baijnath Kadio and Amritlal d d Nathubhai Shah . The Bench in Amritlal Nathubhai Shah was alive to the a legal position highlighted by this Court in Hingir-Rampur Coal Co. , M.A.

wherein it has been stated that in pursuance of its exclusive power to make laws with respect to the matters enumerated in Entry 54 of List I in the Seventh Schedule, Parliament specifically declared in Section 2 of the 1957 Act that it was expedient in the public interest that the Union should take under its control, regulation of mines and the development of minerals to the extent provided therein. The Bench noticed that State Legislature’s power under Entry 23 of List II was, thus, taken away and regulation of mines and mineral development had therefore to be in accordance with the 1957 Act and 1960 Rules. The legal position exposited in Amritlal JUDGMENT d Nathubhai Shah is that even though the field of legislation with regard to regulation of mines and development of minerals has been covered by the declaration of the Parliament in Section 2 of the 1957 Act, but that can not justify the inference that the State Government has lost its right to the minerals which vest in it as a property within its territory and hence no person has a right to exploit the mines other than in accordance with the provisions of the 1957 Act and the 1960 Rules. The authority of the State Government to order reservation flows from the fact that it is the owner of 105 Page 105 the mines and the minerals within its territory. Such authority is also traceable to Rule 59 of 1960 Rules. 115. Yet another considerable point was made that 1962 and 1969

and 59 of 1960 Rules and it was argued that these provisions are indicative of the position that reservation made by the State Government for exploitation of minerals in public sector was unsupportable and unsustainable in law. Section 17 – not all - comprehensive provision 116. I am of the opinion that Section 17 is not all - comprehensive on the subject of refusal to grant prospecting licence or mining lease. Section 17 has nothing to do with public or private sector. It does not deal directly or indirectly with the State Government’s right for reservation of its JUDGMENT own mines and minerals. Its application is not general but it is confined to a specific situation where the Central Government proposes to undertake prospecting or mining operations in any area not already held under any prospecting licence or mining lease. The above view with regard to Section d 17 finds support from Amritlal Nathubhai Shah . Insofar as Section 18 is concerned, it basically confers additional rule making power upon the Central Government for achieving the objectives, namely, conservation 106 Page 106 and systematic development of minerals articulated therein. If the State Government makes reservation in public interest with respect to minerals which vest in it for exploitation in public sector, I fail to see how such

Rule 59 and Janak Lal 117. It is true that Rule 58 as it existed originally did not enable the State Government to reserve any area in the State for exploitation of minerals in public sector. But Rule 59 did recognise the State Government’s authority to make reservation for any purpose. It was, however, argued by Dr. Rajiv Dhavan that Rule 59, as it then stood, allowed reservation for any purpose other than prospecting or mining for j j minerals. He relied upon decision of this Court in Janak Lal . In Janak Lal , admittedly the disputed area was reserved for nistar purposes. When an JUDGMENT application for grant of mining lease was earlier made by a third party it was rejected on the ground that it was so reserved. It was also an admitted position before this Court that the procedure under Rule 58 was not followed before grant was made in favour of respondent no. 4 therein and no opportunity was given to any other person before entertaining application of respondent no. 4. In the backdrop of the above admitted position, the Court considered the question whether Rule 59 was attracted 107 Page 107 or not. The High Court had accepted the argument of the respondents that the expression ‘reserved for any purpose’ in Rule 59 did not cover a case where the area was reserved for nistar purposes or for any purpose other

Rule 59 by deleting the words, ‘other than prospecting or mining for minerals’, the Court said that the result of the amendment was to extend the rule and not to curtail its area of operation. It was held that words ‘any purpose’ was of wide connotation and there was no reason to restrict its meaning. j 118. Janak Lal, in my opinion, does not help the contention canvassed on behalf of the appellants. The expression, ‘other than prospecting or mining for minerals’ that formed part of original Rule 59, in my view, was not of much significance and did not impede the State Government’s authority to make reservation of any area for exploitation in JUDGMENT public sector founded on its ownership over that area. It was because of this that this insignificant and inconsequential expression was later on deleted from Rule 59 in 1963. Rule 59, accordingly, continued to recognise the State Government’s right to reserve any area for mining within its territory for any purpose including exploitation in public sector. In d Amritlal Nathubhai Shah , this position has been expressly affirmed when it said, “but quite apart from that, we find that Rule 59 of the Rules which 108 Page 108 have been made under Section 13 of the Act, clearly contemplates such reservation by an order of the State Government”.

that the State Government may by Notification in the official gazette reserve any area for exploitation by the Government, a corporation established by the Central, State or Provincial Act or a Government company within the meaning of Section 617 of the Companies Act. Rule 58 has been omitted from 1960 Rules as the provision for reservation has now been expressly made by insertion of Section 17A in 1957 Act. According to Section 17A(2), the State Government with the approval of the Central Government may reserve any area not already held under any prospecting licence or mining lease to undertake prospecting or mining operations through a Government company or a corporation owned or JUDGMENT controlled by it. In terms of Section 17A(2), any reservation made by the State Government after coming into force of that Section must bear approval of the Central Government. 120. From the above, it becomes clear that what was implied by the provisions originally contained in 1957 Act and 1960 Rules insofar as authority of the State Government to reserve any area within its territory for mining in public sector has been made explicit first by amendment in Rule 109 Page 109 58 in 1980 and later on by introduction of Section 17A in 1957 Act by virtue of amendment effective from 1987. 121. It was also argued by Mr. C.A. Sundaram, learned senior

time, the fact that Rule 58 was omitted in 1988 without any saving clause necessarily meant that these Notifications were no longer valid and could not be relied upon. He argued that current power of reservation contained in Section 17A of 1957 Act is consistent with erstwhile Rules 58/59 since Section 17A expressly requires the approval of the Central Government before any State Government issues any notification for reservation of mining area in public sector. 122. The impact of omission of Rule 58 in 1988 from 1960 Rules and the introduction of Section 17A in 1957 Act in the context of reservation of the mining area by the State Government for public sector JUDGMENT exploitation came up for direct consideration by this Court in Indian Metals p and Ferro Alloys Ltd. . In the earlier part of the judgment I have already quoted the relevant portion of the decision of this Court in Indian Metals p and Ferro Alloys Ltd. . The Court referred to the relevant amendments in 1957 Act and 1960 Rules and categorically held that reservations made prior to insertion of Section 17A continue in force even after the introduction of Section 17A. The reservations made by the State 110 Page 110 Government in 1977 before omission of Rule 58 and amendment in Rule 59 and insertion of Section 17A in 1957 Act were, thus, held to be unaffected.

Section 17A or in terms of the Amending Act that by insertion of Section 17A the Parliament intended to alter the pre-existing state of affairs. The Parliament does not seem to have intended by bringing in Section 17A to undo the reservation of any mining area made by the State Government earlier thereto for exploitation in public sector. The Parliament has no doubt plenary power of legislation within the field assigned to it to legislate prospectively as well as retrospectively. As early as in 1951 this Court in rr Keshavan Madhava Menon v. State of Bombay had stated about a cardinal principle of construction that every statue is prima facie JUDGMENT prospective unless it is expressly or by necessary implication made to have retrospective operation. Unless there are words in the statute sufficient to show the intention of the Legislature to affect existing rights, it is deemed to be prospective only. In Principles of Statutory Interpretation (Seventh Edition, 1999) by Justice G.P. Singh, the statement of Lord ss Blanesburg in Colonial Sugar Refining Co . v. Irving and the observations rr AIR 1951 SC 128 ss (1905) AC 369 111 Page 111 tt of Lopes, L.J. in Pulborough Parish School Board Election, Bourke v. Nutt have been noted as follows :

124. Where an issue arises before the Court whether a statute is prospective or retrospective, the Court has to keep in mind presumption of prospectivity articulated in legal maxim nova constitutio futuris formam imponere debet non praeteritis, i.e., ‘a new law ought to regulate what is to follow, not the past’. The presumption of prospectivity operates unless JUDGMENT shown to the contrary by express provision in the statute or is otherwise discernible by necessary implication. 125. The aspects, namely, (i) 1993 mineral policy framed by the Central Government envisaged permission of captive consumption of minerals across the country; (ii) in 1994 Central Government asked all the state governments to de-reserve 13 minerals including iron ore and directed them to take steps accordingly; (iii) confirmation by the tt (1894) 1 QB 725, p. 737 112 Page 112 Government of Bihar to the Central Government in 1994 that no mining areas were reserved for public sector undertaking in the then State of Bihar; (iv) confirmation by the State Government in 2001 to Central

to the Central Government for grant of prior approval and reminder in 2005, in my view, have no impact and effect on the validity of 1962 and 1969 Notifications. The above acts of the Government of Bihar and the Government of Jharkhand in ignorance of 1962 and 1969 Notifications cannot be used as a sufficient ground for invalidating these Notifications. If a state government has power to reserve mineral bearing area for exploitation in public sector – and I have already held that the then Government of Bihar had such power – the act of reservation vide 1962 and 1969 Notifications is not rendered illegal or invalid. I am clearly of the view that lack of knowledge on the part of the State Government about the JUDGMENT reservation of areas for exploitation in public sector vide 1962 and 1969 Notifications does not affect in any manner the legality and validity of these Notifications once it has been found that these Notifications have been issued by the erstwhile State of Bihar in valid exercise of power which it had. Validity of 2006 Notification 113 Page 113 126. On October 27, 2006, the State Government issued a Notification declaring its decision that the iron ore deposits at Ghatkuri would not be thrown open for grant of prospecting licence, mining licence

Notifications issued by the State of Bihar. It was further mentioned in the Notification that mineral reserved in Ghatkuri area has now been decided to be utilized for exploitation by public sector undertaking or joint venture project of the State Government as they would usher in maximum benefits to the State and would generate substantial amount of employment in the State. 2006 Notification states that it has been issued in the public interest and in the larger interest of the State for optimum utilization and exploitation of the mineral resources in the State and for establishment of mineral based industry with value addition thereon. It was argued that 2006 Notification is bad for the same reasons for which 1962 and 1969 JUDGMENT Notifications are bad in law and invalid. The argument is noted to be rejected. For 1962 and 1969 Notifications are not and have not been found by me to suffer from any legal infirmity. 2006 Notification mentions factum of reservation made by 1962 and 1969 Notifications. It is founded on the policy of the State Government that such reservation will usher in maximum benefits to the State and would also generate substantial amount of employment in the State. The public interest is, thus, 114 Page 114 paramount. The State Government had authority to do that under Section 17A(2) of 1957 Act read with Rule 59(1)(e) of 1960 Rules. 127. It was, however, argued on behalf of the appellants that 2006

1957 Act allows the State Government to reserve area for a government company or corporation owned or controlled by it and not in joint venture project. The submission was that 2006 Notification is an attempt to bring in indirectly private companies through joint venture project although, Section 17A clearly does not envisage private participation. 128. The mineral reserved in the said area by 2006 Notification has been decided to be utilized for exploitation by public sector undertaking or joint venture project of the State Government. 2006 Notification does mention reservation for joint venture project of the State Government but, in my opinion, the said expression must be understood to JUDGMENT be confined to an instrumentality having the trappings and character of a government company or corporation owned or controlled by the State Government and not outside of such instrumentality. 129. The types of reservation under Section 17A and their scope p have been considered by this Court in Indian Metals and Ferro Alloys Ltd. in paragraphs 45 and 46 (pgs. 136-139) of the Report. I am in respectful agreement with that view. However, it was argued that Section 17A(2) 115 Page 115 requires prior approval of the Central Government before reservation of any area by the State Government for the public sector undertaking. The argument is founded on incorrect reading of Section 17A(2). This

‘with the approval of the Central Government’. These words in Section 17A(2) can not be equated with prior approval of the Central Government. According to me, the approval contemplated in Section 17A may be obtained by the State Government before the exercise of power of reservation or after exercise of such power. The approval by the Central Government contemplated in Section 17A(2) may be express or implied. In a case such as the present one where the Central Government has relied upon 2006 Notification while rejecting appellants’ application for grant of mining lease, it necessarily implies that the Central Government has approved reservation made by State Government in 2006 Notification JUDGMENT otherwise it would not have acted on the same. In any case, the Central Government has not disapproved reservation made by the State Government in 2006 Notification. 130. Two more contentions advanced on behalf of the appellants, one, with regard to 2006 Notification and the other with regard to 1962 and 1969 Notifications may be briefly noticed. As regards 2006 Notification it was contended that it was not legally valid as it has been made operative 116 Page 116 with retrospective effect. In respect of 1962 and 1969 Notifications, it was argued that the State Government had never adopted these Notifications and, accordingly, these Notifications lapsed. None of these two arguments

Notification is prospective. Mere reference to 1962 and 1969 Notifications in 2006 Notification does not make 2006 Notification retrospective. 131. The other argument that 1962 and 1969 Notifications had lapsed as the State Government never adopted them is also without any merit and substance. The new State of Jharkhand was carved out of the erstwhile State of Bihar and it came into existence by virtue of the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000. Section 85 of that Act provides that the appropriate Government may before expiration of two years adapt and/or modify the law and every such law shall have effect subject to adaptation and modification so made until altered, repealed or amended by a JUDGMENT competent Legislature. In light of Section 85 of the Bihar Reorganisation Act read with Sections 84 and 86 thereof, position that emerges is that the existing law shall have effect until it is altered, repealed and/or amended. Since the new State of Jharkhand had not altered, repealed and/or amended 1962 and 1969 Notifications issued by the erstwhile State of Bihar, it cannot be said that 1962 and 1969 Notifications had lapsed. Moreover, in 2006 Notification, 1962 and 1969 Notifications and their effect 117 Page 117 have been mentioned and that also shows that 1962 and 1969 Notifications continued to operate. The expression, ‘the deposit was at all material times kept reserved vide Gazette Notification No. A/MM-

of doubt that 1962 and 1969 Notifications continued to operate and did not lapse. Principles of promissory estoppel 132. The doctrine of promissory estoppel is now firmly established and is well accepted in India. Its nature, scope and extent have come up for consideration before this Court time and again. One of the leading cases of this Court on the doctrine of promissory estoppel is the case of z Motilal Padampat Sugar Mills . In that case, the Court elaborately and extensively considered diverse facets and aspects of doctrine of JUDGMENT promissory estoppel. That was a case where the appellant was primarily engaged in the business of manufacture and sale of sugar and it had also a cold storage plant and a steel foundry. On October 10, 1968 a news item was carried in the newspaper/s that the State of Uttar Pradesh had decided to give exemption from sales tax for a period of three years under Section 4-A of the U.P. Sales Tax Act to all new industrial units in the State with a view to enabling them, “to come on firm footing in developing stage”. 118 Page 118 z Motilal Padampat Sugar Mills on the basis of the above news, addressed a letter to the Director of the Industries stating that in view of the Sales Tax Holiday announced by the Government, it intended to set up a

holiday for a period of three years from the date it commenced production. The Director of Industries replied that there would be no sales tax for three years on the finished product of the vanaspati from the date it got power z connection for commencing production. Motilal Padampat Sugar Mills then started taking steps for establishment of the factory. It entered into agreement for procuring plant and machinery and also took diverse steps and considerable progress in the setting up of the vanaspati factory took place. Later on, the State Government had a second thought on the question of exemption of sales tax and, ultimately, the government took a policy decision that new vanaspati units in the State which go into JUDGMENT commercial production by September 30, 1970 would be given only partial concession in sales tax for a period of three years. Motilal Padampat z Sugar Mills took up the matter with the Government and in the meanwhile its production started on July 2, 1970 which was also intimated to the functionaries of the State. Having been denied total sales tax holiday although promised earlier by the Director of Industries, it filed a writ petition before the High Court. The principal argument advanced on behalf of 119 Page 119 z Motilal Padampat Sugar Mills was that on a categorical assurance of the State Government that it would be exempted from payment of sales tax for a period of three years from the date of commencement of production that

would be acted on by it and in fact by acting on it, it altered its position and, therefore, the State Government was bound on the principle of promissory estoppel to honour the assurance and exempt it from sales tax for a period of three years. In backdrop of these facts, when the matter reached this Court, the Court considered the nature, scope and extent of the doctrine of promissory estoppel. In paragraph 8 of the Report, the Court considered the view of Justice Denning, as he then was, in the Central uu London Property Trust Ltd. v. High Trees House Ltd. wherein Denning, vv J. had considered Jorden v. Money . This Court also referred to in ww paragraph 8, the opinions in Hughes v. Metropolitan Railway Company , JUDGMENT xx Birmingham and District Land Co. , v. London and North Western Rail Co . uu which were considered by Justice Denning in the High Trees case. The Court also considered the decisions in Durham Fancy Goods Ltd. v. yy Michael Jackson (Fancy Goods) Ltd. , Evenden v. Guildford City uu (1956) 1 All ER 256 vv (1854) 5 HLC 185 ww (1877) 2 AC 439 xx (1889) 40 Ch D 268 yy (1968) 2 All ER 987 120 Page 120 zz aaa Association Football Club Ltd. and Crabb v. Arun District Council and culled out the legal position as follows :

