Full Judgment Text
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REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL No. 6483 of 2014
NTPC Ltd. … APPELLANT
Versus
M/s Deconar Services Pvt. Ltd. … RESPONDENT
WITH
CIVIL APPEAL No. 6484 of 2014
J U D G M E N T
N.V. R AMANA , J.
1. The present Civil Appeals, by way of Special Leave arise out
of the impugned common judgment dated 09.04.2010 passed by
the Division Bench of the High Court of Delhi, whereby the High
Court dismissed the appeals filed by the present appellant
against the dismissal of their objections to an award passed by
Signature Not Verified
Digitally signed by
Vishal Anand
Date: 2021.05.13
14:22:34 IST
Reason:
the Arbitrator under the Arbitration Act, 1940.
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2. A conspectus of the facts necessary for the disposal of the
present appeal is as follows: the appellant had issued two tenders
for the construction of certain quarters in which the respondent
had participated. The first project related to the construction of
100 units of A and B type quarters. The second, was with respect
to construction of 68 units of B, C and D type quarters. It
appears that while the respondent was L3 with respect to the
first project, he was L2 with respect to the second. After
negotiations between both parties, the appellant decided to award
both contracts to the respondent on the basis of an offer by the
respondent of 16% rebate on the prices for completing the first
project, in the event he was awarded both contracts. The two
letters of award were issued on 29.06.1988 to the respondent. It
appears from the record that there was some delay in the
handing over of sites by the appellant, which resulted in a delay
in the completion of the construction of quarters in both projects.
Since there were disputes between the parties regarding the final
payment due to the respondentcontractor, the respondent
sought arbitration under the dispute resolution clause, and an
Arbitrator was appointed.
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3. The learned Arbitrator, vide awards dated 07.07.2000,
granted relief to the respondent under different heads of the
contract. With respect to the first contract pertaining to the
construction of 100 units of A and B type quarters, the Arbitrator
awarded a sum of Rs. 23,89,424/ with interest at 18% per
annum pendente lite and 21% future interest to the respondent.
With respect to the second contract pertaining to the
construction of 68 units of B, C and D type quarters, the
Arbitrator awarded Rs. 24,36,532/ at 18% per annum pendente
lite and 21% future interest to the respondent.
4. Aggrieved by the above awards, the appellant filed objections
against both the awards before the Delhi High Court under
Sections 30 and 33 of the Arbitration Act, 1940. Vide separate
orders dated 16.12.2009, the learned Single Judge of the Delhi
High Court dismissed the objections of the appellant (except to
the extent of modifying the interest rate granted by the Arbitrator)
with cost of Rs. 50,000/ and made the award an order of the
Court.
5. The appellant challenged the above orders in appeal before
the Division Bench of the High Court under Section 39,
Arbitration Act, 1940, which was dismissed the common
vide
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impugned judgment dated 09.04.2010, with cost of Rs. 10,000/.
6. Aggrieved by the same, the appellant has filed the present
Civil Appeals by way of Special Leave against the impugned
judgment.
7. Heard the learned counsel for the appellant and the
respondent at length.
8. The learned counsel for the appellant confined his
arguments to three main points the refund of the rebate agreed
upon by the parties, the grant of escalation of charges for work
done beyond the scheduled period and the costs imposed on the
appellant by all three forums below. Although the first issue of
the three arises only in Civil Appeal No. 6484 of 2014, as the
latter two issues are common to both appeals, and the facts are
connected, all the issues are being taken up together.
9.
The learned counsel for the appellant submitted that the
Arbitrator erred in holding that the rebate was a conditional one,
as the terms of the offer by the respondent and the letter of award
do not indicate the same. Further, the learned counsel also
submitted that the Arbitrator erred in granting escalation of
prices when the contract expressly indicated that the “
quoted
price shall remain firm during the execution of the contract ”. The
Courts below should therefore have interfered with the award
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passed by the Arbitrator as the same was passed contrary to the
terms of the contract between the parties.