Then in para 9, the Court stated that it was a doctrine evolved by equity in order to prevent injustice. The Court pointed out that where promise is made by a person knowing that it would be acted on by the person to whom it is made and in fact it is so acted on, it is inequitable to allow the party making the promise to go back upon it. JUDGMENT 133. In para 13, the development of doctrine of promissory estoppel in England was noticed by observing, “that even in England where the Judges, apprehending that if a cause of action is allowed to be founded on promissory estoppel it would considerably erode, if not completely overthrow, the doctrine of consideration, have been fearful to allow promissory estoppel to be used as a weapon of offence, it is zz (1975) 3 All ER 269 aaa (1975) 3 All ER 865 121 Page 121 interesting to find that promissory estoppel has not been confined to a purely defensive role”. z 134. In Motilal Padampat Sugar Mills , the Court also referred to

hands of American Judges and it is still rapidly developing and expanding in the United States”, the Court referred to Article 90 of American Law Institute’s “Restatement of the Law of Contracts” and the statement at page 657 of Volume 19 of American Jurisprudence. 135. The Court then considered the view of Justice Cardozo in bbb Allengheny College v. National Chautauque County Bank and Orennan ccc v. Star Paving Company and noted as follows : “ 14 . There are also numerous cases where the doctrine of promissory estoppel has been applied against the Government where the interest of justice, morality and common fairness clearly dictated such a course. We shall refer to these cases when we discuss the applicability of the doctrine of equitable estoppel against the Government. Suffice it to state for the present that the doctrine of promissory estoppel has been taken much further in the United States than in English and Commonwealth jurisdictions and in some States at least, it has been used to reduce, if not to destroy, the prestige of consideration as an essential of valid contract. Vide Spencer Bower and Turner's Estoppel by Representation (2d) p. 358. JUDGMENT bbb 57 ALR 980 ccc (1958) 31 Cal 2d 409 122 Page 122 136. The Court then considered to what extent the doctrine of promissory estoppel was applicable against the Government. After referring to few decisions of the English courts and the American courts,

Century Spinning and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. v. Ulhasnagar Municipal fff ggg Council , M. Ramanatha Pillai v. State of Kerala , Assistant Custodian v. hhh Brij Kishore Agarwala , State of Kerala v. Gwalior Rayon Silk iii Manufacturing Co. Ltd. , Excise Commissioner, U.P., Allahabad v. Ram jjj Kumar , Bihar Eastern Gangetic Fishermen Co-operative Society Ltd. v. kkk lll Sipahi Singh and Radhakrishna Agarwal v. State of Bihar were considered . 137. After entering into detailed consideration as noted above, in z Motilal Padampat Sugar Mills , this Court exposited the legal position that JUDGMENT the doctrine of promissory estoppel may be applied against the State even in its governmental, public or sovereign capacity where it is necessary to prevent fraud or manifest injustice. The following position was culled out: ddd (1968) 2 SCR 366 eee (1952) SCR 43 fff (1970) 1 SCC 582 ggg (1974) 1 SCR 515 hhh (1975) 1 SCC 21 iii (1973) 2 SCC 713 jjj (1976) 3 SCC 540 kkk (1977) 4 SCC 145 lll (1977) 3 SCC 457 123 Page 123 “The promissory estoppel cannot be invoked to compel the Government or even a private party to do an act prohibited by law.

Whatever be the nature of function which the Government is discharging, the Government is subject to the rule of promissory estoppel and if the essential ingredients of this rule are satisfied the Government can be compelled to carry out the promise made by it.” 138. In Union of India and Others v. Godfrey Philips India mmm Limited (para 9, page 383 of the Report), this Court stated as follows: “ 9. Now the doctrine of promissory estoppel is well established in the administrative law of India. It represents a principle evolved by equity to avoid injustice and, though commonly named promissory estoppel, it is neither in the realm of contract nor in the realm of estoppel. The basis of this doctrine is the interposition of equity which has always, true to its form, stepped in to mitigate the rigour of strict law. This doctrine, though of ancient vintage, was rescued from obscurity by the decision of Mr. Justice Denning as he then was, in his celebrated judgment in Central London Property Trust Ltd. v. High Trees House Ltd. The true principle of promissory estoppel is that where one party has by his word or conduct made to the other a clear and unequivocal promise or representation which is intended to create legal relations or effect a legal relationship to arise in the future, knowing or intending that it would be acted upon by the other party to whom the promise or representation is made and it is in fact so acted upon by the other party, the promise or representation would be binding on the party making it and JUDGMENT mmm (1985) 4 SCC 369 124 Page 124

139. The doctrine of promissory estoppel also came up for consideration before this Court in Delhi Cloth and General Mills Limited v. nnn Union of India . In para 18 (page 95) of the Report the Court stated as follows : “ 18. Here the Railways Rates Tribunal apparently, appears to have gone off the track. The doctrine of promissory estoppel has not been correctly understood by the Tribunal. It is true, that in the formative period, it was generally said that the doctrine of promissory estoppel cannot be invoked by the promisee unless he has suffered “detriment” or “prejudice”. It was often said simply, that the party asserting the estoppel must have been induced to act to his detriment. But this has now been explained in so many decisions all over. All that is now required is that the party asserting the estoppel must have acted upon the assurance given to him. Must have relied upon the representation made to him. It means, the party has changed or altered the position by relying on the assurance or the representation. The alteration of position by the party is the only indispensable requirement of the doctrine. It is not necessary to prove further any damage, detriment or prejudice to the party asserting the estoppel. The court, however, would compel the opposite party to adhere to the representation acted JUDGMENT nnn (1988) 1 SCC 86 125 Page 125 upon or abstained from acting. The entire doctrine proceeds on the premise that it is reliance based and nothing more.” 140. A two-Judge Bench of this Court in Amrit Banaspati Company

ddd z this Court in Indo-Afghan Agencies , Motilal Padampat Sugar Mills , mmm Godfrey Philips India Limited and Delhi Cloth and General Mills nnn Limited culled out the legal position that if a representation was made by an official on behalf of the Government then unless such representation is established to be beyond scope of authority it should be held binding on the Government. However, if such representation was contrary to law then such representation was unenforceable. Then the Court stated (para 10, page 424) as follows: “ 10. But promissory estoppel being an extension of principle of equity, the basic purpose of which is to promote justice founded on fairness and relieve a promisee of any injustice perpetrated due to promisor's going back on its promise, is incapable of being enforced in a court of law if the promise which furnishes the cause of action or the agreement, express or implied, giving rise to binding contract is statutorily prohibited or is against public policy……” JUDGMENT ooo 141. In Kasinka Trading & Anr. v. Union of India and Anr. , the Court was principally concerned with the invocation of the doctrine of promissory estoppel in the facts and circumstances of the case obtaining therein. The Court considered the decision of this Court in Indo-Afghan ooo 1995 (1) SCC 274 126 Page 126 ddd Agencies and the successive decisions. The Court held in (paras 11-12, pages 283-284) as under:

12. It has been settled by this Court that the doctrine of promissory estoppel is applicable against the Government also particularly where it is necessary to prevent fraud or manifest injustice. The doctrine, however, cannot be pressed into aid to compel the Government or the public authority “to carry out a representation or promise which is contrary to law or which was outside the authority or power of the officer of the Government or of the public authority to make”. There is preponderance of judicial opinion that to invoke the doctrine of promissory estoppel clear, sound and positive foundation must be laid in the petition itself by the party invoking the doctrine and that bald expressions, without any supporting material, to the effect that the doctrine is attracted because the party invoking the doctrine has altered its position relying on the assurance of the Government would not be sufficient to press into aid the doctrine. In our opinion, the doctrine of promissory estoppel cannot be invoked in the abstract and the courts are bound to consider all aspects including the results sought to be achieved and the public good at large, because while considering the applicability of the doctrine, the courts have to do equity and the fundamental principles of equity must for ever be present to the mind of the court, while considering the applicability of the doctrine. The doctrine must yield when the equity so JUDGMENT 127 Page 127 demands if it can be shown having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case that it would be inequitable to hold the Government or the public authority to its promise, assurance or representation.”

ddd Afghan Agencies and Motilal Padampat Sugar Mills , the Court stated (Para 20-21, pages 287-288) as follows: “ 20 . The facts of the appeals before us are not analogous to the facts in Indo-Afghan Agencies or M.P. Sugar Mills . In the first case the petitioner therein had acted upon the unequivocal promises held out to it and exported goods on the specific assurance given to it and it was in that fact situation that it was held that Textile Commissioner who had enunciated the scheme was bound by the assurance thereof and obliged to carry out the promise made thereunder. As already noticed, in the present batch of cases neither the notification is of an executive character nor does it represent a scheme designed to achieve a particular purpose. It was a notification issued in public interest and again withdrawn in public interest. So far as the second case ( M.P. Sugar Mills case ) is concerned the facts were totally different. In the correspondence exchanged between the State and the petitioners therein it was held out to the petitioners that the industry would be exempted from sales tax for a particular number of initial years but when the State sought to levy the sales tax it was held by this Court that it was precluded from doing so because of the categorical representation made by it to the petitioners through letters in writing, who had relied upon the same and set up the industry. JUDGMENT 21. The power to grant exemption from payment of duty, additional duty etc. under the Act, as already noticed, flows from the provisions of Section 25(1) of the Act. The power to exempt includes the power to modify or withdraw the same. The liability to pay customs duty or additional duty under the Act arises when the taxable event occurs. They are then subject to the payment of duty as prevalent on the date of the entry of the goods. An exemption notification issued 128 Page 128

JUDGMENT The Court went on to observe (paras 24 and 25, pages 289-290) as under: 129 Page 129

25. In our considered opinion therefore the High Court was perfectly right in holding that the doctrine of promissory estoppel had no application to the impugned notification issued by the Central Government in exercise of its powers under Section 25(1) of the Act in view of the facts and circumstances, as established on the record.” JUDGMENT 142. In State of Orissa and Ors . v. Mangalam Timber Products ppp Limited , this Court held that to attract applicability of the principle of estoppel it was not necessary that there must be a contract in writing entered into between the parties. Having regard to the facts of the case ppp (2004) 1 SCC 139 130 Page 130 under consideration, the Court held that it was not satisfied even prima facie that it was a case of an error committed by the State Government of which it was not aware. While observing that the State cannot take

the solemn promise of the State Government, purchased the raw material at a fixed price and also sold its products by pricing the same taking into consideration the price of the raw material fixed by the State Government, the State Government cannot be permitted to revise the terms for supply of raw material adversely to the interest of that party. bb 143. In Nestle India Limited , the applicability of doctrine of promissory estoppel again came up for consideration before this Court. Inter alia, the Court considered the earlier decisions of this Court in Indo- ddd z Afghan Agencies , Motilal Padampat Sugar Mills , Godfrey Philips India mmm ppp Limited , Mangalam Timber Products Limited , Amrit Banaspati JUDGMENT aa ooo . Company Limited and Kasinka Trading The Court followed Godfrey mmm Philips India Limited which was found to be close to the facts of that case. The Court did not accept the argument canvassed on behalf of the State of Punjab that the overriding public interest would make it inequitable to enforce the estoppel against the State Government. 131 Page 131 144. In Bannari Amman Sugars Ltd. v. Commercial Tax Officer & qqq Ors. , the development of doctrine of promissory estoppel was noted (paras 5-7, pages 631-633) and it was held as under:

JUDGMENT “which arises when there is a promise which promisor should reasonably expect to induce action or forbearance qqq (2005) 1 SCC 625 132 Page 132 of a definite and substantial character on part of promisee, and which does induce such action or forbearance, and such promise is binding if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of promise”.

6. In the backdrop, let us travel a little distance into the past to understand the evolution of the doctrine of “promissory estoppel”. Dixon, J., an Australian jurist, in Grundt v. Great Boulder Gold Mines Pty. Ltd. [(1939) 59 CLR 641 (Aust HC) laid down as under: “It is often said simply that the party asserting the estoppel must have been induced to act to his detriment. Although substantially such a statement is correct and leads to no misunderstanding, it does not bring out clearly the basal purpose of the doctrine. That purpose is to avoid or prevent a detriment to the party asserting the estoppel by compelling the opposite party to adhere to the assumption upon which the former acted or abstained from acting. This means that the real detriment or harm from which the law seeks to give protection is that which would flow from the change of position if the assumptions were deserted that led to it.” JUDGMENT The principle, set out above, was reiterated by Lord Denning in High Trees case . This principle has been evolved by equity to avoid injustice. It is neither in the realm of contract nor in the realm of estoppel. Its object is to interpose equity shorn of its form to mitigate the rigour of strict law, as noted in Anglo 133 Page 133 Afghan Agencies case and Sharma Transport v. Govt. of A.P. [(2002) 2 SCC 188]

cc 145. In M.P. Mathur , the Court was concerned with the question whether on the facts of the case, the plaintiffs could compel transfer of tenements in their favour on the basis of promissory estoppel. The Court (para 14, page 716 of the Report) observed as follows : “………The term “equity” has four different meanings, according to the context in which it is used. Usually it means “an equitable interest in property”. Sometimes, it means “a mere equity”, which is a procedural right ancillary to some right of property, for example, an equitable right to have a conveyance rectified. Thirdly, it may mean “floating equity”, a term which may be used to describe the interest of a beneficiary under a will. Fourthly, “the right to obtain an injunction or other equitable remedy”. In the present case, the plaintiffs have sought a remedy which is discretionary. They have instituted the suit under Section 34 of the 1963 Act. The discretion which the court has to exercise is a judicial discretion. That discretion has to be exercised on well-settled principles. Therefore, the court has to consider— the nature of obligation in respect of which performance is sought, circumstances under which the decision came to be made, the conduct of the parties and the effect of the court granting the decree. In such cases, the court has to look at the contract. The court has to ascertain whether there exists an element of mutuality in the contract. If there is absence of mutuality the court will not exercise discretion in favour of the plaintiffs. Even if, want of mutuality is regarded as JUDGMENT 134 Page 134 discretionary and not as an absolute bar to specific performance, the court has to consider the entire conduct of the parties in relation to the subject-matter and in case of any disqualifying circumstances the court will not grant the relief prayed for ( Snell's Equity , 31st Edn., p. 366)……..”

(i) Where one party has by his words or conduct made to the other clear and unequivocal promise which is intended to create legal relations or affect a legal relationship to arise in the future, knowing or intending that it would be acted upon by the other party to whom the promise is made and it is, in fact, so acted upon by the other party, the promise would be binding on the party making it and he would not be entitled to go back upon it, if it would be inequitable to allow him to do so having regard to the dealings which have taken place between the parties, and this would be so irrespective of whether there is any pre-existing relationship between the parties or not. (ii) The doctrine of promissory estoppel may be applied against the Government where the interest of justice, morality and common fairness dictate such a course. The doctrine is applicable against the State even in its governmental, public or sovereign capacity where it is necessary to prevent fraud or manifest injustice. However, the Government or even a private party under the doctrine of promissory estoppel cannot be asked to do an act prohibited in law. The nature and function which the Government discharges is not very relevant. The Government is subject to the rule of promissory estoppel and if the essential ingredients of this doctrine are satisfied, the Government can be compelled to carry out the promise made by it. JUDGMENT (iii) The doctrine of promissory estoppel is not limited in its application only to defence but it can also furnish a cause of action. In other words, the doctrine of promissory estoppel can by itself be the basis of action. 135 Page 135 (iv) For invocation of the doctrine of promissory estoppel, it is necessary for the promisee to show that by acting on promise made by the other party, he altered his position. The alteration of position by the promisee is a sine qua non for the applicability of the doctrine. However, it is not necessary for him to prove any damage, detriment or prejudice because of alteration of such promise.

(vi) It is necessary for invocation of the doctrine of promissory estoppel that a clear, sound and positive foundation is laid in the petition. Bald assertions, averments or allegations without any supporting material are not sufficient to press into aid the doctrine of promissory estoppel. (vii) The doctrine of promissory estoppel cannot be invoked in abstract. When it is sought to be invoked, the Court must consider all aspects including the result sought to be achieved and the public good at large. The fundamental principle of equity must forever be present to the mind of the court. Absence of it must not hold the Government or the public authority to its promise, assurance or representation. JUDGMENT Principles of legitimate expectation 147. As there are parallels between the doctrines of promissory estoppel and legitimate expectation because both these doctrines are founded on the concept of fairness and arise out of natural justice, it is appropriate that the principles of legitimate expectation are also noticed 136 Page 136 here only to appreciate the case of the appellants founded on the basis of doctrines of promissory estoppel and legitimate expectation. 148. In Union of India and Others v. Hindustan Development

matter related to a government contract. This Court in paragraph 35 (Pgs. 548-549) observed as follows : “ 35. Legitimate expectations may come in various forms and owe their existence to different kind of circumstances and it is not possible to give an exhaustive list in the context of vast and fast expansion of the governmental activities. They shift and change so fast that the start of our list would be obsolete before we reached the middle. By and large they arise in cases of promotions which are in normal course expected, though not guaranteed by way of a statutory right, in cases of contracts, distribution of largess by the Government and in somewhat similar situations. For instance discretionary grant of licences, permits or the like, carry with it a reasonable expectation, though not a legal right to renewal or non- revocation, but to summarily disappoint that expectation may be seen as unfair without the expectant person being heard. But there again the court has to see whether it was done as a policy or in the public interest either by way of G.O., rule or by way of a legislation. If that be so, a decision denying a legitimate expectation based on such grounds does not qualify for interference unless in a given case, the decision or action taken amounts to an abuse of power. Therefore the limitation is extremely confined and if the according of natural justice does not condition the exercise of the power, the concept of legitimate expectation can have no role to play and the court must not usurp the discretion of the public authority which is empowered to take the decisions under law and the court is expected to apply an objective standard which leaves to the deciding authority the full range of choice which the legislature is presumed to have intended. Even in a case where the decision is left entirely to the discretion of the deciding authority without any such legal bounds and if the decision is taken fairly and objectively, the court will not interfere on the ground of procedural fairness to a person whose interest based on legitimate expectation might be affected. For instance if an authority who has full discretion to grant JUDGMENT rrr (1993) 3 SCC 499 137 Page 137

JUDGMENT 138 Page 138 While observing as above, the Court observed that legitimacy of an expectation could be inferred only if it was founded on the sanction of law

a right and, therefore, it does not amount to a right in the conventional sense. 149. A three-Judge Bench of this Court in P.T.R. Exports (Madras) sss Pvt. Ltd. & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors. while dealing with the doctrine of legitimate expectation in paras 3, 4 and 5 (Pages. 272-273) stated as follows : “ 3 ………The doctrine of legitimate expectation plays no role when the appropriate authority is empowered to take a decision by an executive policy or under law. The court leaves the authority to decide its full range of choice within the executive or legislative power. In matters of economic policy, it is a settled law that the court gives a large leeway to the executive and the legislature. Granting licences for import or export is by executive or legislative policy. Government would take diverse factors for formulating the policy for import or export of the goods granting relatively greater priorities to various items in the overall larger interest of the economy of the country. It is, therefore, by exercise of the power given to the executive or as the case may be, the legislature is at liberty to evolve such policies. JUDGMENT 4. An applicant has no vested right to have export or import licences in terms of the policies in force at the date of his making application. For obvious reasons, granting of licences depends upon the policy prevailing on the date of the grant of the licence or permit. The authority concerned may be in a better position to have the overall picture of sss (1996) 5 SCC 268 139 Page 139

JUDGMENT 150. In the case of M.P. Oil Extraction and Another v. State of ttt M.P. and Ors. , this Court considered an earlier decision in Hindustan rrr Development Corporation and in paragraph 44 (pg. 612) of the Report held that the doctrine of legitimate expectation had been judicially ttt (1997) 7 SCC 592 140 Page 140 recognized. It operates in the domain of public law and in an appropriate case, constitutes a substantive and enforceable right. uuu 151. In J.P. Bansal v. State of Rajasthan and Anr. , it was stated

reasonableness. qqq 152. A note of caution sounded in Bannari Amman Sugars Ltd. is worth noticing. The Court observed that legitimate expectation was different from anticipation; granting relief on mere disappointment of expectation would be too nebulous a ground for setting aside a public exercise by law and it would be necessary that a ground recognized under Article 14 of the Constitution was made out by a litigant. 153. It is not necessary to multiply the decisions of this Court . Suffice it to observe that the following principles in relation to the doctrine of legitimate expectation are now well established: JUDGMENT (i) The doctrine of legitimate expectation can be invoked as a substantive and enforceable right. (ii) The doctrine of legitimate expectation is founded on the principle of reasonableness and fairness. The doctrine arises out of principles of natural justice and there are parallels between the doctrine of legitimate expectation and promissory estoppel. (iii) Where the decision of an authority is founded in public interest as per executive policy or law, the court would be reluctant to interfere with such decision by invoking doctrine of legitimate expectation. uuu (2003) 5 SCC 134 141 Page 141 The legitimate expectation doctrine cannot be invoked to fetter changes in administrative policy if it is in the public interest to do so. (iv) The legitimate expectation is different from anticipation and an anticipation cannot amount to an assertible expectation. Such expectation should be justifiable, legitimate and protectable.

Whether doctrines of promissory estoppel and legitimate expectation attracted 154. I may now examine whether the doctrines of promissory estoppel and the legitimate expectation help the appellants in obtaining the reliefs claimed by them and whether the actions of the State Government and the Central Government are liable to be set aside by applying these doctrines. JUDGMENT 155. Each of the appellants has raised the pleas of promissory estoppel and legitimate expectation based on its own facts. It is not necessary to narrate facts in each appeal with regard to these pleas as stipulations in the MOUs entered into between the respective appellants and the State Government are broadly similar. For the sake of convenience, the broad features in the matter of Adhunik may be considered. The MOU was made between the State Government and Adhunik on February 26, 2004. Adhunik is involved in diversified activities 142 Page 142 such as production of sponge iron and steel, generating power etc. The preamble to the MOU states that the Government of Jharkhand is desirous of utilization of its natural resources and rapid industrialization of the State

this context the Government of Jharkhand is willing to extend assistance to suitable promoters to set up new industries ” (emphasis supplied) . Adhunik expressed desire of setting up manufacturing/generating facilities in the State of Jharkhand. Proposed Phase-I comprised of setting up Sponge Iron Plant and Pelletaisation Plant while Phase-II comprised of Sponge Iron Plant, Power Plant, Coal Washery, Mini Blast Furnace, Steel Melting/LD/IF and Iron Ore Mining and Phase-III comprised of establishment of Power Plant. Para 4 of MOU states that Adhunik requires help and cooperation of the State Government in several areas to enable them to construct, commission and operate the project. The State JUDGMENT Government’s willingness to extend all possible help and cooperation is stated in the above MOU. Para 4.3 of MOU records that the State Government shall assist in selecting the area for Adhunik for iron ore and other minerals as per requirement of the company depending upon quality and quantity. The State Government also agreed to grant mineral concession as per existing Acts and Rules. 143 Page 143 156. In pursuance of the above MOU, the State Government through its Deputy Secretary, Mining and Geology Department recommended to the Government of India through its Joint Director,

Adhunik for a period of 30 years in the area of 426.875 hectares. The reasons for such recommendation were stated by the State Government in the above communication. In the above communication, it was stated that Adhunik had signed MOU with the State Government for making a capital investment of Rs. 790 crores in establishment of an industry based on iron ore mineral in the State. The steps taken by Adhunik were also highlighted. 157. Adhunik’s case is that on the basis of definite commitment and firm promise made by the State Government for grant of captive mines as stipulated in the MOU and the State’s Industrial Policy, it acted JUDGMENT immediately on the MOU and has invested more than Rs. 100 crores to construct and commission the plant and facilities in Phase-I of the MOU and it has employed about 3500 people directly and indirectly for construction and operation of plant in Phase-I. According to Adhunik, it has ordered equipments and machinery for Phase-II and Phase-III at a cost of Rs. 25 crores and has also made further financial commitments for more than Rs. 1000 crore to set up the expansion. Adhunik claims to have 144 Page 144 also borrowed a sum of Rs. 60 crores from banks and financial institutions and invested that sum in the proposed project. 158. According to Adhunik, no integrated steel plant can be viable

would not have acted on the MOU to make such a huge investment if the State Government were not to make available captive iron ore mines. Adhunik has also stated that in the absence of grant of captive iron ore mines, it has been suffering huge and irreparable losses due to (a) shortage in supply of iron ore due to poor availability, (b) it has to purchase from the market poor quality of iron ore and (c) extra cost due to abnormal market prices compared to the actual cost of captive iron ore. 159. What the State Government had expressed in MOU is its willingness to extend all possible help and cooperation in setting up the manufacturing/generating facilities by Adhunik. The clause in MOU states JUDGMENT that the State Government shall assist in selecting the area for iron ore and other minerals as per requirement of the company depending upon quality and quantity. The State Government agreed to grant mineral concession as per existing Act and Rules. As a matter of fact, when the MOU was entered into, the State Government was not even aware about the reservation of the subject mining area for exploitation in the public sector. It was on November 17, 2004 that the District Mining Officer, Chaibasa 145 Page 145 informed the Secretary, Department of Mines and Geology, Government of Jharkhand that certain portions of Mauza Ghatkuri and the adjoining areas were reserved for public sector under 1962 and 1969 Notifications issued

obtained for grant of leases to the concerned applicants. In his communication, he stated that the fact of reservation of the subject area in public sector vide 1962 and 1969 Notifications was brought to the knowledge of the Director of Mines, Jharkhand but he did not take any timely or adequate action in the matter. In view of the fact that the subject mining area had been reserved for exploitation in pubic sector under 1962 and 1969 Notifications, in my opinion, the stipulation in the MOU that the State Government shall assist in selecting the area for iron ore and other minerals as per requirement of the company and the commitment to grant mineral concession cannot be enforced. For one, the stipulation in the JUDGMENT MOU is not unconditional. The above commitment is dependent on availability and as per existing law. Two, if the State Government is asked to do what it represented to do under the MOU then that would amount to asking the State Government to do something in breach of these two Notifications which continue to hold the field. The doctrine of promissory estoppel is not attracted in the present facts, particularly when promise was made – assuming that some of the clauses in the MOU amount to 146 Page 146 promise – in a mistaken belief and in ignorance of the position that the subject land was not available for iron ore mining in the private sector. I do not think that the State Government can be compelled to carry out what it

bound by its commitments or assurances or representations made in the MOU because by enforcement of such commitments or assurances or representations, the object sought to be achieved by reservation of the subject area is likely to be defeated and thereby affecting the public interest. The overriding public interest also persuades me in not invoking the doctrines of promissory estoppel and legitimate expectation. For the self-same reasons none of the appellants is entitled to any relief based on these doctrines; their case is no better. 160. As a matter of fact, on coming to know of 1962 and 1969 Notifications, the State Government withdrew the proposals which it made JUDGMENT to the appellants and reiterated the reservation by its Notification dated October 27, 2006 expressly “in public interest and in the larger interest of the State”. 161. The act of the State Government in withdrawing the recommendations made by it to the Central Government in the above factual and legal backdrop cannot be said to be bad in law on the touchstone of doctrine of promissory estoppel as well as legitimate 147 Page 147 expectation. The act of the State Government is neither unfair nor arbitrary nor it suffers from the principles of natural justice. The Government of India upon examination of the proposals rejected them on

MOU are allowed to be carried out, it would tantamount to enforcement of promise, assurance or representation which is against law, public interest and public policy which I am afraid cannot be permitted. 162. On behalf of the appellants, it was also argued that the 1962 and 1969 Notifications had remained in disuse for about 40 years and it is reasonable to infer that these two Notifications no longer operated. In this regard, the doctrine of quasi repeal by desuetude was sought to be invoked. Doctrine of desuetude JUDGMENT 163. The doctrine of desuetude and its applicability in Indian Jurisprudence have been considered by this Court on more than one occasion. In the case of State of Maharashtra v. Narayan Shamrao vvv Puranik & Ors. , the Court noted the decision of Scrutton, L.J. in R. v. www London County Council and the view of renowned author Allen in “Law in the Making” and observed that the rule concerning desuetude has vvv (1982) 3 SCC 519 www LR (1931) 2 KB 215 (CA) 148 Page 148 always met with general disfavour. It was also held that a statute can be abrogated only by express or implied repeal; it cannot fall into desuetude or become inoperative through obsolescence or by lapse of time.

and therefore these Notifications were dead letter and stood repealed “quasily”. A three-Judge Bench of this Court entered into consideration of the doctrine of desuetude elaborately. After noticing the English law and Scots law in regard to the doctrine of desuetude, the Court noted the doctrine of desuetude explained in Francis Bennion’s Statutory th Interpretation; Craies Statute Law (7 Edn.) and Lord Mackay’s view in xxx Brown v. Magistrate of Edinburgh . 165. The Court also referred to “Repeal and Desuetude of Statutes”, by Aubrey L. Diamond wherein a reference has been made to JUDGMENT yyy the view of Lord Denning, M.R. in Buckoke v. Greater London Council . Having noticed as above, the Court in paragraph 34 (pages 446-447) of the Report stated : “ 34. Though in India the doctrine of desuetude does not appear to have been used so far to hold that any statute has stood repealed because of this process, we find no objection in principle to apply this doctrine to our statutes as well. This is for the reason that a citizen should know whether, despite a statute having been in disuse for long duration and instead xxx 1931 SLT (Scots Law Times Reports) 456, 458 yyy (1970) 2 All ER 193 149 Page 149