10. On the other hand, the learned counsel for the respondent
supported the impugned judgment passed by the High Court and
stated that there are concurrent findings against the appellant,
who has only been prolonging the litigation. The respondent
submitted that the scope of interference in an arbitral award was
limited, as the Court did not sit in appeal over an award. As long
as the Arbitrator has taken a reasonable view, the Court should
not interfere in the same.
11. Before proceeding further, it is necessary to make note of
the scope of interference by Courts in arbitral awards passed
under the Arbitration Act, 1940. This Court has consistently held
that the Court does not sit in appeal over an award passed by an
arbitrator. In
Kwality Manufacturing Corporation v. Central
Warehousing Corporation , (2009) 5 SCC 142 this Court held
as follows:
“ 10. At the outset, it should be noted that
the scope of interference by courts in
regard to arbitral awards is limited. A
court considering an application under
Section 30 or 33 of the Act, does not sit
in appeal over the findings and decision
of the arbitrator. Nor can it reassess or
reappreciate evidence or examine the
sufficiency or otherwise of the evidence.
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The award of the arbitrator is final and
the only grounds on which it can be
challenged are those mentioned in
Sections 30 and 33 of the Act. Therefore,
on the contentions urged, the only
question that arose for consideration
before the High Court was, whether there
was any error apparent on the face of the
award and whether the arbitrator
misconducted himself or the
proceedings.”
( emphasis supplied )
12. Further, it is also a settled proposition that where the
arbitrator has taken a possible view, although a different view
may be possible on the same evidence, the Court would not
interfere with the award. This Court in Arosan Enterprises Ltd.
v. Union of India , (1999) 9 SCC 449 held as follows:
“ 36. Be it noted that by reason of a long
catena of cases, it is now a wellsettled
principle of law that reappraisal of
evidence by the court is not permissible
and as a matter of fact exercise of power
by the court to reappraise the evidence is
unknown to proceedings under Section
30 of the Arbitration Act. In the event of
there being no reasons in the award,
question of interference of the court
would not arise at all. In the event,
however, there are reasons, the
interference would still be not available
within the jurisdiction of the court unless
of course, there exist a total perversity in
the award or the judgment is based on a
wrong proposition of law. In the event
however two views are possible on a
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question of law as well, the court would
not be justified in interfering with the
award.
37. The common phraseology “error
apparent on the face of the record” does
not itself, however, mean and imply
closer scrutiny of the merits of
documents and materials on record. The
court as a matter of fact, cannot
substitute its evaluation and come to the
conclusion that the arbitrator had acted
contrary to the bargain between the
parties. If the view of the arbitrator is a
possible view the award or the reasoning
contained therein cannot be examined...”
13.
From the above pronouncements, and from a catena of other
judgments of this Court, it is clear that for the objector/appellant
in order to succeed in their challenge against an arbitral award,
they must show that the award of the arbitrator suffered from
perversity or an error of law or that the arbitrator has otherwise
misconducted himself. Merely showing that there is another
reasonable interpretation or possible view on the basis of the
material on the record is insufficient to allow for the interference
by the Court [ See State of U.P. v. Allied Constructions, (2003)
7 SCC 396; Ravindra Kumar Gupta and Company v. Union of
, (2010) 1 SCC 409;
India Oswal Woollen Mills Limited v.
Oswal Agro Mills Limited , (2018) 16 SCC 219 ].
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14. Keeping in view the above principles, the question before us
is whether the arbitral awards in question are assailable on any
of the available grounds. While deciding this, due regard must
also be given to the fact that both the learned Single Judge, and
subsequently the Division Bench, of the Delhi High Court have
concurrently held against the appellant herein.
15.
Coming to the facts at hand, it is an admitted fact that there
was substantial delay attributable to the appellant in handing
over the sites for the 68 B, C and D quarters to the respondent.