166. In Cantonment Board, MHOW and Anr. v. M.P. State Road zzz Transport Coroporation , this Court had an occasion to consider the doctrine of desuetude while considering the submission that the provisions of Madhya Pradesh Motor Vehicles Taxation Act, 1947 stood repealed having been in disuse. The Court considered the earlier decision in Bharat v Forge Co. Ltd. and held that to apply principle of desuetude it was necessary to establish that the statute in question had been in disuse for long and the contrary practice of some duration has evolved. It was also held that neither of these two facts has been satisfied in the case and JUDGMENT therefore the doctrine of desuetude had no application. 167. From the above, the essentials of doctrine of desuetude may be summarized as follows : (i) The doctrine of desuetude denotes principle of quasi repeal but this doctrine is ordinarily seen with disfavour. zzz (1997) 9 SCC 450 150 Page 150

Whether doctrine of desuetude attracted in respect of 1962 and 1969 Notifications 168. Insofar as 1962 and 1969 Notifications are concerned, I am of the view that doctrine of desuetude is not attracted for more than one reason. In the first place, the Notifications are of 1962 and 1969 and non- implementation of such Notifications for 30-35 years is not that long a period which may satisfy the first requirement of the doctrine of desuetude, JUDGMENT namely, that the statute or legislation has not been in operation for a very considerable period. Moreover, State of Jharkhand came into existence on November 15, 2000 and it can hardly be said that 1962 and 1969 Notifications remained neglected by the State Government for a very considerable period. As a matter of fact, in 2006, the State Government issued a Notification mentioning therein about the reservation made by 1962 and 1969 Notifications. Thus, the first ingredient necessary for invocation of doctrine of desuetude is not satisfied. Secondly, and more 151 Page 151 importantly, even if it is assumed in favour of the appellants that 1962 and 1969 Notifications remained in disuse for a considerable period having not been implemented for more than 30-35 years, the second necessary

been firmly established is totally absent. As a matter of fact, except stray grant of mining lease for a very small portion of the reserved area to one or two parties there is nothing to suggest much less establish the contrary usage or contrary practice that the reservation made in the two Notifications has been given a complete go by. Additional submissions on behalf of Monnet 169. The main submissions raised on behalf of the appellants having been dealt with, I may now consider certain additional submissions made on behalf of Monnet. It was argued by Mr. Ranjit Kumar, learned JUDGMENT senior counsel for Monnet that the State Government in its letter to recall the recommendation made in favour of the appellant set up the ground of overlapping with the lease of Rungta but it mala fide suppressed the fact of expiry of lease of Rungta in 1995 and also that the said area had been notified for regrant in the Official Gazette on July 3, 1996. He would contend that Rule 24A of the 1960 Rules provides for an application for renewal of lease to be made one year prior to the expiry of lease but no 152 Page 152 application for renewal was made by Rungta within this time and, therefore, Rungta had no legal right over the overlapping area. 170. It was submitted by Mr. Ranjit Kumar that the appellant –

area recommended for grant to the appellant was not covered by 1962 or 1969 Notifications. 171. It was submitted on behalf of Monnet that the case of Monnet was identical to the case of M/s. Bihar Sponge Iron Ltd. and the State Government had discriminated against the appellant vis-à-vis the case of M/s. Bihar Sponge Iron Ltd. 172. Mr. Ranjit Kumar also submitted that there has been violation of the statutory right of hearing in terms of Rule 26 of the 1960 Rules. He submitted that order was not communicated to Monnet by the State JUDGMENT Government and thereby its remedy under Rule 54 of 1960 Rules was taken away. The violation of principles of natural justice goes to the root of the matter and on that ground alone the decision of the State Government to recall the recommendation and the decision of the Central Government in summarily rejecting and returning application are bad in law. Reliance in this regard was placed on a decision of Privy Council in Nazir Ahmad v. 153 Page 153 aaaa King- Emperor and also a decision of this Court in Nagarjuna bbbb Construction Company Ltd. v. Government of Andhra Pradesh & Ors. . 173. Mr. Ranjit Kumar also argued that once recommendation was

ceased to have any power to recall the recommendation already made on any ground whatsoever. In this regard he relied upon Jayalakshmi Coelho cccc v. Oswald Joseph Coelho . 174. Relying upon the decision of this Court in Mohinder Singh Gill dddd and Anr. v. The Chief Election Commissioner, New Delhi, & Ors., it was submitted that the reasons originally given in an administrative order cannot be supplanted by other reasons in the affidavits or pleadings before the Court. He submitted that as regards Monnet, the initial reason by the State Government was not founded on reservation but later on it tried to bring the ground of reservation in fore by supplanting reasons. JUDGMENT 175. Mr. Ranjit Kumar vehemently contended that as per the State Government’s own case initially, the land that was recommended for mining lease to Monnet was not under the reserved area and, therefore, Monnet’s writ petition ought not to have been heard and decided with the group matters. He also referred to interim order passed by this Court on aaaa AIR 1936 PC 253 bbbb (2008) 16 SCC 276 cccc (2001) 4 SCC 181 dddd (1978) 1 SCC 405 154 Page 154 August 18, 2008, the meeting that took place between the Central Government and the State Government pursuant thereto and the subsequent interim order of this Court dated December 15, 2008.

Monnet before the High Court. The submissions were confined to the issue of reservation, the legality and validity of 1962, 1969 and 2006 Notifications, consequent illegal action of the State Government in recalling the recommendation and of the Central Government in summarily rejecting the appellant’s application. 177. In paragraph 17 of the impugned judgment, the arguments of the learned senior counsel for Monnet have been noticed. It transpires therefrom that many of the above arguments were not advanced including the issue of overlapping with the area of Rungta. In the list of dates/synopsis of the special leave petition, Monnet has not raised any JUDGMENT grievance that arguments made on its behalf before the High Court were not correctly recorded or the High Court failed to consider any or some of its arguments. Criticism of the High Court judgment is thus not justified and I am not inclined to go into above submissions of Mr. Ranjit Kumar for the first time. 178. It is too late in the day for Monnet to contend that its case could not have been decided with group matters and in any case the 155 Page 155 matter should be remanded to the High Court for reconsideration on the issues, namely, (a) whether the area recommended for the appellant was overlapping with Rungta only to the extent of 102.25 hectares out of total

the State Government to withdraw the recommendation made in favour of the appellant when the alleged overlapping with Rungta was only to the extent of 102.25 hectares and (d) is withdrawal of appellant’s recommendation arbitrary when reservation vide 1962 Notification did not apply to the area recommended in favour of the appellants. Monnet’s writ petition was decided by the High Court with group matters as the arguments advanced on its behalf were identical to the arguments which were canvassed on behalf of other writ petitioners. The State Government recalled its recommendations by a common communication and the Central Government returned the recommendations and rejected JUDGMENT applications for mining lease made by the writ petitioners by a common order. 179. The State Government had full power to recall the recommendation made to the Central Government for some good reason. Once 1962 and 1969 Notifications issued by the erstwhile State of Bihar and 2006 Notification issued by the State of Jharkhand have been found by me to be valid and legal, the submissions of Mr. Ranjit Kumar noted 156 Page 156 above pale in insignificance and are not enough to invalidate the action of the State Government in recalling the recommendation made in favour of Monnet. The valid reservation of subject mining area for exploitation in

relief. 180. It is well settled that no one has legal or vested right to the grant or renewal of a mining lease. Monnet cannot claim a legal or vested right for grant of the mining lease. It is true that by the MOU entered into between the State Government and Monnet certain commitments were made by the State Government but firstly, such MOU is not a contract as contemplated under Article 299(1) of the Constitution of India and secondly, in grant of mining lease of a property of the State, the State Government has a discretion to grant or refuse to grant any mining lease. Obviously, the State Government is required to exercise its discretion, subject to the requirement of law. In view of the fact that area is reserved JUDGMENT for exploitation of mineral in public sector, it cannot be said that the discretion exercised by the State Government suffers from any legal flaw. 181. The case of discrimination vis-a-vis M/s Bihar Sponge Iron Limited argued on behalf of Monnet was not pressed before High Court and is not at all established. The argument with regard to violation of principles of natural justice is also devoid of any substance. The recommendation in favour of Monnet to the Central Government was 157 Page 157 simply a proposal with certain pre-conditions. For withdrawal of such proposal by the State Government, in my view, no notice was legally required to be given. Moreover, no prejudice has been caused to it by not

grant of mining lease in the private sector. For all these reasons, I do not find that the case of Monnet stands differently from the other appellants. Conclusion 182. In view of the foregoing reasons, there is no merit in these appeals and they are dismissed. There shall be no order as to costs. …………………….J. (R. M.Lodha) JUDGMENT July 26, 2012 New Delhi. 158 Page 158 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION CONTEMPT PETITION © NO. 14 OF 2009 IN CIVIL APPEAL NO. 3287 OF 2009 Abhijeet Infrastructure Ltd. …… Petitioner Vs. Chief Secretary, State of Jharkhand …… Respondent ORDER I find from the proceedings that no notice has been issued in the contempt petition. The proceeding of January 28, 2009 reveals that the Court only ordered copy of the contempt petition to be supplied to learned counsel appearing for the State of Jharkhand to enable it to file its response. In the order passed on January 28, 2009, the Court made it very clear that it was not inclined to issue any notice in the contempt petition. Now, since the JUDGMENT appeal preferred by Abhijeet Infrastructure Ltd., has been dismissed, the contempt petition is also liable to be dismissed and is dismissed. …………………….J. (R. M.Lodha) New Delhi July 26, 2012 159 Page 159 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION Civil Appeal No. 3285 OF 2009 Monnet Ispat & Energy Ltd. ... Appellant Versus Union of India and Ors. ... Respondents with Civil Appeal No. 3286 OF 2009 Adhunik Alloy and Power Ltd. ... Appellant Versus Union of India and Ors. ... Respondents with Civil Appeal No. 3287 OF 2009 Abhijeet Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. ... Appellant Versus JUDGMENT Chief Secretary, State of Jharkhand and Ors. ... Respondents with Civil Appeal No. 3288 OF 2009 Ispat Industries Ltd. ... Appellant Versus Union of India and Ors. ... Respondents with Civil Appeal No. 3289 OF 2009 160 Page 160 Jharkhand Ispat Pvt. Ltd. ... Appellant Versus Union of India and Ors. ... Respondents with Civil Appeal No. 3290 OF 2009 Prakash Ispat Ltd. ... Appellant Versus Union of India and Ors. ... Respondents and Contempt Petition (C) No.14 OF 2009 in Civil Appeal No.3287 OF 2009 J U D G E M E N T H.L. Gokhale J. JUDGMENT All these appellants claim to be companies interested in developing iron and steel projects, and therefore sought grant of leases of iron-ore mines situated in the state of Jharkhand. Applications of ten such companies including the appellants were forwarded by the Government of Jharkhand sometime around August 2004 to the Union of India, for its consideration for grant of lease in certain areas. Subsequently, on realising that those areas were reserved for exploitation in the public sector, the State Government by its letter 161 Page 161 dated 13.09.2005, sought to withdraw nine of these proposals including those of all the appellants. The Central Government however, did not merely return the nine proposals, but rejected the same by its letter dated 6.3.2006 addressed to the Government of

writ petitions to challenge these two letters dated 13.9.2005 and 6.3.2006, and sought a direction to grant the mining leases to them in the proposed areas, and to seek appropriate reliefs. The Writ Petitions filed by the six appellants herein were respectively bearing following nos. (1) W.P. (C) No. 4151 of 2006, (2) W.P. (C) No. 1769 of 2006, (3) W.P. (C) No. 2629 of 2006, (4) W.P. (C) No. 5527 of 2006, (5) W.P. (C) No. 7636 of 2006 and (6) W.P. (C) No. 7363 of 2006. All those writ petitions were dismissed by a Division Bench of the Jharkhand High Court by a common judgment and order dated 4.4.2007. Being aggrieved by the same, six of them have filed these appeals to this Court. JUDGMENT 2. An interim order came to be passed in these appeals on 7.5.2007, that until further orders no fresh leases shall be granted in respect of the disputed mining area. We may note that at one stage same workable arrangements were considered by this Court but they did not materialise. These appeals have been admitted thereafter on 30.4.2009. The Union of India and the State of Jharkhand are the main contestants in all these appeals, though a few other entities like the 162 Page 162 National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), Tata Iron Steel Company (TISCO) and Arclor Mittal (India) Ltd. have intervened to oppose them. Learned Senior Counsels Sarvashri C.A. Sunderam, Dr. Rajeev Dhawan, Ranjit Kumar, Dhruv Mehta, Dr. Abhishek Manu

support of these appeals. Senior Counsels Shri Dilip Sinha, and Shri Ashok Bhan have appeared for the State of Jharkhand, and Union of India respectively. Shri P.S. Narasimha, Senior counsel for NMDC, Shri Vikas Singh, Senior Counsel for TISCO, Shri Krishnan Venugopal, Senior counsel for Arclor Mittal (India) Ltd. and Shri J.K. Das, learned counsel for M/s Rungta Sons Pvt. Ltd., have appeared to oppose these appeals. Facts leading to these appeals:- 3. The facts in all these appeals are by and large similar. We may refer to the facts of the first Civil Appeal in the case of M/s Monnet Ispat and Energy Ltd. (for short ‘Monnet’) as somewhat representative. JUDGMENT It is the case of Monnet that it wanted to set-up an iron and steel plant in the State of Jharkhand. It was ready to invest an amount of Rs.1400 crores on this project, and for that purpose it was interested in the allotment of iron and manganese ore mines situated in the Ghatkhuri Forest area of West Singhbhum District (which has its headquarters at Chaibasa). A high level meeting was held in Ranchi for that purpose on 7.7.2002 between the officers of Monnet and Jharkhand Government, 163 Page 163 subsequent to which, minutes of the meeting were drawn recording the discussion between the two parties. Thereafter, a memorandum of understanding (MOU) was arrived at between the Government of Jharkhand and Monnet on 5.2.2003, for the establishment of an

to establish the integrated steel plant, and that of the Government of Jharkhand to provide therefor the land containing iron and manganese ore mines, a coal block and other facilities. The MOU recorded that the plant will produce sponge iron of the capacity of 4 lac tonnes per annum, and mild steel of 2 lac tonnes and alloy steel of 2 lac tonnes. It was expected to provide employment to 10,000 persons. The MOU recorded that the State Government agrees to recommend the proposal of Monnet to Government of India, for the allotment of areas containing iron ore and manganese ore deposits and coal blocks situated in Ghatkhuri Forest area of West Singhbhum District. This clause reads as follows:- JUDGMENT III. MINES: COAL:…….. IRON ORE AND MANGANESE ORE: The State Government agrees to recommend to Government of India for the allotment of iron ore and manganese ore deposits expected to contain sufficient reserves to cater the needs of the project. The iron ore reserves suitable for sponge iron making as identified are Ghatkhuri area in Chaibasa District. The State Government also agrees to recommend to Government of India for allotment of additional mines able deposits in West Singhbhum area to cater the project need.” 164 Page 164 We may as well note that paragraph VII (d) of the MOU stated as follows:- In the event of non-implementation of the project, support/commitment of the State Government in the MOU shall be deemed to be withdrawn .

dated 6.8.2004 recommended the proposal of Monnet to Union of India under Section 5 (1) and 11 (5) of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (hereinafter referred to “MMDR Act”). The letter stated that some 58 applications were received, seeking grant of the mining leases over an area of 3566.54 hectares in Ghatkhuri reserved forest. All applicants were given sufficient opportunity of hearing. As far as Monnet is concerned, State Government had recommended the amended area of 705 hectares for the consent of the Central Government for grant of lease under Section 5 (1) of the Act. The letter also stated that priority was being given to Monnet in JUDGMENT terms of Section 11 (3) of the Act on the basis of its technical mineral based industry and financial capacity. 5. On receiving that application and after considering that the mining lease was to be granted for a period of 30 years, the Central Government asked the State Government, vide its letter dated 6.9.2004, to forward its justification in support of the proposal, since in its view an adequate justification, in the interest of mineral 165 Page 165 development, had not been sent. The State Government explained its position, vide its reply dated 17.11.2004, as to why priority was given to Monnet, and sought the approval of Government of India under Sections 5 (1) and 11 (5) of MMDR Act. It enclosed therewith a

for grant of mining leases of iron ore on 3566.54 hectares area in the reserved forest at Mauza Ghatkhuri in West Singhbhum District. 6. It so happened that at that stage the District Mining Officer of Chaibasa brought it to the notice of the concerned authorities of State Government, by his letter dated 17.11.2004, that the undivided state of Bihar (when Jharkhand was a part of it) had reserved certain areas for the exploitation of minerals in the public sector, by its notification dated 21.12.1962, and it included the recommended area of Singhbhum District. This notification had been followed by another notification of the undivided State of Bihar dated 28.2.1969 which reiterated that an area of 168.349 hectares in Ghatkhuri reserved JUDGMENT forest block no.10 in district of Singhbhum was reserved for exploitation of minerals in public sector. A copy of the said notification had been marked to the District Mining Officer, Chhaibasa. 7. The two notifications read as follows:- (1) Government of Bihar Department of Industries & Mines (Mines) 166 Page 166 NOTIFICATION: Patna, the 21 December, 1962 th 30 Agrahand, 1884-S Memo No. A/MM-40510/6209/M. It is hereby notified for the information of public that the following iron ore bearing areas in this

167 Page 167

JUDGMENT 30 Agrahan, 1884-S Copy forwarded to the Commissioner of Chhotanagpur Division, Ranchi/All District Officers/All District Mining Officers for information. Sd/- B.N. Sinha Secretary to Government (2) GOVERNMENT OF BIHAR DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND GEOLOGY NOTIFICATION 168 Page 168 th Patna, the 28 February, 1969 Phalgun, 1890-S No. B/M6-1019/68-1564/M. It is hereby notified for information of public that Iron Ore bearing areas of 416 acres (168.348 hectares) situated in Ghatkuri Reserved Forest Block No. 10 in the district of

contacted. By the order of Governor of Bihar Sd/- C.P. Singh Dy. Secretary to Government th Memo No. 1564/M Patna, the 28 February, 1969. Copy forwarded to the Superintendent, Secretariat Press, Gulzarbagh, for favour of public of the Notification in the Extra-ordinary issue of the Bihar Gazette at any early date. 2. 100 spare copies of the notification may also be sent to this Department immediately. Sd/- Dy. Secretary to Government th Memo No. 1564/M Patna, the 28 February, 1969 JUDGMENT Copy forwarded to the Dy. Commissioner, Singhbhum/Dy. Director of Mines, 2, College Road, Circuit House Area, Jamshedpur 7/ District Mining Officer, Singhbhum, Chaibasa/Director, Mines, Bihar/Dy. Director of Geology, Bihar/Advisor in Geology, Bihar for information. Sd/- C.P. Singh Dy. Secretary to Government 8. Thereafter, in continuation with the correspondence with the State Government, the Central Ministry of Mines by its letter dated 15.6.2005, wrote to the Secretary to the State Government, Department of Mines, seeking a meeting of the concerned officers of 169 Page 169 the State Government and the Ministry of Mines of the Central Government for the clarification on the following issues:- (i) The State Government had rejected even those applicants

Mineral Policy. (ii) As against the applicants at Sl. Nos.18, 20, 23, 29, 33, 41, 44 and 58, the State Government had stated that they had not submitted any solid proposals. The Central Government wanted to know what the State Government meant by ‘solid proposals’. (iii) There was wide variation between the area recommended and the proposed plant capacity. (iv) The total area of the ten proposals came to 3693.05 hectares whereas the total area reported to be available in Ghatkhuri was 3566.54 hectares. It was also stated that in the case of the proposal of M/s Bihar Sponge Iron Ltd., the JUDGMENT total area in Ghatkhuri reserve forest was shown as 4692.46 hectares. 9. It was in this background that the Government of Jharkhand called back nine out of the ten proposals (excluding the one in favour of Bihar Sponge Iron Ltd.), by its letter dated 13.9.2005. The letter specifically stated that the proposals overlapped the areas reserved for the public undertakings and the areas already held by two 170 Page 170 other companies. This was one of the two letters impugned in the writ petitions to the High Court. This letter reads as follows:- “Government of Jharkhand Mines and geological department No.Khni (Chaya)-78/03 (Part)-501/M-C Ranchi Dated 13.09.2005 From: Arun Kumar Singh Secretary to the Government To, Sh. Anil Subramaniam Under Secretary Ministry of Mines Government of India Shastri Bhawan, New Delhi – 110 001. Sub: In connection with return of recommendations sent for mining lease of Iron ore in the reserved Forest Land in Mauza Ghat Khuri, under the West Singhbhum District. Sir, Kindly refer to your letter No.5/40/2004/MIV dated 30.08.2005 on the above mentioned subject. Proposal was sent by the mines and mineral department Jharkhand, for sanction of mining lease to 10 companies for mining of iron ore and Manganese Mineral, in the reserved Forest Land in Mauza Ghat Kuri (West Singhbhu District), in the light of Section 5(1) and 11(5) of the Mines and Mineral (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957. JUDGMENT

171 Page 171

After complete consideration, the Government has taken this decision that out of the ten proposals sent in the past, leaving apart the proposal of S/Shri Bihar Sponge Iron Ltd., in connection with the rest of the nine proposals, for consideration as per law, they may be called back from the ministry of mines Government of India. In the light of the above said it is requested that kindly return the above said mines proposals to the mines and minerals department Jharkhand Ranchi, so that by reconsidering on them, further action could be taken at the level of the State Government. Yours faithfully Sd/- (Arun Kumar Singh) Secretary to the Government” JUDGMENT 10. The Government of India, however, did not merely return those nine proposals, but summarily rejected the same on the very grounds stated in the letter of Government of Jharkhand. It sent a letter accordingly to the Government of Jharkhand on 6.3.2006. This is the other letter which was under challenge in the writ petitions to the High Court. The letter reads as follows:- “REGISTERED GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 172 Page 172 MINISTRY OF MINES th No. 5/55/2004-M.IV New Delhi, the 6 March, 2006 To

Sir,

173 Page 173

Sd/- (Anil Subramaniam) Under Secretary to the Government of India” 11. In these appeals we are basically concerned with the legality of the decision of the State Government seeking to withdraw its recommendations for mining leases, and the subsequent decision of the Central Government to reject those very recommendations. We 174 Page 174 may record that the Government of Jharkhand had issued one more notification subsequently, dated 27.10.2006, by which it was decided that the areas described in the 1962 and 1969 notifications will not be given to anyone, except to the public sector undertakings or joint

Petitions in the High Court and challenged the subsequent notification also. This notification reads as follows:- THE JHARKHAND GAZETTE EXTRA ORDINARY PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY th No. 581 8 Kartik 1928 (S) Ranchi, Monday the 30 October, 2006 DEPARTMENT OF MINES & GEOLOGY, RANCHI NOTIFICATION th The 27 October, 2006 No. 3277 It is hereby notified for the information of the general public that for optimum utilization and exploitation of the mineral resources in the State and for establishment of mineral based industry JUDGMENT with value addition thereon, it has been decided by the State Government that the iron ore deposits at Ghatkuri would not be thrown open for grant of prospecting licence, mining lease or otherwise for the private parties. The deposit was at all material times kept reserved st vide gazette notification No. A/MM-40510/62-6209/M dated the 21 th December, 1962 and no. B/M-6-1019/68-1564/M dated the 28 February, 1969 of the State of Bihar. The mineral reserved in the said area has now been decided to be utilized for exploitation by Public Sector undertaking or Joint Venture Project of the State Government which will usher-in maximum benefit to the State and which generate substantial amount of employment in the State. 175 Page 175 The aforesaid notification is being issued in public interest and in the larger interest of the State. The defining co-ordinates of the reserved area enclosed here with for reference. By order of the Governor. S.K. Satapathy. Secretary to Government Submissions on behalf of the appellants:- 12. (i) There is not much difference between the facts of the other appellants and Monnet, except that as far as the appellant in Civil Appeal No.3286/2009 i.e. Adhunik Alloy and Power Ltd. (‘Adhunik’ for short) is concerned, it contends that based on the forwarding of its proposal by the State Government to the Central Government, it had made some substantial investment. It had already invested some 82 crores of rupees out of its proposed investment of Rs.790 crores, and therefore it had a better case on the basis of promissory estoppel. Additional material is placed on the record of its Civil Appeal in JUDGMENT justification the investment made by the appellant. (ii) Since the facts of all these appeals are by and large similar, though various submissions have been raised on behalf of the appellants, they are also by and large similar, and complimentary to each other. The learned senior counsels appearing for the respective parties have, however, emphasised various facets of facts and law with good research put in. 176 Page 176 13. (i) Shri C.A. Sunderam, learned senior counsel appearing for Ispat Industries Ltd. (‘Ispat’ for short) firstly submitted that after the MMDR Act was passed in exercise of the power of the Union Government under List I Entry 54 of the Seventh Schedule of the

to issue the notifications making any reservations in favour of public sector undertakings and the notifications of the 1962 and 1969 were bad in law. These notifications which were defended as being issued under Section 4(a) of the Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950, could not be valid after the passing of the MMDR Act. This is because Entry No. 23 List II (State List) of the Seventh Schedule giving power to the State Government specifically stated that it was subject to the provisions of the entries in List I (Union List) in this behalf. Entry No. 54 of List I states that Regulation of Mines and Mineral development is within the power of the Union Government, to the extent a declaration is made by Parliament in that behalf in public interest, and such a declaration has JUDGMENT been made and is to be found in Section 2 of the MMDR Act. This being the position, the provisions of Bihar Land Reforms Act 1950 (Act No. XXX of 1950) (Bihar Act, for short) cannot be pressed into service by the respondents. (ii) Shri Sundaram contended that the field was already occupied by the MMDR Act when these notifications were issued, since the Parliament had already legislated on the field. Section 17 and 17A of 177 Page 177 the MMDR Act give special power to the Central Government to undertake the mining operations and effect reservations. Section 18 of the Act casts a duty on the Central Government to take steps for the conservation and systematic development of minerals and for the

which may be caused by the prospecting or mining operations. These powers were not with the State Government. The reservations in the notifications of 1962 and 1969 will therefore have to be held as outside the powers of the State Government (iii) This will be the position even when read with Rule 59 (1) (e) of the Mineral Concession Rules, 1960 (M.C. Rules 1960 in short) which speaks about reservation of areas by the State Government and re- grant thereof. Even the subsequent notification of 27.10.2006, providing for a joint venture is contrary to 17A of MMDR Act, and therefore bad in law. (iv) Shri Sundaram submitted that the High Court’s view that the JUDGMENT State Government had the inherent power over the mining areas was equally erroneous. 14. (i) Learned senior counsel Dr. Rajeev Dhawan appearing for the appellant in C.A. No. 3289/2009 i.e. Jharkhand Ispat Pvt. Ltd. (‘Jharkhand Ispat’ for short) mainly canvassed two submissions. Firstly, in view of the federal structure of Indian Constitution, and the provisions of MMDR Act, any mining can be done only under the MMDR 178 Page 178 Act with Central permission, though mining is included is in the State List. In this behalf, Dr. Dhawan took us through the Constitution Bench judgments of this Court in Hingir-Rampur Coal Co. Ltd. & Ors. Vs. State of Orissa & Ors. reported in AIR 1961 SC 459, State of

1284 and Baijnath Kadio Vs. State of Bihar and Others reported in 1969 (3) SCC 838, and submitted that the subsequent judgment of this Court in Amritlal Nathubhai Shah Vs. Union of India reported in 1976 (4) SCC 108 which has been relied upon by the State of Jharkhand and accepted by the High Court to repel the challenge, did not consider these three judgments and the true import of the propositions laid down therein. (ii) Secondly, the Learned Counsel submitted that the State Government’s decision was ultra-vires to Section 17A (2) of the MMDR Act. He relied upon Para 6 of the judgment of this Court in Janak Lal Vs. State of Maharashtra reported in 1989 (4) SCC 121 to draw JUDGMENT the distinction between un-amended Rule 59 and new Rule 59. In his view, the 2006 notification was also invalid since it was only a revival of 1962 and 1969 notifications. (iii) It was then submitted that the appellant has also set up a factory and reliance was placed on the doctrine of promissory estoppel and legitimate expectations. It was also contended that the two notifications were not acted upon and suffered from Desuetude. 179 Page 179 Lastly, it was submitted that the State Government cannot act unreasonably in view of the provision of Article 19 (1) (g) of the Constitution.

(i) The State Government did not have the power to issue the two notifications in 1962 and 1969 under the rules as they then existed, particularly the notification of 1962, since the Rule 58 of the concerned rules as then existing did not give any such power to the State Government. (ii) Rule 58 has been deleted without any saving clause by the amendment Act No. 36 of 1986. (iii) The two notifications of 1962 and 1969 providing for reservation in favour of the public sector undertakings suffered on account of ‘Desuetude’, since they were never acted upon. (iv) In view of the proviso Rule 63A, once a recommendation is JUDGMENT made, the State Government becomes functus officio, and it has no power to recall the recommendation. (v) The right of hearing of Monnet was affected in as much as the decision of the State Government to reject its application was taken behind its back. It was not provided with any opportunity of being heard under Rule 26, of the M.C. Rules 1960 before refusing to grant the mining lease. Besides, their remedy to file a revision to the Central Government under Rule 54 thereof was affected. 180 Page 180 (vi) The appellants disputed the fact that at the time of rejection of their applications, M/s Rungta Sons were having any subsisting allotment in their favour. It was submitted that the grant in favour of M/s Rungta Sons had already expired, and in fact they had applied for renewal in

or otherwise. (vii) There was unjustified discrimination in favour of Bihar Sponge Iron Ltd. since their case was supposed to be similar to that of Monnet. (viii) The decision of the State Government was hit by the doctrine of promissory estoppel, since in the meanwhile Monnet had deposited Rs.50 lacs with the State Government for allotment of land, and it was taking further steps expecting the allotment. (ix) The provisions of the MMDR Act and the MC Rules will have to be read to mean that the regulatory regime has been taken over by the Central Government, and the State Government will have to be held as without any power to JUDGMENT impose reservations. 16. Learned senior counsel Shri Dhruv Mehta, appearing for Prakash Ispat Ltd. in C.A. No.3290/2009 submitted that as stated in Section 14 of MMDR Act, Sections 5 to 13 of the act do not apply to minor minerals, and the State Govt’s. power is only to regulate the minor minerals under Section 15 of the Act. In this behalf he referred to the judgment of this Court in D.K. Trivedi and Sons Vs. State of Gujarat reported in 1986 Supp (1) SCC 20 . He submitted that the 181 Page 181 rule making power with respect to major minerals was only with the Central Government. The State Government had no power until Rule 59 was amended in 1980 to provide reservation for public sector concerning the major minerals. He further submitted that rule making