The appellant has not contested this finding before us.
16.
With respect to the first issue, viz. , on the issue of refund of
rebate, the Arbitrator held that the rebate of 16% on the price of
construction of 100 units of A and B quarters was given by the
respondent on the condition that he would be able to execute
both the works simultaneously. The Arbitrator interpreted the
rebate as a conditional one on analysis of the documents on
record, particularly the letter dated 14.06.1988 sent by the
respondent to the appellant subsequent to the negotiations held
between them, the award of both contracts to the respondent on
the same date and the works programme (L2) for both the works.
The Arbitrator specifically highlighted that the appellant had not
denied the L2 programme, which indicated that both the works
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were to be carried out together. From a reading of the above
material, the Arbitrator held that the intention of the parties was
to complete the work together, which would have enabled the
respondent to reduce its costs and optimizing its charges, thereby
allowing it to grant the 16% rebate to the appellant. By delaying
the handing over of the sites, the appellant had therefore
breached the condition for the grant of rebate, entitling the
respondent to a refund of the same.
17. The learned counsel for the appellant sought to canvas an
alternate interpretation regarding the rebate on the basis of the
letter dated 14.06.1988, stating that the same was granted
merely for the awarding of both sets of contract to the
respondent. While we are in agreement with the appellant that
such an interpretation is possible, we are of the opinion that this
is not sufficient to interfere with the award passed by the
Arbitrator. As already highlighted, the Court does not sit as an
appellate Court over the decision of an arbitrator, and cannot
substitute its views for that of the Arbitrator as long as the
Arbitrator had taken a possible view of the matter. We are of the
considered opinion that in the present case, the Arbitrator has
given clear reasoning for the possible view taken by him on the
interpretation of the contract between the parties. As such, the
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Courts below rightly refused to interfere with the holding of the
Arbitrator on the first issue.
18. The second issue pertains to the grant of escalation charges
for work done by the respondent beyond the scheduled period of
the contract. It is significant to note herein that the Arbitrator
only allowed a part of the claim made by the respondent under
this head. In Civil Appeal No. 6483 of 2014, the Arbitrator
awarded a sum of Rs. 17,86,212/ against a claim of Rs.
66,98,773/, while in Civil Appeal No. 6484 of 2014, the
Arbitrator awarded a sum of Rs. 3,03,419/ as against a claim of
Rs. 42,20,261/. The Arbitrator took a view on the construction
of the clauses of the contract that the firm price clause operated
only with respect to the period for which the contract subsisted,
and would not subsist beyond the scheduled period of the
contract. The Arbitrator also noted that the appellant accepted
the work undertaken by the respondent beyond the period of the
contract without objections. The Arbitrator also carefully
assessed the period of delay attributable to the appellant and
awarded escalation to the respondent only for the same.
19. With respect to the question of law as to whether the
Arbitrator could order such an escalation, this Court has, in a
catena of judgments, upheld the same. A threeJudge Bench of
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this Court in
Assam State Electricity Board v. Buildworth
Private Limited , (2017) 8 SCC 146, was faced with almost
identical circumstances. In that case, the Arbitrator granted
escalation charges beyond what was permissible under the
contract between the parties, which prescribed a cap on the
same. Upholding such an award, the Court in that case held as
follows:
“ 13. The arbitrator has taken the view
that the provision for price escalation
would not bind the claimant beyond the
scheduled date of completion. This view
of the arbitrator is based on a
construction of the provisions of the
contract, the correspondence between the
parties and the conduct of the Board in
allowing the completion of the contract
even beyond the formal extended date of
691983 up to 3111986. Matters
relating to the construction of a contract
lie within the province of the Arbitral
Tribunal. Moreover, in the present case,
the view which has been adopted by the
arbitrator is based on evidentiary
material which was relevant to the
decision. There is no error apparent on
the face of the record which could have
warranted the interference of the court
within the parameters available under the
Arbitration Act, 1940. The arbitrator has
neither misconducted himself in the
proceedings nor is the award otherwise
invalid.”