Chand Vs. Union of India reported in 1972 (2) SCC 601. He contended that in view of the provision in Rule 59 of the MC Rules 1960, an area which has been reserved can be made available for re- grant to private sector, and in support of this proposition he referred to the judgment of this Court in Indian Metals and Ferro Alloys Ltd. VS. Union of India reported in 1992 Supp (1) SCC 91. 17. Learned senior counsel Shri Abhishek Manu Singhvi and L. Nageswara Rao, appearing for Adhunik submitted that the High Court had committed an error in relying upon the above referred amended Rule 59. The 1962 notification was issued when prospecting and JUDGMENT mining was not within the jurisdiction of the State Government The judgment of this Court in Air India Vs. Union of India reported in 1995 (4) SCC 734 (para 4 to 8) was relied upon to submit that subordinate legislation can survive the repeal of a statute only when it is saved. It was further submitted that the impugned notifications were issued without prior approval of the Central Government and were therefore bad in law. 182 Page 182 18. (i) Learned senior counsel Shri G.C. Bharuka, appearing for Abhijeet Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. (‘Abhijeet’ for short) submitted that Central Government had opened up the minerals for private participants. In 1962, the Government had no power to issue the

power. He relied upon the judgment of this Court in Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. Vs. State of Bihar reported in 1990 (4) SCC 557 (para 19) , and submitted that the State can act only under a legislation or under Article 162 by way of an executive order and not otherwise. He submitted that the 1962 notification was issued under the un-amended Rule 59, and that time there was no power to issue such notification. In his view the subsequent notification dated 27.10.2006 which is issued under Section 17A (2) was also bad in law because it was issued without the prior approval of the Central Government (ii) It was then submitted by Shri Bharuka, that Abhijeet’s proposal was sent to the Central Government on 06.08.2004. State JUDGMENT Government withdrew it on 13.09.2005, and Central Government rejected it on 06.03.2006. In the meanwhile the petitioner took steps for investment. He relied upon two judgments to explain the import of the doctrine of promissory estoppel, namely M/s Motilal Padampat Sugar Mills Co. Ltd. Vs. State of Uttar Pradesh reported in 1979 (2) SCC 409 and State of Punjab Vs. Nestle India Ltd. reported in 2004 (6) SCC 465. He canvassed the Contempt Petition moved by 183 Page 183 Abhijeet by contending that Abhijeet ought to have been granted lease in pursuance of this Court’s earlier order dated 15.12.2008. Reply on behalf of the State of Jharkhand

to reserve the mines situated within its territory for Public Sector Undertakings, to begin with, to the State’s ownership of the Mines. He submitted that these mines and minerals vested absolutely in it, and this position was fortified in view of the declaration of the consequences of vesting to be found in Section 4(a) of the Bihar Act. The validity of this provision had been upheld by a Constitution Bench of this Court way back in State of Bihar Vs. Kameshwar Singh reported in AIR 1952 SC 252 . In any case, the Act had been placed at Entry No. 1 in Ninth Schedule which was added by Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951 and was protected by Article 31-B. As held by JUDGMENT this Court in Waman Rao Vs. Union of India reported in 1981 (2) SCC 362 , the Act was clearly beyond the pale of challenge. The State had the inherent power to reserve any area for exploitation in its capacity as the owner of the land and the minerals vested therein. The Sovereign executive power of the State under Article 298 of the Constitution to carry on any trade or business and to acquire, hold and dispose of the property and make contracts, certainly included the 184 Page 184 power to reserve the land for exploitation of its minerals by the public sector. 20. It was further submitted by Shri Sinha, that there was no

MMDR Act does not disturb the ownership of the mines and minerals of the State in the land situated within its territory. The power to issue appropriate notifications concerning the mines and minerals situated within the State is not taken away by any of the provisions of the MMDR Act. In the instant case the Central Government, in its counter affidavit at para 5 (a) and para 10 filed before the High Court, had given deemed/de-jure approval to the reservation upon examination of the 1962 & 1969 notifications. This was apart from the impugned order, dated 6.3.2006, rejecting the proposals of the appellants on the ground that the recommended areas in the said nine proposals were either reserved for public sector undertakings, or overlapped the areas JUDGMENT held by M/s. Rungta Sons Pvt. Ltd. and M/s. General Produce Company. In the counter affidavit filed in this appeal by the Central Government, it has been specifically stated in paragraph 5 that the State Government is the ‘owner of the minerals.’ 21. It was submitted by Shri Sinha that the notifications of 1962 and 1969 continued to be applicable and protected even after the creation of state of Jharkhand by virtue of Section 85 of the Bihar 185 Page 185 Reorganisation Act, 2000, which provides that the existing laws prior to reorganization shall have effect till they are altered, repealed or amended. Shri Sinha, pointed out that the notifications of 1962 and 1969 had, in fact, been reiterated by the State of Jharkhand vide its notification dated 27.10.2006. 22. He submitted that the power to issue the impugned notifications was very much available under the MMDR Act and the Rules 58 and 59 of the M.C. Rules as they stood at the relevant time. The notification dated 27.10.2006 was clearly traceable to Section 17A (2) of the MMDR Act. The mere absence of mentioning of the source of power in the concerned notifications did not make them ineffective. Shri Sinha relied upon paragraph 13 of the judgment of this Court in Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Vs. State of Bihar reported in AIR 1966 SC 740 in support of this proposition. 23. With respect to doctrine of Desuetude, Shri Sinha JUDGMENT submitted that for this doctrine to apply, two conditions have to be satisfied, viz. (i) there must be a considerable period of neglect, and (ii) there must be a contrary practice for a considerable time. In the instant case no such neglect or contrary practice had been shown. The area of mines has been kept reserved, and no mining lease in the reserved area has been granted to anyone contrary to the notifications. He relied in this behalf upon paragraph 15 of the judgment of this Court in State of Maharashtra vs. Narayan 186 Page 186 Shamrao Puranik reported in 1982 (3) SCC 519 , and paragraphs 30 to 36 of Municipal Corporation for City of Pune vs. Bharat Forge Co. Ltd . reported in 1995 (3) SCC 434 , as well as paragraph 16 of Cantonment Board Mhow vs. M.P. State Road Transport Corpn. reported in 1997 (9) SCC 450 . 24. With respect to the submissions on promissory estoppel and legitimate expectations, Shri Sinha submitted that these principles were based on equity, and when a matter was governed by a statute, equity will give way. Besides, the promises as claimed were against the public policy and could not be enforced. He relied upon paragraph 10 of Amrit Vanaspati Co. Ltd . vs. State of Punjab reported in 1992 (2) SCC 411 , paragraph of 12 M.P.Mathur vs. DTC reported in 2006 (13) SCC 706, and paragraph 83 of Sandur Manganese & Iron Ores Ltd. vs. State of Karnataka reported in 2010 (13) SCC 1 . JUDGMENT 25. Shri Sinha submitted that MOU between the Appellants and the State Government could not be treated as a contract under Article 299 (1) of the Constitution of India. It was neither enforceable nor binding. Based on the MOU, the State Government had made a recommendation which was only a proposal. Besides, no one had any legal or vested right for the grant or renewal of a mining lease. In this behalf, he relied upon paragraph 13 of State of Tamil Nadu vs. M/s Hind Stone reported in 1981 (2) SCC 205, paragraph 4 of 187 Page 187 Dharambir Singh vs. Union of India reported in 1996 (6) SCC 702, paragraph 13 of M.P. Ram Mohan Raja vs. State of Tamil Nadu reported in 2007 (9) SCC 78, paragraphs 19 to 22 and 28 of State of Kerala vs. B. Six Holiday Resorts (P) Ltd. reported in 2010 (5) SCC

State of Karnataka reported in 2010 (13) SCC 1. 26. Last but not the least, Shri Sinha pointed out that the controversy in the present matter was fully covered by the judgment of a bench of three Judges of this Court in Amritlal (supra) wherein the facts were by and large similar. This Court has clearly held in that judgment that the mines and minerals within its territory did vest in the State Government, and it had the full authority to reserve the exploitation thereof for the benefit of public undertakings. There was no conflict between this judgment, and the three judgments in the cases of Hingir-Rampur Coal Co., M.A. Tulloch & Co. and Baijnath Kadio (supra) . JUDGMENT Reply on behalf of Union of India 27. The Learned Senior Counsel Shri Ashok Bhan, appearing for Union of India supported the submissions of Shri Sinha. He submitted that the mines and minerals in the State of Jharkhand were owned by the State of Jharkhand, and it had the right to deal with the same appropriately within the scheme of the MMDR Act. It had every right to reserve certain areas for the exclusive utilisation of the Public Sector 188 Page 188 Undertakings, or to give a direction to avoid overlapping. He pointed out that the proposals forwarded by the State Government were examined by the Central Government . It had accepted the reasons contained in the State Government’s letter dated 13.9.2005, and

to the following paragraphs from the affidavit filed by the Central Government in the High Court. In para 5 (a) of its Counter Affidavit in reply to the Writ Petition filed by Monnet in the High Court, the Under Secretary, in the Ministry of Mines stated that ‘the request of the State Government has been examined by the Central Government, and all nine proposals including the proposal recommended in favour of the petitioner have been rejected and returned to the State Government on 06.03.2006.’ In para 10, it was further stated as follows:- “ 10. That, as referred herein above, as per information of the State Government the proposals which were submitted to the Central Government seeking prior approval u/s 5 (1) of the Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act, 1957, either fall in the areas reserved for exploitation by the Public Sector or overlap with the area earlier held or being presently held by others and therefore on the request of State Government, examined by Central Government, and after rejection returned the proposal to the State Government on 06.03.2006. Under the circumstances if the State Government desires to grant the area under mining lease to a person other than a public sector, it is required to firstly de-reserve the area, notify the same under Rule 59 (1) of the Mineral Concession Rules, 1960 and therefore in present situations the petitioner has no case and writ petition is liable to be dismissed.” JUDGMENT Submissions on behalf of the intervenors 189 Page 189 28. (i) Shri Das Learned Counsel appearing for M/s Rungta Sons pointed out that Rungta had a mining lease in their favour and were entitled to seek the renewal thereof. Therefore, the appellants could not have been granted any lease, in any way overlapping with the

(ii) Learned Senior Counsels Sarvashri Narasinha, Vikas Singh & Krishnan Venugopal have appeared for the interveners to oppose these appeals. Their submissions have been similar to that of Shri Sinha. 29. After the hearing of these appeals was concluded, another SLP arising out of the judgment of Orissa High Court in W.A. No.6288 of 2006 (Geo Minerals and Marketing (P) Ltd. V. State of Orrisa & ors.) came up for consideration wherein one of the issues involved was regarding reservation of mining areas for public sector. The counsel appearing in that matter for the respective parties viz. Senior counsel JUDGMENT Sarvashri Harish Salve, KK Venugopal and RK Dwivedi were therefore heard on this issue. Their submissions were similar to those of the respective parties appearing in the present appeals. Consideration of the submissions of the rival parties: Authority of the State of Jharkhand to deal with the mines and minerals within its territory 190 Page 190 30. It was submitted on behalf of the State of Jharkhand as well as by Union of India that the mines and minerals within the territory of the State are owned by the State of Jharkhand, and it has full authority to deal with the same. This authority flows from Section 4 (a) of the

appellants have challenged the authority of the State of Jharkhand to deal with the mines and minerals on the ground that after the passing of the MMDR Act, the authority of the State Government has come to be curtailed. To examine this issue we may look into some of the salient provisions of the Bihar Act. To begin with the Preamble of the Act declares its objective in following terms: ‘ An Act to provide for the transference to the State of the interests of proprietors and tenure holders in land of the mortgagees and lessees of such interests including interests in trees, forests , fisheries , jalkars, ferries, hats, bazaars, mines and minerals and to provide for the constitution of a Land Commission for the State of Bihar with powers to advise the State Government on the agrarian policy to be pursued by the State Government consequent upon such transference and for other matters connected therewith.’ JUDGMENT Section 3 of the Act provides for issuance of notifications of vesting of estates and tenures in the state. Section 4 provides for the consequences of the vesting namely that they shall vest absolutely in the state free from all encumbrances. Section 4(a) of the Bihar Act reads as follows: 191 Page 191 4. Consequences of the vesting of an estate or tenure in the State-

2 (a) [xxx] Such estate or tenure including the interests of the proprietor or tenure-holder in any building or part of a building comprised in such estate or tenure and used primarily as office or cutchery for the collection of rent of such estate or tenure, and his interests in trees, forests, 3 fisheries, jalkars, hats, bazars, [mela] and ferries and all other sairati interests , as also his interest in all subsoil including any rights in mines and minerals whether discovered or undiscovered, or whether been worked or not, inclusive of such rights of a lessee of mines and minerals, comprised in such estate or tenure (other than the interests of raiyats or under - raiyats) shall, with effect from the date of vesting, vest absolutely in the State free from all incumbrances and such proprietor or tenure- holder shall cease to have any interest in such estate or other than the interests expresslly saved by or under the provisions of this Act. JUDGMENT Besides, we must also note that the Constitutional validity of this provision has already been upheld by a Constitution Bench of this Court in State of Bihar Vs. Kameshwar Singh reported in AIR 1952 SC 252 by a detailed judgment where at the end of it in Para 237 the Court has declared the Bihar Act to be valid except as regards S. 4(b) and S.23 (f), which were declared to be unconstitutional and void. 192 Page 192 31. Ownership denotes a complex of rights as the celebrated author Salmond states in his treatise on Jurisprudence (see page 246 of the Twelfth Edition):

Ownership denotes the relation between a person and an object forming the subject-matter of his ownership. It consists in a complex of rights, all of which are rights in rem, being good against all the world and not merely against specific persons. Though in certain situations some of these rights may be absent, the normal case of ownership can be expected to exhibit the following incidents. First, the owner will have a right to possess the thing which he owns………. Secondly, the owner normally has the right to use and enjoy the thing owned: the right to manage it, i.e., the right to decide how it shall be used; and the right to the income from it. Whereas the right to possess is a right in the strict sense, these rights are in fact liberties: the owner has a liberty to use the thing, i.e. he is under no duty not to use it, in contrast with others who are under a duty not to use or interfere with it.’ The right of the State of Jharkhand to deal with the mines and minerals JUDGMENT within its territory including reserving the same for Public Sector Undertakings, or to direct avoidance of overlapping while granting leases of mines, obviously flows from its ownership of those mines and minerals. 32. (i) It was submitted by the appellants that the power of the State Government under Entry 23, List II of the Seventh Schedule was subject to the provision of Entry No. 54 of List I. Entry 54 of List I 193 Page 193 states that regulation of Mines and Minerals Development is within the power of the Union Government to the extent a declaration is made by the Parliament in that behalf, and such a declaration has been made in Section 2 of the MMDR Act. Having stated so, it becomes necessary to

that we must see the scheme of the Act with respect to the powers of the Central Government and the State Government to deal with the mines and minerals. This was also the approach adopted by a Constitution Bench of this Court in Ishwari Khetan Sugar Mills (P) Ltd. Vs. State of U.P. reported in 1980 (4) SCC 136 and later by a bench of three Judges in Orissa Cement Ltd. Vs. State of Orissa reported in 1991 Supp.(1) SCC 430 . (ii) In Ishwari Khetan (supra) the Constitution Bench was concerned with the validity of the provisions of U.P. Sugar Undertakings (Acquisition) Act, 1971 enacted by the State of U.P. It was canvassed that the State’s power to legislate in respect of JUDGMENT industries under Entry 24 of List II is taken away to the extent of the declaration in that respect made by Parliament under Entry 52 of List I. After examining the relevant provisions, the Constitution Bench held in para 24 as follows:- “ 24. It can, therefore, be said with a measure of confidence that legislative power of the States under Entry 24, List II is eroded only to the extent control is assumed by the Union pursuant to a declaration made by the Parliament in respect of declared industry as spelt out by legislative enactment and the field occupied by such 194 Page 194 enactment is the measure of erosion. Subject to such erosion, on the remainder the State legislature will have power to legislate in respect of declared industry without in any way trenching upon the occupied field…….” (iii) In Orissa Cement Ltd. (supra) a bench of three Judges of this

imposed by State of Orissa, and the competence of the State Legislation was challenged on the backdrop of MMDR Act and Entry 54 of the Union List. After referring to the judgment in Ishwari Khetan (supra) the Court stated as follows in paragraph 49:- “….. As pointed out in Ishwari Khetan, the mere declaration of a law of Parliament that it is expedient for an industry or the regulation and development of mines and minerals to be under the control of the Union under Entry 52 or Entry 54 does not denude the State Legislatures of their legislative powers with respect to the fields covered by the several entries in List II or List III. Particularly, in the case of declaration under Entry 54, this legislative power is eroded only to the extent control is assumed by the Union pursuant to such declaration as spelt out by the legislative enactment which makes the declaration. The measure of erosion turns upon the field of the enactment framed in pursuance of the declaration……” JUDGMENT 33. On this background we may look to the relevant provisions of the MMDR Act. Section 4 (1) of the MMDR Act lays down that prospecting or mining operations are to be done as per the provisions of the license or lease. Section 4(3) does not restrain the State Government from undertaking these operations in the area within the State though, when it comes to the minerals in the First Schedule, it 195 Page 195 has to be done after prior consultation with the Central Government. This Section 4 reads as follows: 4. Prospecting or mining operations to be under licence or lease:-

Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall affect any prospecting or mining operations undertaken in any area in accordance with the terms and conditions of a prospecting licence or mining lease granted before the commencement of this Act which is in force at such commencement: [Provided further that nothing in this sub-section shall apply to any prospecting operations undertaken by the Geological Survey of India, the Indian Bureau of Mines, [the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research] of the Department of Atomic Energy of the Central Government, the Directorates of Mining and Geology of any State Government (by whatever name called), and the Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited, a Government company within the meaning of section 617 of the Companies Act, 1956: JUDGMENT Provided also that nothing in this sub-section shall apply to any mining lease (whether called mining lease, mining concession or by any other name) in force immediately before the commencement of this Act in the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu. (1A) No person shall transport or store or cause to be transported or stored any mineral otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder. (2) [No reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or mining lease] shall be granted otherwise than in 196 Page 196 accordance with the provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder.

34. The authority to grant the reconnaissance permit, prospecting license or mining lease on the conditions which are mentioned in Section 5 of the Act is specifically retained with the State Government. However, with respect to the minerals specified in First Schedule, it is added that previous approval of the Central Government is required. Thus, with respect to the minerals which are specified in the First Schedule to the Act, this has to be done only after prior consultation with and approval of the Central Government. The provision does not in any way detract from the ownership and the authority of the State Government to deal with the mines situated JUDGMENT within its territory. The only restriction is with respect to the minerals in the First Schedule which are specified minerals. Part-C of this schedule includes iron-ore and manganese ore at Entries No. 6 and 9. This Section 5 reads as follows:- “5. Restrictions on the grant of prospecting licences or mining leases 197 Page 197 (1) A State Government shall not grant a [reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or mining lease] to any person unless such person- a) is an Indian national, or company as defined in sub- section (1) of section 3 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956); and

Provided that in respect of any mineral specified in the First Schedule, no [reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence or mining lease] shall be granted except with the previous approval of the Central Government. Explanation.-For the purposes of this sub-section, a person shall be deemed to be an Indian national,- (a) in the case of a firm or other association of individuals, only if all the members of the firm or members of the association are citizens of India; and (b) in the case of an individual, only if he is a citizen of India. (2) No mining lease shall be granted by the State Government unless it is satisfied that- (a) there is evidence to show that the area for which the lease is applied for has been prospected earlier or the existence of mineral contents therein has been established otherwise than by means of prospecting such area; and JUDGMENT (b) there is mining plan duly approved by the Central Government, or by the State Government, in respect of such category of mines as may be specified by the Central Government, for the development of mineral deposits in the area concerned.” 35. Section 10 of the Act deals with the procedure for obtaining the necessary licences. It makes it very clear the application is to be made to the State Government, and it is the right of the State 198 Page 198 Government either to grant or refuse to grant the permit, licence or lease. This section reads as follows:- 10. Application for prospecting licences or mining leases-

(2) Where an application is received under sub-section (1), there shall be sent to the applicant an acknowledgment of its receipt within the prescribed time and in the prescribed form. (3) On receipt of an application under this section, the State Government may, having regard to the provisions of this Act and any rules made thereunder, grant or refuse to grant 2 the [permit, licence or lease]. 36. Again, it is the right of the State Government to give preferences in the matters of granting lease, though this right is regulated by the provisions of Section 11 of the Act. Sub-section 1 of this Section lays down that one who has done the reconnaissance or JUDGMENT prospecting work earlier, will have a preferential right for obtaining a prospective licence or a mining lease in respect of that land. Sub- section 2 lays down that where any area is not notified for reconnaissance or prospecting or mining earlier, the application which is received first will be considered preferentially. It is however, further stated that where applications are invited by any particular date, then all of the applications received by that date will be considered 199 Page 199 together. Sub-section 3 of Section 11 lays down the factors to be considered while granting the licence which are: (3) The matters referred to in sub-section (2) are the following :-

(b) the financial resources of the applicant; (c) the nature and quality of the technical staff employed or to be employed by the applicant; (d) the investment which the applicant proposes to make in the mines and in the industry based on the minerals; (e) such other matters as may be prescribed.” Sub-section 5 lays down that if there are any special reasons, the State can grant the licence to a party whose application might have been received later in time, but after recording the special reasons. This sub-section again makes it clear that where any such out of turn allotment is to be done with respect to a mineral specified in First Schedule, prior approval of the Central Government will be required. JUDGMENT Thus, although the Central Government is given the authority to approve the applications with respect to the specified minerals, that does not take away the ownership and control of the State Government over the mines and minerals within its territory. 37. Senior Counsel Shri Sundaram had contended that Section 17 and 17A of the MMDR Act give special power to the Central Government to undertake the mining operations and effect 200 Page 200 reservations. Section 18 of the Act casts a duty on the Central Government to protect the environment and to prevent pollution that may be caused by mining operations. These powers were not with the State Government. Therefore, the reservations in the notifications of

Thus, Sections 17 and 17(A) of the Act were pressed into service to canvass the reduction in the authority of the State Government. Section 17 (1) gives the power to the Central Government to undertake prospecting and mining operations in certain lands. However, such operations have also to be done only after consultation with the State Government as stated in sub-section (2) thereof. Besides, sub-section (3) requires the Central Government also to pay the reconnaissance permit fee or prospecting fee, royalty, surface rent or dead rent as the case may be. Section 17A gives the power to the Central Government to reserve any area not held under any prospecting licence or mining lease with a view to conserving any minerals. However that power is JUDGMENT also to be exercised in consultation with the State Government. Similarly, under Sub-section (2) of Section 17A, State Government may also reserve any such area, though with the approval of the Central Government. Thus, these sections and the duty cast on the Central Government under Section 18 do not affect the ownership of the State Government over the mines and minerals within its territory, or to deal with them as provided in the statute. 201 Page 201 38. The provisions of the MMDR Act contain certain regulations. However, to say that there are certain provisions regulating the exercise of power is one thing, and to say that there is no power is another. The provisions of the Act do not in any way take

of mines in public interest, which right flows from vesting of the mines in the State Government. It is inherent in its ownership of the mines. In the present case we are concerned with the challenge to the letter of the State Government dated 13.9.2005, and that of the Central Government dated 6.3.2006, and the challenge to the notification dated 27.10.2006 issued by the State Government. There is no difficulty in accepting that the Central Government does have the power to issue a direction as contained in the letter dated 6.3.2006. As far as the notification of 27.10.2006 is concerned, the same is also clearly traceable to Section 17A (2) of the Act. This Section 17A (2) reads as follows:- JUDGMENT “ (2) The State Government may, with the approval of the Central Government, reserve any area not already held under any prospecting licence or mining lease, for undertaking prospecting or mining operations through a Government company or corporation owned or controlled by it and where it proposes to do so, it shall, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify the boundaries of such area and the mineral or minerals in respect of which such areas will be reserved.” As can be seen, this sub-section requires the approval of the Central Government for reserving any new area which is not already held through a Government Company or Corporation, and where the 202 Page 202 proposal is to do so. The notification of 27.10.2006 refers to the previous notifications of 1962 and 1969 whereunder the mining areas in the Ghatkuri forest were already reserved, and reiterates the decision of the State Government that the minerals which were already

to be utilised for exploitation by public sector undertakings or joint venture projects of the State Government. Therefore this notification of 27.10.2006 did not require the approval of the Central Government. 39. When it comes to the challenge to the letter dated 13.9.2005, it is seen that the State Government states therein that nine out of the ten proposals overlap the areas meant for public undertakings and two other companies, and therefore the proposals were called back. The power to take such a decision rests in the State Government in view of its ownership of the mines, though there may not be a reference to the source of power. Absence of reference to JUDGMENT any particular section or rule which contains the source of power will not invalidate the decision of the State Government, since there is no requirement to state the source of power as has already been held by this Court in the case of Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia (supra) . 40. The appellants have referred to Rules 58 and 59 to contend that there rules do not give the power to the State Government to reserve the mines for public sector. We may therefore, 203 Page 203 refer to the Rules 58 and 59 of M.C. Rules as amended from time to time. Rule 58 and 59 of M.C. Rules as framed in 1960 read as follows:-

(a) an entry to the effect is made in the register referred to in sub-rule (2) of rule 21 or sub-rule (2) of rule 40, as the case may be, in ink; and (b) the date from which the area shall be available for grant is notified in the official Gazette at least 30 days in advance. (2) The Central Government may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, relax the provisions of sub-rule (1) in any special case.) JUDGMENT “ Rule 59. Availability of certain areas for grant to be notified- In the case of any land which is otherwise available for the grant of a prospecting licence or a mining lease but in respect of which the State Government has refused to grant a prospecting licence or a mining lease on the ground that the land should be reserved for any purpose other than prospecting or mining the minerals, the State Government shall, as soon as such land becomes again available for the grant of a prospecting or mining lease, grant the license or lease after following the procedure laid down in rule 58. 41. (i) Rule 58 was amended on 16.11.1980 and the amended Rule 58 reads as under:- 204 Page 204 “ 58 . Reservation of area for exploitation in the public sector etc. - The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, reserve any area for the exploitation by the Government, a Corporation established by the Central, State or Provincial Act or a Government company within the meaning of section 617 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956)

with Rule 58. The amended Rule 59 as amended on 9.7.1963 reads as follows:- “ Rule 59. Availability of certain areas for grant to be notified- In the case of any land which is otherwise available for the grant of a prospecting licence or a mining lease but in respect of which the State Government has refused to grant a prospecting licence or a mining lease on the ground that the land should be reserved for any purpose, the State Government shall, as soon as such land becomes again available for the grant of a prospecting or mining lease, grant the license or lease after following the procedure laid down in Rule 58.” (iii) Rule 59 when amended in 1980 reads as follows:- “ 59. Availability of area for regrant to be notified- (1) No area- (a)which was previously held or which is being held JUDGMENT under a prospecting licence or a mining lease; or (b)in respect of which an order had been made for the grant of a prospecting licence or mining lease, but the applicant has died before the grant of the licence or the execution of the lease, as the case may be; or (c) in respect of which the order granting a licence or lease has been revoked under sub-rule (1) of rule 15 or sub-rule (1) of rule 31; or (d)in respect of which a notification has been issued under sub section (2) or sub-section (4) of section 17; or (e)which has been reserved by Government under rule 58, shall be available for grant unless- 205 Page 205

Provided that nothing in this rule shall apply to the renewal of a lease in favour of the original lessee or his legal heirs notwithstanding the fact that the lease has already expired: Provided further that where an area reserved under rule 58 is proposed to be granted to a Government Company, no notification under clause (i) shall be required to be issued. (2) The Central Government may, for reasons to be recorded in writing relax the provisions of sub-rule (1) in any special case.)” 42. Rule 58 has been subsequently deleted, whereas Rule 59 was amended on 13.4.1988. It now reads as follows:- 59 . Availability of area for regrant to be notified- (1) No area- JUDGMENT (a) which was previously held or which is being held under a reconnaissance permit or a prospecting licence or a mining lease; or (b) which has been reserved by the Government or any local authority for any purpose other than mining; or (c) in respect of which the order granting a permit or licence or lease has been revoked under sub- rule (1) of rule 7A or sub-rule (1) of rule 15 or sub-rule (1) of rule 31, as the case may be; or (d) in respect of which a notification has been issued under sub-section (2) or sub-section (4) of section 17; or (e) which has been reserved by the State Government or under section 17A of the Act, 206 Page 206 shall be available for grant unless-

Provided that nothing in this rule shall apply to the renewal of a lease in favour of the original lessee or his legal heirs notwithstanding the fact that the lease has already expired. Provided further that where an area reserved under rule 58 or under section 17A of the Act is proposed to be granted to a Government company, no notification under clause (ii) shall be required to be issued: Provided also that where an area held under a reconnaissance permit or a prospecting licence, as the case may be, is granted interms of sub-section (1) of section 11, no notification under clause (ii) shall be required to be issued. JUDGMENT (2) The Central Government may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, relax the provisions of sub-rule (1) in any special case.” 43. (i) The notification of 1969 is clearly protected under Rule 59 as amended on 9.7.1963, in as much as the rule clearly states that the State Government can refuse to grant a mining lease, should the land be reserved for any purpose. As far as the notification of 1962 is concerned, it is submitted by the appellants that the Rules 58 and 59 207 Page 207 as they stood prior thereto did not contain a specific power to reserve the land for any purpose, in the manner it was incorporated in Rule 59 by the amendment of 9.7.1963. As can be seen, these rules provide as to when the reserved area can be notified for re-grant. The Rules lay

that behalf, and issuance of a notification in the official gazette about the availability of the area for grant. These provisions are made to ensure transparency. The reference to the judgment in Janak Lal (supra) does not take forward the case of the appellants, since as stated in that judgment the result of the amendment in the rule is only to extend the rule, and not to curtail the area of its operation. The judgment in terms states that the purpose of these rules is obviously to enable the general public to apply for the proposed lease. (ii) Rule 58 as it originally stood, provided for two contingencies. One contingency is where the applicant has died before the execution of licence or lease, and the other is where the order granting licence or JUDGMENT lease has been revoked. Rule 59 as originally drafted provided for the third contingency, namely, where the State Government had earlier refused to grant a prospecting licence or mining lease in respect of certain land on the ground that it was reserved for some other purpose, (e.g. environmental), and such land becomes available for grant. For all these three contingencies, the procedure laid down in Rule 58 was required to be followed, namely making of an entry in the 208 Page 208 specified register, and notifying in the official gazette the date from which the area will be available for grant. 44. The appellants then contended by referring to the amended Rule 59 that because the power to reserve the land ‘for any

power did not exist in the Rules 58 and 59 as they stood prior thereto. It is not possible to accept this construction, for the reason as stated above that the Rules 58 and 59 as they originally stood, merely dealt with three contingencies where the prescribed procedure was required to be followed. This cannot mean that when it comes to reservation of mining areas for public undertakings, such power was not there with the State Government prior to the amendment of 1963. The over-view of various sections of the act done by us clearly shows that the power to grant the mining leases is specifically retained with the State Government even with respect to the major minerals, though with the approval of the Central Government. The power to effect such JUDGMENT reservations for public undertakings, or for any purpose flows from the ownership of the mines and minerals which vests with the State Government. The amendment of Rule 59 in 1963 made it clear that the State can reserve land ‘for any purpose’, and the amendment of Rules 58 and 59 in 1980 clarified that State can reserve it for a public corporation or a Government company. These amendments have been effected only to make explicit what was implicit. These amendments 209 Page 209 can not be read to nullify the powers which the State Government otherwise had under the statute. In the present matter we are concerned with the challenge to the power of the State Government to issue the letter of withdrawal dated 13.9.2005 which is issued in view

of the said letter will therefore have to be repelled. 45. Learned Senior Counsel Shri Mehta had relied upon Indian Metals and Ferro Alloys Ltd. (supra) to contend that an area which is reserved can be made available for re-grant to private sector. However, that situation can arise when the area becomes de-reserved, and thereafter the specified procedure is followed. The following statement in para 45 of the very judgment cannot be ignored in this behalf:- “…..Under Rule 59(1), once a notification under Rule 58 is made, the area so reserved shall not be available for grant unless the two requirements of sub-rule (e) are satisfied: viz. an entry in a register and a gazette notification that the area is available for grant……” JUDGMENT Thus, when such a decision to de-reserve the area for re-grant is taken, the above two requirements are expected to be followed. In the instant case there was no such occasion since no such decision had been taken by the State Government. Once the State Government realised that the concerned areas were reserved for the exploitation in public sector, it withdrew the proposals forwarding the applications of 210 Page 210 the appellants to the Central Government, and it was fully entitled to do the same. 46. It was then contended by Shri Mehta that the State Government’s power is only to regulate the minor minerals under