( emphasis supplied )
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20. We are of the opinion that the above holding of this Court is
directly applicable to the present case. The Arbitrator in the
present case has constructed the present contract, and the fixed
price clause, in the same manner. This construction was on the
basis of the evidence on record and the submissions of the
counsel before him. The Arbitrator has carefully delineated the
period of delay attributable to the appellant, and has granted the
claim of the respondent only to that limited extent.
21. The counsel for the appellant has placed on record certain
judgments of this Court, which according to him mandate a
different view. As such, it would be necessary to analyze the
same.
22.
In New India Civil Erectors (P) Ltd. v. Oil & Natural Gas
, this Court rejected the claim
Corporation , (1997) 11 SCC 75
for escalation of prices during the period of delay on the basis of
the specific stipulation in the contract therein, which specifically
excluded price escalation “ till the completion of work ”. On the
other hand, in the present case, the contractual clause stipulates
only that the price would be firm during the “ period of execution
of the contract ”, which the Arbitrator took to refer only to the 12
month period originally stipulated for the execution of the
contract. This may appear to be a technical distinction, but it
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must be remembered that construction of a contract is in the
domain of the Arbitrator, and as long as the interpretation given
is a possible view, the Court may not interfere with the same. In
the New India Civil Erectors case ( supra ), this Court was of the
opinion that, in view of the specific clause of the contract in that
case, the granting of escalation prices was not a possible view.
This is not the case in the present matter. As we have already
held above, we are of the opinion that in the facts and
circumstances of the present case, the view taken by the
Arbitrator was a possible one, and cannot therefore be interfered
with by the Courts.
23. In State of Orissa v. Sudhakar Das (Dead) by Lrs , (2000)
, this Court was not seized of the issue of grant of
3 SCC 27
escalation charges beyond the period of the contract or with
respect to delay. As such, it has limited applicability to the
present case.
24. In General Manager, Northern Railway v. Sarvesh
Chopra , (2002) 4 SCC 45 , the Court was seized of a matter
pertaining to a reference to arbitration. The considerations of a
Court in such a matter are distinct from those of a Court in
appeal over the final award of an Arbitrator. Be that as it may, in
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that case, a contractual clause between the parties specifically
excluded any claims of the contractor arising out of delays
attributable to the opposite party, which is not the case in the
present matter.
25.
It is clear from the above analysis that any decision
regarding the issue of whether an arbitrator can award a
particular claim or not, will revolve on the construction of the
contract in that case, the evidence placed before the arbitrator
and other facts and circumstances of the case. No general
principle can be evolved as to whether some claim can be granted
or not. The judgments placed on record by the appellant, wherein
claim for escalation was denied, have to therefore be read in the
context of their facts, and cannot be read in isolation. It is clear
that all the judgments cited by the appellant can be distinguished
on facts.
26.
In these circumstances, we are of the opinion that the
appellant has neither been able to point out any error apparent
on the face of the record, nor otherwise made out a case for
interference with the award by the Arbitrator with respect to this
issue.
27. With respect to the final issue, pertaining to imposition of
costs on the appellant by the forums below, we are not inclined to
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interfere with the same, in view of the fact that the counsel for
the appellant has not pressed the same and looking to the
quantum involved.
28. In view of the above, we see no reason to interfere with the
impugned judgment passed by the High Court.
29. Accordingly, the Civil Appeals filed by the appellant are
dismissed. The appellant is directed to pay the pending amounts
to the respondent within a period of 6 months from the date of
this judgment.
30. Pending applications, if any, are accordingly disposed of.
............................J.
(N. V. RAMANA)
…..........................J.
(SURYA KANT)
............................J.
(ANIRUDDHA BOSE)
NEW DELHI;
MARCH 04, 2021.