Government to make rules in respect of minor minerals, and since Section 14 states that Sections 5 to 13 do not apply to minor minerals. On the other hand the over view of the provisions from sections 4 to 17A as done above clearly shows the power of the State Government either to grant or not to grant the mining leases, prospecting licenses and reconnaissance permits and to regulate their operations even with respect to the major minerals specified in First Schedule to the act though with the previous approval of the Centre Government. This would include the power to effect reservations of mining areas for the public sector. The reliance on Bharat Coking Coal (supra) is also untenable for the reason that the judgment lays down that the JUDGMENT executive power of the State is subject to the law made by the Parliament. There is no conflict with the proposition in the facts of this case. The power of the State flows from its ownership of the mines, and it is not in any way taken away by the law made by the Parliament viz. the MMDR Act or the MC rules. It is therefore not possible to accept the submission of Shri Ranjit Kumar that because a regulatory regime is created under the Act giving certain role to the Central 211 Page 211 Government, the power to effect reservations is taken away from the State Government. The reference to the judgment of this Court in D.K. Trivedi & Sons (supra) in this behalf was also misconceived. In that matter a bench of two Judges, of this Court, held section 15 (1) of

rule making power of the State Government, thereunder, did not amount to excessive delegation of legislative power to the executive. In that matter no such submission that the powers of the State Government were restricted only to section 15 was under consideration 47. Similarly, the reliance on Hukam Chand (supra) was also misconceived in as much as in the present case there is no such issue of exercising rule making power retrospectively. Nor has the proposition in Air India (supra) any relevance in the present case since this is not a case of saving any provision after the repeal of a statute. The action of the State cannot as well be faulted for being JUDGMENT unreasonable to be hit by Article 19(1) (g) of the Constitution of India since all that the State has done is to follow the Statute as per its letter and its true spirit. 48. Learned Senior Counsel Shri Ranjit Kumar had contended that once the State Government had recommended the proposal to the Central Government for grant of mineral concession it becomes functus-officio in view of the provision of Rule 63 A of the MC Rules, 212 Page 212 1960, and it cannot withdraw the same. As far as this submission is concerned, firstly it is seen from the impunged judgment that this plea was not canvassed before the High Court. Besides, in any case, ‘recommendation’ will mean a complete and valid recommendation

with all full particulars in accordance with law. In the instant case the State Government found that its own proposal was a defective one, since it was over-lapping a reserved area. In such a case, the withdrawal thereof by the State Government cannot be said to be hit by Rule 63A. In any case, the Central Government subsequently rejected the proposal, and hence not much advantage can be drawn from the initial forwarding of the appellants’ proposal by the State Government. 49. It is also contended that Monnet was not afforded hearing. The submission of denial of hearing under Rule 26 by the State Government is not raised in the Writ Petition. It is material to JUDGMENT note that another plea is raised in Para 2 (XVI) of their Writ Petition, namely, that central government ought to have given a hearing before issuing the rejection order, though no specific provision from the rules was pointed out in that behalf. The plea that the appellants could not resort to their remedy of revision under Rule 54 against the letter of State Government dated 13.9.2005 cannot be accepted for the reason that it is the appellants who chose to file their writ petition directly to 213 Page 213 the High Court to challenge the same (along with Central Government letter dated 6.3.2006) without exhausting that remedy. The Central Government cannot be faulted for the same. Incidentally, the Petition nowhere states as to how Monnet came to know about these internal

other petitioners claim to have learnt about the same through a newspaper report, and Adhunik claims to have got the copies thereof through an application under the Right to Information Act, 2005. 50. The appellants had relied upon three judgments of the Constitution Benches of this Court in Hingir-Rampur Coal Co., M.A. Tulloch & Co. and Baijnath Kadio (supra) . In Hingir-Rampur Coal Co. (supra) , the Constitution Bench was concerned with the question of legality of the cess under the Orissa Mining Ares Development Fund Act, 1952. One of the grounds canvassed was that the said legislation was bad in law for being in conflict with the previous Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1948, which was also a JUDGMENT Central Act. It was contended that the central legislation was referable to Entry No.54 of the Union List from the Seventh Schedule. It occupied the field and therefore the state legislation which was referable to Entry No.53 was beyond the competence of the state legislature. The Court found that the areas covered by the two acts were substantially the same. However, the 1948 Act was a pre- constitution act and the relevant provisions of the constitution were 214 Page 214 held to be prospective. The Court therefore, held that unless the declaration under Section 2 of the 1948 Act was made after the Constitution came into force, it will not satisfy the requirement of Entry No.54. The cess and the Orissa Act were therefore not held to be bad

JUDGMENT (emphasis supplied) 51. In M.A. Tulloch & Co. (supra) , the Constitution Bench was concerned with legality of certain demands of fee under the Orissa 215 Page 215 Mining Areas Development Fund Act, 1952, and the same question arose as to whether the provisions of the Orissa Act were hit by the MMDR Act, 1957 in view of Entry No.54 of the Union List. The validity of the state act was canvassed under Entry No.23 of the State List and

Court held the Orissa Act and the demand of fee to be valid. What this Court observed in Para 5 is relevant for our purpose……….. “5. ………….It does not need much argument to realise that to the extent to which the Union Government had taken under “its control” “the regulation and development of minerals” so much was withdrawn from the ambit of the power of the State Legislature under Entry 23 and legislation of the State which had rested on the existence of power under that entry would to the extent of that “control” be superseded or be rendered ineffective, for here we have a case not of mere repugnancy between the provisions of the two enactments but of a denudation or deprivation of State legislative power by the declaration which Parliament is empowered to make and has made.” 52. In Baijnath Kadio (supra) , this Court was concerned with JUDGMENT the validity of second proviso of Section 10 of the Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1964 for being in conflict with the provisions concerning miner minerals under the MMDR Act, 1957. The Court followed the propositions in Hingir-Rampur Coal Co. and M.A. Tulloch Co. and found that the field was not open to the State Legislature, since it was covered under the Central Act. 216 Page 216 53. As can be seen from these three judgments, if there is a declaration by the Parliament, to the extent of that declaration, the regulation of mines and minerals development will be outside the scope of the State Legislation as provided under Entry No.54 of the

the provisions under the MMDR Act, either with any State Legislation or with any Executive Order under a State Legislation issued by the State Government. The submission of the appellant is that the Jharkhand Government was not competent at all to issue the notifications of 1962 and 1969 reserving the mine areas for public undertaking. The answer of the State Government is that it is acting under the very MMDR Act, and the notifications are within the four corners of its powers as permitted by the Central Legislation. 54. All these issues raised by the appellants have already been decided by a bench of three Judges of this Court in Amritlal Nathubhai Shah Vs. Union of India reported in 1976 (4) SCC 108 . JUDGMENT In that matter also the Government of Gujarat had issued similar notifications dated 31.12.1963 and 26.2.1964 reserving the lands in certain talukas for exploitation of bauxite in public sector. The applications filed by the appellant for grant of mining lease for bauxite were rejected by the State Government. The revision application filed by the appellant to the Central Government was also rejected by its order which stated that the State Government was the owner of the 217 Page 217 minerals within its territory and the minerals vest in it, and also that the State Government had the inherent right to reserve any particular area for exploitation in the public sector. The Gujarat High Court had accepted this view. 55. While affirming this view, this Court in Amritlal Nathubhai (supra) held in clear terms that the power of the State Government arose from its ownership of the minerals, and that it had the inherent right to deal with them. In para 3 of its judgment the Court observed as follows:-

218 Page 218

56. The Court traced the power of the State Government to refuse to grant lease, to Section 10 of the MMDR Act. It held that this section clearly included the power either to grant or refuse to grant the

57. In para 6 of the judgment, this Court rejected the argument that since Section 17 of the Act provides for the powers of the Central Government to undertake prospecting or mining operations, the State Government could not be said to have the power for reservations. The first part of this para reads as follows:- 219 Page 219

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59. In view of the discussion as above, the judgment in Amritlal (supra) cannot be said to be stating anything contrary to the

Kadio (supra), but is a binding precedent. The notifications impugned by the appellants in the present group of appeals were fully protected under the provisions of MMDR Act, and also as explained in Amritlal (supra). Desueutde 60. The submissions with respect to the two notifications suffering on account of Desuetude has also no merit, as the law requires that there must be a considerable period of neglect, and it is necessary to show that there is a contrary practice of a considerable JUDGMENT time. The appellants have not been able to show anything to that effect. The authorities of the State of Jharkhand have acted the moment the notifications were brought to their notice, and they have acted in accordance therewith. This certainly cannot amount to deusteude. Promissory Estoppel and Legitimate Expectations 221 Page 221 61. As we have seen earlier, for invoking the principle of promissory estoppel there has to be a promise, and on that basis the party concerned must have acted to its prejudice. In the instant case it was only a proposal, and it was very much made clear that it was to be

construed as containing a promise. Besides, equity cannot be used against a statutory provision or notification. 62. What the appellants are seeking is in a way some kind of a specific performance when there is no concluded contract between the parties. An MOU is not a contract, and not in any case within the meaning of Article 299 of the Constitution of India. Barring one party (Adhunik) other parties do not appear to have taken further steps. In any case, in the absence of any promise, the appellants including Aadhunik cannot claim promissory estoppel in the teeth of the notifications issued under the relevant statutory powers. Alternatively, the appellants are trying to make a case under the doctrine of JUDGMENT legitimate expectations. The basis of this doctrine is in reasonableness and fairness. However, it can also not be invoked where the decision of the public authority is founded in a provision of law, and is in consonance with public interest. As recently reiterated by this Court in the context of MMDR Act, in Para 83 of Sandur Manganese (supra) ‘it is a well settled principle that equity stands excluded when a matter if governed by statute’. We cannot entertain the submission of 222 Page 222 unjustified discrimination in favour of Bihar Sponge and Iron Ltd. as well for the reason that it was not pressed before the High Court nor was any material placed before this Court to point out as to how the grant in its favour was unjustified. Epilogue 63. Before we conclude, we may refer to the judgment of this Court in State of Tamil Nadu Vs. M/s Hind Stone reported in AIR 1981 SC 711 wherein the approach towards this statute came up for consideration. In that matter this Court was concerned with Rule 8-C of the Tamil Nadu Minor Mineral Concessions Rule, 1959 framed by the Government of Tamil Nadu under Section 15 of the MMDR Act. This rule provided as follows:- “ 8-C. Lease of quarries in respect of black granite to Government Corporation, etc . (1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary th contained in these rules, on and from 7 JUDGMENT December 1977 no lease for quarrying black granite shall be granted to private persons. (2) The State Government themselves may engage in quarrying black granite or grant leases for quarrying black granite in favour of any corporation wholly owned by the State Government. Provided that in respect of any land belonging to any private person, the consent of such person shall be obtained for such quarrying or lease” 223 Page 223 64. Although in Hind Stone the Court was concerned with the provision of this rule which was concerning a minor mineral, while examining the validity thereof this Court (per O. Chinnappa Reddy J.) has made certain observations towards the approach and the scope of

observed as follows:- “6…………….The public interest which induced Parliament to make the declaration contained in Section 2 of the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957, has naturally to be the paramount consideration in all matters concerning the regulation of mines and the development of minerals, Parliament’s policy is clearly discernible from the provisions of the Act. It is the conservation and the prudent and discriminating exploitation of minerals, with a view to secure maximum benefit to the community……………..” 65. Again in para 9, this Court observed:- “9……….Whenever there is a switch over from ‘private sector’ to ‘public sector’ it does not necessarily follow that a change of policy requiring express legislative sanction is involved. It depends on the subject and the statute. For example, if a decision is taken to impose a general and complete ban on private mining of all minor minerals, such a ban may involve the reversal of a major policy and so it may require legislative sanction. But if a decision is taken to ban private mining of a single minor mineral for the purpose of conserving it, such a ban, if it is otherwise within the bounds of the authority given to the Government by the Statute, cannot be said to involve any change of policy. The policy of the Act remains the same and it is, as we said, the conservation and the prudent and discriminating exploitation of minerals, with a view to secure maximum benefit to the community. Exploitation of minerals by the private and/or the public sector is contemplated. If in the pursuit of the avowed policy of the Act, it is thought exploitation by the public sector is best JUDGMENT 224 Page 224 and wisest in the case of a particular mineral and, in consequence the authority competent to make the subordinate legislation makes a rule banning private exploitation of such mineral, which was hitherto permitted we are unable to see any change of policy merely because what was previously permitted is no longer permitted.”

“13……No one has a vested right to the grant or renewal of a lease and none can claim a vested right to have an application for the grant or renewal of a lease dealt with in a particular way, by applying particular provisions…….” 66. Mines and minerals are a part of the wealth of a nation. They constitute the material resources of the community. Article 39(b) of the Directive Principles mandates that the State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good. Thereafter, Article 39(c) mandates that state should see to it that operation of the economic system does not JUDGMENT result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment. The public interest is very much writ large in the provisions of MMDR Act and in the declaration under Section 2 thereof. The ownership of the mines vests in the State of Jharkhand in view of the declaration under the provisions of Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950 which act is protected by placing it in the Ninth Schedule added by the First Amendment to the Constitution. While speaking for the Constitution Bench in Waman Rao (supra) Chandrachud, C.J. had 225 Page 225 following to state on the co-relationship between Articles 39 (b) and (c) and the First Amendment:-

67. What is being submitted by the appellants is that the State Government cannot issue such notifications for the reasons which the appellats have canvassed. We, however, do not find any error in the letter of withdrawal dated 13.9.2005 issued by the State of Jharkhand, JUDGMENT and the letter of rejection dated 6.3.2006 issued by the Union of India for the reasons stated therein. In our view, the State of Jharkhand was fully justified in declining the grant of leases to the private sector operators, and in reserving the areas for the public sector undertakings on the basis of notifications of 1962, 1969 and 2006. All that the State Government has done is to act in furtherance of the policy of the statute and it cannot be faulted for the same. 226 Page 226 68. For the reasons stated above we do not find any merit in these appeals and they are all dismissed. The interim orders passed therein will stand vacated.

dated 28.01.2009 makes it clear that no notice was issued on the Contempt Petition. Since the appeal is being disposed of and dismissed, the Contempt Petition is also dismissed. 70. Iron is a mineral necessary for industrial development. In view of the pendency of these appeals, and the stay orders sought by the appellants therein, grant of lease of iron-ore mines to the public sector undertakings could not be made for over six years. The State of Jharkhand and the people at large have thereby suffered. In view thereof we would have been justified in imposing costs on the appellants. However, considering that important questions of law were JUDGMENT raised in these appeals, we refrain from doing the same. The parties will therefore, bear their own costs. …………………………………..J. ( H.L. Gokhale ) New Delhi Dated: 26 July, 2012 227 Page 227